SUG613 TOPIC 3 DATA SOURCE AND DATA COLLECTION.ppt

8/20/2019 SUG613 TOPIC 3 DATA SOURCE AND DATA COLLECTION.ppt

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TOPIC 3:GIS DATA SOURCES AND DATA

COLLECTION


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“ A GIS without a data like

a car without fuel -without fuel we cannot goanywhere; without data aGIS will not produce any

output ”


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Prepared by: Madam Siti AekbalSalleh

INTRODUCTION

DATA COLLECTION

DATA CAPTURE DATA TRANSFER

• Experience indicates that in the course of any GIS project60 to 80 % of the time required to complete the project isinvolved in the input, cleanin, lin!in, and verification

of the data"


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The Data Stream

DATA CAPTURE

DATA VERIFICA

TION

& EDITING

DATA MANIPULATION

& ANALYSIS


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PRIMARY DATACAPTURE TECHNIQUES

REMOTE SENSING

FIELD SURVEYING

DATA CAPTURE

SECONDARY DATA

CAPTURE TECHNIQUES

SCANNING

MANUAL DIGITISING

VECTORISATION

PHOTOGRAMMETRY

COGO

Primary data sourcs ar

ca!turd s!ci"ica##y "or us i$

GIS %y dirct masurm$t

Sco$dary data sourc ar

tos rusd "rom ar#ir

studis


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Classifcation o geographic data or datacollection purposes

RASTER VECTOR

Primary

Secondary

igital remote sensingimages

igital aerialphotographs

Scanned maps andphotographs

igital ele!ation modelsrom maps

"PS measurements

Sur!ey

measurements

Topographic maps


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DATA TRANSFER

BUILD? BUY?

(Obtaining data from external sources)

GIS

DATABASE

Major decision that need to be faced at the start of a GISProject is whether to build or bu a database


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!xam"les of digital data sources that can be im"orted into a GIS # $S%


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Digital Data Sources in Malasia Agency Data Type !e"#te

Department of Survey andMapping

Topographic features, landparcel

Satellite Image map (SIM)

www.jupem.gov.my

Agency of Remote SensingMalaysia

Satellite imagesLADSAT!I"##S!

RADARSAT

www.arsm.gov.my

To$n and %ountry &lanningDepartment

Structure, local,development plans, landusemap

www.jaring.my/sepakat/ jpbd/home.html

'orestry Department 'orest reserves www.forestry.gov.my

Malaysia Meteorological

Department

Meteorological and

%limatological data

www.met.gov.my

Department of nvironmentAlam Seitar Sdn *hd

nvironment +uality (marine,$ater, air) and %limatological

Data

www.jas.sains.mywww.enviromalaysia.com.

myDepartment of eological

Survey

eology related information www.gsm.gov.my

Department of Drainage andIrrigation

-ydrology!.ater resources agrolink.moa.my/jps

Department of Agriculture Soil!Land use!Soil erosion

ris!Agroclimatic

agrolink.moa.my/doa


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GEOGRAPHIC DATA FORMATS

• One of the biggest "roblem with data obtained fromexternal sources & encoded in different formats

• Man different geogra"hic data formats because no single

format is a""ro"riate for all tas'

• Man GIS software sstem are now able to read directl %uto%D DG and D*+, Microstation DG-, Sha"efile, .P+ and man other image file format/

• Direct read su""ort can onl su""ort relati0el sim"le"roduct#oriented format


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POPULAR GEOGRAPHIC DATA FORMATS


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C$%pa$n $' (ata acce "y t&an)at#$n an( (#&ect&ea(


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Q*et#$n t+at nee( t$ "e a((&e #' $"ta#n (ata #n(#g#ta) '$&%at '&$% an$t+e& $*&ce:

hat data are a0ailable1

hat will the data cost1

On what media will the data be su""lied1

hat format will the data be in1


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M%2%3SI%- O-T!*T & POP$2%4 D%T% +O4M%T

Vect$& Data !S4I co0erage %rc.iew GIS

(Sha"efile)

%uto%D D*+ %uto%D DG M%PI-+O (/T%5)

Rate& Data !rdas Imagine (/img)

!S4I G4ID file (G4ID)

!rdas 6/7 (GIS)

Tagged Image +ile Tiff GeoTI+

GI+

!4Ma""er

5I2

5S8

9P!G


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MALAYSIAN CONTEXT – POPULAR GIS

SOFTWARE

Vector-based GIS

%rcGIS

%4:I-+OM%PI-+O

Raster-based GIS %rcGIS (S"atial %nalst)

%4:I-+O (G4ID)!4D%S IM%GI-!

Obect-or!e"ted GIS

Smallorld GIS inGIS


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Data ollection or'flow

#lannin includes esta$lishin user requirements, arnerin resources,and de0elo"ing a "roject "lan/

#reparation involves o$tainin data, redraftin poorquality mapsources, editin scanned ma" images, remo0ing noise, setting u"a""ro"riate GIS hardware and software sstems to acce"t data/

&iiti'in and transfer are the staes (here the majority of the effort(ill $e ex"ended/

Editin and improvement covers many techniques desined to validatedata, as (ell as correct errors and im"ro0e ;ualit/

Evaluation is the process of identifyin project successes and failures"


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GIS

SOFT'ARE

D%T% O-.!4SIO- #


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GIS #ata So$rce

REMOTE SENSING

SCANNING

DIGITISING

PHOTOGRAMMETRY

GLOBAL POSITIONING

SYSTEM

EXISTING DIGITAL

DATA

GROUND SURVEY

LiDAR


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Types of data i !"S#Spatial Attib$te

%aster &e'tor

Topolo(y )o*topolo(y

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FEATURES

+,

id$ti"ir L$-t Nama )a#a$

)a#a$ .rista# /0/1

+b,e't*orieted


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GIS #ATA SOURCES%


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Digiti=ing

There are three "rimarmethods for digiti=ings"atial information>

Manual Methods include> Tablet Digiti=ing


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Scanning and .ectori=ation

% document is scanned using a digitalscanner/

2ight is emitted onto the document, and

the reflected light is read in b a sensor/The sensor then records the reflected brightness to create an image

S"eciali=ed software is used to con0ert

the scanned image into lines/ This"rocess is called raster to 0ectorcon0ersion (4?.)


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P


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Ortho"hoto


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Is the science and technolog of ma'ing measurements from "ictures,aerial "hotogra"hs, and images/

Measurements are ca"tured from o0erla""ing "airs of "hotogra"hs usingstereo

"lotters/

Orientation and triangulation are fundamental "hotogrammetr "rocessingtas's/ Oentat#$n is the "rocess of creating a stereo model suitable for 0iewing and extracting

@#D 0ector coordinates that describe geogra"hic objects/

Tang*)at#$n (also called Abloc' adjustmentB) is used to assemble a collection of images

into a single model so that accurate and consistent information can be obtained from largeareas/

Orthoimages are images corrected for 0ariations in terrain using a D!M/

Photogrammetr is a 0er cost#effecti0e data ca"ture techni;ue that is

sometimes the onl "ractical method of obtaining detailed to"ogra"hic data


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%""lications of Photogrammetr

To"ogra"hic Ma""ing & nearl CE of to"o ma"com"ilation of Malasia

S"ecial "ur"ose to"ogra"hic ma"s &"hotogrammetricall "re"ared at 0arious scales

!g/ Planning and designing highwas, railroads,

ra"id transit sstem, bridges, "i"elines,transmission lines, hdroelectric dams, floodcontrol structures, ri0er and harbor im"ro0ement,urban renewal "rojects etc/


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%erial "hotogra"h is e;uall im"ortant in medium# to large#scale "rojects

Photogra"hs are normall collected b analog o"tical cameras and later

scanned

%erial Photogra"hs are usuall collected on an ad hoc basis

an "ro0ide stereo imager for the extraction of digital ele0ation models

A(.antage are

onsistenc of the data

%0ailabilit of sstematic global co0erage

4egular re"eat ccles

D#a(.antage are

4esolution is often too coarse

Man sensors are restricted b cloud co0er


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%""lications of Photogrammetr

To"ogra"hic Ma""ing & nearl CE of to"o ma"com"ilation of Malasia

S"ecial "ur"ose to"ogra"hic ma"s & "hotogrammetricall"re"ared at 0arious scales

!g/ Planning and designing highwas, railroads, ra"idtransit sstem, bridges, "i"elines, transmissionlines,hdroelectric dams, flood control structures, ri0er andharbor im"ro0ement, urban renewal "rojects etc/

-ewer "hotogrammeric "roducts Orthoimage or ortho"hoto Digital !le0ation Models


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Orthoimage

+-TP-T .%+M /"!"TA P+T+!%AMMT%" SSTM

Contour

Aerial photo drapedonto DEM

Digital Eleation Model

5So$r'e : 6a 20118

( #


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G&$*n( S*&.ey#ng

G&$*n( *&.ey#ng # "ae( $n t+epnc#p)e t+at t+e 3,D )$cat#$n $' anyp$#nt can "e(ete&%#ne( "y %ea*ng ang)e an((#tance '&$% $t+e& /n$0n p$#nt1

T&a(#t#$na) e2*#p%ent )#/e t&an#t an(t+e$($)#te +a.e "een &ep)ace( "y t$ta)tat#$n t+at can %ea*&e "$t+ ang)ean( (#tance t$ an acc*&acy $' %%

G&$*n( *&.ey # a .e&y t#%e,c$n*%#ngan( e4pen#.e act#.#ty5 "*t #t # t#)) t+e

"et 0ay

Typ#ca))y *e( '$& capt*ng "*#)(#ng5

)an( an( p&$pe&ty "$*n(ae5 %an+$)e5an($t+e& $"6ect t+at nee( t$ "e )$cate(acc*&ate)y1

A)$ e%p)$ye( t$ $"ta#n &e'e&ence %a&/

'$& *e #n $t+e& (ata capt*&e p&$6ect


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G2O5%2 POSITIO-I-GS3ST!M (GPS)


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GPS works in any weather conditions,anywhere in the world, 2 hours a day.!here are no subscription fees or setupcharges to use GPS.

The A/STAR(A/igation

Satellite TimingAnd Ranging)lo0al &ositioningSystem (&S) isa satellite10ased

navigationsystem made upof a net$or of23 satellitesplaced into or0it

0y the 45S5Department ofDefense5


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S$r&e'!"( )!t*

GPS


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App)#cat#$n

%0iation

-a0igation

Scientific areas & weather "redictionand oceanogra"h

Site sur0eing &control sur0e andsetting#out tomachine control

Sur0eing andMa""ing, on land, atsea and from the air/

Militar %""lications/


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GPS under the control of $S De"artment of Defense (DoD)

De0elo"ment began in earl CF6s & e0ol0ed from s"ace"rogramme

Initiall for worldwide na0igation and "ositioning sstemfor militar users

De0elo"ment of -%.ST%4 (-%. igation Satellite Timing % nd 4 anging) began in CF6@

first satellite launched in CF6H +ull o"erational in CFFC


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$ses for 2iD%4 Scanning

LIDAR (L#ght Detection A nd R anging)

is an o"tical remote sensing technologthat measures "ro"erties of scatteredlight to find range and:or other

information of a distant target/

@D it Models DTM of 2arge areas alculation of accurate .olumes o0er large areas,

# cost effecti0e than con0entional sur0es 4oads : 4ail and Power line routes for Planning

and Design 5ul' "ro"ert 0aluations


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5So$r'e : %e,ea 20118

o6er Mahatta 5)e6 ork ity8 after the orld Trade

eter bombi(5So$r'e : )asa 20118

Po6erie: To6er o'atios ateary Models

!ro$d ad &e(etatio leara'e

.lood %isk Mappi(

3/ ;ie6 of "tesity "ma(e deri;ed from "/A%


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2iD%4 ma""ing has man ad0antages o0ercon0entional sur0e methods including>

A"#)#ty t$ penet&ate t&ee can$py an( .egetat#$n e.en #n (ene)y c$.e&e( a&ea F)e4#"#)#ty t$ c$))ect (ata yea& &$*n( an( (ay$& n#g+t S*pe$& acc*&acy (*e t$ (ata (en#ty t+at

e)#%#nate #nte&p$)at#$n Rap#( (ata c$))ect#$n t#%e '&a%e , *p t$ 992*a&e %#)e #n a #ng)e (ay


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InS%4 or IfS% 4

Inte&'e&$%etc ynt+et#cape&t*&e &a(a&, alsoabbre0iated InSAR or I'SAR , isa radar techni;ue used

in geodes and remote sensing/

This geodetic method uses two ormoresnthetic a"ertureradar (S%4) images to generate

ma"s of surface deformationor digital ele0ation, usingdifferences in the "hase of the wa0es returning to the satellite oraircraft/


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The techni;ue can "otentiallmeasure centimetre#scalechanges in deformation o0ertimes"ans of das to ears/

%""lications for geo"hsicalmonitoring of natural ha=ards,for exam"le earth;ua'es, 0olcanoes and landslides, andalso in structural engineering,

in "articular monitoring ofsubsidence and structuralstabilit/


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Satellite 4emote Sensing

Satellite )emote Sensin in0ol0es gathering informationabout the earths surface using satellites orbiting aroundthe earth/ Satellite remote sensing ma be done two was>

Passi0e sensor sstems # ontains an arra of small detectors orsensors that can detect electro#magnetic radiations emitted from theearths surface

%cti0e sensor sstems # The sstem sends out electro magneticradiation towards target object (s) and measures the intensit of thereturn signal e/g/ include anadas 4%D%4S%T and the !uro"eanS"ace %gencs (!S%) !4S#C (!S% 4emote Sensing Sate))#te) and!4S#?


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Information is deri0ed from measurements of the amount ofelectromagnetic radiation reflected, emitted, or scattered from objects/

)esolution is a !ey physical characteristic of remote sensin systems"

Spatial resolution refers to the si'e of o$ject that can $e resolved andthe most usual measure is the "ixel si=e/

Spectral resolution refers to the parts of the electromanetic spectrumthat are measured/

*emporal resolution, or repeat cycle, descri$es the frequency (ith(hich imaes are collected for the same area/

S%T!22IT! 4!MOT! S!-SI-G


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S%T!22IT! 4!MOT! S!-SI-G &G2O5%2 O4 4 !GIO-%2 S%2!

-O%% %.


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Sea Surface Tem"erature from -O%% %.


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A ima(e of !lobal S$rfa'e Temperat$re a'>$ired from the )+AA? A&%% satellite

So$r'e: )ASA 2011

-O%% %.


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-O%% %.


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I.ONOS a$d 2UIC.3IRD


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7?


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SPOT ( Multi!pe'tral"Putra)a*a#

5So$r'e : Abd$l Cadir Taib 20118


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8uic'5ird Image #K2


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g

oo;er /am AriDoa


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4!MOT! S!-SI-G

REMOTE SENSING


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LANDSAT ETM;SPOT

I


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- ! -

LANDSAT

• oldest ima(ery eterprise offeri( satellite ima(ery i 1972• adsat la$'hed its se;eth satellite the A)/SAT 7 satellite

6hi'h has a TM ha'ed themati' mapper istr$met o

board April 1999• 'apable of 'olle'ti( E* bad m$lti*spe'tral ima(ery• stadard A)/SAT orld6ide %efere'e System 6hi'h di;ides

the ima(ery of the arthFs s$rfa'e ito =7 7E4 s'ees• a'h s'ee is 1E3 kilometers G 170 kilometers 6ide 33

(i(abits?s'ee

IME) SPOT


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• SP+T $sahasama Pra'his S6ede

da !erma

• Satelit SP+T pertama di la'arkapada .eb 19EB

• +rbit 2B hari

• SP+T 4 5 the fo$rth satellite8 has 4

bads that are m$lti*spe'tral 520 m8 ad

1 bad that is pa'hromati' 510 m8

• SP+T = resol$si 2= = m

IME) SPOT


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A)/SAT "MA! +. SA AAM

SPOT IMAGE OF S(A( ALAM


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• i(h %esol$tio satellite• "C+)+S o6s by Spa'e "ma(i(

• a$'hed o 24 Sept 1999 at "C+)+S &adeber( Air .or'e


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QUICKBIRD

• a$'hed at 1E +'tober 2001• %esol$tios• B1 'm * pa'hromati'• 2= m * m$lti*spe'tral

• %e;isiti( time * 1*3 days


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8uic'5ird Image #K2


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IMAGE NOAA AV6RR

• )atioal +'eai' ad Atmospheri' Admiistratio

5)+AA8 o;ersee * Ad;a'ed &ery i(h %esol$tio

%adiometer 5)+AA A&%8

• )+AA A&%% $sed for ;e(etatio mappi( at lar(e

s'ale 'o$try ad re(ioal

• eather ad fore'asti(

• +rbit )+AA A&%% * 14 times perday 52399 km8

• o;ers from ;isible "frared ra(e

• Spatial resol$tio A&%% * 1100 meters

d


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SUG613 TOPIC 3 DATA SOURCE AND DATA COLLECTION.ppt

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