Supplemental MaterialsGender and Perceptions of Leadership Effectiveness: A Meta-Analysis of Contextual Moderators

by S. C. Paustian-Underdahl et. al. 2014, Journal of Applied Psychologyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036751

Authors Year Abbreviated Titles

Ma and Fe

leaders?18? 5

each?effectivene

ss?Means/

SDFs, ts, or

Zs

correlations or chi-squares

Eagly 1995, data not

found?

Holsclaw 1967

The relationship of selected factors to administrative effectiveness in the principalship Y

Maier 1970

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Maier and Sashkin 1971

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF A UNION STEWARDCHANGE: ROLE AND SEX EFFECTS’VS. A TIME-STUDY MAN IN INTRODUCING

N

Martin 1972Support for Women's Lib: Management Performance Y Y Y N

Bartol, Wortman 1975

Male versus female leaders: Effects on perceived leader behavior and satisfaction in a hospital

Y Y Y Y No DF

Francke 1975

Perceived Performance differences between women and men supervisors and implications for training

Quinn 1976

SELF*PERCEPTIONS OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS ANDDECISIONMAKING

N

Supplemental Material: References considered but excluded from the meta-analysis

Petty, Miles 1976

LEADER SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPINGIN A FEMALE-DOMINATED WORK CULTURE

Y Y Y Y N N N

Mohr and Downey 1977 Are women peers? Y

Petty, Odewahn, Bruning, Thomason 1977

An examination of the moderating effects of supervisor and subordinate sex

Y Y Y Y N N N

Adams 1978

A Multivariate Study of Subordinate Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Minority and Majority Managers

Y Y Y Y N N N

King 1978

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate

Y Y Y Y Y, no Ns

Mohr, Rowen, & Reidy 1978Women and ROTC Summer Camp

N (cadets)

Schneier and Bartol 1978Sex Effects in Emergent Leadership Y Y Y N

Muldrow, Bayton 1979

Men and Women Executives and Processes Related to Decision Accuracy

Y Y Y N

Pate 1979

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Waetjen, Schuerger, and Schwartz 1979

Female and male managers: self-concept, success, and failure

Y Y Y N

Archambeau 1980 Sex role flexibility Y

Arnett, Higgins, Priem 1980

Sex and Least Preferred Co-Worker Score Effects in Leadership Behavior

Y Y Y N

Frosch 1980

An analysis of the background profiles of and self-assessed effectiveness

Y Y Y Y MEANS ONLY

Smith & George 1980unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could Y

not locate

Petty, Bruning 1980

Comparison of the Relationships Between Subordinates' Perceptions of Supervisory Behavior and Measures of Subordinates' Job Satisfaction for Male and Female Leaders

Y Y Y Y N N N

Friedman 1981

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Young 1981

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Hamilton 1981Androgyny and leadership: an empirical field study

? Y Y Y Y

Beard 1982

A study of leadership styles and their relationship to management effectiveness

Y Y Y Y Y, no Ns

Legrand 1982

Leadership Style and effectiveness in summer camps

Y Y Y Y N N N

Jago, Vroom 1982

Sex Differences in the Incidence and Evaluation ofParticipative Leader Behavior

Y Y Y N

Hughes, Copeland et al. 1983

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Instone, Major, Bunker 1983

Gender, Self Confidence, and Social Influence Strategies:An Organizational Simulation

Y Y Y N

Peregrin 1983

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Pulakos, Wexley 1983The Relationship among Perceptual Similarity, Sex,

Y Y Y Y N ? N

and Performance Ratings in Manager-Subordinate Dyads

Terborg and Shingledecker 1983

Employee Reactions to Supervision and WorkEvaluation as a Function of Subordinateand Manager Sex

N

Adams, Rice Instrone 1984 Y Y Y Y N ? N

Rice, Instone, Adams 1984

Follower Attitudes toward Women and Judgments concerning Performance by Female andMale Leaders

Y Y Y N

Snodgrass and Rosenthal 1984

Females in charge: Effects of sex ofsubordinate and romantic attachment statusupon self-ratings of dominance

N

Wakefield 1984

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Koberg 1985

Sex and Situational Influences on the Useof Power: A Follow-Up Study

N

Liden 1985

Female Perceptions of Female and Male Managerial Behavior

Y Y Y Y no direction reported

Riggins 1985

An analysis of selected biographical and personality characteristics

Y Y Y N

Steckler and Rosenthal 1985

Sex Differences in Nonverbal and Verbal CommunicationWith Bosses, Peers, and Subordinates

N

Simpson 1985

Teacher satisfaction with leadership based on principal sex role

orientation

Yoder, Adams, & Hicks 1984

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Goktepe 1986

The role of gender, androgyny, and attraction in predicting the identity and effectiveness of emergent leaders Y

Nyquist, Spence 1986

Effects of Dispositional Dominance and Sex Role Expectationson Leadership Behaviors

Y Y Y N

Farokhi, F. R. 1987

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Gallegos 1987Emerging leadership among hispanic women

Y Y Y Y N N N

Kipnis, Schmidt 1988

Upward-Influence Styles: Relationship with Perfornnance Evaluations, Salary, and Stress

Y Y Y N

Baril, Elbert et al 1989

Are androgynous managers really more effective?

Y Y Y Y N N N

Lindholm 1989 N N N

Sadeghi-Nejad 1989

unknown--was an Eagly et al (1995) study we could not locate Y

Tsui and O'Reilly 1989

Beyond Simple Demographic Effects: The Importance of Relational Demography in Superior-Subordinate Dyads

N

Bourantes and Papalexandris 1990

Sex differences in leadership styles Y Y Y Y N N N

Butler and Geis 1990

Nonverbal Affect Responses to Male and Female Leaders:Implications for Leadership Evaluations

Y Y Y Y F ONLY

Gilbert et al 1990

Age and leadership effectiveness: from the perceptions fo the follower

Y Y Y Y N N N

Heck and Marcoulides 1990

Examining Contextual Differences in theDevelopment of Instructional Leadershipand School Achievement

Y Y Y Y N N N

Lakhani 1990

The Interdependence of Self-Reported Estimates of Individual and Unit Performance

Y Y Y Y N N N

Petzel, Johnson et al 1990

peer nomination for leadership and likability in problem solving groups

N

Podsakoff et al 1990

Transformational Leadership Behaviors and Their Effects on Followers' Trust In Leader, Satisfaction, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

Y Y Y Y N N N

York and Denton 1990

Leadership Behavior and Supervisory Performance: The View From Below

Y Y Y Y N N N

Kelly et al 1991

Gender and Managerial Leadership Styles: A Comparison of Arizona Public Administration

Y Y Y N

Nye and Forsyth 1991

The Effects of Prototype-Based Biases on Leadership Appraisals A Test of Leadership Catigorization Theory

Y Y Y Y F ONLY

Uleman 1991

Leadership Ratings: Toward Focusing More on Specific Behaviors

Y Y Y N

Zaccaro et al 1991

Leadership and Social Intelligence: Linking Social Perspectiveness and

N N N N

Behavioral Flexibility to Leader Effectiveness

Andrews 1992

Sex and Gender Differences in Group Communications: Impact on the Facilitation Process

N N N N

Gurman and Long 1992Gender Orientation and Emergent Leader Behavior

N

Verkerk 1993

The Effect of Leader's Sex on Group Performance and on Leadership Behavior under Varying Group Compositions

Y Y Y Y Y, no Ns no direction reported N

Campbell et al 1993

Perceptions of Appropriate Leadership Style: Participation Versus Consultation Across Two Cultures

Y Y Y Y F ONLY

Hackman et al 1993

Leaders' Gender-Role as a Correlate of Subordinates' Perceptions of Effectiveness and Satisfaction

Y Y Y Y N N N

Johnson and Holdway 1993

Perceptions of Effectiveness and the Satisfaction of Principals in Elementary Schools

Y Y Y Y Y No SDs N N

Korabik et al 1993

Managers' Conflict Management Style and Leadership Effectiveness: The Moderating Effects of Gender

Y Y Y Y N N N

Lee. Smith, Cioci 1993

An Examination of the Relationships among Self-Perception Accuracy, Self-Awareness, Gender, and Leader Effectiveness

Y Y Y Y N N N

Van Velsor 1993 Y Y Y N

Yammarino et al 1993

Transformational Leadership and Performance: A

Y Y Y Y N N N

Longitudinal InvestigationAdler and Roush 1994 N

Bass and Avolio 1994

Shatter the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers

Y Y Y Y N N N

Ekvall and Arvonen 1994

Leadership Profiles, Situation and Effectiveness

Y Y Y Y N N N

Hall 1994

Leader Traits and Behavior as Determinants of Leadership Effectiveness in a Military Academy

Y Y Y N

Ken and Moss 1994Effects of Sex and Gender Role on Leader Emergence

N

Posner and Brodsky 1994

Leadership Practices of Effective Student Leaders: Gender Makes No Difference

Y Y Y Y

Rojahn and Willemsen 1994

The Evaluation of Effectiveness and Likability of Gender-Role Congruent and Gender-Role Incongruent Leaders

Y Y Y Y F ONLY

Chaffins et al 1995

The Glass Ceiling: Are Women Where They Should Be?

N

Comer, Jolson, Dubinsky 1995

When the Sales Manager is a Woman: An Exploration into the Relationship Between Salespeople's Gender and Their Responses to Leadership Styles

Y Y Y Y N N N

Gibson 1995

An Investigation of Gender Differences in Leadership Across Four Countries

Y Y Y ?

Javidan, Bremmels, Devine 1995

Superior and Subordinate Gender and the Acceptance of Superiors as

Y Y Y Y N N N

Role Models

Murphy, Eckstat, Parker 1995Sex and Gender Differences in Leadership

N

Phillips 1995Leadership Since 1975: Advancement or Inertia?

N

Millard, 1996

Moderating Effects of Leader Sex and the Relation Between Leadership Style and Perceived Behavior Patterns

N Y Y Y MEANS ONLY

Berdahl 1996

Gender and Leadership in Work Groups: Six Alternative Models

N

Brandster 1996Women - The New Heroes of the Business World?

n

Chen and Van Velsor 1996

New Directions for Research and Practice in Diversity Leadership

n

Hallinger et al 1996

School Context, Principal Leadership, and Student Reading Achievement

Y Y Y Y N N N

Kruger 1996

Gender Issues in School Headship: Quality Versus Power?

y y y y n n n

Luthar 1996

Gender Differences in Evaluation of Performance and Leadership Ability: Autocratic vs. Democratic Managers

Y Y N Y

Martinek 1996

The Superintendency: An Analysis of Leadership Role and Gender Differences

y y y n

Park 1996Gender Role, Decision Style and Leadership Style

n n n n

Sapp, Harrod, Zhao 1996

Leadership Emergence in Task Groups with Egalitarian Gender-Role Expectations

N

Walker 1996Gender, Interaction, and Leadership

Y Y Y Y N N N

Zheng 1996

School Contexts, Principal Characteristics, and Instructional Leadership Effectiveness: A Statistical Analysis

Y Y Y Y No df

Crist 1997

A Study of the Relatipnship of the Job Satisfaction of Chief Academic Officers of Institutions of High Education and the Perceived Leadership Style of Institution's President

y y y n

Dorfman 1997 y y y y n n n

House and Aditya 1997

The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?

N

Kingman 1997

A Gender Study on Leadership: The Female and Male Principals of Hong Kong Secondary Schools as Perceived by Teachers and the Principals Themselves

Y Y Y N

Kolb 1997

Are We Still Stereotyping Leadership?: A Look at Gender and Other Predictors of Leader Emergenc

N

Li, Koh, Hia 1997

The Effects of Interactive Leadership on Human Resource Management in Singapore's Banking Industry

Y Y Y Y N N N

Shum and Cheng 1997

Perceptions of Women Principals' Leadership and Teachers' Work Attitudes

N (FE ONLY)

Toren et al 1997 The Cross-National Cross- y y y n

Gender Study of Managerial Task Preferences and Evaluation of Work Characteristics

Weiner 1997

Leader Effectiveness: The Influence of Leader Behavior and Gender

y y y y F only

Aguinis and Adams 1998

Social-Role Versus Structural Models of Gender and Influence Use in Organizations

n

Daley and Naff 1998

Gender Differences and Managerial Competencies: Federal Supervisor Perceptions of the Job of Management

y y y y n

Lewis and Fegenson-Eland 1998

The Influence of Gender and Organization Level on Perceptions of Leadership Behaviors: A Self and Supervisor Comparison

y y y n

Analoui 1999

Eight Parameters of Managerial Effectiveness: A Study of Senior Managers in Ghana

y y y n

Church and Waclawski 1999

Influence Bahaviors and Managerial Effectiveness in Lateral Relations

y y y y n n n

Gedney 1999Leadership Effectiveness and Gender

n

Panapoulos 1999

Gender Differences in Transformational Leadership Among The Field Leaders of new South Wales Police Students

y y y y No N No df

Roffey 1999

Filipina Managers and Entrepreneurs: What Leadership Models Apply?

n

Cellar et at 2001 Effects of Leader Style, n y y y

Leader Sex, and Subordinate Personality on Leader Evaluations and Future Subordinate Motivation

Decker 2001

Relationshpis Among Gender, Type of Humor, And Perceived Leader Effectiveness

y y y y n n n

Gardner et al 2001

Examining the Relatipnships Between Leadership and Emotional Intelligence in Senior Level Managers

y y y n

Martell et al 2001

A Diagnostic-Ratio Appriach to Measuring Beliefs About The Leadership Abilities of Male and Female Managers

y y y n

Rosser (same as 2003 data) 2001

Faculty and Staff Members' Perceptions of Effective Leadership: Are There Differences Between Women and Men Leaders?

y y y y y

Sivanathan et al 2001

Emotional Intelligence, Moral Reasoning and Transformational Leadership

y y y n

Chavis 2002

A Study of Principals' Leadership Effectiveness In Implementing Multicultural Education In North Carolina Public Elementary and Middle Schools

y y y y no direction reported

Hogue et al 2002

Increasing Initial Leadership Effectiveness: Assisting Both Women and Men

n

Lii 2002 An Examination of y y y n

Leadership Style and Player-Coach Relationships in College-Level Soccer Programs

Pounder and Coleman 2002

Women-Better Leaders Than Men? In General and Educational Management it Still "All Depends "

n

Stelter 2002

Gender Differences in Leadership: Current Social Issues and Future Organizational Implications

n

Gaziel 2003

Images of Leadership and Their Effect Upon School Principals' Performance

y y y n

Larocca 2003

Perception of Leadership Qualities in Higher Education: Impact Of Professor Gender, Professor Leader Style, Situation and Participant Gender

n

Sala 2003

Executive Blind Spots: Discrepancies Between Self- and Other-Ratings

y y y y n n n

Wanstreet 2003

Perceived Effectiveness of Career Technical Education Administrators as Influenced by Leadership Style and Gender

y y y y n n n

Weinberger 2003

An Examination of the Realtionship Between Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Style and Perceived Leadership Effectiveness

y y y y n n n

Aldoory 2004

Leadership and Gender in Public Relations: Perceived Effectiveness of

N Y Y N

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles

Looney 2004

Military Leadership Evaluations: Effects of Sex, Leadership Style, and Gender-Role Attitudes

n

Neubert et al 2004

Emergence of Women in Healthcare Leadership: Transforming the Impact of Gender Differences

n

Tschannen-Moran et al 2004

Principals' Sense of Efficacy: Assessing a Promising Construct

y y y y n n n

White 2004

A Study of Relatipnships Between Selected Demographic Variables and the Principals' Self-Perception of Technology Leadership

y y y y n n n

Chow 2005

Gender Differences in perceived Leadership Effectiveness in Hong Kong

n y y y y

Groves 2005

Gender Differences in Social and Emotional Skills and Charismatic Leadership

y y y n

Irving 2005Servant Leadership and the Effectivesness of Teams

y y y y n n n

Madden 2005

2004 Division 35 Presidential Address: Gender and Leadership In Higher Education

n

Oyinlade et al 2005

Perceptions of Effective Leadership in Schools for Students with Visial Impairments: A National Study

y y y y n n n

Pierro 2005Leader Group Prototypicality and

y y y y n n n

Leadership Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Need for Cognitive Closure

Ryan 2005

The Glass Vliff: Evidence that Women are Over-Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions

y y y n

Xirasagar et al 2005

Physician Leadership Styles and Effectivesness: An Empirical Study

y y y y n n n

Yan 2005

A Cross Cultural Perspectives On Perceived Leadership Effectiveness

n

Balam 2006

Professors' Teaching Effectiveness in Relation to Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Perceptions of Student Rating Myths

n

Hogg et al 2006

Demographic Category Membership and Leadership in Small Groups: A Social Identity Analysis

y y y y n n n

Hopkins et al 2006

Effective Leadership and Successful Career Advancement: Perspectives From Women in Health Care

n (just fe)

Luong 2007

Perception of Leader Effectivesness as a Function of Gendered Language in Electronic Mail

n

Lyons et al 2007Gender's Unspoken Role in Leadership Evaluations

n

Wu 2007 y y y n

Jogulu et al 2008

A Cross-Cultural study Into Peer Evaluations of Women's Leadership Effectiveness

N (FE ONLY)

Kruger 2008

School Leadership, Sex and Gender: Welcome to Difference

n

Prime et al 2008

Managers' Perceptions of Women and Men Leaders: A Cross Cultural Comparison

n

Smith 2008

Teacher Union Leader and Executive Committee Member Attitudes Towards Five Components of Union Leadership and Union Leader Effectivesness in Long Island, New York School

y y y y no direction reported

Van Vugt 2008Leadership, Followership, and Evolution

y y y n

Galanaki 2008

Revisiting Leadership Styles and Attitudes Towards Women as Managers in Greece

y y y y n n n

Furst et al 2008

Queens of the Hill: Creative Destruction and the Emergence of Executive Leadership of Women

N (FE ONLY)

Haslam et al 2008

The Road to the Glass Cliff: Differences in the Perceived suitability of Men and Women for Leadership Positions in Succeeding and Failing Organizations

n

Phelan et al 2008

Competent Yet Out In The Cold: Shifting Criteria For Hiring Reflect Backlash Toward Agent Women

y y n

Adams et al 2009

Are Female Executives Over-Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions?

y y y n

Avolio et al 2009 The Moderating Effect of n (meta)

Gender on Leadership Intervention Impact: An Exploratory Review

Cabrera et al 2009

The Evolving Manager Stereotype: The Effects of Industry Gender Typing on Performance Expectations for Leaders and their Teams

n y y y

Gilley et al 2009

Organizational Change: Motivation Communication, and Leadership Effectiveness

y y y y n n n

Hoyt et al 2009

Choosing the Best (Wo)Man for the Job: The Effects of Mortality Salience, Sex, And Gender Stereotypes on Leader Evaluations

n

Ibarra et al 2009Women and the Vision Thing n

Lepkowski 2009

Gender and the Career Aspirations, Professional Assets, and Personal variables of Higher Education Administrators

y y y n

Prime et al 2009

Women "Take Care", Men "Take Charge": Managers' Stereotypic Perceptions of Women and men Leaders

n

Jayasingam et al 2009

Leadership Style and Percetion of Effectiveness: Enlightening Malasian managers

y y y y n n n

Ayman et al 2010Leadership: Why Gender and Culture Matter

n

Burton et al 2010

Gender Typing in Management: Evaluation of Magerial Subroles for Sport

y y y n

Castano 2010 Perceived Leadership n y y

Effectiveness and the Role of Transformational Behaviors, Culture, and Gender of the Leader

Heilma et al 2010

Wimpy and undeserving of respect: Penalties for men's gender-inconsistent success

n

Hoyt et al 2010

Choosing the Best (Wo)Man for the Job: The Effects of Mortality Salience, Sex, And Gender Stereotypes on Leader Evaluations

n

Isaac et al 2010

A Qualitative Study of Faculty Members' Views of Women Chairs

N (FE ONLY) y y n

Kark 2010 n

Nyberg et al 2010

Managerial Leadership is Associated With Self-Reported Sickness Absense and Sickness Presenteeism Among Swedish Men and Women

y y y y n n n

Rosette and Tost 2010

Agentic Women and Communal Leadership: How Role Presecription Confer Advantage to Top Women Leaders

n

Ryan et al 2010

Think Crisis-Think Female: The Glass Cliff and Contextual Variation in the Think Manager-Think Male Stereotype

n

Reuvers et al 2011

Transformational Leadership and Innovative Work Behavior: Exploring the Relevance of Gender Differences

y y y n

Moreno 2011

Running Head: Principal Leadership and Student Performance

y y y y n n n