Sub.nces hi Ppt

8/6/2019 Sub.nces hi Ppt

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Small Mini Micro Hydro systemsSmall Mini Micro Hydro systems

Run-of-River Small Hydro Project, Canada

PRESENTED BY

ARUNAVATHI. H

Center for Emerging Technology


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ObjectivesObjectives

Review basics ofReview basics ofSmall Hydro systemsSmall Hydro systems

Illustrate key considerations forIllustrate key considerations forSmall Hydro project analysisSmall Hydro project analysis

IntroduceIntroduce RETScreenRETScreen Small Hydro Project ModelSmall Hydro Project Model


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Electricity forElectricity for

Central-grids

Isolated-grids

Remote power supplies

but also

Reliability

Very low operating costs

Reduced exposure to energy price volatility

What do smallhydro systemsWhat do smallhydro systemsprovide?provide?


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Small Hydro System DescriptionSmall Hydro System Description

Head (m)Head (m)

Flow (m3/s)

Power in kW } 7 x Head x Flow


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Small is not universally definedSmall is not universally defined

Size of project related not just to electrical capacity but also towhether low or high head

Small Hydro ProjectsSmall Hydro Projects

TypicalPower

RETScreen

FlowRETScreen

Runner Diameter

Micro < 100 kW < 0.4 m3/s < 0.3 m

Mini 100 to 1,000 kW 0.4 to 12.8 m3/s 0.3 to 0.8 m

Small 1 to 50 MW > 12.8 m3/s > 0.8 m


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Types of Small Hydro ProjectsTypes of Small Hydro Projects

Type of gridType of grid

Central-grid

Isolated-grid or off-grid

Type of civil worksType of civil works Run-of-river

No water storage

Power varies with flow available fromriver: lower firm capacity

Reservoir Higher firm capacity year-round

Significant damming usually required

Photo Credit: Frontier Technology/ Low Impact Hydropower Institute

Photo Credit: PG&E National Energy Group/Low Impact Hydropower Institute

17.6-MW Run-of-River Hydro Project,Massachusetts, USA

4.3-MW Run-of-River Hydro Project,Oregon, USA


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Components: CivilWorksComponents: CivilWorks

Typically account for 60% of plant initial costsTypically account for 60% of plant initial costs

Diversion dam or weirDiversion dam or weir

Low dam of simple construction for run-of-river

Concrete, wood, masonry

Cost of dam alone can render project unviable

Water passageWater passage

Intake with trashrack and gate; tailrace at exit

Excavated canal, underground tunnel and/or penstock Valves/gates at turbine entrance/exit, for maintenance

Power housePower house

Houses turbine, mechanical, and electrical equipment

Photo Credit: Ottawa Engineering


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Components: TurbineComponents: Turbine

ScaledScaled--down versions of largedown versions of large--hydro turbineshydro turbines

Efficiency of 90% possibleEfficiency of 90% possible

In runIn run--ofof--river, flow rate is quite variableriver, flow rate is quite variable

Turbine should function well over a range of flow ratesor multiple turbines should be used

Reaction: Francis, fixed pitch propeller, KaplanReaction: Francis, fixed pitch propeller, Kaplan

For low to medium head applications

Submerged turbine uses water pressure and kinetic energy

Impulse: Pelton,Impulse: Pelton, TurgoTurgo,, crossflowcrossflow

For high head applications

Uses kinetic energy of a high speed jet of water

Francis Turbine

Photo Credit: PO Sjman Hydrotech Consulting

Photo Credit: PO Sjman Hydrotech Consulting

Pelton Turbine


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Components:Components:Electricaland Other EquipmentElectricaland Other Equipment

GeneratorGenerator

Induction

Must be tied to other generators

Use to feed electricity onto large grid

Synchronous

Can function in isolation from other generators

For stand-alone and isolated-grid applications

Other equipmentOther equipment Speed increaser to match turbine to generator

Valves, electronic controls, protection devices

Transformer


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World Hydro ResourceWorld Hydro Resource

More rain falls on continents than evaporates from themMore rain falls on continents than evaporates from them

For equilibrium, rain must flow to the oceans in riversFor equilibrium, rain must flow to the oceans in rivers

Technical Potential(TWh/year) % Developed

Africa 1,150 3

South Asia and Middle East 2,280 8

China 1,920 6

Former Soviet Union 3,830 6

North America 970 55

South America 3,190 11

Central America 350 9

Europe 1,070 45

Australasia 200 19Source: Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity, 1993, Island Press.


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Site Hydro ResourceSite Hydro Resource

Very site specific: an exploitable river is needed!Very site specific: an exploitable river is needed!

Change in elevation over a relatively short distance (head)

Acceptable variation in flow rate over time: flow duration curve

Residual flow reduces flow available for power

Flow-Duration Curve

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Percent Time Flow Equalled or Exceeded (%)

Flow

(m/s)

Estimate flow durationEstimate flow durationcurve based oncurve based on

Measurements of flow

over time

Size of drainage abovesite, specific run-off, andshape of flow durationcurve


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Small Hydro System CostsSmall Hydro System Costs

75% of costs are site specific75% of costs are site specific

High initial costsHigh initial costs

But civil works and equipment can last >50 years

Very low operating and maintenance costsVery low operating and maintenance costs

One part-time operator is usually sufficient

Periodic maintenance of major equipment requires outside contractor

High head developments tend to be less costlyHigh head developments tend to be less costly

Typical range: $1,200 to $6,000 per installed kWTypical range: $1,200 to $6,000 per installed kW



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Small Hydro ProjectSmall Hydro ProjectConsiderationsConsiderations

Keep costs down with simple design and practical, easilyKeep costs down with simple design and practical, easily--

constructed civil structuresconstructed civil structures

Existing dams and civil structures can be usedExisting dams and civil structures can be used

Development time of 2 to 5 yearsDevelopment time of 2 to 5 years

Resource and environmental studies: approvals

Four phases for engineering work:Four phases for engineering work:

Reconnaissance surveys/hydraulic studies

Pre-feasibility study

Feasibility study

System planning and project engineering



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Small HydroSmall HydroEnvironmentalConsiderationsEnvironmentalConsiderations

Small hydro development can changeSmall hydro development can change

Fish habitat

Site aesthetics

Recreational/navigational uses

Impacts and environmental assessment requirementsImpacts and environmental assessment requirements

depend on site & type of project:depend on site & type of project:

Run-of-river at existing dam: relatively minor

Run-of-river at undeveloped site: dam/weir/diversion construction

Water storage developments: larger impacts that increase with scale of

project


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Examples: Slovakia, Canada and USAExamples: Slovakia, Canada and USA

CentralCentral--Grid Small Hydro SystemsGrid Small Hydro Systems

RunRun--ofof--river projects will feed grid whenriver projects will feed grid whenflow availableflow available

UtilityUtility--owned or independent powerowned or independent powerproducer with longproducer with long--term PPAterm PPA

Photo Credit: Emil Bedi (Foundation for Alternative Energy)/ Inforse Photo Credit: CHI Energy

Photo Credit: CHI Energy

2.3-MW, 2 Turbine, Jasenie, Slovakia Small Hydro Development, Newfoundland, Canada

Small Hydro Development,Southeastern, USA


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Examples: USA and ChinaExamples: USA and China

IsolatedIsolated--Grid Small Hydro SystemsGrid Small Hydro Systems

Remote communitiesRemote communities

Remote residencesRemote residences

& industry& industry

Photo Credit: Duane Hippe/ NREL Pix

Photo Credit: International Network on Small Hydro Power

Small Hydro Generators, China

King Cove 800 kW Small Hydro System,

Town of700 People

Higher price paid forHigher price paid forelectricityelectricity

RunRun--ofof--river projects typicallyriver projects typicallyneed supplemental capacityneed supplemental capacityand may have flow in excessand may have flow in excessof demandof demand


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RETScreenRETScreen Small HydroSmall HydroProject ModelProject Model

WorldWorld--wide analysis of energy production, lifewide analysis of energy production, life--cycle costscycle costsand greenhouse gas emissions reductionsand greenhouse gas emissions reductions

Central-grid, isolated-grid and off-grid

Single turbine micro hydro tomulti-turbine small hydro

Formula costing method

Currently not covered:Currently not covered:

Seasonal variations in isolated-grid load

Variations in head in storage projects(user must supply average value)


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RETScreenRETScreen Small HydroSmall HydroEnergy CalculationEnergy Calculation

See e-Textbook

Clean Energy Project Analysis:

RETScreenEngineering and Cases

Small Hydro Project Analysis Chapter


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Example Validation of theExample Validation of theRETScreenRETScreen SmallSmall Hydro Project ModelHydro Project Model

Turbine efficiencyTurbine efficiency

Compared withmanufacturers data foran installed 7 MW GEC

Alsthom Francis turbine

Plant capacity & outputPlant capacity & output

Compared with HydrA fora Scottish site

All results within 6.5%

Formula costing methodFormula costing method

Compared with RETScreen, within 11% of a detailed cost estimate for a

6 MW project in Newfoundland

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Pe ce f Ra e w

ffcec

y

Turbine Efficiency Curves:

RETScreen vs Manufacturer

RETScreen

Manufacturer


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IntroductionIntroduction

DefinitionDefinition

Fundamentalsand PrinciplesFundamentalsand Principles

Small hydroin AfricaSmall hydroin Africa

Applicationsofsmall hydroApplicationsofsmall hydro

BarrierstodevelopmentandimplementationBarrierstodevelopmentandimplementation

Design AidsDesign Aids

CasestudyCasestudy -- NepalNepal

Contents


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Small hydroSmall hydro forisolatedgrid,centralgridanddedicatedforisolatedgrid,centralgridanddedicatedsupplysupply

Minimumenvironmentalimpactsmainly thrurunofriverMinimumenvironmentalimpactsmainly thrurunofriver

schemesschemes Widely usedfor:Widely usedfor:

Ruralresidentiallighting, TV,radioandtelephone

Ruralsmallindustries,agricultureandotherproductiveuse

Grid basedpowergeneration

Reliable,lowoperatingcosts,independentofenergypriceReliable,lowoperatingcosts,independentofenergypricevolatalityvolatality

Introduction


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Hydro Scheme


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Definition sizecountry Micro (kw) Mini (kw) Small (MW)

United states


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Definition (flow, runner dia)

RETScreenInternational

Typical power Ret screenFlow

Ret screenRunner

DiametorMicro


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Fundamental and Principles

Hydropowergenerationprocess

Relationship betweenpower,flowand head

Typesofhydroprojects

Maincomponents

Power/energy calculations


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Hydro Power Process

Potentialenergy offlowingwaterconvertedto

kineticenergy asittravelsthruthepenstock

Kineticenergy oftheflowingwaterisconverted

tomechanicalenergy asitturntheturbines

Mechanicalenergy oftherotatingturbineis

convertedtoelectricalenergy astheturbineshaft

rotatesthegenerator


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P =P = LL**VV**g* Q*Hg* Q*H

P = power in Watts

L = efficiency (micro 50-60%, small >80%)

V = density of water (1000 kg/m3)g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

Q = flow passing thru the turbine (m3/s)

H = head or drop of water (m) (differencebetween forebay level and turbine level or tailwater level)

ConsideringConsidering LL = 80%= 80%

P = 8*Q*H kW (approx)

Power = f(Q,H)


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Type of grid:

Central grid

Isolated or off-grid

Captive or Dedicated supply (e.g. to

cement factory)

Type of Regulation:

Run of river (lower firm capacity,power varies with flow)

Run of river with pondage (somedaily peaking)

Reservoir type (higher firm power,larger area inundated)

Pumped storage (utilizing off-peakenergy to pump water, less likely in

small scale)

Small Hydro - Types


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Component: Civil WorksComponent: Civil Works

Typically account for 50-60% of initial costs

Diversion dam or weir

Low dam of simple construction for run-of-river

Concrete, wood, masonry

Water conveyance

Intake with trashrack and gate; tailrace at exit

Sediment handling structure

Excavated canal, underground tunnel and/or penstock

Valves/gates at turbine entrance/exit, formaintenance

Power house

Houses turbine, mechanical, and electrical equipment


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Turbines

Pelton

Francis

Kaplan


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Electrical and other equipment

Generator

Induction used to supply to large grid

Synchronous stand-alone and isolated-grid

applications

Other equipment

Speed increaser to match turbine to generator

Valves, electronic controls, protection devices

Transformer


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ConclusionsConclusions

Small hydro projects (up to 50 MW) can provide electricity forSmall hydro projects (up to 50 MW) can provide electricity for

central or isolatedcentral or isolated--grids and for remote power suppliesgrids and for remote power supplies

RunRun--ofof--river projects:river projects:

Lower cost & lower environmental impacts

But need back-up power on isolated grid

Initial costs high and 75% site specificInitial costs high and 75% site specific

RETScreenRETScreen

estimates capacity, firm capacity, output andestimates capacity, firm capacity, output andcosts based on site characteristics such as flowcosts based on site characteristics such as flow--duration curveduration curve

and headand head

RETScreenRETScreen can provide significant preliminary feasibility studycan provide significant preliminary feasibility study

cost savingscost savings


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