Sugarcane Presentation by Irfan Arshad

SUGARCANE PRODUCTIONSUGARCANE PRODUCTION

M.IRFAN ARSHADM.IRFAN ARSHADCREDIT & VO HELP OFFICERCREDIT & VO HELP OFFICER

CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-IICROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-IIDISU, RAHIM YAR KHANDISU, RAHIM YAR KHAN

UNDERSTANDING SUGARCANE PLANTUNDERSTANDING SUGARCANE PLANT

Main parts are:

1. Leaf

2. Stalk

3. Root

Two parts:Two parts:

1.1. SheathSheath

2.2. BladeBlade

Sheath and blade are connected by blade jointSheath and blade are connected by blade joint Sheath is attached at node and covers Sheath is attached at node and covers

completely at least one internode of stalkcompletely at least one internode of stalk Mature sugarcane plant has about ten leavesMature sugarcane plant has about ten leaves

SUGARCANE LEAFSUGARCANE LEAF

Three Types of Tissue in leaf bladeThree Types of Tissue in leaf blade

1)1)Epidermis Epidermis (Protect mesophyll tissue and contain stomata)

2) 2) MesophyllMesophyll (Perform photosynthesis)

3) 3) Veins Veins (Fibrovascular bundles- (Fibrovascular bundles- Contain bundles of xylem Contain bundles of xylem and phloem)and phloem)

SUGARCANE LEAF…SUGARCANE LEAF…

Synthesis carbohydrates from COSynthesis carbohydrates from CO22 and H and H22O using sun energyO using sun energy

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O (+sunlight)O (+sunlight) CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O22

Two molecules of glucose combine to form sucroseTwo molecules of glucose combine to form sucrose

CC66 H H1212 O O66 + C + C66 H H1212 O O66 CC1212 H H2222 O O1111 + H + H22OO

Consume OConsume O22 and release energy by disintegrating carbohydrates and release energy by disintegrating carbohydrates

The released energy is used by plantThe released energy is used by plant

CC66 H H1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O (+ usable energy)O (+ usable energy)

FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAFFUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

• Functional life of a leaf is 60 to 75 daysFunctional life of a leaf is 60 to 75 days• Ideally leaf area index (LAI), ratio of leaf area Ideally leaf area index (LAI), ratio of leaf area

to corresponding land, during July, August to corresponding land, during July, August and September should be 3.1, 3.4 and 3.8 and September should be 3.1, 3.4 and 3.8 respectivelyrespectively

FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF…FUNCTIONS OF THE LEAF…

Stalk consists of segments called joints Each joint is made of node and internode Node contains bud and root primordia

Joints at the base are short and length of internodes gradually increase

When seed cane is planted, each bud give rise to primary shoot which in turn produce secondary shoots (tillers)

STALK OF SUGARCANESTALK OF SUGARCANE

Top 1/3 of stalk contains many buds and good nutrient Top 1/3 of stalk contains many buds and good nutrient

supply, hence very good for use as seedsupply, hence very good for use as seed

Lower 2/3 is high in sucrose and good for millingLower 2/3 is high in sucrose and good for milling

The stalk contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)The stalk contains vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)

Xylem carries water and nutrients upwardXylem carries water and nutrients upward

Phloem conducts manufactured food to lower parts of the Phloem conducts manufactured food to lower parts of the

plantplant

STALK OF SUGARCANE…STALK OF SUGARCANE…

• Buds on sets become active within three days Buds on sets become active within three days after planting and set roots begin to grow from after planting and set roots begin to grow from root band at the base of the internoderoot band at the base of the internode

• Set roots grow at a maximum rate of 24 mm per Set roots grow at a maximum rate of 24 mm per day and stop elongating when these are 150 to day and stop elongating when these are 150 to 250 mm long250 mm long

• These turn dark, decompose and disappear These turn dark, decompose and disappear within 2 month after plantingwithin 2 month after planting

• Shoot roots begin to grow from short basal Shoot roots begin to grow from short basal internode of the shoot immediately after its internode of the shoot immediately after its emergence from soilemergence from soil

• Earlier shoot roots are much thicker than set Earlier shoot roots are much thicker than set roots and penetrate soil at a higher speed roots and penetrate soil at a higher speed keeping steep angle @ 40mm per daykeeping steep angle @ 40mm per day

• Shoot roots produced later are finer and branch Shoot roots produced later are finer and branch more freely than earlier shoot rootsmore freely than earlier shoot roots

ROOT OF SUGARCANE…ROOT OF SUGARCANE…

Anchoring support to the Anchoring support to the plantplant

Uptake of water and required Uptake of water and required food nutrientsfood nutrients

Excretion of unwanted Excretion of unwanted nutrients in the plantnutrients in the plant

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ROOTMAIN FUNCTIONS OF ROOT

Soil temperature from 20 to 30 oC is ideal for germination

Germination is checked below 10 and above 40 oC

Eight months old cane is best for germination Sets with two nodes having viable buds should

be used Proper moisture contents of sets and soil is

required Less use of nitrogenous fertilizer at sowing

because excessive use of N at sowing has adverse effect on germination

Sets should not have more than “2 soil cover Seed treatment with fungicide accelerate

germination process

SUGARCANE GERMINATIONSUGARCANE GERMINATION

It is development of secondary shoots from primary It is development of secondary shoots from primary

shootshoot

Early Tillering is necessary for good yieldEarly Tillering is necessary for good yield

Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting

give best yieldgive best yield

Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the

quality of the canequality of the cane

Profused sun light is necessary for TilleringProfused sun light is necessary for Tillering

Temperature from 20 to 30 Temperature from 20 to 30 ooC is requiredC is required

More Tillers are produced in September sowingMore Tillers are produced in September sowing

After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is

must to stop unwanted Tillersmust to stop unwanted Tillers

It is development of secondary shoots from primary It is development of secondary shoots from primary

shootshoot

Early Tillering is necessary for good yieldEarly Tillering is necessary for good yield

Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting Tillers produced during 40 to 50 days after planting

give best yieldgive best yield

Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the Tillers formed after 120 days of planting reduce the

quality of the canequality of the cane

Profused sun light is necessary for TilleringProfused sun light is necessary for Tillering

Temperature from 20 to 30 Temperature from 20 to 30 ooC is requiredC is required

More Tillers are produced in September sowingMore Tillers are produced in September sowing

After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is After having desired number of Tillers earthing up is

must to stop unwanted Tillersmust to stop unwanted Tillers

SUGARCANE TILLERINGSUGARCANE TILLERING

• TilleringTillering

(Up to 120 DAP)(Up to 120 DAP)

• Stem ElongationStem Elongation

(121 DAP-195 DAP)(121 DAP-195 DAP)

• MaturityMaturity

(196 DAP-Harvesting)(196 DAP-Harvesting)

SUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT STAGESSUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT STAGES

DAP = Days after plantingDAP = Days after planting

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF

SUGARCANE

CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT-II

Rahim Yar Khan

Soil required: loam to heavy

loam with good drainage and

no salinity/sodicity problem

Rotavate remains of previous

crop to plough back the

biomass

Twice chisel cross-wise or once

furrow turning to break the

hard pan and increase root

zone

LAND PREPARATIONLAND PREPARATION

once or twice cultivate to once or twice cultivate to

pulverize the soil. Final seed pulverize the soil. Final seed

bed should have fine granular bed should have fine granular

shapeshape

Leveling If Required. After Leveling If Required. After

rough land leveling, precision rough land leveling, precision

land leveling should also be land leveling should also be

done with laser if time done with laser if time

permitspermits

LAND PREPARATION….LAND PREPARATION….

If possible apply 3 to 4 trolleys of FYM per acre before If possible apply 3 to 4 trolleys of FYM per acre before

sowingsowing

After having 2 to 3 crops of sugarcane, green manuring After having 2 to 3 crops of sugarcane, green manuring

is necessary (jantar, guara, berseem etc)is necessary (jantar, guara, berseem etc)

Add half bag of Urea per acre at the time of ploughing Add half bag of Urea per acre at the time of ploughing

back the green manureback the green manure

Sow sugarcane after at least 30 days of burrying green Sow sugarcane after at least 30 days of burrying green

manuremanure

Alternatively apply 2 to 4 trolleys of press mudAlternatively apply 2 to 4 trolleys of press mud

APPLICATION OF FARM YARD MANUREAPPLICATION OF FARM YARD MANURE

SPRING SOWINGSPRING SOWING

Last week of January to 1st week of March is Last week of January to 1st week of March is

idealideal

Yield is substantially reduced in sowings after Yield is substantially reduced in sowings after

1515thth March March

SEPTEMBER SOWINGSEPTEMBER SOWING

Entire month of September is recommended.Entire month of September is recommended.

Sowing during August results in over growth and Sowing during August results in over growth and

lodging.lodging.

TIME OF PLANTINGTIME OF PLANTING

VARIETIES OF SUGARCANEVARIETIES OF SUGARCANE

Early Maturing

Mid Maturing

Late Maturing

Banned

CP 77-400 BL - 4 L 118 Triton

L 116 BF -162 COJ 84 COL 54

CP 72-2086 SPSG - 26 - CO 1148 (Indian)

CPF 43-33 SPF -213 - COL 29

CPF 237 SPF - 234 - COL 44

HSF 240 SPF -245 - -

HSF 242 - - -

CPF 243 - - -

Seed should not be drawn from lodged Seed should not be drawn from lodged

fieldfield

Better if we grow separate seed block Better if we grow separate seed block

with intensive carewith intensive care

Damage to buds should be avoided Damage to buds should be avoided

during handling i.e., cutting, during handling i.e., cutting,

transportation, removing trash and transportation, removing trash and

preparation of sets etc.preparation of sets etc.

SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANESELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE

Trash should be removed completely failing Trash should be removed completely failing

which germination will be less and chances of which germination will be less and chances of

termite attack will increase.termite attack will increase.

Dipping of sets in fungicide solution for 5 Dipping of sets in fungicide solution for 5

minutes using 0.2% solution of benlate, or minutes using 0.2% solution of benlate, or

vitavex or Eglol or Aeretonvitavex or Eglol or Aereton

Seed should be sown as soon as possible after Seed should be sown as soon as possible after

cutting to avoid desiccation.cutting to avoid desiccation.

SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…

Seed should be drawn only from healthy cropSeed should be drawn only from healthy crop

While preparing sets diseased and weak cane While preparing sets diseased and weak cane

should be discardedshould be discarded

For spring sowing seed must not be drawn from For spring sowing seed must not be drawn from

ratoon cropratoon crop

For September sowing seed can be obtained For September sowing seed can be obtained

from ratoon of last year September cropfrom ratoon of last year September crop

For spring crop sowing, seed from spring crop is For spring crop sowing, seed from spring crop is

betterbetter

Top 1/3 of cane is better for seedTop 1/3 of cane is better for seed

SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…SELECTION OF SEED OF SUGARCANE…

Per acre 25 to 30 thousand sets each with two Per acre 25 to 30 thousand sets each with two

buds are requiredbuds are required

These can be obtained from 80 to 100 maunds These can be obtained from 80 to 100 maunds

of caneof cane

This much seed can be had from 12 to 16 marlas This much seed can be had from 12 to 16 marlas

depending on health of the cropdepending on health of the crop

In case of late sowing seed rate should be In case of late sowing seed rate should be

increasedincreased

SEED RATE OF SUGARCANESEED RATE OF SUGARCANE

After seed bed preparation After seed bed preparation

and leveling prepare 10 to 18 and leveling prepare 10 to 18

inches deep and four feet inches deep and four feet

apart trenches with apart trenches with

sugarcane ridgersugarcane ridger

Apply complete dose of Apply complete dose of

phosphatic and potash phosphatic and potash

fertilizers in trenchesfertilizers in trenches

PLANTING OF SUGARCANEPLANTING OF SUGARCANE

Put head to head single set Put head to head single set

row on both sides of the row on both sides of the

ridge in a trenchridge in a trench

Apply light soil cover Apply light soil cover

manually but do not plank manually but do not plank

Apply light irrigation, on Apply light irrigation, on

drying again apply till drying again apply till

sugarcane germinatessugarcane germinates

PLANTING OF SUGARCANE…PLANTING OF SUGARCANE…

1.1. More air, light and nutrients available to More air, light and nutrients available to

plantsplants

2.2. Interculture becomes easierInterculture becomes easier

3.3. Irrigation to alternate furrow can be applied Irrigation to alternate furrow can be applied

and we can save water and lodging of the cropand we can save water and lodging of the crop

4.4. Fertilizer use efficiency is increasedFertilizer use efficiency is increased

5.5. Pesticide application both granules and liquid Pesticide application both granules and liquid

becomes easierbecomes easier

6.6. Harvesting of the crop becomes easierHarvesting of the crop becomes easier

ADVANTAGES OF SOWING IN TRENCHES ADVANTAGES OF SOWING IN TRENCHES OVER TRADITIONAL METHODOVER TRADITIONAL METHOD

Common weeds of sugarcane are:Common weeds of sugarcane are:

1.1. Itsit Itsit (Trianthema Portulacastrum)(Trianthema Portulacastrum)

2.2. Moti Khabal Moti Khabal (Digitaria Sanguinalis)(Digitaria Sanguinalis)

3.3. Hazardani Hazardani (Euphorbia Granulata)(Euphorbia Granulata)

4.4. Jangli Palak (Jangli Palak (Rumex Obtusifolius)Rumex Obtusifolius)

5.5. Bhakra Bhakra (Tribulus Terrestris)(Tribulus Terrestris)

6.6. Deela Deela (Scirpus Maritimus )(Scirpus Maritimus )

7.7. Khabal Ghas Khabal Ghas (Cynodon Dactylon)(Cynodon Dactylon)

8.8. Mudhana Mudhana (Dactyloctenium Aegyptium)(Dactyloctenium Aegyptium)

9.9. Morak Morak (Cyperus Rotundus)(Cyperus Rotundus)

WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANEWEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE

PICTORIAL VIEW OF WEEDS OF SUGARCANEPICTORIAL VIEW OF WEEDS OF SUGARCANE

Spray Ametryne + Atrazine in furrows when soil is in good moist Spray Ametryne + Atrazine in furrows when soil is in good moist

(Tarwatar) condition after Ist irrigation using following dose(Tarwatar) condition after Ist irrigation using following dose

In case of application on entire area dose should be doubledIn case of application on entire area dose should be doubled

The weedicide is effective for 8 to 10 weeks provided no hoeing is The weedicide is effective for 8 to 10 weeks provided no hoeing is

done after its applicationdone after its application

Only Flat Fan nozzle should be usedOnly Flat Fan nozzle should be used

Control weeds on beds through intercultureControl weeds on beds through interculture

WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE…WEED CONTROL IN SUGARCANE…

Soil TypeSoil Type Dose per acre in furrows Dose per acre in furrows only (Kg. in 50 to 75 liter only (Kg. in 50 to 75 liter

water)water)

LoamLoam 0.80.8

Clay LoamClay Loam 1.01.0

Sandy loam or Sandy loam or salinesaline

0.50.5

Macro NutrientsMacro Nutrients

C, H, OC, H, O N, P, K, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Ca, Mg, SS

Micro NutrientsMicro Nutrients

Zn, B,Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, cl (Si, Na) Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, cl (Si, Na)

Elements of Nutritional ConcernElements of Nutritional Concern

N, P, K, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, SI, N, P, K, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, SI,

ZnZn

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANENUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE

Mobile NutrientsMobile Nutrients

N, P, K, Na, Mg, S, ClN, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cl

ImmobileImmobile

B,B, Fe,Fe, CaCa

Partially mobilePartially mobile

Zn, Mn,Zn, Mn, Cu, MoCu, Mo

Deficiency symptoms of mobile nutrients first Deficiency symptoms of mobile nutrients first appear on older leaves and those of immobile on appear on older leaves and those of immobile on younger leavesyounger leaves

MOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS WITHIN SUGARCANE PLANTMOBILITY OF NUTRIENTS WITHIN SUGARCANE PLANT

FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUGARCANEFERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUGARCANE

Fertility Fertility

of Soilof Soil

RecommendedRecommended

Nutrients Per Nutrients Per

AcreAcreRecommendationsRecommendations

in bags Per Acrein bags Per Acre

NN PP KK

PoorPoor 119119 6969 5050 4 Urea + 3 DAP + 4 Urea + 3 DAP +

2K2K22SOSO44

AverageAverage 9393 4646 5050 3.25 Urea + 2 DAP + 3.25 Urea + 2 DAP +

2K2K22SOSO44

RichRich 6767 2323 2525 2.5 Urea + 1 DAP + 2.5 Urea + 1 DAP +

1K1K22SOSO44

Entire PEntire P22OO55 and K and K22O should be applied in trenches O should be applied in trenches

at sowingat sowing

For September sowing 1/3 N in November after For September sowing 1/3 N in November after

completion of germination, 1/3 in March and 1/3 completion of germination, 1/3 in March and 1/3

in April just before earthing upin April just before earthing up

For spring plantation 1/3 in April, after complete For spring plantation 1/3 in April, after complete

germination, 1/3 in May and 1/3 in June just germination, 1/3 in May and 1/3 in June just

before earthing upbefore earthing up

METHOD OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERMETHOD OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER

For spring crop delta of water is 64 inchesFor spring crop delta of water is 64 inches

Keeping in view harshness of weather irrigations need to Keeping in view harshness of weather irrigations need to

be applied as under:be applied as under:

For September sowing 20 irrigations are requiredFor September sowing 20 irrigations are required

Every irrigation about Every irrigation about ““4 deep4 deep

IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANEIRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE

PERIODNO. OF

IRRIGATIONSINTERVAL OF IRRIGATIONS

March – April 2-3 20 to 30 DaysMay – June 5-6 10 to 12 DaysJuly – August 3-4 15 to 20 DaysSeptember – October 2-3 20 to 30 Days

November – February 2-3 40 to 60 Days

Total Irrigations 14-19 -

To save water irrigations can be give in alternate To save water irrigations can be give in alternate furrows.furrows.

IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE…IRRIGATIONS FOR SUGARCANE…

TOP BORERACTIVE PERIOD

March to OctoberMODE OF DAMAGE

Damage is caused by caterpillar which is

generally found in the top portion of

sugarcane. The shoots attacked by first two

broods (April-June) are killed. The

subsequent broods attacking the terminal

portions of canes, cause bunchy tops. Canes

affected by third brood (July) remain stunted

in growth and there is generally decrease of

14-15% in height of such canes

MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANEMANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE

TOP BORER…MANAGEMENT

– Cut and destroy the attacked tillers from April to

June.

– Destroy hibernating larvae by cutting attacked tops

before 15th of February.

– Use light traps to kill moths.

– Apply granular insecticide in early crop stage,

Furadan 3 GB @ 15 kg./acre.

MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…

STEM BORERACTIVE PERIOD

March to October

MODE OF DAMAGEThis is very injurious pest and its caterpillars destroy about 20% of the young shoots during April to June annually. The larvae after hatching from the eggs reach the plant base, bore into shoot and feed there. In years of severe infestation, damage may be as high as 67%. The caterpillars feed in the stem and cut off growing points (central whorl of the leaves). The central dead shoot is called “dead heart” and such plants never grow


STEM BORER…MANAGEMENT

– Use light traps.

– Bio-control by Trichogramma.

– Apply granular insecticide in early crop stage,

Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre


ROOT BORERACTIVE PERIOD

April to November

MODE OF DAMAGE

The larvae bore into stem below

the soil surface. The attacked

plants dry up. In certain years the

young plants are killed


ROOT BORER…MANAGEMENT

– Use light traps.

– Bio-control by Trichogramma.

– Apply granular insecticide in early crop, Furadan @

15 kg/acre


GURDASPUR BORERACTIVE PERIOD

July to October

MODE OF DAMAGE

The first generation caterpillars appear in July

(Monsoon) when crop is established. Make

characteristic punctures in the aerial port of

the cane in a circular fashion that the cane is

cut in two parts those ultimately lodge. The

dried cane tops can be spotted in a field.

Later large patches of dried canes appear in

the fields which are clear indication of this

pest attack


GURDASPUR BORER…MANAGEMENT

– Destroy infested tops.Destroy infested tops.

– Earthing up ratoon crop in May-June.Earthing up ratoon crop in May-June.

– Use light traps.Use light traps.

– Bio-control by Bio-control by TrichogrammaTrichogramma


LEAF HOPPERACTIVE PERIOD

Through out the year

MODE OF DAMAGE

The insects feed on the underside of

leaves and desap the plants, Their feeding

produces honeydew which provides a

good medium for the growth of sooty

black mould. This black mould interferes

with plant photosynthesis and thus very

little sugar is obtained


LEAF HOPPER…MANAGEMENT

– Destroy egg masses.Destroy egg masses.

– Bio-control with Bio-control with Epiricania melanoleucaEpiricania melanoleuca and and

Tetrastichus.Tetrastichus.

– Avoid insecticide spray and trash burning.Avoid insecticide spray and trash burning.

– Apply granular insecticide during early crop Apply granular insecticide during early crop

stage, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre. stage, Furadan 3 G @ 15 kg./acre.


SUGARCANE BLACK BUGACTIVE PERIOD

Through out the year

MODE OF DAMAGE

Both nymph and adult cluster in central leaf whorl,

sheath bases of lower leaves of young plants and suck

sap. The attacked leaves show pale, brown patches

and dry up gradually. Holes of their feeding are also

noticeable. In severe attack whole crop looks as if have

been burnt up.


SUGARCANE BLACK BUG…MANAGEMENT

– Destroy stumps to avoid over-wintering adults.Destroy stumps to avoid over-wintering adults.

– Avoid ratooing of heavily infested fields.Avoid ratooing of heavily infested fields.

– Frequent irrigations. Frequent irrigations.


SUGARCANE WHITEFLYACTIVE PERIOD

May to October

MODE OF DAMAGE

The nymphs damage by sucking cell sap that affect

keeping quality of “Gur”/sugar.


SUGARCANE WHITEFLY…MANAGEMENT

– Avoid insecticide spray.

– Avoid trash burning.

– Removal of severely infested leaves.

– Introduction of natural enemies (Chrysoperla and

Coccinellids)

– Apply granular insecticides, Furadan 3 G @ 15

kg/acre. .


TERMITESACTIVE PERIOD

April to June and October

MODE OF DAMAGE

Termite attack results in poor

germination and drying up of shoots.

The termites live on cellulose which

they obtain from dead and living

vegetative matter.


TERMITES…MANAGEMENT

– Use well rotten FYM.

– Irrigation reduces attack.

– Apply chlorpyrifos @ 2 litre/acre with

irrigation from April to June


SUGARCANE MITEACTIVE PERIOD

April to June

MODE OF DAMAGE

Both nymphs and adults suck sap from leavesMANAGEMENT–Clean cultivation.–Do not allow to grow “baru” grass in and around the sugarcane fields.

–Irrigation reduces pest incidence.


MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…

RODENTS

• ACTIVE PERIOD–THROUGH OUT THE YEAR

• MODE OF DAMAGE

Cut the sugarcane stem at soil level

MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF SUGARCANE…

RODENTS• MANAGEMENT

– Make wats and bunds afresh annually.

– Removal of weeds and wild plantation.

– Mechanical control through traps and cages etc.

– Avoid killing of jackals, cats and owls.

– Apply Zinc phosphide @ 5% bait.

– Fumigate the rat holes with Phosphin gas (Agtoxin)

@ 1-2 tablets per hole.

MANAGEMENT OF SUGARCANE DISEASES…

•RED ROT–Casual organism:- Fungus - Physalospora

•Symptoms and mode of damage

The disease appear in the month of September and October. Basically affect the stalk. If stalk is splited lengthwise, dull red tissues throughout internode are seen. Redness travels to adjoining internode through the node. The pith gradually dries up and cane get shrivelled and looses its weight. Translocation of water and nutrients to leaves are hampered which result in dieing of leaves and ultimately whole field gets dried up and is visible from distance.


RED ROT…

MANAGEMENT

1.Plant resistant varieties

2.Seed used for planting must be disease free

3.The diseased fields should not be ratooned

4.Sets should be dipped in vitavax (1:800) or

Dithane M-45 (1:400) or Benlate (1:1600) solution

before sowing


•SUGARCANE SMUT–Casual organism:- Fungus – Ustilago scitaminea


–The disease is characterized by the emergence of a long whip like shoot from terminal bud. It is dull white at first and later become black and dusty. The whip is usually 60 to 90 cm long and may be coiled or curved back on itself. The infested plant before appearance of whip may be recognized by their small narrow leaves and slender stalk with widely spaced nodes. After production of the smutted top, the buds down below begin to sprout and every one of them produce black whip. The affected cane hardly give any yield.


SUGARCANE SMUT…MANAGEMENT

1.Sow only resistant varieties

2.Use healthy seed

3.Diseased crop should not be ratooned

4.Diseased shoots should be covered with plastic bag and

removed carefully to check spread of spores

5.Sets before sowing should be dipped in 0.5% solution of

Agalol or 0.03% benlate solution or 0.1% solution of

Dithane M-45 or 0.05% solution of vitavax


•SUGARCANE MOSAIC

Casual organism:- Virus (Strains A, B, C, D, E, F

and G)


–Leaves loose chlorophyll in patches and

yellowish areas appear on leaves. These

areas later elongate and take the shape of

irregular stripes. Their symptoms are more

distinct on actively growing basal portions of

young leaves. The disease spread very

rapidly and severely affect photosynthesis

process


SUGARCANE MOSAIC…

MANAGEMENT

Transmission from one crop to the next is through seed. Normally aphids are the vector. Control operations should include the following.

1. Use resistant varieties

2. Use healthy seed

3. Ratooning of diseased fields should be avoided

4. Tools used for cutting seed should be flamed periodically.


SUGARCANE POKKAH BOENG

Casual organism:- Gibberella moniliformis

Symptoms and mode of damage

The disease is characterized by the presence of

chlorotic areas on the basal portions of some

leaves. As the affected leaves mature, irregular

reddish stripes and specks develop within the

chlorotic parts. The most advanced and serious

stage of Pokkah boeng is the top rot. The young

spindle is killed and the entire top of the plant

dies. Photosynthesis is seriously affected and

yield is reduced


SUGARCANE POKKAH BOENG…

MANAGEMENT

1. Cultivate only resistant varieties.

2. The diseased plants showing top rot. Symptom

should not be used for seed.


•SUGARCANE RED STRIPE

–Casual organism:- bacterium - Xanthomonas rubriieans


Red strips disease consists of two forms, leaf stripe and top rot. Leaf stripes have first a water soaked appearance but later brown dark red to maroon. Usually, the stripes appear midway in the leaf and near the midrib. Red stripe occurs mostly on the young and middle aged leaves, rather than oldest leaves of the plant. The disease may attack the leaves which are partially unrolled and if sufficiently severe, cause a top rot.


SUGARCANE RED STRIPE…

MANAGEMENT

1. Cultivation of resistance varieties

2. Seed from the affected plants should not be used

Crop to be kept ratoon should be harvested from end January to 1st week of March. This is best time for tillering of ratoon crop

If early harvested crop is kept for ratoon the buds are damaged due to low temperature

For filling the gaps stubbles of the same variety may be transplanted from a field which is not to be kept as ratoon.

Stubble shaver or rotavator should be used for better germination but it must not go deeper than 1 to 1.5 inches

RATOON SUGARCANERATOON SUGARCANE

THANK YOU

PROPERTIES OF RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE

Variety

Year

of

releas

e

Achievable Yield

Potential(mds/acre)

Sugar

%age

Maturity

Period

Ratoon Tillering

Disease resistan

ce

BL-116 1968 1300 10.34 Dec. to Mar.

Average Low Suscepti

ble

L-116 1973 925 10.81 Nov. to Mar. Good High -do-

L-118 1975 1025 8.28 Feb. to Apr.

V. Good High -do-

BF-162 1990 1300 10.35 Dec. to Mar. Good Mid -do-

CP-77-400 1996 1300 11.90 Nov. to Mar. Good High Resistan

t

CP-77-2086

1996 1085 12.35 Oct. to Mar. Good High -do-

CP-43-33 975 11.60 Nov. to Mar.

V. Good

V. High -do-

PROPERTIES OF RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE...

Variety Year of release

Achievable Yield

Potential(mds/acre)

Sugar

%age

Maturity

PeriodRatoon Tillering Disease

resistance

CPF-237 2000 1400 12.50 Oct. to Mar. V. Good High Resistant

SPF-213 2000 1300 10.50 Dec. to Mar. V. Good V. High -do-

SPF-245 2004 1200 11.00 Dec. to Mar. V. Good High Tolerant

COJ-84 2000 1200 9.80 Jan. to Apr. V. Good V. High -do-

HSF-240 2002 1355 11.70 Nov. to Apr. V. Good V. High Resistant

HSF-234 2002 1450 11.60 Dec. to Apr. V. Good V. High Tolerant

SPSG-26 1999 1200 11.50 Dec. to Mar. Average Low Susceptible

For sugarcane green manuring is recommended

when fields are being replanted because it

does not result in loss of one crop year

Does not interfere with germination of the

cane

helps in control of weeds

Results in significant increase of yield

GREEN MANURING FOR SUGARCANE

Jantar, Guara, Berseem etc. can be used as green Jantar, Guara, Berseem etc. can be used as green

manure crop.manure crop.

Legume seed may be inoculated before sowing to Legume seed may be inoculated before sowing to

ensure good nitrogen fixationensure good nitrogen fixation

Legumes should be incorporated in soil when Legumes should be incorporated in soil when

approximately 50% of the plants are flowering. Going approximately 50% of the plants are flowering. Going

beyond this stage and earlier to this stage will result beyond this stage and earlier to this stage will result

in lower N return to soilin lower N return to soil

Sugarcane should be planted about 30 days after Sugarcane should be planted about 30 days after

incorporation of green biomass.incorporation of green biomass.

GREEN MANURING FOR SUGARCANE…

Increase microbial activity in soilIncrease microbial activity in soil

Increase soil water retentionIncrease soil water retention

Fixes atmospheric NFixes atmospheric N

Provides recycling of nutrients Provides recycling of nutrients

Controls weedsControls weeds

Controls soil erosionControls soil erosion

Some legumes used as green manure Some legumes used as green manure

help in control of plant parasitic help in control of plant parasitic

nematodesnematodes

ADVANTAGES OF GREEN MANURING

NUTRIENT PERCENTAGE IN DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS

FertilizerNutrient% age

Total Nutrients Per Bag (Kg)

N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O

Urea 46 - - 23.0 - -

Nitrophos 23 23 - 11.5 11.5 -Ammonium Nitrate 26 - - 13.0 - -Single Super Phosphate - 18 - - 9.0 -Triple Super Phosphate - 46 - - 23.0 -Diammonium phosphate 18 46 - 9.0 23.0 -Mono ammonium Phosphate 11 52 - 5.0 23.7 -Potassium Sulphate - - 50 - - 25Potassium Chloride - - 60 - - 30

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRESS MUD

COMPONENT PERCENTSugar 0.85Organic matter 69.15Inorganic matter 19.165Iron 0.006Copper 0.004Zinc 0.002Sulphur 5.8Phosphorus 1.00Potash 0.80Nitrogen 2.00Calcium 1.00Chloride 0.163Magnesium 0.04Manganese 0.02

Taken up as NoTaken up as No33, NH, NH++44 and Urea and Urea

Used in synthesis of amino acids, which are used Used in synthesis of amino acids, which are used for protein and nucleic acid formationfor protein and nucleic acid formation

Integral part of chlorophyllIntegral part of chlorophyll Adequate N availability is necessary for vegetative Adequate N availability is necessary for vegetative

growth.growth. N application is required in all types of soilsN application is required in all types of soils Split doses required to increase use efficiency.Split doses required to increase use efficiency. Adequate N supply at critical growth stages is must.Adequate N supply at critical growth stages is must. Inadequate supply of N can result in stunted plants, Inadequate supply of N can result in stunted plants,

premature ripening, reduced biomass and less premature ripening, reduced biomass and less sugar yields.sugar yields.

NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Applied N is converted to NoApplied N is converted to No33 which is taken up by which is taken up by

sugarcane plantsugarcane plant

Since NoSince No33 is negatively charged, it cannot be is negatively charged, it cannot be

absorbed on exchange complex having negative absorbed on exchange complex having negative

charge. So it is more prone to leaching losses and charge. So it is more prone to leaching losses and

are required to be applied when it is most required are required to be applied when it is most required

by plants (grand growth period)by plants (grand growth period)

NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE..

NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE..

Deficiency of N results in uniformly pale green to yellow leaf blade of older leaves. Internodal growth is reduced and stalk becomes short. If deficiency continues, the tips and margins of older leaves become necrotic.

Taken up as HTaken up as H22POPO44-- , HPO, HPO44

---- (Orthophosphate ions). (Orthophosphate ions).

HH22POPO44-- and HPO and HPO44

-- -- are absorbed better at low and high are absorbed better at low and high

pH respectively. Some phosphorus is also absorbed pH respectively. Some phosphorus is also absorbed

in its organic form i.e. Nucleic acid and phytin. in its organic form i.e. Nucleic acid and phytin.

Integral part of ADP and ATP (Adenosine di and tri Integral part of ADP and ATP (Adenosine di and tri

phosphate) which are energy storage and transfer phosphate) which are energy storage and transfer

agents. The energy basically generated through agents. The energy basically generated through

photosynthesis, stored and transported by ADP and photosynthesis, stored and transported by ADP and

AT P is used in vegetative and reproductive growth.AT P is used in vegetative and reproductive growth.

PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Important component of nucleic acid coenzymes, Important component of nucleic acid coenzymes, nucleotides, phosphoproteins, phospholipids and nucleotides, phosphoproteins, phospholipids and sugar phosphatessugar phosphates

Helps in seed formation and reproductive growthHelps in seed formation and reproductive growth Adequate P availability is necessary for root Adequate P availability is necessary for root

development, high yield of sugarcane and development, high yield of sugarcane and sucrosesucrose

P application for sugarcane is required in all types P application for sugarcane is required in all types of soilsof soils

Deficiency of P results in inadequate use of Deficiency of P results in inadequate use of moisture, and nutrientsmoisture, and nutrients

Deficiency of P is more prominent in ratoon cropDeficiency of P is more prominent in ratoon crop

PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE….

PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE….

Deficiency symptoms first

appear on older leaves,

which turn bluish green in

colour. Red and purple colour

is also seen. Internode

length, total stalk length and

stalk diameter are reduced. In

acute deficiency leaf foliage

dies back from leaf tip and

along leaf margins.

Potassium is taken up as KPotassium is taken up as K++ ion. ion.

In plants mostly it exists as KIn plants mostly it exists as K++ ion and does not react ion and does not react

with other substance to form coordinated with other substance to form coordinated

compounds.compounds.

Being in ionic form helps to maintain Turgidity of cells Being in ionic form helps to maintain Turgidity of cells

and plants. Deficiency of K results in malfunctioning and plants. Deficiency of K results in malfunctioning

of stomata; hence reduction in photosynthesisof stomata; hence reduction in photosynthesis

80% enzymes inside plants require K80% enzymes inside plants require K++ for their for their

activation.activation.

POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Provides osmotic pull that draws water into plant roots. K deficient plants are less able to use available soil moisture.

K regulates stomatal opening and hence decide rate of transpiration.

K helps in formation of ATP and ADP which are store houses and transporting agents of energy.

Uptake of N is also reduced in K deficient plants. This is also due to less production of ATP and ADP.

K application for sugarcane is required for all types of soils

POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…

POTASH REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…

Deficiency of K results in Deficiency of K results in

depressed growth, slender depressed growth, slender

stalk, and distortion of leaves to stalk, and distortion of leaves to

orange or reddish brown, orange or reddish brown,

Symptoms first appear on older Symptoms first appear on older

leaves. Severe deficiency cause leaves. Severe deficiency cause

distortion of leaf spindle distortion of leaf spindle

producing bunchy top.producing bunchy top.

Due to K deficiency use Due to K deficiency use

efficiency of other nutrients and efficiency of other nutrients and

water also goes down.water also goes down.

Sulfur is absorbed as So4++

Small quantities of So2 can also be absorbed

through leaves, but high concentrations are toxic.

Elemental S can also be absorbed in limited

quantity through leaves.

Required for synthesis of S – containing amino

acids which are essential components of protein.

S is also needed for synthesis of other

metabolites like Co enzyme A and vitamin B1

SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE

Sulfur as nutrient is not required to be added as sufficient quantity is present in some N, P and K

fertilizers. It is also present in atmosphere as SO2

and SO3 which is added to soil along with rain

water

Sulfur when added help in reducing soil pH and improve availability of micronutrients which is best at 7 to 7.5 pH whereas normally soils in R.Y.Khan have pH above 8. Its addition as soil ameliorator in furrows is recommended.

SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE…

SULFUR REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE…

Sulfur deficiency is

characterized by general

chlorosis and yellowing of

leaves, especially younger

leaves. The young leaves

may develop a faint purplish

ting on their margins.

Leaves become small and

narrow.

Ca is absorbed as Ca++

Important for structure and permeability of cell membrane.

Ca enhances up take of No3 - N.

Our soils are basically calcareous and there are remote chances of its deficiency.

Shortage of Ca, if any , will lead to rapid deterioration of plant health

CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE

CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE…

Ca deficiency result in

limited top and root

growth, older leaves

acquire rusty appearance

and show signs of

mottling and chlorosis.

Young leaves are

distorted

Mg is absorbed as MgMg is absorbed as Mg++++

Primary constituent of the chlorophyll molecule – Primary constituent of the chlorophyll molecule –

15 to 20 % w/w of chlorophyll15 to 20 % w/w of chlorophyll

Very important for protein synthesisVery important for protein synthesis

Magnesium is important component of the Magnesium is important component of the

chlorophyll molecule and is essinal for chlorophyll molecule and is essinal for

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

So for this element is not deficient in our soilsSo for this element is not deficient in our soils

MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE

MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT OF SUGARCANE…

Its deficiency, if any,

is distinguished by

rust like red bricking

(light brown spot) on

older leaves.

Absorbed by plants as boric acid (H3 BO3)

Very important for the development of

meristematic tissues

Helps in flowering and fruit development

Helps in translocation of sugars, starches, N and P

Boron is readily leached from root zone

Its application in furrows at sowing is

recommended @ 1 lb B per acre in case it is found

deficient in any field after soil test

In B deficient plants young leaves contain clear

lesions or water sacks.

BORON REQUIREMENT FOR SUGARCANE

Absorbed by plants as CuAbsorbed by plants as Cu++++

Absorption of Cu is decreased with increase Absorption of Cu is decreased with increase

in pHin pH

Can be applied through soil and foliageCan be applied through soil and foliage

So far it is not deficient in our soilsSo far it is not deficient in our soils

Copper deficiency, if any, is characterized by Copper deficiency, if any, is characterized by

dark green spots on slightly chlorite and dark green spots on slightly chlorite and

wilted leaf blade.wilted leaf blade.

COPPER REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Iron is absorbed by plant roots as FeIron is absorbed by plant roots as Fe++++ and and

FeFe++++++

Very important for some metabolic Very important for some metabolic

processesprocesses

Important for oxidation and reduction Important for oxidation and reduction

reactions within the plantsreactions within the plants

Important for chlorophyll synthesisImportant for chlorophyll synthesis

So far it is not deficient in our soils for So far it is not deficient in our soils for

sugarcane growing sugarcane growing

IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

IRON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…

Deficiency of Iron

result in new leaves

bearing yellowish

intervenous chlorosis

while mid rib may

remain green.

MANGANESE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

It is absorbed by plants as It is absorbed by plants as

MnMn++++

Helps in photosynthesis Helps in photosynthesis

Takes part in oxidation - Takes part in oxidation -

reduction processesreduction processes

Deficiency of manganese result in Intervenous chlorosis of newer leaves which progresses into grey-brownish lesions.

Zn is important for chlorophyll formationZn is important for chlorophyll formation

Zn deficiency is mostly due to anaerobic conditions Zn deficiency is mostly due to anaerobic conditions

and high P contents.and high P contents.

Zn is less available in alkaline soils as compared to Zn is less available in alkaline soils as compared to

neutral and acids soilsneutral and acids soils

Zn deficiency effect ability of plants to regulate P Zn deficiency effect ability of plants to regulate P

accumulation.accumulation.

ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

ZINC REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE…

Deficiency of Zn result Deficiency of Zn result

in Plants having a in Plants having a

reduced development reduced development

and a smaller leaf and a smaller leaf

area formation with a area formation with a

possible intervenous possible intervenous

cholorisis which cholorisis which

begins at the new begins at the new

leaves.leaves.

Absorbed by plants as monosilicic acid - Si(OH)Absorbed by plants as monosilicic acid - Si(OH)44

It contributes to the structure of the cell wallsIt contributes to the structure of the cell walls

Reduces water loss from the plantReduces water loss from the plant

Retard fungal infectionRetard fungal infection

SILICON REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Absorbed by plants as NaAbsorbed by plants as Na++

Important for maintaining turgorImportant for maintaining turgor

Help in CoHelp in Co22-fixation-fixation

SODIUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

It is absorbed by plants as ClIt is absorbed by plants as Cl- -

Concentration in plants is 0.2 to 10%Concentration in plants is 0.2 to 10%

It plays role in cation neutralizationIt plays role in cation neutralization

Maintain turgor of leavesMaintain turgor of leaves

Suppress many diseases in plantsSuppress many diseases in plants

CHLORIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Absorbed as molybdate (MoOAbsorbed as molybdate (MoO44++++))

Have a role in iron absorption and its Have a role in iron absorption and its

translocation within plantstranslocation within plants

Molybdenum deficiency is not frequent. However, Molybdenum deficiency is not frequent. However,

a low level of this nutrient in the tissues affects a low level of this nutrient in the tissues affects

the nitrogen assimilation of the plant. Blotchy the nitrogen assimilation of the plant. Blotchy

appearance may occur on lower leaves.appearance may occur on lower leaves.

MOLYBDENUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SUGARCANE

Sugarcane Presentation by Irfan Arshad

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