Sundaland Petroleum Deposits

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Accretion and Dispersion of Southeastern Sundaland: The Growing and Slivering of Continent and

Petroleum Implications*

Awang H. Satyana1

Search and Discovery Article #30261 (2012)**Posted December 31, 2012

*Adapted from oral presentation at AAPG International Convention and Exhibition, Singapore, 16-19 September 2012

**AAPG2012 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.

1BPMIGAS, Jakarta, Indonesia ([email protected])

Abstract

Sundaland presently constitutes the southeastern corner of the Eurasian continental plate. Terrane analysis reveals that theSundaland is made up of a number of terranes originating from the northern Gondwanaland, which rifted, drifted, andamalgamated in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic.

Occupying the position of active continental margin, the Sundaland recorded the history of the growing of continent byaccretion. A number of SE Sundaland accreted crustal masses have been identified: oceanic Meratus, continental Paternoster,

Ciletuh-Luk Ulo-Bayat subduction complex, continental SW Sulawesi, Bantimala-Barru-Biru subduction complex, Flores SeaIslands, and continental Sumba Island. These crustal masses accreted the original SE Sundaland (Schwaner Core) during

150-60 Ma (Late Mesozoic).

Started at around 50 Ma, in the Middle Eocene, some of the accreted mass of SE Sundaland rifted and drifted apart. Thedispersed masses include SW Sulawesi, Flores Sea Islands, and Sumba Island. The dispersion of SE Sundaland is considereddue to trans-tension rifting related to tectonic escape of India-Eurasia collision and/or back-arc spreading by rollback

movement of slower rate-subduction, resulting in opening of the Makassar Straits and Bone Basins, segmentation of East JavaBasement and slivering of Sumba terrane.

A number of sedimentary basins developed during dispersion of SE Sundaland, provided by Paleogene tectonostratigraphicsequences with proven and potential sources, reservoirs and traps. Reconstruction of accretion and dispersion of SE Sundaland

can reveal the evolution and development of the basins, important for exploration evaluation
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Selected References

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Rosen, L. Ruber, and S.T. Williams (eds.), Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia: CambridgeUniversity Press, p. 32-78.

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Interactions within the East Asian Marginal Seas: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph, p. 55-85.

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Hasan, K., 1991, The Upper Cretaceous flysch succession of the Balangbaru Formation, Southwest Sulawesi: Proceedings of

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Hutchison, C.S., 1984, Marginal sea formation by rifting of the Chinese and Australian continental margins and implications

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SE Asia: Geological Society London, Special Publication, v. 106, p. 97-122.

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pre- Tertiary very high-pressure metamorphic and associated rocks of Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia, in L.G. Liou,B. Cong, and S. Maruyama, (eds.), Dynamic metamorphic and high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Island Arc, v. 7, p.

184-200.

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of Joint Convention of Indonesian Association of Geologists and Indonesian Association of Geophysicists, Jakarta, Indonesia.

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evaluation and new observations: Proceedings, IPA, 31st

Annual Convention, p. 68-102.

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Constraints : A Model for Exhumation of Collisional Orogen in Indonesia: Proceedings 33rd

Annual Convention, IndonesianAssociates of Geophysicists, Bandung, 4 p.


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Sengor, C., and K.J. Hsu, 1984, The Cimmerides of eastern Asia; history of the eastern end of Paleo-Tethys, in Anonymous(ed.), Paleogeography of India, Tibet and Southeast Asia; comparison of paleontologic data with geodynamic models; special

meeting of the Geological Society of France: Memoirs of the Geological Society of France, New Series, v. 147, p. 139-167.

Soeria-Atmadja, R., S. Suparka, C.I. Abdulla, D. Noeradi, and Sutanto, 1998, Magmatism in western Indonesia, the trapping ofthe Sumba block and the gateways to the east of Sundaland: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 16/1, p. 1-12.

Tapponier, P., G. Peltzer, A.Y. Le Dain, R. Armijo, and P. Cobbold, 1982, Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new

insights from simple experiments with plasticine: Geology, v. 10, p. 611-616.

Tapponier, P., G. Peltzner, and R. Armijo, 1986, On the mechanism of the collision between India and Asia, in M.P. Coward,and A.C. Ries, (eds.), Collision Tectonics: Geological Society of London, Special Publication, p. 115-157.

Wakita, K., 2000, Cretaceous accretionary-collision complexes in central Indonesia: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 18/6,

p. 739-749.

Wilson, M.E.J., and D.W.J. Bosence, 1996, The Tertiary evolution of South Sulawesi: a record in redeposited carbonates of the

Tonasa Limestone Formation, in R. Hall and D.J. Blundell, (eds.), Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia: Geological Society ofLondon, Special Publication, v. 106, p. 365-389.

Wood, B.G.M., 1985, The mechanics of progressive deformation in crustal plates a working model for southeast Asia:Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, v. 18, p. 55-99.


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Accretion and Dispersion of Southeastern

Sundaland: The Growing and Slivering ofContinent and Petroleum Implications

AAPG International Conference & Exhibition

Singapore, 16-19 September 2012

Awang H. Satyana (BPMIGAS)


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Regional Setting

3. Accretion of Sundaland4. Dispersion of Southeastern Sundaland

5. Petroleum Implications

6. Conclusions


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Sundaland according to

Prof. Charles S. Hutchison

The term Sundaland strictly defines the landmass ofsouth-east Asia, comprising Indochina, the ThaiMalay

Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the shallow

marine shelf (the Sunda Shelf ) between them which

stood above the sea during the low sea levels of the

Pleistocene epoch.

Sundaland is itself a composite of welded cratonic

terrains and younger orogenic belts, which stabilized to

form the single aseismic cratonic core of south-east Asia

during Late Triassic times. Younger tectonic activity has

occurred around its active margins.

The margins ofSundalandare somewhat fragmented and tectonically complicatedon the east. The margins ofSundalandin south Borneo are also ill-defined.

The Early Tertiary opening of the Makassar Basin has rifted away from Borneo the

western now extinct volcanic arc of Sulawesi, which appears to have once formed

the eastern margin of Borneo, and hence is regarded as a rifted part ofSundaland.

1933 - 2011

Hutchison (1989), Geological Evolution of South-East Asia


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Distribution of

pre-Mesozoic

continental

basement in

SE Asia

Hutchison (1984)

,

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t lI,toGUl l"U I ' (WISUtl ' lOCINTUI IOU( ' l>\,rroRot

S I ! I t ~ IRII Of suu.n,IUG, . I - SUl' s'UItBUION ItOel011 ISt UO ' tOCItY RU - IIIIION - S(UII SURSU IiUS"'UONG BLOCI

,, ,"" " . ,t , u "'i l l


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Accretion and Dispersion of Sundaland

Sundaland was formed by amalgamation of continental blocks during theTriassic Indosinian orogeny and is surrounded by material mostly added

later in the Mesozoic (Hall and Morley, 2004).

The formation of present-day SE Asia involved the progressive suturing of

terranes to each other during Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic times and their

subsequent disruption, principally caused by the collision of India withEurasia. The ages of sutures in eastern and SE Asia become younger to the

south and southeast (Metcalfe, 1996).

Plate fragmentation of SE Asia by NW-SE shears (Wood, 1985) could have

been produced by the collision of cratonic India with Eurasia (extrusion or

escape tectonics (Tapponier et al., 1982, 1986). The continental lithosphereof SE Asia would be displaced towards the east and south-east as India

indents (Sengor and Hsu, 1984; Hutchison, 1985).

amalgamation, progressive suturing = accretion

disruption, fragmentation = dispersion


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Phanerozoic Plate

Reconstruction

Collins (2003)

Continents passed their historythrough numerous alternating

accretion and dispersion.

Sundaland is a miniature to this.


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Regional Setting



6. Conclusions


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Sundaland


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Sundaland


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Hall (1999)

Present Tectonic Setting of Indonesia

Hall (1999)

Sundaland

Sahul Land

Indian Oceanic PlateAustralian Plate

Pacific PlatePhilippine Sea Plate

Eurasian Plate


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Regional Setting



6. Conclusions


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Metcalfe (1996)

Sundaland is an

amalgamation

of terranes

Incl.

ION

l eg" '"XXXX

A A - ~ Thrust----6.. . . - Inactive tro",'"0----6....- Active trench

Terrane boundaryInferred I""" . ,,,,,,,,,ta,,,c=J Oceanic crust

c=J Acx:reted crustc=J Extended continental crust

DDD

Terranes derived fromGOfI(l'wana in theDevonianTerranes derived fromSouth China- Indochina Inthe Cretaceous-TertiaryMesozoic arc terranes

E

DD

Terranes derived IromGOfI(l'wana in thelate Early PermianIndian continent derivedIrom Gondwana Inthe Cretaceous

-D

20NPhilippineSea plate

o, SOOkm,

AustraliaTerranes derived fromGondwana in lhe

ION

lOS

Late Triassio-Late JurassicTerranes derived fromNew Guinea region In theCenozoic


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3

1

2

4

SW Borneo

Paternoster

-Kangean

1. Nan-Uttaradit, Raub-Bentong, Karimun-Bangka Paleo-Tethys suture (Middle-Late Triassic)

2. Natuna-Belitung Paleo-Tethys suture (Early-Mid Cretaceous)

3. Takengon-Bandarlampung Meso-Tethys suture (mid-Late Cretaceous)

4. Meratus-Bawean Meso-Tethys suture (early-mid Late Cretaceous)

Terranes and sutures of

Sundaland , defining

accretion of terranes to

Sundaland by closing

Paleo- and Meso-Tethys Oceans from

Middle Triassic to Late

Cretaceous

1

terrane

suture

mod. after Satyana (2009)


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Accretion of Sundaland

Hall (2012)

IN DIANAUSTRAUAN

PLATE

!...__ ~ _ ~ , o o o ADDED INEARLY LATE CRETACEOUS

PHILIPPINE,


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Accretion of

Sundaland by

Amalgamation

of Paternoster

to SW Borneoterranes,

consuming

Meso-Tethys

Ocean, resulting

in Meratus-Bawean suture

accreted crust

SW Borneo Block

East Malaya Block

Mangkalihat

Paternoster

Pompangeo

Meratus

collision &

ophiolite obduction

Al ino Arc

Ceno-Tethys Ocean

Meso-Tethys Ocean

(consumed)

proto-South China Sea

distal granite

sites of subduction fossil (Late Cretaceous)

Gondwanan micro-cont inents

500 KM

N110E 115E

0

5S

modified after Parkinson et al., (1998); Satyana (2003)

Paleo-Tethys

suture

Meso-Tethys

suture

Mid-Cretaceous


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Schwaner

(part of SW Borneo)

PaternosterAl ino Arc

Early Cretaceous

Late Cretaceous

(Alino Arc formation)

(Manunggul volcanics, slab

break off , start of exhumation)

modif ied after Hasan (1991), Wakita (2000), Satyana and Armandi ta (2008)

PaternosterSchwaner

PaternosterSchwaner

upper Early Cretaceous

(collision and suturing)

Meso-Tethys Ocean

Closure of Meso-Tethys Ocean by Collision of

Schwaner - Paternoster micro-continents

Meso-Tethys Suture


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Regional Setting



6. Conclusions


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extension

Dispersion of Western

Sulawesi by opening of the

Makassar Straits since

middle Eocene (45 Ma)thinned continental

crust

thinned continental crust


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Makassar Straits Transects

Mahakam DeltaSulawesi Fold Belt

Top Basement

W E

100 km

Mantle

Attenuated CrustContinental

Lower Crust

Syn-riftBsmt?

Continental

Gravity & Magnetics


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East Java Sea Rifted Structure

Mudjiono and Pireno (2002)

LEGEND :IZ ] : HIGH AREAo , INTERMEDIATE AREAo : OW AREA. . . RECENT VOLCANIC. .

I dr.

JAVA

- . . . ! - .

S l i S


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Ciletuh

Luk Ulo

Bayat

Meratus

Paternoster

Sumba

Flores Sea Islands

Barru

BantimalaBiru

Kalimantan

Sulawesi

Java

Lesser Sunda Islands

Java Sea

Sulawesi Sea

Indian Ocean

Flores Sea

East Java Sea

Schwaner Mts.

Accreted and Rifted-Drifted SE Sundaland


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Stratigraphy of Accretionary Complex of SE Sundaland

Juras

sic

Cretaceous

Early

Late

chert

chert

chert

melange

schist

schist

schistschist breccia

schist & phyllite

pillow lava

pillow

lava

Paremba

sandstones

rhyolite

schist, phyllite,

meta-gabbro

marble

schist

turbidite

turbidite

?metamorphics

limestone

greywacke

ultramafics

gabbro

Meratus

Complex

Ciletuh

ComplexLuk Ulo

Complex

Bayat

ComplexBantimala

Complex

ultramafics

ultramafics

ultramafics

?metamorphics

ultramafics

Flores Sea

Islands


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?

50

60

80

70

90

100

110

120

130

140

AGE TECTONICS EAST JAVA SEA OUTCROP / WELL SW SULAWESI

PLATE

REORGANISATION

TRANSPRESSIONAL

DEFORMATION

MARGINAL

BASINS

FORMED

ACCRETION

OF MICRO-

CONTINENTAL

FRAGMENTS

ONTO SUNDA

SHIELD

PLATE

REORGANISATION

PATERNOSTER-1

PRE-NGIMBANG

FORMATION

PAGERUNGAN

WEST KANGEAN

MANUK-1

NSA-10

SIRI-1

JS 5-1

L 46-1SERPENTISED

AMPHIBOLITE

(NO AGE DATA)

HIGH PRESSURE

SCHISTS,

METAMORPHOSED

ULTRABASICS,

METASEDIMENTS

BONE-1

?SSA-1X

BALANGBARU

FORMATION

TERTIARY

LATE

CRETACEOUS

EARLY

CRETACEOUS

(Ma)

Pre-Tertiary Stratigraphy of SE Sundaland

modified from Bransden and Matthews (1992)

R i l S tti f S b I l d


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Regional Setting of Sumba Island

mod. after Hamilton (1979), Burollet and Salle (1981), Abdullah et al. (2000)

114E 116 118

BORNEOII,./

I/'~"


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Wilson et al. (1996) Abdullah (1994)

Stratigraphic Succession of South Sulawesi and Sumba

WEST SUMBA CENTRAL SUMBA


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32 - 30 MA

LATE OLIGOCENE

10 - 7 MA

LATE MIOCENE20 - 18 MA

EARLY MIOCENE

45 - 40 MA

EARLY EOCENE

6 cm/yr

6 cm/yr

6 cm/yr

11cm/yr

opening

subduction zone

plate movement

volcano magmatic belt

transform fault

SUMBA

SUMBA

SUMBASUMBA

Detachment and Emplacement of Sumba Island

Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1998)


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Regional Setting

3. Accretion of Sundaland

4. Dispersion of Southeastern Sundaland


6. Conclusions


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Kalimantan Tectonics and Basin DevelopmentSatyana et al. (1999)

'ON

I,,"E

SOUTH CHINASEA

oN6JOOKM

17'- .

SULAWESI SEA

AJtS "


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Kutei - North Makassar Basins

Sections across Kutei and Barito Basins

Barito Basin

Satyana et al. (1999)

1011:,"

BORNEO

DELTA PLAINSANDSTONES

c::::::::J

NW

TUNU ......,

-----DELTA FRONTSANDSTONES

SHELF -EDGECARBONATES

MARINEMUDSTONESI I -

.......... ;. ..... ' . , . ! ! O O . . "' .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ! "................ +++++ f - + + ++++++... ++++++ ... +++++-tOA R IT O PLATFO R M

.... DO LE M IOCEN IE TO eARLY Pl..IOCEN E M lGflAnON_ _ _ P\..IO- r>t..EI8TQC EN E .... G nAnON

2 0 KM S

...----------TURBIDITE

SANDSTONESI I

E

..

, .

SE

OARiTO OE P OC EN TER/FOREOEEP


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Trans-Eastern Sundaland Chronostratigraphy Bacheller III et al. (2011)

CI )c: MCI )(. )0....

LCI )c: UI)(. )0~ '" L...Mz . -P z .

C o n j u g a t e Mar-g inO f f s h o ...eM a h a k a m D e l t a

_ a"'


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6 S

8 S

7 S

111 E 113 E 115 E

NORTH MADURA PLATFORM

CENTRAL HIGH

SOUTH HIGH

BIOGENIC GAS FIELD

THERMOGENIC GAS FIELD (WITH CONDENSATE)

OIL FIELD (SOME WITH GAS)

LANDMASS

50 KM

N

Bukit Tua-Jenggolo

Banyu Urip

Mudi

Sukowati

BD

KE 40

KE 23

KE 2KE 30

Camar

Ujung Pangkah

Sidayu

Payang

Paleogeography of East Java Basin during Paleogene

Satyana & Purwaningsih (2002)


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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Regional Setting

3. Accretion of Sundaland

4. Dispersion of Southeastern Sundaland


6. Conclusions


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Conclusions

1. A number of terranes, originating from the northern

Gondwanaland, amalgamated forming the Sundaland from the

Middle Triassic to Late Cretaceous through subduction and

collision, closing successive Paleo- and Meso-Tethys Oceans.

2. Southeastern parts of the accreted Sundaland started to dispersedue to a number of mechanisms related to collision of India to

Eurasia in 50 Ma (post-collision tectonic escape or rifting by

subduction roll-back), separating its continental fragments, such

as western Sulawesi and Sumba, through basement

segmentation, rifting, slivering and displacement.


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3. Collision of Paternoster terrane to Sundaland, suturing the

Meratus ophiolites formed foreland basin of Barito, the basin

generated and trapped petroleum when the Meratus was uplifted

started in mid-Miocene time.

4. Fragmentation of southeastern Sundaland resulted in basement

horsts and grabens in present Makassar Straits, western Sulawesi

and East Java basins where petroleum sources were deposited in

grabens and reefal carbonates developed on horsts. This

petroleum system is productive in East Java Basin and potential inthe Makassar Straits and western Sulawesi.

Conclusions (contd)


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Acknowledgments Management of BPMIGAS Prof. Robert Hall AAPG Technical Program Committee

Thank you for your attention.

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