Session 10: Private sector policies for contributing to environmental  and social sustainability

Successful or failure ? Perspective from Hydropower

Resettlement

SHI Guoqing, ProfessorMember of Governance Committee of IHA Director of National Research Center for

Resettlement (NRCR)Hohai University, Nanjing, CHINA Email: gshi@hhu.edu.cn +86-13305183575www.chinaresettlement.com

www.displacement.net

Session 10- Questions:  Many dam developers in the Mekong

have social and environmental policies; many have implemented successful

social and environmental policies and strategies.

What can different dam developers learn from each other in the implementation of these policies, and

why do they make sense to pursue?

Why we talk about Social Sustainability linked with Hydropower ？

Hydropower= Dam/hydropower plant +Resettlement +Other impacts and mitigate measures

(social, env., etc.) Involuntary resettlement and social sustainability

are key issue of hydropower development are worldwide challenges should be sustainable and successful should accompany advanced sustainable hydropower

What are successful or failure in resettlement caused by hydropower?

Successful Better off Most affect

households have reached

the aim “income restoration and recovering of living standard”

Failure Worse off Most affect household

s have NOT reached the aim “income restoration and recovering of living standard”

China:Dam-induced Resettlement

Dam-induced resettlement: 20 millions resettlars in 1950-2012 Many failure project cases before 1985 Many successful projects and good model after 1985

Danjiangkou Dam: 382,000 APs （ phase 1,1958-1962 ） 350,000 (phase 2, 2009-2011) APs Shuikou Dam: 80,000 APs (WB funded, 1980s-90s) Xiaolongdi Dam: 200,000 APs (WB funded, 1994-2004) Three Gorges Dam: 1.3 millions APs (Domestic since 1993) Langcang-Mekong River Basin: Jinghong etc.

Successful Model -funded by World Bank Shuikou Dam Project—80,000 APs

in 1980s-1990s

• One of the state key projects--flood control, power, and irrigation in Yellow River, Funded by World Bank• Impact scope of the land requisition involves provinces, 8 counties 29 townships, 174 villages, 200,000 APs mainly rural people, 134,000 ha cultivatable land•Budget: Project’s-- 3.5 Billion USD, resettlement--1Billion•Finished resettlars’ relocation in 2004

Budget (price in May 1993) 10.2 Billions USD,

Resettlement Budget 5 Billions USD 1993-2009

Successful Model 3

Three Gorges Dam Project-1.3 millions APs

Three Gorges Dam-rural, urban and enterprises resettlement

1.3 millions APs, 44% rural farmers and 56% urban citizen, in 2 provinces and 21 Country/districts

1,629 enterprises and 11 towns, 2 cities affected

200,000 rural APs relocated with long distant in 11 coast or downstream provinces, others relocated within Country

resettlement budget 5 billions USD, 44.6% of dam project budget (12 billions USD) estimated in the price in May 1993

All APs have been relocated before June 2009 smoothly

Successful model: Danjiangkou Dam in 2002-2013 350,000 affected people relocated in 2009-2011South to North Water Diversion Project of China-

The largest water diversion project in the World:

50 years,5 millions M³,500 Billions RMB(650 Billions USD)

Danjiangkou Dam- Resettlement Villages/ 2011

House space per person in 10 villages (pre- vs post-) photos: Guanggou Village

Danjiangkou Dam IR- Guanggou Village photo in 2011

School teachers (pre- vs post-) in 10 villages

What are good-practices in resettlement ？ Jinghong Hydropower Case Study:

House Better quality Larger space Higher value

Community facilities

Water supply Electricity supply Roads Clinics School Market TV…

Housing Replacement price as fundamental Assistant for poor families

Community facilities rehabilitation good location selected by local

government and satisfied by APs public facilities rebuilt in better

standards, cost by project and local government

Deliver better living conditions for resettlars

Before After

Before After

Clinics in the resettlement village

Public facilities-school, road, bridge

What are good practices in resettlement (affected community and livelihoods) ？ Restoration and development of

sustainable livelihoods of affected people

Land for land as the first priority option for rural farmers

Help to generate multi income sources Deliver the post-resettlement support fund for

livelihoods Deliver micro credit support Deliver technique skills and training Create non-farming jobs and deliver

employment services

Livelihoods

What are reasons for failure?Lessoned from many projects

Policies: Lack of good policies-national, local, project Lack of policies implementation The policies can NOT be operational There are significant gap between IR

policies ,RAP, RIP and implementation Low rates in compensation and reconstruction

and rehabilitation standards Not disclosure to and well knew by ACs and AHs Lack of political wills to develop the good

policies

What are reasons for failure?Planning: Lack of operational standard and technique guidelines Lack of good SES results in detail and based on

participatory approach (should be joint-team work) The physical survey results are NOT disclosure, and NOT

accepted by AHs, and NOT confirmed by stakeholders The RAP/RIP can NOT be operational, and not agreed by all

key stakeholders (AHs, ACs, Government, Developer) The resettlement schemes in areas, places, alternatives of

community and housing, are NOT accepted by AHs Consultants’ RAP only, but No ownership by AHs, ACs and

government and developer Lack of consultation process for key decision-making with

AHs, ACs and local government

What are reasons for failure?Implementation: Lack of implementation team with full time and skilled

staff, capacity, budget Lack of local governmental and institution’s

responsibility taken in place and engagement Lack of clear tasks, procedure and responsibility define

and distribution between developer, different level governments, consulting firms, ACs and AHs

There are significant gap in implementation against the IR policies ,RAP and RIP

Lack of participation, consultation, and grievance system

Lack of internal and external monitoring, supervision, auditing and compliance check system

Conclusion: Key factors for successful resettlement

Good resettlement policies and legislation system Good governance and institution system Good RP (resettlement plan) prepared with

participation approach and consultation process Good detail designs Good RIP and its implementation Independent monitoring and supervision mechanism Participation of APs Consultation and grievance process Self- organization and self-management of ACs High attention the special impacts in social, culture

and traditional livelihoods and develop mitigation measures for affected indigenous people or ethnic minority

Capacity building through research, training and education

Conclusion: Key factors for successful resettlement Integrate all responsibility under one

roof (Resettlement Bureau) with the assistant and support by other government agencies and consulting firm

Integrate all resettlement activities (implementation policy, survey, planning, design, expropriation, displacement, reconstruction, relocation, income restoration, implementation administration, monitoring, supervision, etc) in one workplan

Conclusion: Key factors for successful resettlement

Good Governance in public wills, policies, institution, decision making, responsibility, mechanism in the resettlement cycle (planning and implementation and post-support)

Capacity building in policy, survey, planning, implementation, management, participation, consultation, transparence, supervision, monitoring, auditing, ensuring, research and education etc.

Conclusion: Key factors for successful resettlement

Highlight to Procedures: RPO-Cut-off

dates-SES-RP/FSR-RIP-RI-RIR-PRS Take various approaches to implement

Development-oriented Resettlement to restore or improve the income and livelihood of APs

Active participation, consultation and information disclosure with ACs and APs

EMSEES (External Monitoring, Supervision, Auditing and Ensuring System)

Resettlement

Not only a challenge work Is “Resettlement Engineering” Is a Science (across multiple-subjects) Is a Discipline It has the Master and Ph. D Program in

“Resettlement Science and Management” in Hohai University in China since 2004

Possible results of good practices

Affected people want to be resettled From Involuntary resettlement to

Voluntary resettlement Turn risks to opportunities through

resettlement Affected people shares benefits of

hydropower development rather than be impoverished

Increase social sustainability and social friendship of hydropower development

The first and the only one national research institute, The first research institute all over the world specialized in development-caused R&R.The first institute has Ph.D and master program in Resettlement Science and Management in the world

National Research Center for Resettlement

Director: Prof. Guoqing SHIDirector: Prof. Guoqing SHI

Vice Director: Prof. Shaojun CHEN Prof. Wenxue YUVice Director: Prof. Shaojun CHEN Prof. Wenxue YU

Full-time Staff: 16 persons (7 professors, 13 PhD.)Full-time Staff: 16 persons (7 professors, 13 PhD.)

Part-time Staff: 23 persons (18 professors, 17 PhD.)Part-time Staff: 23 persons (18 professors, 17 PhD.)

Ph.D students: 35 persons, Master students: 80 personsPh.D students: 35 persons, Master students: 80 persons

NRCRNRCR

Thanks for Thanks for

your attention !your attention !