supp.apa.orgsupp.apa.org/.../neu0000101/...Analysis_Supplemental_… · Web viewEffects of Tai...

Appendix A

Table 1. Excluded Physical Exercise Articles by Rationale for Exclusion

Physical ExerciseReason for Exclusion Article

Age Khatri et al., 2001

Insufficient Information for Effect Size Calculation Baker et al., 2010

Baker et al., 2010aCassilhas et al., 2007Lochman, Neupert, Bertrand, & Jetter, 2006Lautenschlager et al., 2008Maillot, Perrot, & Hartley, 2012Nagamatsu, Handy, Hsu, Voss, & Liu-Ambrose, (2012).Pedroso et al., 2012Taylor-Piliae et al., 2010Voss et al., 2010

Ineligible/No Intervention Blumenthal et al., 1991Buman et al., 2011Fiatarone et al., 1993Hooghiemstra et al., 2012Jobe et al., 2001Liu-Ambrose et al., 2010Logsdon, McCurry, & Teri, 2005Nagamatsu, Hsu, Handy, & Liu-Ambrose 2011

No Control Condition Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012Palleschi et al., 1996Smiley-Oyen, Lowry, Francois, Kohut, & Ekkekakis, 2008Stevenson & Topp, 1990

No Executive Function Outcome Emery & Gatz, 1990Nelson et al., 2004Papandonados, et al., 2012Paw, de Jong, Schouten, Staveren, & Kok, 2002Roach, Tappen, Kirk-Sanchez, Williams, & Loewenstein, 2011Rosano et al., 2010Sims-Gould, Miran-Khan, Haggis, & Liu-Ambrose, 2012Sparrow, Gottlieb, Demolles, & Fielding, 2011Uemara et al., 2012Van de Winckel, Feys, De Weerdt, & Dom, 2004Weerdesteyn, Nienhuis, & Duysens, 2008Williams & Tappen, 2008Wolf et al., 2001

Excluded Physical Exercise Article References

Anderson-Hanley, C., Arciero, P. J., Brickman, A. M., Nimon, J. P., Okuma, N., Westen, S.

C., ... & Zimmerman, E. A. (2012). Exergaming and older adult cognition: A cluster

randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(2), 109-119. doi:

10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.016

Baker, L.D., Frank, L.L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P.S., Wilkinson, C.W., McTiernan, A.,

Plymate, S.T., & … Craft, S. (2010). Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive

Impairment. Archives of Neurology, 67(1), 71-79.

Baker, L.D., Frank, L.L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P.S., Wilkinson, C.W., McTiernan, A.,

Plymate, S.T., & … Craft, S. (2010a). Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older

adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of

Alzheimer’s Disease, 22(1), 569-579. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-100768

Blumenthal, J. A., Emery, C. F., Madden, D. J., Schniebolk, S., Walsh-Riddle, M., George, L.

K., ... & Coleman, R. E. (1991). Long-term effects of exercise on psychological

functioning in older men and women. Journal of Gerontology, 46(6), 352-361.

Buman, M. P., Giacobbi Jr, P. R., Dzierzewski, J. M., McCrae, C. S., Roberts, B. L., & Marsiske,

M. (2011). Peer volunteers improve long-term maintenance of physical activity with

older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 8(2),

257-266.

Cassilhas, R. C., Viana, V. A., Grassmann, V., Santos, R. T., Santos, R. F., Tufik, S., & Mello,

M. T. (2007). The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1401-1407.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318060111f

Emery, C. F., & Gatz, M. (1990). Psychological and cognitive effects of an exercise program for

community-residing older adults. The Gerontologist, 30(2), 184-188.

Fiatarone, M. A., O'Neill, E. F., Doyle, N., Clements, K. M., Roberts, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., ... &

Evans, W. J. (1993). The Boston FICSIT study: the effects of resistance training and

nutritional supplementation on physical frailty in the oldest old. Journal of the American

Geriatrics Society, 41(3), 333-337.

Hooghiemstra, A., Eggermont, L., Scheltens, P., van der Flier, W., Bakker, J., de Greef, M., ... &

Scherder, E. (2012). Study protocol: Exercise and cognition in sedentary adults with

early-onset dementia (EXERCISE-ON). BMC Neurology, 12(75). doi:10.1186/1471-

2377-12-75

Jobe, J. B., Smith, D. M., Ball, K., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Willis, S. L., ... & Kleinman,

K. (2001). ACTIVE: A cognitive intervention trial to promote independence in older

adults. Controlled Clinical Trials, 22(4), 453-479.

Khatri, P., Blumenthal, J.A., Babyak, M.A., Craighead, E., Herman, S., Baldewicz, T., Madden,

D.J., Doraiswama, M., Waugh, R., & Krishnan, R. (2001). Effects of exercise training on

cognitive functioning among depressed older men and women. Journal of Aging and

Physical Activity, 9(1), 43-57.

Lachman, M. E., Neupert, S. D., Bertrand, R., & Jette, A. M. (2006). The effects of strength

training on memory in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 14(1), 59-73.

Lautenschlager, N. T., Cox, K. L., Flicker, L., Foster, J. K., van Bockxmeer, F. M., Xiao, J., ... &

Almeida, O. P. (2008). Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at

risk for Alzheimer disease. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association,

300(9), 1027-1037. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.9.1027

Liu-Ambrose, T., Davis, J. C., Nagamatsu, L. S., Hsu, C. L., Katarynych, L. A., & Khan, K. M.

(2010). Changes in executive functions and self-efficacy are independently associated

with improved usual gait speed in older women. BMC Geriatrics, 10(25).

doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-25

Logsdon, R. G., McCurry, S. M., & Teri, L. (2005). A home health care approach to exercise for

persons with Alzheimer's disease. Care Management Journals, 6(2), 90-97.

Maillot, P., Perrot, A., & Hartley, A. (2012). Effects of interactive physical-activity video-game

training on physical and cognitive function in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27(3),

589-600. doi: 10.1037/a0026268

Nagamatsu, L. S., Handy, T. C., Hsu, C. L., Voss, M., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2012). Resistance

training promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in seniors with probable mild

cognitive impairment. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(8), 666-668.

Nagamatsu, L. S., Hsu, C. L., Handy, T. C., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2011). Functional neural

correlates of reduced physiological falls risk. Behavioural and Brain Functions, 7(37).

doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-37

Nelson, M. E., Layne, J. E., Bernstein, M. J., Nuernberger, A., Castaneda, C., Kaliton, D., ... &

Singh, M. A. F. (2004). The effects of multidimensional home-based exercise on

functional performance in elderly people. The Journals of Gerontology Series A:

Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(2), 154-160.

Palleschi, L., Vetta, F., De Gennaro, E., Idone, G., Sottosanti, G., Gianni, W., & Marigliano, V.

(1996). Effect of aerobic training on the cognitive performance of elderly patients with

senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 22, 47-50

Papandonatos, G. D., Williams, D. M., Jennings, E. G., Napolitano, M. A., Bock, B. C.,

Dunsiger, S., & Marcus, B. H. (2012). Mediators of physical activity behavior change:

Findings from a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology, 31(4), 512.

doi: 10.1037/a0026667

Paw, M. C. A., De Jong, N., Schouten, E. G., Van Staveren, W. A., & Kok, F. J. (2002). Physical

exercise or micronutrient supplementation for the wellbeing of the frail elderly? A

randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(2), 126-131.

Pedroso, R. V., Coelho, F. G. D. M., Santos-Galduróz, R. F., Costa, J. L. R., Gobbi, S., & Stella,

F. (2012). Balance, executive functions and falls in elderly with Alzheimer's disease

(AD): A longitudinal study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(2), 348-351. doi:

10.1016/j.archger.2011.05.029

Roach, K. E., Tappen, R. M., Kirk-Sanchez, N., Williams, C. L., & Loewenstein, D. (2011). A

randomized controlled trial of an activity specific exercise program for individuals with

Alzheimer disease in long-term care settings. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy,

34(2), 50. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0b013e31820aab9c

Rosano, C., Venkatraman, V. K., Guralnik, J., Newman, A. B., Glynn, N. W., Launer, L., ... &

Aizenstein, H. (2010). Psychomotor speed and functional brain MRI 2 years after

completing a physical activity treatment. The Journals of Gerontology Series A:

Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 65(6), 639-647. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glq038

Sims-Gould, J., Miran-Khan, K., Haggis, C., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2012). Timing, experience,

benefits, and barriers: Older women's uptake and adherence to an exercise program.

Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 36(4), 280-296. doi:10.1080/01924788.2012.729188

Smiley-Oyen, A. L., Lowry, K. A., Kohut, M. L., & Ekkekakis, P. (2008). Exercise, fitness, and

neurocognitive function in older adults: the “selective improvement” and “cardiovascular

fitness” hypotheses. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), 280-291.

doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9064-5

Sparrow, D., Gottlieb, D. J., DeMolles, D., & Fielding, R. A. (2011). Increases in muscle

strength and balance using a resistance training program administered via a

telecommunications system in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A:


doi:10.1093/gerona/glr138

Stevenson, J. S., & Topp, R. (1990). Effects of moderate and low intensity long-term exercise by

older adults. Research in Nursing & Health, 13(4), 209-218.

Taylor-Piliae, R. E., Newell, K. A., Cherin, R., Lee, M. J., King, A. C., & Haskell, W. L. (2010).

Effects of Tai Chi and Western exercise on physical and cognitive functioning in healthy

community-dwelling older adults. Journal of aging and physical activity, 18(3), 261-279.

Uemura, K., Yamada, M., Nagai, K., Tateuchi, H., Mori, S., Tanaka, B., & Ichihashi, N. (2012).

Effects of dual-task switch exercise on gait and gait initiation performance in older

adults: Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and

Geriatrics, 54(2), 167-171. doi:10.1016/j.archer.2012.01.002

Van de Winckel, A., Feys, H., De Weerdt, W., & Dom, R. (2004). Cognitive and behavioural

effects of music-based exercises in patients with dementia. Clinical Rehabilitation, 18(3),

253-260. doi:10.1191/0269215504cr750ca

van Stralen, M. M., de Vries, H., Bolman, C., Mudde, A. N., & Lechner, L. (2010). Exploring

the efficacy and moderators of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for

older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39(2), 139-

150. doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9166-8

Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Erickson, K. I., Basak, C., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., ... & Kramer,

A. F. (2010). Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise

training in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2.

doi:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00032

Weerdesteyn, V., Nienhuis, B., & Duysens, J. (2008). Exercise training can improve spatial

characteristics of time-critical obstacle avoidance in elderly people. Human Movement

Science, 27(5), 738-748. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2008.03.003

Williams, C. L., & Tappen, R. M. (2008). Exercise training for depressed older adults with

Alzheimer's disease. Aging and Mental Health, 12(1), 72-80.

doi:10.1080/13607860701529932

Wolf, B., Feys, H., De Weerdt, W., van der Meer, J., Noom, M., & Aufdemkampe, G. (2001).

Effect of a physical therapeutic intervention for balance problems in the elderly: a single-

blind, randomized, controlled multicentre trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(6), 624-636.

Table 2. Excluded Cognitive Training Articles by Rationale for Exclusion

Cognitive TrainingReason for Exclusion Article

Age Hildebrandt, Bussmann-Mork, & Schwendemann, 2006)Londos et al., 2008van Hooren et al., 2007Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010

Insufficient Information for Effect Size Calculation Ball et al., 2002

Barnes et al., 2009Carlson et al., 2008Cheng et al., 2012Clare, Wilson, Carter, Roth, & Hodges, 2004Eckroth-Bucher & Siberski, 2009Hampstead et al., 2012Lachman, Weaver, Bandura, Elliot, & Lewkowicz, 1992Optale et al., 2010Smith et al., 2009Tsolaki et al., 2010Winocur et al., 2007

Ineligible/No Intervention Deberdt, 1994Jobe et al., 2001Noice & Noice, 2009Rozzini et al., 2007Vidovich, Lautenschlager, Flicker, Clare, & Almeida, 2009Willis et al., 2006Wolinsky et al., 2009Wolinsky et al., 2010Zelinski et al., 2011

No Control Condition Boron, Willis, & Schaie, 2007Hawley, Cherry, Boudreaux, & Jackson, 2008Loewenstein, Acevedo, Czaja, & Duara, 2004Willis & Schaie, 1986

No Executive Function Outcome Beck, Heacock, Mercer, & Thatcher, 1988Bourgeois, Schulz, Burgio, & Beach, 2002Clare, Evans, Parkinson, Woods, & Linden, 2011Lam et al., 2010Levine et al., 2007Mozolic, Hayasaka, & Laurienti, 2010Pichierri, Coppe, Lorenzetti, Murer, & de Bruin, 2012Tsai, Yang, Lan, & Chen, 2008Verghese, Mahoney, Ambrose, Wang, & Holtzer, 2010Viola et al., 2011

Excluded Cognitive Training Article References

Ball, K., Berch, D., Helmers, K., Jobe, J., Leveck, M., Marsiske, M., & ... Willis, S. (2002).

Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled

trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(18), 2271-2281.

doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2271.

Barnes, D. E., Yaffe, K., Belfor, N., Jagust, W. J., DeCarli, C., Reed, B. R., & Kramer, J. H.

(2009). Computer-based cognitive training for mild cognitive impairment: results from a

pilot randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 23(3),

205-210. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e31819c6137

Beck, C., Heacock, P., Mercer, S., & Thatcher, R. (1988). The impact of cognitive skills

remediation training on persons with Alzheimer's disease or mixed dementia. Journal of

Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(1), 73-88.

Bourgeois, M. S., Schulz, R., Burgio, L. D., & Beach, S. (2002). Skills training for spouses of

patients with Alzheimer's disease: Outcomes of an intervention study. Journal of Clinical

Geropsychology, 8(1), 53-73. doi:10.1023/A:1013098124765

Boron, J. B., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2007). Cognitive training gain as a predictor of

mental status. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social

Sciences, 62(1), 45-52.

Carlson, M. C., Saczynski, J. S., Rebok, G. W., Seeman, T., Glass, T. A., McGill, S., ... & Fried,

L. P. (2008). Exploring the effects of an “everyday” activity program on executive

function and memory in older adults: Experience Corps®. The Gerontologist, 48(6), 793-

801. doi:10.1093/geront/48.6.793

Cheng, Y., Wu, W., Feng, W., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., ... & Li, C. (2012). The effects of

multi-domain versus single-domain cognitive training in non-demented older people: a

randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, 10(30). doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-30

Clare, L., Evans, S., Parkinson, C., Woods, R., & Linden, D. (2011). Goal-setting in cognitive

rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Gerontologist,

34(3), 220-236. doi:10.1080/07317115.2011.555937

Clare, L., Wilson, B. A., Carter, G., Roth, I., & Hodges, J. R. (2004). Awareness in early-stage

Alzheimer’s disease: relationship to outcome of cognitive rehabilitation. Journal of

Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(2), 215-226.

doi:10.1076/jcen.26.2.215.28088

Deberdt, W. (1994). Interaction between psychological and pharmacological treatment in

cognitive impairment. Life Sciences, 55(25), 2057-2066. doi:10.1016/0024-

3205(94)00386-6

Eckroth-Bucher, M., & Siberski, J. (2009). Preserving cognition through an integrated cognitive

stimulation and training program. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other

Dementias, 24(3), 234-245. doi:10.1177/1533317509332624

Hampstead, B. M., Sathian, K., Phillips, P. A., Amaraneni, A., Delaune, W. R., & Stringer, A. Y.

(2012). Mnemonic strategy training improves memory for object location associations in

both healthy elderly and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A

randomized, single-blind study. Neuropsychology, 26(3), 385-399.

doi:10.1037/a0027545

Hawley, K. S., Cherry, K. E., Boudreaux, E. O., & Jackson, E. M. (2008). A comparison of

adjusted spaced retrieval versus a uniform expanded retrieval schedule for learning a

name–face association in older adults with probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of

Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(6), 639-649.

doi:10.1080/13803390701595495

Hildebrandt, H., Bussmann-Mork, B., & Schwendemann, G. (2006). Group therapy for memory

impaired patients: a partial remediation is possible. Journal of Neurology, 253, 512-519.

doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0013-6

Jobe, J. B., Smith, D. M., Ball, K., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Willis, S. L., ... & Kleinman,

K. (2001). ACTIVE: A cognitive intervention trial to promote independence in older

adults. Controlled Clinical Trials, 22(4), 453-479. doi:10.1016/S0197-2456(01)00139-8

Lachman, M. E., Weaver, S. L., Bandura, M., Elliot, E., & Lewkowicz, C. J. (1992). Improving

memory and control beliefs through cognitive restructuring and self-generated strategies.

Journal of Gerontology, 47(5), 293-299. doi:10.1093/geronj/47.5.P293

Lam, L. C., Lui, V. W., Luk, D. N., Chau, R., So, C., Poon, V., ... & Ko, F. S. (2010).

Effectiveness of an individualized functional training program on affective disturbances

and functional skills in mild and moderate dementia—A randomized control trial.

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(2), 133-141. doi:10.1002/gps.2309

Levine, B., Stuss, D. T., Winocur, G., Binns, M. A., Fahy, L., Mandic, M., ... & Robertson, I. H.

(2007). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: effects on strategic behavior in relation to

goal management. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 143-

152. doi:10.10170S1355617707070178

Loewenstein, D. A., Acevedo, A., Czaja, S. J., & Duara, R. (2004). Cognitive rehabilitation of

mildly impaired Alzheimer disease patients on cholinesterase inhibitors. American

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12(4), 395-402.

Londos, E., Boschian, K., Lindén, A., Persson, C., Minthon, L., & Lexell, J. (2008). Effects of a

goal-oriented rehabilitation program in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study.

American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 23(2), 177-183.

doi:10.1177/1533317507312622

Mozolic, J. L., Hayasaka, S., & Laurienti, P. J. (2010). A cognitive training intervention

increases resting cerebral blood flow in healthy older adults. Frontiers in Human

Neuroscience, 4. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.016.2010

Noice, H., & Noice, T. (2008). An arts intervention for older adults living in subsidized

retirement homes. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 16(1), 56-79.

doi:10.1080/13825580802233400

Optale, G., Urgesi, C., Busato, V., Marin, S., Piron, L., Priftis, K., ... & Bordin, A. (2010).

Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: a

randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 24(4), 348-

357. doi:10.1177/1545968309353328

Pichierri, G., Coppe, A., Lorenzetti, S., Murer, K., & de Bruin, E. D. (2012). The effect of a

cognitive-motor intervention on voluntary step execution under single and dual task

conditions in older adults: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clinical Interventions in

Aging, 7, 175-184. doi:10.2147/CIA.S32558

Rozzini, L., Costardi, D., Chilovi, B. V., Franzoni, S., Trabucchi, M., & Padovani, A. (2007).

Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment treated

with cholinesterase inhibitors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(4), 356-

360. doi:10.1002/gps.1681

Smith, G., Housen, P., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R., Mahncke, H., & Zelinski, E. (2009). A

cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: Results from the

Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT)

study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(4), 594-603. doi:10.1111/j.1532-

5415.2008.02167.x

Tsai, A. Y. J., Yang, M. J., Lan, C. F., & Chen, C. S. (2008). Evaluation of effect of cognitive

intervention programs for the community‐dwelling elderly with subjective memory

complaints. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(11), 1172-1174.

Tsolaki, M., Kounti, F., Agogiatou, C., Poptsi, E., Bakoglidou, E., Zafeiropoulou, M., ... &

Vasiloglou, M. (2010). Effectiveness of nonpharmacological approaches in patients with

mild cognitive impairment. Neurodegenerative Diseases, 8(3), 138-145.

doi:10.1159/000320575

van Hooren, S. A., Valentijn, S. A., Bosma, H., Ponds, R. W., van Boxtel, M. P., Levine, B., ...

& Jolles, J. (2007). Effect of a structured course involving goal management training in

older adults: A randomised controlled trial. Patient education and counseling, 65(2), 205-

213. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2006.07.010

Verghese, J., Mahoney, J., Ambrose, A. F., Wang, C., & Holtzer, R. (2010). Effect of cognitive

remediation on gait in sedentary seniors. The Journals of Gerontology Series A:


doi:10.1093/gerona/glq127

Vidovich, M. R., Lautenschlager, N. T., Flicker, L., Clare, L., & Almeida, O. P. (2009). The

PACE Study: A randomised clinical trial of cognitive activity (CA) for older adults with

mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Trials, 10(114). doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-114

Viola, L. F., Nunes, P. V., Yassuda, M. S., Aprahamian, I., Santos, F. S., Santos, G. D., ... &

Forlenza, O. V. (2011). Effects of a multidisciplinary cognitive rehabilitation program for

patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease. Clinics, 66(8), 1395-1400. doi:10.1590/S1807-

59322011000800015

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1986). Training the elderly on the ability factors of spatial

orientation and inductive reasoning. Psychology and Aging, 1(3), 239-247.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.1.3.239

Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. M., ... & Wright, E.

(2006). Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older

adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(23), 2805-2814.

doi:10.1001/jama.296.23.2805.

Winocur, G., Palmer, H., Dawson, D., Binns, M. A., Bridges, K., & Stuss, D. T. (2007).

Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: An evaluation of psychosocial factors. Journal of

the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(1), 153-165.

doi:10.10170S135561770707018X

Wolinsky, F. D., Mahncke, H. W., Kosinski, M., Unverzagt, F. W., Smith, D. M., Jones, R.

N., ... & Tennstedt, S. L. (2009). The ACTIVE cognitive training trial and predicted

medical expenditures. BMC Health Services Research, 9(109). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-

109

Wolinsky, F. D., Mahncke, H., Vander Weg, M. W., Martin, R., Unverzagt, F. W., Ball, K. K., ...

& Tennstedt, S. L. (2010). Speed of processing training protects self-rated health in older

adults: enduring effects observed in the multi-site ACTIVE randomized controlled trial.

International Psychogeriatrics, 22(3), 470-478. doi:10.1017/S1041610209991281

Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness

meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and

cognition, 19(2), 597-605. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014

Zelinski, E. M., Spina, L. M., Yaffe, K., Ruff, R., Kennison, R. F., Mahncke, H. W., & Smith, G.

E. (2011). Improvement in Memory with Plasticity‐Based Adaptive Cognitive Training:

Results of the 3‐Month Follow‐Up. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(2),

258-265. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03277.x

Appendix B

Table 1. Cognitive Tests by Executive Function Construct

Authors Executive Construct Test Name

Anderson-Hanley et al.2010

Working Memory Digit Span Backwards

Executive Attention Trails Colors 2

Inhibition Stroop Color-Word

Barry et al. 1966 Problem Solving Raven's Progressive Matrices

Blumenthal et al. & Madden et al.

1989Inhibition Stroop Interference

Fluency Verbal Fluency, Nonverbal Fluency

Executive Attention Trails B, Letter Search Primary Task RT Set Size 2 Tone Present, Letter Search Primary Task Error Set Size 2 Tone Present, Letter Search Primary Task RT Set Size 4 Tone Present, Letter Search Primary Task Error Set Size 4 Tone Present, Letter Search Primary Task RT Set Size 6 Tone Present, Letter Search Primary Task Error Set Size 6 Tone Present, Word Comparison Primary Task Synonym RT Tone Present, Word Comparison Primary Task Synonym Error Tone Present, Word Comparison Primary Task Unrelated RT Tone Present, Word Comparison Primary Task Unrelated Error Tone Present

Working Memory Digit Span Backward, Letter Search Primary Task Slope, Letter Search Primary Task Intercept, Letter Search Primary Task RT Set Size 2 Tone Absent, Letter Search Primary Task Error Set Size 2 Tone Absent, Letter Search Primary Task RT Set Size 4 Tone Absent, Letter Search Primary Task Error Set Size 4 Tone Absent, Letter Search Primary Task RT Set Size 6 Tone Absent, Letter Search Primary Task Error Set Size 6 Tone Absent

Borella et al.2010

Working Memory Categorization Working Memory Span Test, Dot Matrix Task, Backward Digit Span Task

Problem Solving Cattell Test

Inhibition Stroop Color Index on RTs, Stroop Color Incongruent RTs, Stroop Color Incongruent Errors

Bottini et al.2005

Working Memory Digit Span Backward

Executive Attention Trails Part B

Fluency Verbal Fluency

Brown et al.2008

Executive Attention Trails B


Fluency Controlled Oral Word Association Task


Buiza et al.2008

Fluency Phonetic Fluency

Problem Solving Capacity for Abstraction

Cahn-Weiner et al.2003

Fluency Controlled Oral Word Association Test

Executive Attention Trails Part B

Calero & Navarro2007

Working Memory Working Memory Evaluation Test

Ceccato et al.2012


Clare et al.2010

Fluency Verbal Fluency

Executive Attention Test of Everyday Attention Map Search 1 & 2, Test of Everyday Attention Elevator Counting with Distraction

Davis et al.2001


Fluency Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Animals, Supermarket

Hawkins et al. 1992 Executive Attention Auditory Time-Sharing Task RT, Visual Time-Sharing Task RT, Auditory Attentional Flexibility Task RT, Visual Attentional Flexibility Task RT, Auditory Time-Sharing Task Percent Error, Visual Time-Sharing Task Percent Error, Auditory Attentional Flexibility Task Percent Error,

Visual Attentional Flexibility Task Percent Error, Auditory Time-Sharing Task Absolute Decrement, Visual Time-Sharing Task Absolute Decrement, Auditory Attentional Flexibility Task Absolute Decrement, Visual Attentional Flexibility Task Absolute Decrement, Auditory Time-Sharing Task Relative Decrement, Visual Time-Sharing Task Relative Decrement, Auditory Attentional Flexibility Task Relative Decrement, Visual Attentional Flexibility Task Relative Decrement

Kimura et al.2010

Executive Attention Task Switch (RT), Repeat Trials (RT), Task Switch (% Correct), Repeat Trials (% Correct)

Klusmann et al.2010

Inhibition Stroop Color-Word - Color

Executive Attention Trails B/A Quotient

Fluency Semantic Verbal Fluency

Legault et al.2011

Working Memory Self-Ordered Pointing Task (proportion correct), 1-Back (proportion hits - false alarms), 2-Back (proportion hits - false alarms)

Inhibition Flanker Task (incongruent - congruent hits)

Executive Attention Task Switching (switch - non-switch RTs), Trails B Time - Trails A Time

Liu-Ambrose et al.2010

Inhibition Stroop Color-Word - Color

Executive Attention Trails B - A

Working Memory Digit Span Forward-Backward


Inhibition Eriksen flanker task (interference score)



Working Memory Digit Spand Backward


Maki et al 2012 Executive Attention Dual Task Test, Trail Making Test BCategorical Word Fluency

Fluency

Problem Solving Abstract Reasoning

Margrett & Willis2006

Problem Solving Letter Series Test, Word Series Test

Molloy et al. 1988 Fluency Word Fluency (Catergories)

Moro et al.2012

Fluency Verbal fluency (category)

Problem Solving Tower of London, Analogies

Inhibition Stroop test (seconds)

Executive Attention Trail Making Test (B - A)

Moul et al. 1995 Problem Solving Problem Solving and Abstract Reasoning, Organization

Mozolic et al.2011

Executive Attention RT Divided Attention (Unisensory Auditory), RT Divided Attention (Unisensory Visual), RT Divided Attention (Multisensory), RT Selective Auditory Attention (Unisensory), RT Selective Auditory Attention (Multisensory), RT Selective Visual Attention (Unisensory), RT Selective Visual Attention (Multisensory), Percent Accuracy Selective Attention (set-size 2 interference; cross-modal distractors), RT Selective Attention (set-size 2 interference; cross-modal distractors), Percent Accuracy Selective Attention (set-size 8 interference; cross-modal distractors), RT Selective Attention (set-size 8 interference; cross-modal distractors), Percent Accuracy Selective Attention (set-size 2 cost; within-modality distractors), RT Selective Attention (set-size 2 cost within-modality distractors), Percent Accuracy Selective Attention (set-size 6 cost; within-modal distractors), RT Selective Attention (set-size 8 cost; cross-modal distractors), Multisensory Integration Divided Attention, Multisensory Integration Selective Auditory Attention, Multisensory Integration Selective Visual Attention, Trails (Percent Interference)

Working Memory 1-back, 2-back

Inhibition Stroop Color-Word (Percent Interference)

Nouchi et al.2012

Global Frontal assessment battery at bedside

Oken et al.2006

Inhibition Stroop Interference (sec)

Working Memory Letter-Number Sequencing

Executive Attention Set-shifting (Highest Shift)

Peretz et al.2011

Global NexAde Executive Function

Working Memory NexAde Visuospatial Working Memory

Powell 1974 Problem Solving Raven's Progressive Matrices A, Ab, B, Total

Quayhagen & Quayhagen1989

Problem Solving Dementia Rating Scale - Problem Solving

Quayhagen et al.1995

Fluency Fluency (FAS, Animals)

Problem Solving Problem Solving

Quayhagen et al.2000

Fluency Fluency

Problem Solving Problem Solving

Richmond et al.2011

Working Memory Digit Span Backward (number of correct trials)

Problem Solving Raven's Matrices

Scherder et al. 2005 Fluency Category Naming

Executive Attention Trails A + B

Schwenk et al. 2010 Executive Attention Dual-Task Cost Serial 2 Forward, Dual-Task Cost Serial 3 Backward

Smith et al.2009

Working Memory Digit Span Backwards, Letter-Number Sequencing

Stine-Morrow et al. 2008 Working Memory Letter-Number Sequencing

Problem Solving Everyday Problem Solving, Letter Sets, Figure Classification

Fluency FAS, Word Association, Ornamentation, Alternate Uses

2007 Working Memory Alpha Span

Stuss et al., Craik et al.

Suzuki et al. 2012 Fluency Letter Verbal Fluency Test, Category Verbal Fluency Test

Inhibition Stroop Color and Word Test 3

van Uffelen et al. 2008 Inhibition Stroop Incongruent

Fluency Verbal Fluency Test

Vance et al.2007


Williams & Lord1997

Problem Solving Cattell's Matrices, Picture Arrangement

Williamson et al.2009

Inhibition Stroop (Color-Word - Color)

Yágüez et al. 2011 Working Memory Matching to Sample Simultaneous, Matching to Sample Delayed, Working Memory Number of Errors

Appendix C

Table 1. Median Effect Sizes (dppc), Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals

Physical Exercise Cognitive Training

Comparisons M Q.25 – Q.75 Comparisons M Q.25 – Q.75

Overall Average 0.13 -0.02 - 0.32 Overall Average 0.22 0.02 - 0.46

Healthy Sample 0.11 0.03 - 0.23 Healthy Sample 0.25 0.09 - 0.57Impaired 0.33 0.15 - 0.48 Impaired 0.11 -0.13 - 0.36

Individual 0.31 -0.07 - 0.40 Individual 0.38 0.09 - 0.81Group 0.13 0.01 - 0.29 Group 0.12 -0.01 - 0.30

Waitlist Control 0.23 0.02 – 0.34 Waitlist Control 0.12 -0.03 - 0.32Active Control 0.05 -0.04 - 0.13 Active Control 0.29 0.09 - 0.65

Construct M Q.25 – Q.75 Construct M Q.25 – Q.75

Executive Attention 0.09 -0.02 - 0.32 Executive Attention -0.12 -0.33 - 0.08Problem Solving 0.18 -0.03 - 0.32 Problem Solving 0.52 0.15 - 0.84Working Memory 0.10 -0.07 - 0.29 Working Memory 0.22 0.09 - 0.34Inhibition 0.10 -0.12 - 0.34 Inhibition 0.03 -0.09 - 0.64Fluency 0.18 -0.06 - 0.29 Fluency 0.14 -0.03 - 0.42

Table 2. Unweighted Mean Effect Sizes (dppc), Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals


Comparisons x̄ 95% CI Comparisons x̄ 95% CI

Overall Average0.16

0.06 - 0.27 Overall Average 0.29 0.12 - 0.47

Healthy Sample0.14

-0.03 - 0.32 Healthy Sample0.32

0.09 - 0.55

Impaired0.30

0.08 - 0.52 Impaired0.24

-0.13 - 0.61

Individual0.21

-0.19 - 0.60 Individual0.43

0.11 - 0.75

Group0.17

0.06 - 0.29 Group0.16

-0.01 - 0.33

Waitlist Control0.24

-0.12 - 0.16 Waitlist Control0.21

0.09 - 0.60

Active Control0.02

0.09 - 0.39 Active Control0.35

-0.10 - 0.52

Construct x̄ 95% CI Construct x̄ 95% CI

Executive Attention0.17

0.04 - 0.30 Executive Attention-0.09

-0.27 - 0.15

Problem Solving0.14

-0.21 - 0.48 Problem Solving0.53

0.23 - 0.82

Working Memory0.13

-0.02 - 0.29 Working Memory0.29

0.09 - 0.72

Inhibition0.09

-0.15 - 0.33 Inhibition0.15

-0.24 - 0.52Fluency 0.13 -0.05 - 0.31 Fluency 0.17 -0.07 - 0.41

Note. Mean values represent unweighted means.

Table 3. Unweighted Correlations between Effect Sizes (dppc) and Study Characteristics


Moderator rw df 95% CI Moderator rw df 95% CI

Study Features Year0.30 32

-0.05 - 0.59 Year-0.48 26

-0.73 - -0.12

PEDro-0.02 32

-0.37 - 0.33 PEDro-0.19 26

-0.54 - 0.21

Participant Features Age0.01 32

-0.34 - 0.36 Age-0.43 26

-0.70 - 0.05

% Male-0.21 32

-0.52 - 0.15 % Male0.26 23

-0.17 - 0.61

MMSE0.20 15

-0.35 - 0.65 MMSE0.37 13

-0.23 - 0.76

Treatment Features Session Frequency0.13 32

-0.23 - 0.46 Session Frequency0.28 26

-0.12 - 0.60

Session Length0.00 32

-0.35 - 0.35 Session Length-0.10 24

-0.48 - 0.32

Treatment Length0.08 32

-0.28 - 0.42 Treatment Length-0.03 26

-0.42 - 0.36

Note. Correlation values represent unweighted correlations.

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