SUB Hamburg

A/541658

FISHERIES AND

AQUATIC RESOURCES OF INDIA

Dr. A.D. DholakiaM.Sc. LL.B. (Sp), Ph.D.

Associate Professor,College of Fisheries, GAU, Veraval, Gujarat

2004

DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSEDELHI-110 035

CONTENTS

Acknowledgement (v)

Foreword (vii)

Preface (ix)

Recommendation (xi)

A. Marine Fisheries

1. Bombay Duck Fishery 1-6

Introduction 1Name in other languages 1Salient Feature for on Field identification 2Food and Fecundity 3Sex and Fecundity 3Maturity 3Growth 3Fishing Grounds 3Fishing Season 3Length Distribution 4Craft and Gear 5Protection of Fishery 6

2. Cat Fish Fishery 7-10

Introduction (Instead of Name of Fishery - Introduction should be written) 7Cat Fish species available in Gujarat 7Names in other languages 7Classification 7Taxonomy 7Food and Feeding 8Fecundity 8Maturity 8

(xiv)

Spawning Season 9Fishing Season • 9Craft and Gear 9

3. Cephalopod Fishery 11-18

Introduction (Instead of Name of Fishery-Introduction should be written) 11Classification 11Squids 12Cuttle Fish 12Octopus 13Taxonomy 13Food and Feeding 14Maturity (Females) 14Maturity (Males) 15Breeding, hatching adn parental care in octopus 15Fishing Season 16Resources 16Craft and Gear 17

4. Crab Fishery 19-27

Introduction (Instead of Name of Fishery-Introduction should be written) 19Classification 19Charybdis cruciata Herbst 21Identification 21Neptunus (Neptnnus) pelagicus Linnaeus 21Classification 21Identification 21Size frequency 22Protunus sanguinolentus (Herbst) 22Classification 22Scylla serrata (Forskal) 23Food and Feeding 24Sexual Identity 24Moulting 24Growth 24Maturity 24Mating 24Breeding 25Spawing Season 25

(XV)

Fishing Season 25Gears 25Resources 26

5. Chank Fishery 28-31

Introduction 28Species available in India 28Identification 28Habitat ' 29Reproduction 29Protection 29Fishery 29Grading and Marketing 30Uses of chanks 31

6. Eel Fishery 32-37

Introduction 32Classification 32Species available in Gujarat 32Local names in other languages 32Taxonomy 32Field identification (M. telebonoides) 33Taxonomy Identification 33Field identification (M. cinerens) 34Food and Feeding Habits 34Sex Ratio 34Spawning Season 34Craft and Gear 35The eel and its life cycle 36Maturity - 37

7. Elasmobranch Fishery 38-48

Introduction 38Classification 39Names in other languages 39Identification 39Carcharinus gangeticus 40Classification 40

' Names in other languages 40

(xvi)

Carchainus melanopterus 41Names in other languages 41Identification 41Sphyrna blochii 42Names in other languages 42Identification 43Trygon sephen 43Nemes in other languages 43Identification 43Narcine timlei 44Classification 44Identification 44Rhynchobatus djeddnesis 45Classification . 45Names in other languages 45Identification 46Food and Feeding 46Habitat 46Reproduction 46Fish landing 47Fish Season 48Craft and Gear 48

8. Edible Oyster and Mollusc Fishery 49-58

Introduction 49Morphology 49Anatomy 51Mantle 51Identification 52Food and Feeding 52The Reproductive organs 52Growth 52Spawning Season 53Breeding 53Larval rearing 53Resources and availability 53Spat collection from natural breeding ground 53Spat removal 53Marketable size 53

(xvii)

Production 54Nutritive value 54Utilization of Oyster shell 54Predators and Foulers 55Diseases and parasites 55Methods for mussel farming in India 55Long line'method 56Raft culture 56

9. Ghol-Dara Fishery 59-67

Introduction 59Classification - Dara 59Names in other languages 59Polynemus indicus 59Classification -Ghol 60Names in other languages 61Sciaena diacanthus 61Identification 62Classification - Koth 63Names in other languages 63Otolithus brunneus 63Identification 63Growth of Koth 63Distribution . 63Food and Feeding 63Sex and Fecundity , 64Maturity 64Minimum size at maturity 64Spawning Season 65Craft and Gear 65Net 65Fishery 67

10. Indian Mackeral Fishery 68-72

Introduction 68Classification 68Names in Other languages 68Identification 69Food and Feeding 70

(xviii)

Sex 70Age and Size composition 70Maturity 71Spawning Season and Reproduction 71Migration and shoaling Behaviours 71Fishing Season 72Distribution 72

11. Lobster Fishery 73-79

Indtroduction 73Fishery 73Classification 73Names in other languages 73Taxonomy 74Panulirus polyphagns (Herbst) 74Panulirus penicillatus (Oliver) 74Panulirus ornathus (Fabricius) 75Panulirus homarus 75Thenus orintalis 76Food and Feeding 76Growth rate 76Habitale ' . 7 6Habit 77Breeding and spawning Season 77Craft and Gear 77Gill Nets 77Landing 77Traps 77Chemical composition of lobster meat 78Lobster culture 78Need for protection 79

12. Mullet Fishery 80-87

Introduction 80Classification 80Distingviishing Characters 80Field key for Identification of adult mullet 82Identification of fry of mullet 83Field key for identification of fry of mullet 83

(xix)

ResourcesMaturationGrowth rateSpawning SeasonFishing SeasonFishing operationCraft and Gear

13. Pomfret FisheryClassificationNames in other languagesSilver PomfretClassificationNames of other languagesBlack PomfretWhite PomfretField identification and salient Feature of PomfretFood and FeedingSex and FecundityMaturitySex RatioSpawning SeasonFishing SeasonFishery protectionResourcesVertical DistributionCraft and GearLanding

14. Prawn FisheryIntroductionClassification of Penaeid prawnsDiagrammatic view of Penaeid prawnIdentification characters using carapaceIdentification difference between P. merguiensis and P. indicusIdentification of juveniles of different prawnsPenaeus indicus

Penaeus monodon

Penaeus semisulcatus

84848485868686

88-96

88888889898990909192929394949494949595

97-125

97979899

100100102103103

(XX)

Penaeus merguiensis - 104Penaeus penicillatus 104Metapenaeus monoceros 104Metapenaeus kutcheensis 105Metapenaeus affinis 106Metapenaeus brevicornis 106Parapenaeopsis stylifera 107Acetus indicus 107Hippolysmata ensirostris 107Parapenaeopsis sculptilis 107Parapenaeopsis hardwickii 108Nauplius 108Protozoea - I 109Protozoea - II 109Protozoea - III 109Mysis stage 109Early post larvae 110Key for the identification of Mysis stage 110Key for the identification of first post rarvae 110Identification characters of juveniles of Metapaenaeus 110Identification characters of juveniles of P. monodon 111Identification characters of juveniles of P. semisulcatus 111Identification characters of juveniles of P. japonicus 112Identification characters of juveniles of M. affinis 112Identification characters of juveniles of M, dobsoni 113Identification characters of juveniles of M. monoceros 113maturation 113Spawning 115Growth 116Prawn fishery of the Little Rann of Kutch 116Craft and Gear 116Fishery 117Size composition 117Sex Ratio 117Food and Feeding 117Maturity stages 117Sex ratio 118M. dobsoni 118

(xxi)

Maturity 118Spawning Season 118Prawn Fishery 119

15. Pearl Oyster Fishery 126-135

Introduction 126Taxonomy 127Description of P. fucata 127Food and Feeding 128Sex 128Early Development 128Spawning season 129Growth 129Fishery 130Habitat 130Resources 131Marketing of Pearls 131Effect of different parameter on Survival 131

16. Ribbon Fish Fishery ; 136-143

Introduction 136Classification 136Species available in Gujarat 136Taxonomy 137Trichiurus haumela 137Trichiurus savala 138Food and Feeding Habit 139Sex / Fecundity 139Sex ratio 139Length - weight Relationship 139Landing pattern 141Reproduction 141Spawning Periodicity 141Craft and Gear 142

17. Scianeid Fishery 144-M9

Introduction 144Classificaion 144Distinctive characters 144Otolighus ruber 144

(xxii)

Otolithus argenteus 145Johnius dussumieri 146Distinctive Characters 146Pseudosciaenasina 146Distinctive characters 146Food and Feeding 147Age and Growth 147Fishery 148Fishing Season 148Landing pattern 149Craft and Gear 149

18. Seer Fish Fishery 150-154Introduction 150Classification 150Identification 150Scomberomorus commerson 150Local names 150Scomberomorus guttatus ' 151Food and Feeding 151Maturity 152Spawning 152Spawning Season 152Life History 152Shoaling Behaviours 154Fishery 154Landing 154

19. Tuna Fish Fishery 155-160

Introduction 155Classification 155Species available in India 155Description 156Auxins thazard 156Euthymnus affinish 156Thunnus albacares 156Katsuiuonus pelamis 157Sarda orientalis 158Colour 158Size range 158

(xxiii)

Species wise abundance 158Craft and Gear 158Maturity, Fecundity, Spawning period 159Species wise distribution 159Migration 160Seasonal pattern of Tuna Fishery 160

20. Window Pane Fishery 161-166

Introduction 161Classification 161Taxonomy 161Window Pane Oyster 162Distribution 163Habitat 163Sex 163Fecundity 163Spawning Season 163Growth " 164Migration " 164Economic Importance 164Fishery 164Parasite and Pests 165Conservation 165Resources 165Utilization 165

B. Inland Fisheries

21. Catla Fishery 167-171

Introduction 167Classification 167Names in other languages 167Catla catla 168Identification 168Reproduction 168Mating 168Fecundity 168Eggs and larvae 169Diagnostic characters of fry of catla catla 169Food and Feeding 169

(xxiv)

Growth 170Maturity and spawning 170Spawning Season 170Stocking density and stocking ratio 170Landing pattern 170

!2. Rohu Fishery 172-176

Classification 172Name of other languages 172Distribution 173Reproduction 173Maturity 173Mating 173Spawning 174Spawning Season 174Facundity 174Maturity and Spawning 174Diagnostic characters of larval stage . 174Sruvival, Growth of spawn, fry Fingerling 175Food and Feeding . 175Fishing Season 176

23. Mrigal Fishery 177-180

Classification 177Name of other languages 177Identification 177Diagnostic characters of Spawn and fry 178Diagnostic characters of advanced fry and early fingerlings 178Food and Feeding 178Sex 179Fecundity 179Maturity and spawning 179Breeding 179Growth 180Spawning Season 180

24. Hilsa Fishery 181-184

Introduction 181Classification 181Names in Other Languages 181

(xxv)

Taxonomy 182Distribution 182Average Size 183Growth Rate 183Food and Feeding 184Sex and Breeding 184Spawning Season 184Migration 184

25. Fresh Water Prawn Fishery 185-192

Introduction 185Classification 185Identification Macrobranchium rosemnbergii 185Macrobranchium malcolmsonii 185Classification 185Identification Characters " 186Seed Identification of M. rosenbergii and M. malcolmsonii 186Distribution 187Biology 187Growth 187Food and Feeding " 187Mating 188Spawning 188Seed Collection from Natural Source 188Prospect of Culture and Stocking Rate 188Necessity of Hatchery Establishment 189Hatchery Management Technique 189Hatching 190Different Parameters for Culture 190

26. Aquatic Weed 193-208

Introduction 193Importance of Aquatic Weed 194Fresh Water Plants 194Vallisneria spirulina 195Biology . 195Hydrilla Verticillata 195Identification 195Biology 195Echinodorus paniculatus 195

(xxvi)

Biology 196Sargassum iveightii 196Identification 196Biology 196Economical Importance 196List of 209 Seaweeds of Gujarat 197Mineal Contents of Sargassum 199Estimated Harvestable Standing Crop of India 199Mineral Constitutents in Seawood 200Seawoods in Gulf and Kutch 201Chemical Constituents in Seawood 201Agar and Agaroid Yielding 204Algin Yielding Seawoods of India 205Occurrence of Agar, Carrageen in Seawood 206Industrial Uses of Alginates 207

27. Corals 209-221

Introduction 209Classification 209Taxonomic Position 209Species and Locations " 210.Commercially Important Species of Corals 210False Corals 211List of Coral Species in Gulf of Kutch- 212Coral Reefs 213Corals Reefs Types 213Ecology of Coral Reefs 214The Impact of Ecological and Human Ecosystem 215Protection and Conservation 216

28. Mangroves 222-232

Introduction 222Mangrove Resources 223Regeneration of Mangroves 224State wise Mangrove Cover 224Mangrove and Mangrove Associates in Gujarat 225Mangrove Plantation 225Flowering and Fruiting Season 229Ecological Conditions 229Major Factors Governing the Mangrove Ecosystem 229

(xxvii)

Mangroves on South Gujarat Coast 230Mangrove Adaptation 230Ecological Role of Mangroves 231

29. Sponges of India 233-237

Introduction 233Distribution 233Identification 233Fertilization 233Regeneration 233Harmfulness 234Chemical Diversity in Sponges 234Compounds with Biological Activity 235List of Sponges Found in Gulf of Kutch - 236

30. Sea Turtles 238-243

Introduction 238Species of Marine Turtle Found in India 238Species of Fresh Water Turtle Occurring in India 238Key for Identification of Sea Turtle of India 239Details of Species and Nesting 241Breeding (Nesting) Season 242Conservation 242Need for National Co-ordinated Programme for Studies 242

31. Marine Mammals of India 244-256

Introduction ' 244Classification 244Key to the Identification of Marine Mammals of India 245Detailed Identification of Species 247Food and Feeding 253Details of Breeding Season 255Maturity 256Reproduction «• 256Courtship 256.

32. Planktons and Their Importance in Fishery 257-270

Phytoplankton 257Zooplankton 257Identification of various types of plankton 260Fresh water zooplankton of India 265

(xxviii)

Economic importance of Copepods 267Role of Plankton in the survival and growth of fry 268Water pollution and its effect of Fisheries 268Effect on Fishes 268Analysis of plankton 269Preservation 269Control of plankton blooms 270

33. Marine Resources 271-303

Introduction to Fisheries in Gujarat 271Climatic Conditions 271Potential Resources 272The Continental Shelf 274Fisheries Resources of Gujarat 274Division wise catch per hour of pelagic trawling 275Division wise catch per hour of bottom trawling 276Important fauna 284List of important marine fishes available in Gujarat 284

34. Inland Fishery Resources 304-319

Introduction 304Fresh Water Fisheries 304Fisheries Resources of Surat Region of Gujarat 306Details of Reservoirs of Gujarat 307Fresh Water Fishes of Gujarat 309Key to the Identification of Some Fresh Water Culturable Fishes 313Fish Production Trends of India and Gujarat from 1950-51 to 2000-01 318

35. Coastal Aquaculture in India 320-327

Introduction 320Policy for Coastal Aquaculture 321Financial Institutions 322Employment Opportunity 322Quality, Standards of Water for Prawn Culture Farm 322Resources Available for Coastal Aquaculture in India 323Potential Area, Available Species, Season etc. in Maritime States of India 324

56. Marine and Fresh Water Aquatic Diseases 328-344

Aquatic Diseases, Symptoms, Control and Treatment 328Method of Treatment 330Disease in Marine Water Fish and Shell Fish 331

(xxix)

Prawn Diseases 331Fresh Water Fish Diseases 335Diseases in Fresh Water Prawn M. rosenbergii 339Shell Disease 340Black Gill Disease 340Drugs, Dose and Treatment 340Diseases in Larvae of Shrimp 343

37. Craft and Gear 345-371

Fishing Boats • 345Terminology Used in Boat Building 349District wise Boats of Gujarat 350Craft Used in Different Parts of India 351Dug-out Boat 352Flat Bottom "Malia" Boat 353Plank Built Boat 353Halar Machwa 354Navlakhi Hoda 354Vahan or "Matada" 354Fishing Boats of India 355Catamaaran 355Dinghi and Nauka 356Tuticorin Boat 356Different Parameters, which are harmful to boat wood 357Gear 357Different types of Bends 358Different types of Hitches 358Classification of Fishing Gear Material 359Different Nets 364Operation of the Net 365Bottom Drift Net 365Surface Set Drift Gill Net 365Cast Net . 365Design of Net 365Operation of Net 366Hand Line Fishing 366Stationary Gill Net 366Fixed or Stationary Net 367Operation of Net 367

(xxx)

Gunja Net 368Operation of Net 368Dol Net 368Operation of Net 369Trawl Net 369Large Meshed High Opening Fish Trawl Net 370

38. Fisheries Harbours and Landing Centers 372-389

Fisheries Harbours 372Details of Fisheries Harbours of India 372Latitute and Longitude of Fish Landing Centers of Gujarat 378Facilities of Fishing Harbours 380Layout of Different Fisheries Harbours of India 381

39. Fisheries Management 390-397

Introduction 390Stock Depletion 391Over Exploitation 392Pollution 392Key Point in Management of Marine Protected Areas of India 392Suggestion for Exploitation of Resources 393Suggestion for Development of High Sea Fisheries 395Environmental Management of Aquaculture Development 395Under Sector Environmental Assessment 396

40. Remote Sensing in Marine Fisheries 398-405

Introduction 398Thermal Front 399Location of Potential Fishing Ground 400Role of Remote Sensing in Assessing Pelagic Fishery Resources 400Ocean Colour Mapping 404Selection of Brackish Water Aquaculture Using GIS 404

Index : 407-413