Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing, Myanmar

1

Study on Economic Partnership Projects

In Developing Countries in FY2014

Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing,

Myanmar

Final Report

February 2015

Prepared for

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Ernst & Young Shin Nihon LLC

Japan External Trade Organization

Prepared by :

Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

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Reproduction prohibited

3

Preface

This report describes the outcomes of the “Study on Economic Partnership Projects in Developing Countries

FY 2014” with which Mitsui & Co., Ltd. and Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. were entrusted by the Ministry of

Economy, Trade and Industry.

In this report, “Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing, Myanmar”, an survey was made

for a coal-fired power plant construction project for the purpose of improving the power shortage issues in

Myanmar (“the Project”).

It is hoped that this report will contribute to the realization of the Project and also will serve as reference

information for those concerned in Myanmar and Japan.

Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

February 2015

4

Project Map

Source: Data prepared by the Study team

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Abbreviations Words

Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar

MoEP Ministry of Electric Power

MEPE Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

DGSE Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration

MOI Ministry of Industry

YESB Yangon City Electricity Supply Board

ESE Electric Supply Enterprise

DHPP Department of hydropower Planning

DHPI Department of hydropower Implementation

HPGE Hydropower Generation Enterprise

DEP Department of Electric Power

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

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Contents

Preface ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・3

Project map ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・4

Table of abbreviations ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・5

Contents ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・6

Executive Summary ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・8

(1) Project background ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・8

(2) Basic conditions of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・8

(3) Envisaged project outline ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9

(4) Implementation schedule ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9

(5) Request for Yen Loan and feasibility of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9

(6) Superiority of Japanese enterprises in terms of technology etc. ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・10

(7) Schedule and issues to be concerned ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・10

(8) Envisaged project location ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・11

Chapter 1 Overview of the Host Country and Sectors ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・12

(1) Economic and financial situations of Myanmar ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・12

(2) Outlines of power sector ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・15

(3) Circumstances in power sector ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・18

Chapter 2 Study Methodology ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・27

(1) Description of study ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・27

(2) Study method ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・28

(3) study schedule ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・30

Chapter 3 Justification, Objectives and Technical Feasibility of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・32

(1) Project background ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・32

(2) Basic conditions of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・38

(3) Outline of the plan for the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・41

(4) Plant Layout ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・45

(5) Power generation facilities ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・47

(6) Environmental treatment equipment and coal handling system

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・51

(7) Power transmission and substation equipment ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・91

(8)Others ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・98

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Chapter 4 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・100

(1) Analysis of the environmental and social conditions at present ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・100

(2) Environmental improvement effects by the project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・135

(3) Environmental and social impacts of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・136

(4) Outlines of the related laws and regulations for environmental impact assessment in Myanmar・・・・・・154

(5) Actions to be taken by the related authorities in Myanmar to realize the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・167

Chapter 5 Financial and Economic Evaluation ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・169

(1) Cost estimation of the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・169

(2) Preliminary financial and economic analyses ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・169

(3) Financial internal rate of return ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・172

(4) Economic internal rate of return ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・173

Chapter 6 Envisaged Project Schedule ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・175

Chapter 7 Implementing organizations ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・177

(1) Overview of the implementing organizations in Myanmar ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・177

(2) Organization for the implementation of the Project in MoEP ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・178

(3) Capability of the implementing organizations and countermeasures ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・180

Chapter 8 Technical Advantages of Japanese Companies ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・182

(1) Competitiveness of Japanese companies for the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・182

(2) Expected Japanese contents ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・182

(3) Promotion of the Japanese Contents ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・183

Chapter 9 Expected fund source for the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・184

(1) Direction of the fund sourcing by the Myanmar Government for the Project・・・・・・・・・・・・・184

(2) Surroundings for fund sourcing ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・184

(3) Expected fund source for the Project including yen loan ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・185

Chapter 10 Action plans for the request for yen loans ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・186

(1) Directions of the yen loan application to the Project ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・186

(2) Actions to be taken for the yen loan application ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・186

(3) Related issues for the yen loan application ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・186

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Executive Summary

(1) Project background

The demand for power in Myanmar in 2030 is estimated to be about seven times that of today. To meet this

rapid increase in the demand for power and to supply power stably, a rapid development of power generating

facilities is necessary. In developing such power generating facilities, it is necessary to develop power generating

facilities using various power resources such as gas-fired power generation, coal-fired power generation,

hydropower generation, and renewable energy power generation using wind or solar energy.

In consideration of problems represented by the fact that the availability of power resources and the available

locations for hydropower generation are limited, however, it is important to develop well balanced portfolio of

various power resources with low generating cost.

Regarding gas-fired power generation, a demand for gas three times as large as the available domestic gas

supply is anticipated in 2030; for this reason, fuel must be imported with the possibility of importing liquid natural

gas (LNG) or of using a gas pipeline for transportation from the neighboring countries. But developing these

facilities takes costs and time.

Regarding hydropower generation, there are issues in developing large-scale hydropower generating facilities

such as “the necessity of long development periods (10 years or more),” “the magnitude of environmental and

social impact (submergence of extensive land, relocation of inhabitants, and the like) depending on the location of

development” and “the difficulty of connecting to transmission lines depending on the location of development.”

In addition, the available power generating capacity for hydropower varies from season to season, which poses the

problem of the power output lowering to 70% in the dry season from the full output in the rainy season.

A number of trial calculations on the power generating cost by kind of fuel resources in thermal power

generation have been performed, which show large variation; in general, however, the lowest of all power

generating costs is derived from coal-fired power generation.

After the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, which caused the shutdown of nuclear power generation,

Japan managed to continue supplying power without a substantial hindrance to the supply of power by taking such

measures as increasing the import of LNG on an emergency basis to increase the LNG power generation and

restoring aged oil-fired power stations.

These examples show that diversifying the kinds of fuel resources, namely, developing gas-fired power

generation, coal-fired power generation, oil-fired power generation, and hydropower generation in a suitable

balance is extremely important in terms of security in the supply of power. To solve Myanmar’s energy problems,

the development of coal-fired power generation is an important means.

(2) Basic conditions of the project

In Myanmar, some coal mines produce sub-bituminous coal with properties suitable for power generation use.

But most of other coal mines produce brown coal and sub-bituminous coal with poor properties, for these reasons,

the present project presupposes the use of imported coal (bituminous coal) from coal exporting countries such as

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Indonesia and Australia, adopting a design that is based on bituminous coal firing alone and the assumed heating

value is approximately 24,000 kJ/kg, the higher heating value in use.

The thermal efficiency of power generation is taken at 42% (HHV), which is on the same level as that of well

performed and reliable ultra supercritical pressure coal-fired plants that are operated as base-load plants in Japan.

The annual load factor and the availability are assumed in the same way as the thermal efficiency: an annual

load factor of 80%, an availability of 84%, and an operating mode as a base load power plant.

(3) Envisaged project overview

The site plan assumes that the site to be needed to construct a coal-fired power station with a generating output

of 600 MW, a coal storage yard, and a coal unloading facility is developed along the seashore nearby Mawlamyine,

the largest city in the Mon State.

With Mawlamyine connected to Yangon and to the trunk transmission system of Myanmar with a 230-kV

transmission line, it is assumed that a transmission line is constructed from the site for the connection with the

trunk transmission system. With the site conceived facing the Andaman Sea, it is suitable as the base for ocean

transportation of imported coal. The site is also suitable to install limestone-gypsum desulphurization facilities

because limestone is mined in the nearby suburb.

(4) Execution schedule

This survey was positioned as the preliminary feasibility study that formed the premise of the feasibility study

associated with the construction of a coal-fired power station, ending in February 2015. After the Government of

Myanmar requests the Government of Japan to extend ODA of yen loan to the Project, the feasibility study

associated with the Project will be conducted, and the decision on the extension of yen loan will be notified to the

Government of Myanmar through the Japanese Embassy there; and when an agreement is reached between the

Governments of the two countries, the exchange of notes (EN) that concretely compiles the items agreed on will

be concluded between the two governments and the loan agreement (LA) between two governments will follow to

move into the execution stage.

It is envisaged that Construction of the plant will be started in 2018 and after a construction period of about five

years, commencement of the operation is scheduled in 2022.

(5) Request for Yen Loan and feasibility of the project

In Myanmar, power stations have been built and operated by means of its own funds or of the offering of gratis

fund aids or they have been built and operated as IPP business operations by private power generating operators,

while few power stations have been built by means of loan fund aids in recent years. Due to the past

circumstances, Myanmar may not positively desire the offering of loan fund. On the other hand, two reasons, (1)

the underdeveloped state of laws necessary to organize project finance and (2) the inability of national guarantee

of investment, prevent the development of large-scale power stations requiring with project financing while the

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condition of supply and demand of power is increasingly stringent.

It is understood that the Government of Myanmar expresses a certain level of understanding of the necessity of

yen loan for the construction of power stations through the meeting with high officials of MoEP, MEPE, and other

offices during the study.

(6) Superiority of Japanese enterprises in the technical and other aspects

The only coal-fired power station operating in Myanmar now is Tigyit Power Station with two 60 MW units.

The power station was commissioned in cooperation with the Government of China in 2004. It is said, however,

that the availability of the power station remains around 30% due to troubles of facilities and that troubles in the

exhaust gas system have caused environmental problems due to flue-gas.

Under these circumstances, high hopes are placed on a high-efficiency and environment-friendly coal-fired

power station based on advanced technologies of Japanese manufacturers. The integrated approach with the

Japanese government and private companies to combines the export of experienced operating know-how of

Japanese utility companies, the capability of project development and finance arrangement of Japanese trading

houses, and ODA, financial assistance and technical support by the Government of Japan will contribute to the

enhancement of more business opportunities for the related industries for Japanese companies and also to the

facilitation of appropriate economic development in Myanmar

For an ultra supercritical pressure power plant, major equipment such as the boiler, a steam turbine, and a

generator are expected to be manufactured in Japan or by Japanese companies. Furthermore, technical assistance

in operation and maintenance of the coal-fired power station after its commissioning for well managed operation

at high efficiency can be provided to the power plant in Myanmar by Japanese utility companies and the

technological transfer can also be expected for a long run perspective.

(7) Issues to be concerned With the further feasibility study of the Project following this study, it is expected that the Myanmar

Government and the Japanese Government will agree that the Project would be financially supported by yen loan

by the Japanese Government. Since there is an opinion to hesitate to utilize a loan for a project in the Myanmar

Government, it is important for the Government to recognize the benefit of the appropriate loan for a project and

request the Japanese Government for the yen loan for the Project.

There is a strong perception in Myanmar that coal-fired power generation is considered to be highly

environment-burdening as a result of NGO activities and of great environmental impacts inflicted by existing

coal-fired power stations in Myanmar because of their inefficiency and lack of environmental treatment. In order

to promote the Project, it is necessary for the Myanmar Government and also Japanese Government to make it

widely known to the public that the environmental-friendly coal-fired power generation is achievable by

introducing environmental treatment system for removal of toxic substances such as desulphurization equipment

to remove sulfur oxides, selective catalytic reduction facility to remove nitrogen oxides and dry dust collector to

remove dust.

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(8) Envisaged project location

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Chapter 1 Overview of the Host Country and Sectors

(1) Economic and financial situations of Myanmar

1) Political situation in Myanmar

Due to the coup d’ état staged by the national armed forces in 1962, military administration continued for a long

period of time. In 2003, however, the “7-stage Roadmap for Democratization” was formulated. As a result of the

general election held in November 2011, President Thein Sein took office on February 4, 2011. After assuming the

office, he dissolved the State Peace Development Council (SPDC), which had been in charge of the military junta.

He then successively worked out the following items: democratization under the initiative of the new government,

national reconciliation (promotion of peace negotiations with ethnic minorities and of cease-fire agreement), and

activities aimed at economic reforms. In such a flow of major reforms, people who had been imprisoned as

political criminals due to democratization movements were released. Furthermore, democratization activists who

had emigrated to foreign countries because of the inability to carry out political activities in Myanmar were

requested by the president himself to participate in the creation of a new country. Many competent persons who

accepted his request have returned to Myanmar. In August 2011, a dialogue between the president and Ms. Aung

San Suu Kyi, the leader of the National League for Democracy (NLD), which is the largest opposition party, was

realized. An agreement was reached that they would cooperate with each other for the purpose of the development

of the country. Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi highly evaluates President Thein Sein as a “trustworthy person.”

In conjunction with the progress of democratization and national reconciliation, the United States lifted the

embargo on Myanmarese products except some jewelry items in November 2012. Furthermore, in April 2013, the

EU lifted economic sanctions on Myanmar except for the embargo on weapons. Thus economic sanctions by

European and North American countries were relaxed. In Myanmar, the national armed forces participate in

national administration even now under the provisions of the constitution. However, the national armed forces

have declared their intention to support the political and economic reform line of the current regime. The

possibility is low that democratization will be made to backslide by the national armed forces.

Incidentally, the military is currently authorized to hold 25% of the parliamentary seats. Against this

background, Global Insight, which is an investigating and rating company, is of the view that if a candidate of the

NLD is selected as President as a result of the general election scheduled for 2015, the following will be the case:

It is considered that progress will not be easily made in a constitution amendment aimed at reforming the issue of,

or abolishing, the above-mentioned military parliamentary seats; it cannot be denied that temporary political

tension will occur; the NLD highly evaluates President Thein Sein’s current economic policies and efforts in

democratization; Thus measures will be taken so that losses will be compensated for in the unlikely event that

Myanmar will fall into a state of civil war around the time of the general election in 2015, or that the government

forcibly expropriates the power plant.

2) Economic situation in Myanmar

Ratings pertaining to Myanmar are follows: The rating by three major rating companies is “NR”; the rating by

Global Insight, which is the only rating company that has given a rating to Myanmar, is “B-.” The real GDP

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growth rates were, according to IMF estimates, 5.5% in FY 2010, 5.9% in FY 2011, 6.3% in FY 2012, and 6.8%

in FY 2013. It is predicted that the growth rate in FY 2014 will also be approximately 7%, and that this growth

rate level will continue thereafter until 2018. Thus it is expected that stable growth will continue in the future also.

The GDP per capita is 855 dollars (in 2013), which is at the lowest level in the ASEAN. In Yangon, however, the

GDP per capita is said to be 1,800 dollars. That is, the purchasing power of the intermediate and high income

classes is higher than is imagined.

The trade balance was such that surpluses of 2.4 billion dollars were posted in 2010. However, in 2011,

surpluses of 1 billion dollars were posted. That is, imports and exports were approximately balanced. In 2012,

Myanmar fell into a state of trade deficit. The greatest reason for the reduced trade surplus is a rapid increase in

imported used cars. However, the export of natural gas to Thailand, which currently accounts for 40% of the total

export, remains in a favorable condition. Furthermore, the pipeline for export to China was opened in September

2013. For this reason, gas export to china is expected to increase. Thus it is estimated that the trade balance will

improve. The current-account balance is such that some deficit amount was posted. However, an amount of 7

billion dollars, which is equivalent to 9 months worth of total export, is secured as foreign currency reserves.

Direct investments increased rapidly in and after FY 2010. There were inflows of 20 billion dollars in FY 2010

and 4.6 billion dollars in FY 2011. Main countries are not only China and Thailand, which are neighboring

countries, but also ASEAN countries. The main field is energy, including electric power, petroleum, and gas.

Meanwhile, in and after FY 2012, there were increases in investments in manufacturing industries. It is true that

the money amount per item is low, but the number of investment items account for 80% of the number of direct

investment items.

As regards the fiscal balance, a financial deficit of about 1.5 trillion kyat (about 2 billion dollars) (in FY 2009)

has continued. In this respect, under the guidance of the IMF, the financial deficit is controlled in such a way as to

be within 5% of the GDP as a rough target. Deficits are covered by the issuance of government bonds. Private

monetary institutions in Myanmar act as main purchasers. Government bonds that have been issued are controlled

within 5% of the GDP. Thus government bonds can be stably consumed in Myanmar. Foreign debts as of the end

of March, 2012, were 13.7 billion dollars, out of which the delinquent debt balance was 4.8 dollars. In FY 2012,

Japanese and international organizations (including the World Bank and the ADB) exempted/dissolved delinquent

debts, with the result that foreign debts were reduced to half of the amount as it was at the end of FY 2011. In

January 2013, the Myanmarese Government held consultations, in the Paris Club, with the member nations of this

club, and reached an agreement that half of the debts would be exempted in two stages. It was decided that the

remaining debts be deferred for 15 years. Currently, the IMF is monitoring the process of the debt reduction

measures. In January 2014, the IMF sent an study team. The results of the investigation were satisfactory. It is

expected that in the future, resumption of loans can be newly realized. The JBIC is expected to send its study team

in concert with the equivalents of other countries, and to start to newly extend credit in May or later this year.

At present, interest rates in Myanmar are as follows: The deposit interest rate is 8%; the official discount rate is

10%; the lending interest rate is 13%. By way of recent news, an interest rate reduction of 2% was carried out in

September 2011, and the same reduction was performed again in January 2012. Since the interest rate level is

higher than in neighboring countries, the Central Bank is considering a further interest rate reduction. In this

connection, the Central Bank used to be under the umbrella of the Ministry of Financial Revenue. However, an

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organizational reform was carried out in July 2013 for the purpose of securing independence in accordance with

the international standard. In April 2012, foreign exchange rates were integrated, and a transition was made to a

floating exchange rate system. Subsequently, foreign exchange rates have been decided at auctions conducted by

monetary institutions that are authorized to perform exchange transactions. Immediately after the transition, the

foreign exchange rate dropped to 900 kyat/dollar. Recently, however, foreign exchange rates stably remain

between approximately 900 kyat/dollar and 950 kyat/dollar.

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(2) Outlines of power sector

Changes in electric power sectors in Myanmar are shown in Table 1-1 .

The origin of the electric power business in Myanmar dates back to the fact that in 1908, Anglo Burma

Company started to supply electric power in Rangoon City. Large numbers of small-scale electric power

enterprises were founded in various places. The total number of such enterprises amounted to a maximum of 120.

Subsequently, reorganizations of electric power enterprises were repeated up to now, until the Ministry of

Electricity Power under the current setup was founded in September 2012.

Table 1-1

Period Event

1908

Anglo Burma Company started to supply electric power in Rangoon City.

Subsequently, small-scale electric power enterprises were founded, until the number of such

enterprises amounted to a maximum of 102.

1947 The Electricity Department was established in the Ministry of Industry (MOI).

1948 The “Electricity Supply Act No. 69” was enacted, and the electric power business was nationalized.

1951 The Electricity Supply Board (ESB) was established, and nationalization was promoted.

1960 Baluchung No. 2 Hydropower Station was completed within the framework of Japan’s reparation

aid.

1972 The Electricity Power Corporation (EPC), into which the electric power enterprises in Myanmar

were consolidated, was established.

1974 Baluchung No. 2 Hydropower Station was enlarged.

1988 The Electricity Power Corporation (EPC) was renamed the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

(MEPE).

1994 The “Foreign Investment Law” was amended, and the purchase of IPPs and electric power facilities

was started.

1997 The electric power organizations that were under the umbrella of the Ministry of Energy became

independent, and the Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) was established.

1999 Operation of combined cycle power stations was started in Ahlone and Hlawga.

2002 The Department of Hydropower was established under the umbrella of the Ministry of Electric

Power (MOEP).

2005 Operation of a coal-fired power station was started in Tigyit.

2006

The MOEP was divided into the MOEP 1 and the MOEP 2.

The HPGE (Hydropower Generation Enterprise), the YESB (Yangon City Electricity Supply Board),

and the ESE (Electric Supply Enterprise) became independent of the MEPE.

The whole business was divided into electric power generation, electric power transmission, and

electric power distribution.

2012 The MOEP 1 and the MOEP 2 were integrated into the MOEP.


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The Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) consists of three departments and four enterprises, and takes

charge of the following work. Furthermore, the organization of the Ministry of Electric Power is shown in

Figure1-1. Policies related to coal fired power plant are made at DHPP, DHPI and HPGE.

Department of Hydropower Planning (DHPP)

“Drafting of hydropower development plans” and “management of ministerial organizations related to

hydropower, as well as communication and coordination”

Department of Hydropower Implementation (DHPI)

Implementation of “design and construction of hydropower plants,” “procurement of materials and

equipment,” and “maintenance and repair of existing power plants”

Hydropower Generation Enterprise (HPGE)

“Operation of hydropower plants and coal-fired power plants”

Department of Electric Power (DEP)

“Consolidation of systems” and “management of organizations other than those related to hydropower and

coal coal-fired power, as well as communication and coordination”

Myanma Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE)

“Electric power transmission system operation work” and “operation of thermal power plants (except for

coal-fired power)”

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board (YESB)

“Supply of electric power to places in the Yangon region”

Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE)

“Supply of electric power to regions other than the Yangon region”

Figure1-1 Setup chart of the Ministry of Electric Power (MoEP)


Minister

Department of

Hydropower

Planning

(DHPP)

Department of

Hydropower

Implementation

(DHPI)

Hydropower

Generation

Enterprise

(HPGE)

Vice-Minister Vice-Minister

Department of

Electric

Power

(DEP)

Myanma

Electric

Power

Enterprise

(MEPE)

Yangon City

Electricity

Supply Board

(YESB)

Electric

Supply

Enterprise

(ESE)

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As shown in Figure1-2 , the current supply setup in electricity business in Myanmar is divided into power

generation business, power transmission business, and power distribution business.

Figure1-2


Po

wer

gen

erat

ion

Hydroelectric power plants

and coal-fired power plants

of Hydropower Generation

Enterprise (HPGE)

Hydroelectric power plants

and thermal power plants

that are Independent Power

Producers (IPPs)

Thermal power plants of

Myanma Electric Power

Enterprise (MEPE)

Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

(MEPE)

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board

(YESB):

Supply area: Yangon region

Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE):

Supply area: regions other than the

Yangon region

Ele

ctri

c p

ow

er

tran

smis

sio

n

Ele

ctri

c p

ow

er

dis

trib

uti

on

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(3) Circumstances in power sector

1) Energy situation

Myanmar is blessed with resources such as hydropower, petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Particularly, it can be

said that hydropower and natural gas resources are abundant. Economically developable hydropower resources are

estimated to be 48.5 GW. However, the actual amount developed is no more than 3.0 GW (6.2%). Meanwhile, the

history of development of petroleum and natural gas is so old as to date back to the days of Burmese Petroleum

Corporation during the British rule. At the beginning, development of small-scale oil fields and gas fields were

pushed forward on land. However, in the 1970s, seabed surveys were started, with the result that the development

of large-scale gas fields has been carried out. About 80% of the amount of natural gas mined is exported. The

resulting annual income is 3.3 billion dollars, which accounts for 20% of the annual revenue of the country (in

2013). In the case of the coal resources, neither reserves nor properties are correctly grasped. However, reserves

are estimated to be 460 million tons.

Figure1-3 Main energy resources

Resource Resource amount

Hydropower 108 GW (Theoretical potential

hydropower)

48.5 GW (Economically developable

potential hydropower)

Petroleum 2,100 million bbl

Natural gas 25,000,000 MMcf

Coal 460 million tons (estimate)

Oil shale 720 – 3,300 million bbl (estimate)


2) Energy supply and demand situation

The energy supply and demand balance in 2010 is shown in Figure1-4 . The amount of energy produced in the

country is estimated to be 22,530,000 ton (oil equivalent). About 50% is commercial energy. Natural gas accounts

for 80% or more of the above-mentioned 50%. In this connection, 80% or more of the natural gas is exported.

Domestic demands for natural gas not only for power generation but also for other industries are high. Priority is

desired to be given to domestic demands as regards the gas fields to be developed from now on. However, no

prospect has been obtained for such supply.

19

Figure1-4

Source: Based on information materials prepared by the Japan Electric Power Information Center Inc.

3) Enhancement and rationalization of the use of energy

The energy policy is established by the Energy Planning Division of the Ministry of Energy. This policy was

established in the 1990s, and was updated in 2011. In this new energy policy, “Effective Use of Petroleum and

Natural Gas” and “Private Enterprises’ Participation in the Energy Filed” were set forth in place of “Active

Development of Hydropower, Which is Domestic Resources,” which used to be set forth in the past. Petroleum

and natural gas are limited resources. These resources are intended to be effectively allocated to domestic

demands (electric power and industries) and to export, through which foreign currencies are earned.

Natural gas(596)

Natural gas

(8,879)

Natural gas

(10,211)

Hydro power (439)

Oil product (1027)

Electricity (535)

Coal(234)

Loss (1110)

Oil product (390)

Coal (409)

Coal (409)

Oil (935)

Natural gas(8,879) Oil (892)

Hydro power (439)

Oil product

(239)

Import (239)

Domestic product(22,530) Other (108)

Export(8,879) Domestic supply(13,997)

Domestic supply(13,997)

Uncommercial

energy(10,535)

(8879)

Uncommercial

energy(10,535)

(8879)

Uncommercial energy(10,495)

Unit: Thousand oil equivalent

20

4) Electric power demand prediction, and electric power development plans

The electric power consumption in Myanmar is extremely low. The consumption per capita is approximately

1/70 of that in Japan, or about 1/20 of that in Thailand. The electrification rate is as low as 28%.

Table 1-3 Electric power situations in Myanmar and other various countries

Peak Demand

[GW]

Electricity Sales (a)

[TWh/year]

Population (b)

[Million]

Electricity Sales per Capita (a)/(b)

[MWh/year/capita]

Electrification Ratio

[%]

2 3 1

MyanmarITEM Japan Thailand Indonesia Philippines JordanZambia

(FY2005)

156 26 29 11

62 6 13

851.6 162.7 174 59.26.3 14.3 8.1

127 67 244 97

28 100 26

6.7 2.3 0.7 0.60.1 2.3 0.6

100 99 73 81


High economic growth is expected to take place in the future. Also, electric power demand is presumed to

significantly increase. Electric power demand predictions are carried out not only by the Ministry of Electric

Power, but also by international organizations such as the ADB, the World Bank, and the JICA. Estimations are

made using indices such as economic growth rates (GDP), populations, and electrification rates. Recently, demand

predictions are performed using JICA’s Electric Power Master Plan. The results of these predictions are shown

below together with the results of the prediction made by the Ministry of Electric Power. In Case “High,” the peak

electric power will be 14,500 MW in 2030. This value is about seven times as high as the current amount.

21

Figure 1-5 Electric power demand in Myanmar

Source: JICA Electric Power Master Plan Study: Draft Version

For the purpose of meeting this power demand, an electric power source of 28,500 MW will be required in

2030. That is, it follows that an electric power source of 25,000 MW will be newly developed. In terms of the

electric power source make-up, not only hydropower electric power source, but also coal, gas, and renewable

energy electric power sources are intended to be developed in conformity with the government energy policy. In

JICA’s Electric Power Master Plan investigation, a proposal is made of the optimum electric power source

make-up in which consideration is given to the following matters: diversification of electric power sources;

electric power source development costs; and electric power supply costs. It is concluded that the optimum

coal-fired electric power source is 5,000 MW, which is equivalent to 20% of all electric power sources.

Figure 1-6 Electric power source make-up in Myanmar

Source: JICA Electric Power Master Plan Study: Draft Version

1666

19217

14542

9100

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Po

wer

Dem

an

d [

MW

]

Year

MOEP

High Case

Low Case

Gas2,484MW

Coal 5,030MW

Hydro 19,037

MW

Renewable

2,000MW

Gas 714.9MW

Coal120MW

Hydro 2,780MW

Installed capacity :3,614MW

2013

Installed capacity :28,551MW

22

5) Electric power transmission systems

The electric power transmission systems in Myanmar consist of 230 kV, 132 kV, and 66 kV systems, and are

subject to the jurisdiction of the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE). The numbers of facilities, and the

facilities capacities as of the end of 2013, are as shown in Table1-4*.

The 230 kV system, which is the trunk system, is formed of two routes extending from the central part to

the southern part of this country. The facility capacity for supplying electric power generated by hydropower

plants in the northern part to demand areas in the southern part is insufficient. Therefore, a 500 kV power

transmission lines is newly planned.

.Mawlamyine is located in the southern part. At present, connection is established from the Thaton Electric

Power Substation to the Mawlamyine Electric Power Substation by means of one 230 kV power transmission line.

A second line is being additionally routed. This additional routing work is scheduled to be completed by 2015.

Table1-4 Electric power transmission facilities and electrical energy transformation facilities that are subject

to the jurisdiction of the MEPE (as of the end of 2013)

Item 230 kV 132 kV 66 kV Total

Number of electric power

transmission lines 43 35 138 216

Electric power transmission

line distance (km) 3,047 2,109 3,616 8,772


substations 30 25 130 185

Electric power substation

capacity (kVA) 3,760 1,323 1,975 7,058

Source: MEPE

23

Figure1-7 Chart of electric power transmission systems in Myanmar

Source: Data provided by the Ministry of Electric Power

The system operation in this country is carried out by “the Load Dispatch Center” (LDC), which controls

supply and demand adjustments of all systems,” “the Generation Control Center (GCC), which has jurisdiction

over hydropower plants and coal-fired power plants,” and “the National Control Center NCC), which reports the

system operation status to the Ministry of Electricity Power, and has LDC and GCC backup functions.”

Figure 1-8 System operation work setup


Existing power system ant planning up to 2020(Mawlamyine and vicinity inc. Yangon area)

GCC LDC

NCC

Electric power substation operating instructions

Systems for electric power transmission and electrical

energy transformation (230 kV – 132 kV)

Gas-fired power plants and diesel oil-fired power plants

Backup Backup

Operating instructions for

relevant units

Power plant operating

instructions

Request for electric

power generation

24

6) Electric power distribution systems

The electric power distribution systems in Myanmar are subject to the jurisdiction of the Yangon City

Electricity Supply Board (YESB) in the case of the Yangon district, and the Electric Supply Enterprise (ESE) in

the case of other districts. Electric power is received at 66 kV or 33 kV from the Myanma Electric Power

Enterprise (MEPE), which handles higher-ranking systems. Electric power thus received is supplied to consumers

at 11 kV, 6.6 kV, or 0.4 kV. Furthermore, the ESE has also jurisdiction over electric power generation by means of

diesel power generators and small hydropower generators.

Figure1-9 Relationship chart for electric power enterprises


The suburbs of Mawlamyine in Mon State are subject to the jurisdiction of the Mon State Engineering Office of

the ESE. The electric power distribution facilities in the possession of Mon State and the ESE are as shown in the

table below. Electrification rates in Mon State are 71% in urban areas and 51% in provincial areas. These rates are

higher than those in the entire region under the jurisdiction of the ESE, which are 53% in urban areas and 32% in

provincial areas.

In districts under the jurisdiction of the ESE, when it is necessary to newly install electric power distribution

facilities to meet new demands, there are cases where consumers receive electric power in such a way that

consumers bear the cost of new facilities and subsequently transfer these facilities to the ESE. For this reason,

there is a high possibility that power plant constructors have to bear the costs of electric power distribution

facilities that serves to receive the electric power required to construct power plants and perform trial runs.

ミャンマー電力公社(MEPE)Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise

地方配電公社(ESE)Electric Supply Enterprise

ヤンゴン配電公社(YESB)Yangon City Electricity Supply Board

受電(66kV,33kV)

売電(11kV,6.6kV,0.4kV)

消費者

Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

Electric Supply Enterprise

Consumer

Yangon City Electricity Supply Board

25

Table1-5 Electric power distribution facilities under the jurisdiction of the ESE

Item 66 kV 33 kV 11 kV 6.6 kV 400 V

Electric power distribution

line distance (km)

Mon State 19 238 644 11 628

Entire region

covered by ESE 3,144 6,011 12,373 263 14,010


substations

Mon State 4 32 617 11 -

Entire region

covered by ESE 141 717 13,292 312 -

Electric power substation

capacity (MVA)

Mon State 37 62 118 1.33 -

Entire region

covered by ESE 1,470 2,275 3,034 164 -

Source: Data issued by ESE (July 2013)

In the electric power distribution systems in Myanmar, there are frequent occurrences of power outages due to

failures caused by deterioration of electric power distribution facilities, and due to insufficient supply from

higher-ranking systems. Furthermore, the overall length of low voltage lines is so long that instances of electric

power distribution losses and voltage drops are on the increase. The ADB, the World Bank, and the JICA have

declared their intentions to provide support for these issues.

7) Electric power tariffs

MoEP raised the electricity tariffs in April 2014 for the purpose of improving the income and expense balance, in

which chronic deficits continued. Such a Tariff rise was implemented for the first time in about two years after

January 2012. At the beginning, the YESB announced a tariff rise on October 28, 2013. The tariff rise was

scheduled for November 1, 2013. However, due to citizens’ protests, the parliament passed a motion for review,

with the result that the tariff rise was temporarily frozen. Subsequently, another motion was passed in the

parliament, resulting in the tariff rise taking effect on April 1, 2014.

The Table 1-6 of electricity tariff before April 2014 and those in and after April 2014 are shown below. The

tariffs for ordinary households were raised to a maximum of 140%. The tariffs for industries were raised to a

maximum of 200%. The tariffs were not raised for streetlight contracts or for foreign currency-based

(dollar-based) contracts applied to foreigners to foreign enterprises.

26

Table1-6 Comparison of electricity Tariffs before the tariff rise and those thereafter


2014年3月31日まで

General Purpose 1kWh ～ 100kWh 35Kyat

Domestic Power 101kWh ～ 200kWh 40Kyat

201kWh 以上 50Kyat

Small Power 1kWh ～ 500kWh 75kyat

Industrial 5000kWh ～ 10000kWh 100kyat

10001kWh ～ 50000kWh 125kyat

50001kWh ～ 200000kWh 150kyat

200001kWh ～ 300000kWh 125kyat

300001kWh以上 100kyat

Bulk 35Kyat 35Kyat

Street Lighting 35Kyat 35Kyat

Temporary Lightning 75Kyat 75Kyat

Foreign users 0.12USD 0.12USD

その他

契約種類販売価格　（／kWh）

2014年4月1日から

35Kyat

75Kyat

産業用

一般家庭用

使用用途

Household

Industry

Other

Type Electricity Tariff (/kwh)

Until 31st March 2014 From 1st April 2014

27

Chapter 2 Study Methodologies

(1) Description of study

A series of study work was carried out on the basis of the following items: the energy policy of Myanmar;

energy in this country and in that area in Mon State which is the project site; those publications related to the

electric power situation which are released to the public; information and data that are collected from, or obtained

by interviewing relevant members of, the Ministry of Electric Power, which is the counterpart; and the results of

studies made by visiting the site, and the particulars of the information obtained thereby.

Studies were made of the following particulars, and studies were made of facilities, fund-raising, and

implementation of plans. Subsequently, evaluations were made of the basic plans and business prospects for the

coal-fired power plant and for the coal storage and supply base.

1) Matters related to the policies, courses of actions, and laws of the county

a) Matters related to the policies and laws related to coal in Myanmar

b) The energy policy, electric power development plans, electric transmission plans, electricity rates, etc.

2) Study of fuel supply

a) Reserves, prices, properties, etc. of coal inside and outside Myanmar

3) Study of the places of the coal-fired power plant and the coal storage and supply base

a) Locations of the ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant and the coal storage and supply base (areas of the

sites, geographical features, weather, hydrological features, ownership, surrounding environment [Distances

from electric power consumption places, connection with electric power transmission lines, industrial water],

etc.)

b) Coal storage and supply base: Harbor (Depth, weather, ship traffic volume, etc)

c) Power plant: Calculation of rough estimates of operating costs such as for the investigation of the harbor

where water intake openings, water discharge outlets, and piers are to be installed

4) Evaluation of impacts on environmental aspects, social aspects, and consideration-related aspects

a) Outlines of environment-related laws and regulations in Myanmar

b) Those impacts on environmental aspects and social aspects which are associated with construction and

operation regarding this project

c) Environmental improvement effects associated with the implementation of this project (analytical

techniques)

d) Effective use of coal ash and desulfurized by-product calcium sulfate in the cement industry etc.

28

5) Financial and economic analyses

a) Financial analysis and economic analysis

6) Possibility of participation of Japanese enterprises

a) Status of investment in Myanmar from foreign countries

b) Investment-related laws, and IPP-related legal systems and tax systems, in Myanmar

c) Investment environment for Japanese enterprises

(2) Study team

1) Study team

Table 2-1 Study team

Role Name

1 Project manager Keiji Morino

Mitsui & Co., Ltd.

2 Supervision of investigation Narichika Kobayashi

3 Economic and financial analyses

Ryu Zushida

4 Shinji Hosono

5 Legal system and investment

environment

Shinichiro Kobayashi

6 Takamichi Ozaki

7 Eiji Kurihara

7 Management in general Naoto Kawabe

8 On-site support (Yangon) Munehisa Ito

9 On-site support (Naypyidaw) Keiichi Kagami

10 Supervision of technology Kimitsugu Kozasa

Chubu Electric Power

Co., Inc.

11 Electric power development

planning Yoshitaka Saito

12 Electric power transmission

planning Kazunori Ohara

13 Power system planning Yoshihide Takeyama

14 Thermal power plant planning Shunichiro Yasuda

15 Environmental and social Impact

analysis

Kensuke Fukushima

16 Myanmar Koei International

17 Marine civil engineering planning Penta-Ocean Construction Co., Ltd.)


29

2) Counterparts

Figure2-1 Organization of MoEP


Table 2-2 Counterparts who were met

Affiliation Official position Name

1

Ministry of Electric Power

Department of Hydro Power Planning Deputy Director General U Aye San

Ministry of Electric Power Deputy Minister Maw Thar Htwe


Department of Hydro Power Planning Director U Aung Ko Ko


Department of Hydro Power Planning Deputy Director U Tint Lwin Oo

2


Department of Hydropower Planning Deputy Director General U Aye San


Electricity Supply Enterprise Managing Director Myint Aung


MEPE Managing Director Htein Lwin


Department of Electric Power Deputy Director General Mi Mi Khaing

3


Department of Hydro Power Planning Director Aung Ko Ko

Ministry of Mine Deputy Director general U Kyaw Din

Director Dr. Myint Soe


Minister

Department of

Hydropower

Planning

(DHPP)

Department of

Hydropower

Implementation

(DHPI)

Hydropower

Generation

Enterprise

(HPGE)

Deputy Minister Deputy Minister

Department

of Electricity

Power

(DEP)

Myanma

Electric Power

Enterprise

(MEPE)

Yangon City

Electricity

Supply Board

(YESB)

Electric

Supply

Enterprise

(ESE)

30

(3) Study schedule

Table 2-3 Study schedule

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

　　　　Disscussion

2014 2015

（Domestic study)

①　Law and regurations study

②　Fuel Supply Planning study

③ Facility Planning study

④　Fund planning study

⑤　Environmental Impact accessment

⑥　Plan study

⑦　Economical study

⑧　Report

③　Final

　　　　Final Report

（Site study）

①　1st

②　2nd

　　　　Site study

②　3rd

　　　　Interim report


Table2-4 First site study

Activities Oct. 5, 2014 (Sun)

Travel Narita→ Yangon

Oct 6, 2014 (Mon)

Internal meeting Meeting with subcontractors for local works

Oct 7, 2014 (Tue) Meeting with the Japanese Embassy

Meeting with JICA/Myanmar Office Meeting with JICA Expert in the Ministry of Transportation

Oct 8, 2014 (Wed)

Internal meeting and work

Oct 9, 2014 (Thu) Travel: Yangon → Naypyidaw Internal meeting and work

Oct 10, 2014 (Fri)

Meeting with the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Electric Power and the Director of the Department of Electric Power Planning

Internal meeting and work Travel: Naypyidaw → Yangon Yangon → （Narita）

Oct 11, 2014 (Sat)

Travel: （Yangon） → Narita


31

Table 2-5 Second site study

Activities

Nov 9, 2014 (Sun)

Travel: Narita → Yangon

Nov 10, 2014 (Mon)

Travel: Yangon→Mawlamyine Visit to potential project sites

Visit to potential project sites

Nov 12, 2014 (Wed)

Visit to potential project sites Internal meeting and work Travel: Yangon → (Narita)

Nov 13, 2014 (Thu)

Travel: (Yangon)→Narita


Table2-6 Third site study

Activities

Nov 24, 2014 (Mon)


Nov 25, 2014 (Tue)

Travel: Yangon→ Naypyidaw Meeting with the Department of Hydropower Planning of the Ministry of Electric

Power Internal meeting and work

Nov 26, 2014 (Wed)

Presentation at a seminar held by the HIDA Meeting with the Ministry of Mine

Nov 27, 2014 (Thu)

Internal meeting and work

Nov 28, 2014 (Fri)

Internal meeting and work Travel: Naypyidaw → Yangon Meeting with the Japanese Embassy in Yangon Travel: Yangon → Narita

Nov 29, 2014(Sat)

Travel: Narita → Chubu


Table2-6 Fourth site study

Activities

Jan 26, 2015 (Mon)


Jan 27, 2015 (Tue)

Travel: Yangon→Naypyidaw

Meeting with the Ministry of Electric Power

Jan 28, 2015 (Wed)

Meeting with the Ministry of Electric Power

Jan 29, 2015 (Thu)

Travel: Naypyidaw → Yangon Meeting with the Japanese Embassy in Yangon

Meeting with JICA/Myanmar Office

Travel: Yangon → (Narita)

Jan 30, 2015 (Fri) Travel: (Yangon)→Narita


32

Chapter 3 Justification, Objectives and Technical

Feasibility of the Project

(1) Project background

As shown in Chapter 1, it is estimated that in 2030, the electric power demand in Myanmar will be seven times

as high, compared to the present. In order to meet this increase in the electric power demand and to stably supply

electric power, it is necessary that prompt development of power plants. On the basis of the experience gained in

Japan regarding the oil crisis, it is necessary that not depending only on one type of fuel, development of power

plants shall be done using various types of fuel, such as not only gas-fired power generators, coal-fired power

generators, and hydropower generators, but also generators using renewable energy like wind power and solar

power.

But supply capability of each fuel sources and the places where hydro power can be developed are regulated.

Considering this aspect, it is also important that low cost constitution of power generating facilities.

The details of the above are shown below.

Figure 3-1 Prediction of the gas demand in Myanmar

Source: JICA, Electric Power Master Plan in Myanmar, 2014

Figure 3-1 shows the predicted values of the following items in Myanmar: the amount of gas demanded; and

the amount of gas that can be supplied. The amount of gas demanded means the amount of gas required to operate

the 2,484 MW gas-fired power plants that was assumed for the electric power source. The pink line indicates the

amount of gas that can be supplied in Myanmar. It is estimated that in 2030, the amount of gas demanded will be

three times as high as the amount of gas that can be supplied in Myanmar. Therefore, it will be necessary to cover

the shortage by import. Ordinary import of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and import of natural gas through

pipelines from neighboring countries, are conceivable. In this regard, development of these pipelines requires cost

and time.

33

Figure 3-2 Amounts of coal required for coal-fired power generation in Myanmar


Figure 3-2 shows the amounts of coal demanded with the power generation demand taken into account and the

amounts of coal that can be produced in Myanmar. In 2030, it will be necessary to import coal that is about five

times as much as the amount that can be produced in Myanmar.

Figure3-3 Plans for the development of hydropower plants

Source: JICA, Electric Power Master Plan in Myanmar, 2014”

34

Figure 3-3 shows plans for the development of hydropower plants. Development of large-scale hydropower

plants involves the following problems, among others: “Long development periods are required (10 years or

more).” “Depending on development places, environmental impacts, social impacts, etc. are high (such as

submergence of a wide range of land, and relocation of residents).” “Depending on locations, it is difficult to

establish connection with electric power transmission lines.” Furthermore, there is a problem in that power

generation capacities vary depending on season. In dry seasons, power generation output power is 70% of that in

rainy seasons.

Figure3-4 Comparison of thermal power generation costs (Classified by fuel type)

Sources: In-house information materials of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. and information materials of the

Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan

Figure 3-4shows power generation costs as classified by fuel type. Fuel prices are subject to large variations

and are subject to various estimation methods. Generally speaking, it can be said that coal-fired power generation

is most inexpensive on an overall basis.

Pow

er g

ener

atio

n c

ost

cet

/kw

h

Coal Gas Oil

CO2 countermeasure cost

Managerial and repair cost

Construction cost

Fuel cost

35

Figure 3-5 Changes in generated electric power as classified by fuel type

Source: In-house information material of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

Figure3-5 shows generated electric power amounts in the past and at present in Japan as classified by fuel type.

Up to the 1970s, electric power supply in Japan depended primarily on hydropower generation and coal-fired

power generation. In the 1970s, oil shocks were experienced twice. Since then, efforts have been made to

diversify fuel types. In specific terms, development of nuclear power plants, and thermal power plants fired by

liquefied natural gas (LNG) or coal, has been pushed forward. Currently, as shown in Figure 3-5, the breakdown

of the power generation facility fleet is such that no specific fuel type is depended upon.

Figure 3-6 Changes in generated power amounts, as classified by fuel type, which occurred after the Great East

Japan Earthquake, compared to the corresponding amounts before this earthquake


36

Figure3-6 shows quite recent generated power amounts as classified by fuel type. In Japan, the Great East Japan

Earthquake was experienced in March 2011. At the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant, which was damaged

by the earthquake and the resulting tsunami, there occurred a serious accident in which nuclear reactors failed to

be cooled. At present, safety improvement measures are being taken in nuclear power plants in Japan. All nuclear

reactors are stopped.

After the earthquake, the following measures were taken, among others: LNG thermal power generation

amounts were increased by urgently increasing LNG imports; aged oil-fired power plants were rehabilitated. As a

result, power generation operations have been carried out without causing great obstacle to electric power supply.

On the basis of the above, promotion of the diversification of fuel is very important in terms of the security of

electric power supply.

Figure 3-7 Power generation amounts, as classified by fuel type, with respect to daily load duration curves


Figure 3-7 shows changes in daily power generation amounts, as classified by fuel type, in a state when nuclear

power plants are operable.

The operating arrangement is such that nuclear power and coal-fired power, for which fuel costs are low, are

used as base electric power sources, and that electric power is generated at full output power at all times.

Adjustment of power generation amounts commensurate with demands is carried out at power plants using gas

turbines, which excel in load adjustment speeds (generation power amount adjustment speeds). On the basis of the

above, it is necessary in terms of supply and demand adjustment that coal-fired power and gas-fired power be

developed in such a way as to strike an appropriate balance.

So far, it was explained that diversification of fuel is important. That is, an explanation was given that it is

important to carry out development in such a way as to strike an appropriate balance among gas-fired, oil-fired,

and hydropower generation. The contents of the explanation made so far made are summarized below:

It is expected that in Myanmar, the electric power demand will rapidly increase by 2030.

Coal-fired power is the most inexpensive electric power source.

37

In Japan, oil crises were experienced in which shortage of oil supply, and efforts have been made to

diversify fuel. Diversification of fuel is important in terms of security and of supply and demand

adjustment.

Development of coal-fired power plants is an important means for resolving the energy issue in Myanmar.

38

(2) Basic conditions of the project

1) Assumption of fuel to be used (design coal)

In Myanmar, there is a coal mine called Kalewa Coal Mine, where sub-bituminous coal whose properties permit

the coal to be used to generate electric power, can be mined. However, in most of other coal mines,

sub-bituminous coal with poor properties, and lignite, are mined. The properties of these coal types are low

calorific values, high water contents, high sulfur contents, and low crushability. In order to use the

above-mentioned coal types as power generation fuel, increased facility costs are entailed. Therefore, the

aforementioned coal types are unsuitable as power generation fuel. Furthermore, Kalewa Coal Mine alone cannot

cover all of the coal-fired power plants to be developed in Myanmar from now on.

Figure3-8 Places holding coal deposits underground in Myanmar

Source: Data based on DGSE information materials

39

Table3-1 Properties of coal in Myanmar

Kalewa Rashio Tigyit Eastern Shan

Calorific value (kcal/kg) 6,500 3,450 - 5,400 5,000 3,000 - 6,000

Sulfur content (%) 0.52 - 0.78 0,39 - 1.04 0.46 - 0.96 0.4 - 1.17

Crushability (HGI) 34 - 42 20 - 27 20 - 27 ―

Ash content (%) 4.4 - 5.8 2.3 - 8.1 8 - 12 2 - 16

Water content (%) 9.7 8.6 - 24.0 18.51 40

Coal type Sub-bituminous

coal Lignite Lignite Lignite

Estimated reserves

(in millions of tons) 214 29 20 150

Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of DGSE information materials

On the basis of the above, it is assumed that in this project, bituminous coal will be used imported from

Australia and Indonesia, which are neighboring countries of Myanmar. Also, the facilities will be designed in such

a way that the use of sub-bituminous coal in Myanmar. And that blending system of two types of coal such as

sub-bituminous coal and bituminous coal shall be considered.

1) Generating capacity: Big scale and reliable plant shall be required;

Net Out Put; 600 MW

Gross Out Put; 660 MW

2) The calorific value will be as follows:

Higher Heating Value (HHV) : Approximately 24,000 kJ/kg

3) Assumption of the power generation efficiency

The power plant generation efficiency will be similar to that of an ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant

which is operated in Japan on a base load operation basis, which has a large number of operating track records,

and which has high reliability. The value of the power generation end efficiency will be as follows:

Power generation efficiency: 42% (HHV)

4) Assumption of the annual load factor

The annual load factor will be assumed similarly to the case in item (2) 2) above. The value of the annual load

factorwill be as follows:

Annual use rate: 80%

5) Assumption of the availability

The availability will be assumed similarly to the case in item (2) 2) above. The value of the availability will be

as follows:

Availability: 84%

40

6) Operation method

As regards the operation method, operations as a base load plant will be assumed.

7) Amounts of fuel (coal) used

The following values of the amounts of fuel used were calculated under the above-mentioned conditions: the

annual value, the monthly average value, the daily average value, and the value under the rated load.

Table3-2 Assumed amounts of coal used


Unit Amount of coal used

Annual value ton/year 1,500,000

Monthly average value ton/month 120,000

Daily average ton/day 4,000

Value under rated load ton/h 204

41

(3) Outline of the plan for the project

1) Outlines of sites

a) Selection criteria and selection results

From the viewpoints listed below, the following items will be selected: land for the construction of a coal-fired

power plant with a power generation output of 600 MW, and for the construction of a coal storage yard; and

hydrological states for the construction of coal receiving facilities.

Hydrological features (Water depths, tide levels, tidal currents, and wind speeds)

Terrains

Use status

Presence or absence of dwelling houses, schools, etc.

Legal system-based restrictions on the use of land and water areas

Distances from power transmission line

Securing of industrial water

Access road

Distances from pagodas

b) Project area

It was decided that the project area be that portion of the coastline which extends to the south by approximately

30 km from Kyaikami located approximately 90 km southwest from Mawlamyine, the largest city in Mon State.

Figure 3-9


42

Mawlamyine is connected by 230 kV electric power transmission lines to Yangon and to the trunk systems all

over Myanmar. Furthermore, the area faces the Sea of Andaman, and is suitable as a base of marine transportation

of imported coal. Limestone is taken out in the suburbs. Therefore, the area is suitable also for the installation of

limestone-calcium-sulfate type desulfurization equipment.

Figure3-10 Places holding limestone deposits

underground in Myanmar

Figure3-11 Schematic of electric power transmission

systems in the suburbs of Mawlamyine

Source: DGSE information materials. Source: Data provided by the Ministry of Electric

Power

Figure3-12 Mawlamyine Electric Power Substation

Source: Photograph taken by the Study team

During the on-site exploration, confirmations were made of the hydrological states of the sea area and the

positions of schools, dwelling houses, pagodas etc., and selection was made of the land required to construct the

power plant.


43

Figure3-13 School, dwelling house


Figure3-14 Pagodas


Figure3-15 Study of candidate places


44

Figure3-16 Study of a candidate place


45

(4) Plant Layout 1) Future installation of an additional power plant

The layout was arranged in such a way that the spaces for coal handling system, ( coal unloading system,

coal storage equipment, coal conveying equipment), unit equipment, flue gas environmental treatment system,

waste water treatment system, and maintenance areas are secured so that in the future, a similar 600 MW class

coal-fired power USC plant can be additionally set up. Furthermore, the layout was also arranged in such a way

that account was taken of future additional installation of comprehensive wastewater treatment equipment etc.

2) Water depth

A plan was prepared in such a way that coal ships will be anchored at a place where the water depth is 15 m

or so and which is approximately 1.5 km offshore. Coal ships were assumed to be 80,000 DWT class

oceangoing vessels of approximately 12 m full draft. Moreover, by building a breakwater, the risk of cases

where it is impossible to generate power, due to reasons such as the inability to carry out cargo handling during

rough weather during monsoon season, is intended to be reduced.

3) Recycling of water intake and water discharge

The warm wastewater flow rate is assumed to be 28.5 m3/s or less per unit. The seawater temperature

deference between intake water and discharge water shall be designed 7 ℃ or less. Furthermore, water

intake openings and water discharge outlets were arranged in such a way that warm wastewater from water

discharge outlets will not flow into water intake openings.

4) Direct convey line from coal jetty to boiler shall be considered

The layout was arranged in such a way that after unloaded, coal can be sent directly to boiler from the jetty..

5) Coal blending

Coal blending equipment (equipment whereby two types of coal can be blended at coal bending rates within

the range from 10 – 90%) was installed at the outlet of the coal storage yard so that bituminous coal could be

blended with sub-bituminous coal etc.

6) Coal ash and gypsum shipping equipment (Jetpack vehicle transportation, ship transportation)

A plan was prepared in which limestone and gypsum would be subjected to marine transportation on 2,000

DWT ships (marine transportation to foreign countries was also assumed). Furthermore, facilities were

configured in such a way that it would also be possible to carry out delivery by means of jetpack vehicles.

7) Water to be used

The layout was arranged in such a way that plant water receiving equipment and pretreatment equipment

would be installed at an entrance to the premises of the power plant, and that the piping length would be the

shorts. At present, no industrial water facilities are developed in neighboring places of the project site.

Therefore, it is assumed that water will be taken from rivers, well.or instration of RO system.

46

Figure 3-17 View of the layout


47

(5) Power generation facilities

1) Design policy for the power plant

(a) Design policy

It was decided that the power plant comprise one 600 MW unit, and that the major design conditions be as

shown in there table below.

Table3-3 Design conditions for the New Power Plant

No. Item Unit Numerical

value

1 Rated output power (Net value) MW 600

2 Number of units Unit 1

3 Electric power generation efficiency (Higher Heating

Value HHV ) % 42

4 Load factor/Availability % 80/84

5 Annual operating hours h/ y 7,358

6 Annual Gross Generation Output GWh/y 3,532

7 Auxiliary power consumption rate % 5.5

8 Annual Net Generation Output GWh/y 3,338

9 Fuel consumption

a Design standard Heating value (Gross as received) kJ/kg 24,000

b - Fuel consumption (Load factor = 100%)

(Maximum value per hour) t/h 204

c - Fuel consumption (Load factor = 100%)

(Maximum value per day) t/d 4,896

d - Fuel consumption (Load factor = 80%)

(Monthly average) t/month 120,000

e - Fuel consumption (Load factor = 80%)

(Annual average) t/year 1,500,000

f - Coal storage yard capacity) (Number of days) days 45

g - Coal storage yard capacity) (tons) ton 200,000

10 Ash discarding place capacity (Number of years) Years 5


(b) Steam conditions

As regards the steam conditions to be applied to the power plant, it was decided that at the turbine inlet,

the main steam temperature be 600C and the reheated steam temperature be 600OC. At present, this

temperature level is in the top level.

Table3-4 Power plant steam conditions

NO Item Value Remarks

1 Main steam (at the high pressure

steam turbine inlet)

Pressure 24.5 MPa (g)

Temperature 600 C

2

Reheated steam (at the

Intermediate pressure steam

turbine inlet)

Pressure 4.38 MPa(g)

Temperature 600 C


48

(c) Design coal

It was decided that the properties of coal be as shown below. Design was carried out on this basis.

Table 3-5 Design coal properties

Item Numerical value

Higher heating value of constant humidity coal 24,000 kJ/kg

Total S content (on a dry basis) 1.0%

N content (on a dry basis) 1.8%

Ash content (on a dry basis) 20%

Hygroscopic moisture (Surface moisture) 7%


2) Main specifications of power generation equipment

In this paragraph, description is given of the main equipment (boilers, turbine generators), and of the

recommended main specifications.

Figure3-19 Main system schematics


(a) Boiler

Fuel : Imported coal (from Australia and Indonesia,)

Auxiliary fuel :Light oil

Stem conditions : USC (600/600°C)

Boiler type : Ultra-supercritical once-through boiler where pulverized coal is burned

exclusively

Maximum steam flow rate : 1,930 t/h

Main equipment : Two boiler circulation pumps, two water separators, six mills (one mill

being a spare), two forced draft fans, two primary air fans, two induced

fans, and two, boost up fans.

49

Figure 3-20 Schematic of boiler


Figure 3-21 Schematic of coal pulverizing equipment Figure 3-22 Coal pulverizing equipment


50

(b) Turbine

Steam conditions : USC (600/600°C)

Turbine type : Tandem compound, single reheat condensing turbine

Main valves : Four Main steam stop valves, four steam control valves, two reheated

steam stop valves, and two intercepting valves

Water supply pumps : Steam turbine-driven boiler water feed pumps (Two 50% pumps) and

electromotor-driven boiler water feed pumps (One 25% pumps)

Figure3-23 General view of the steam turbine

(in the course of assembly)

Figure3- 24 Low pressure turbine


Figure 3-25 General view of the turbine generator unit


(c) Generator

Type : Rotating field magnet type

Cooling method : Hydrogen direct cooling (for rotors), and water direct cooling (for stators)

Capacity : 700 MVA (rating)

Power factor : 0.9 (The details pertain to the time of the implementation of FS.)

Frequency : 50 Hz

Excitation method : Thyristor excitation method

Treatment of sealed oil : Vacuum treatment method

51

(6) Environmental treatment equipment and coal handling system In power plants, it is important to install appropriate environmental treatment equipment and carry out suitable

operation and maintenance management. Described below are environmental measures taken in one of the latest

large-sized coal-fired power plants in Japan

Figure 3-26 Schematic of coal-fired power plant


Figure 3-26 shows an outline of the whole coal-fired power plant.

Ash, sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are included in exhaust gas generated due to the

combustion of coal. Pieces of equipment for removing these pollutants are installed between the boiler and the

stack.

Furthermore, various types of wastewater are generated in coal-fired power plants. These types include the

following, among others: “wastewater from boilers and turbines,” “wastewater from desulfurization equipment for

removing sulfur oxides,” “miscellaneous wastewater from offices etc.,” “wastewater from facilities for treating

and transporting ash,” “wastewater from coal storage yards” and “wastewater containing oil.” These types of

wastewater have different properties, and therefore, should be separately treated appropriately.

52

1) Flue gas treatment system (Prevention of air pollution)

Figure 3-27


The pictures on upper side of Figure 3-27 shows comparison of coal-fired power plant in the 1950s with that at

present, and visually shows that smoke discharge decreased due to the introduction of environmental treatment

equipment. In Japan, the public air pollution became a serious social problem from the 1960s to the 1970s. For

this reason, ever since the 1970s, various flue gas treatment equipment has been developed and introduced. The

graph on lower side of Figure 3-27 shows changes in emissions of NOx and SOx per kW. Due to the development

and introduction of flue gas treatment equipment, the emissions of air pollutants were drastically reduced.

Power plant in the 1950s

In Japan, progress was made in the introduction of

environmental treatment equipment such as denitration

equipment, desulfurization equipment, and dust

precipitators ever since the 1970s, during which

pollution became a serious issue.

Present-day coal-fired power plant (Hekinan Thermal Power Plant)

日本では公害問題が深刻化した１９７０年代以降脱硝、脱硫、

集じん等の環境対策設備の導入が進んだ。

Changes in NOx and SOx emissions per kW

日本では公害問題が深刻化した１９７０年代

以降脱硝、脱硫、集じん等の環境対策設備の導

入が進んだ。

53

Figure 3-28 Comparison of amounts of air pollutants discharged

Source: Data prepared by the Study team by using information materials

of the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan

Figure 3-28 shows amounts of SOx and NOx discharged per kWh in coal-fired power plants in various

countries. As compared to other countries in the world, the amounts of the above-mentioned substances

discharged from coal-fired power plants in Japan are extremely low. Furthermore, in Japan, the amount of the

aforementioned substances discharged from the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant of Chubu Electric Co., Inc. is

furthermore lower.

Figure 3-29 shows an outline of flue gas treatment facilities in a coal-fired power plant.

Figure3-29 Outline of flue gas treatment facilities


0.16

Hekinan

0.07

NOx

SOx

Hekinan USA Canada UK France Germany Italy Japan

(2005) (2005) (2005) (2005) (2005) (2005) (2007)

54

Figure3-30 Flue Gas treatment facilities in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant


Combustion gas from the boiler firstly passes through the denitration equipment, which removes nitrogen

oxides (NOx) in a high temperature state. Subsequently, this gas passes through the air preheater and through the

gas and gas heater heat recovery device, where the temperature is reduced. Then the above-mentioned gas passes

through the dry electrostatic precipitator, which serves to remove particles of soot.. Subsequently, this gas passes

through the induced draft fan, and is sent to the desulfurization equipment, which serves to remove sulfur oxides

(SOx).

Downstream of this equipment, the above-mentioned gas passes through the wet electrostatic precipitator,

which serves to remove particles of soot once again. Subsequently, the gas temperature in the gas and gas heater

reheating device is made to the temperature of flue gas high. Then this gas passes through the gas pressure boost

up fan, and is released from the stack.

The wet electrostatic precipitator is installed in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, where the regulations of flue

gas emission are very strict. Therefore, this equipment is not generally installed.

Figure 3-31 shows the process where air pollutants in exhaust gas are removed in each facilities of flue gas

treatment system.

Figure3-31 The process where air pollutants in exhaust gas are removed


2) Emission standards of exhaust gas

Figure 3-32 shows the emission standards in the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the Hekinan

Thermal Power Plant with the relevant local autonomous bodies, the emission standards specified in the Air

55

Pollution Control Law in Japan, and the emission standards for air pollutants (NO, SOx, and soot dust) contained

in the exhaust gas produced in coal-fired power plant in the case of the World Bank and the IFC (International

Finance Corporation).

Table 3-6 Comparison of criteria for discharge to the atmosphere


In the criteria of the World Bank and the IFC, areas are divided into places where air pollution is serious

(degraded airsheds) and other places (non-degraded airsheds).

In Japan, the criteria specified in the Air Pollution Control Law are formulated.

In the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant with the pertinent local

autonomous bodies (Aichi Prefecture and Hekinan City), criteria involving values stricter than those specified in

the Air Pollution Control Law are prescribed. In Japan, factories are concentrated in places such as the areas

around Tokyo Bay, around Ise Bay, and around the Inland Sea. In these areas, it is demanded that particularly

strict criteria be specified with regard to power plants, where large amounts of exhaust gas is discharged.

In Myanmar, the criteria to be complied with will be specified in the course of activities such as studies of

development of domestic laws and evaluations of environmental impacts.

In cease where power plants are to be constructed using loans from banks, it is a general practice to apply the

criteria of the IFC. Applicable criteria differ according to places where power plants are constructed. The criteria

of the IFC's NDA will be applied in places where the atmosphere is clean. In places where air pollution has

progressed, the DA criteria will be applied.

In Myanmar, the Environment Law was enacted in 2012. It is expected that in FY 2014, the criteria for the

atmosphere, wastewater, soil, noise, etc. will be submitted to the parliament and enacted. It is expected that

criteria specific to Myanmar will be formulated by referring to the criteria of the ADB, EU, and IFC.

Here, the IFC standard, which is widely used worldwide, will be borne in mind. On this basis, necessary

environmental measures equipment is described below.

mg/Nm3

56

3) Flue gas denitration equipment (Selective catalytic reduction [SCR] type)

Figure3-32: Schematic of flue gas denitration equipment


Figure 3-32 shows selective catalytic reduction (SCR) type denitration equipment.

In Japan, the criteria for nitrogen oxides (NOx) discharged from large-scale thermal power plants are strict.

Therefore, the selective catalytic reduction type is generally introduced as denitration equipment. This equipment

is arranged in such a way that ammonia is injected into high temperature exhaust gas, thereby being made to react

with nitrogen and water, with the result that nitrogen oxides are reduced. A catalyst serves to accelerate this

reaction. By means of this equipment, 80 to 90% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be removed. As regards nitrogen

oxides (NOx ), in countries and regions where the discharge criteria are lenient, denitration equipment is normally

not installed. Catalysts are expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to decide the necessity or non-necessity of

denitration equipment by taking account of discharge criteria that are applied at the stage of detailed studies.

The NOx discharge criteria in the case where DA area is applied pertaining to the IFC criteria in Myanmar, turn

out to be 200 mg/Nm3 (NO, PPm equivalent: 160 ppm). Therefore, denitration equipment is required. In cases

where NDA is applied pertaining to the IFC criteria, the NOx discharge criteria turn out to be 510 mg/Nm3 (NO,

PPm equivalent: 409 ppm). Therefore, denitration equipment is not required in the case of a boiler in which low

NOx fuel is taken into account. Depending on coal type, there is a possibility that the IFC and DA criteria can be

achieved. However, if in-furnace Nox reduction action is intensified with the aim of reducing the NOx

concentration at the boiler outlet, there is a fear that sulfuration corrosion will occur on the furnace wall

evaporation tube. Therefore, this practice is not desirable from the viewpoint of securing reliability for a long

period of time.

Next, a combustion method for suppressing the generation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is shown below:

57

Figure 3-33 Low NOx combustion method


Nitrogen oxides (NOx) that are generated by carrying out rapid combustion at high temperature, are called

thermal NOx. For the purpose of preventing the generation of thermal NOx, the following measures are taken so

that rapid combustion will be prevented from occurring at high temperature in the boiler.

Exhaust gas mixture combustion method:

An arrangement where burned gas is made to circulate again in the boiler furnace, and whereby rapid

combustion is suppressed by reducing the amount of oxygen.

Two-stage combustion method:

An arrangement whereby in places where burners exist, required air is not supplied in full amount, but

combustion air is supplied in two separate stages.

Low NOx burners:

An arrangement where in the burner portions, exhaust gas is mixed in, in addition to combustion air.

58

4) Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)

Figure 3-34 Schematic of electrostatic dust precipitator


Figure3-34 shows a dry electrostatic precipitator. This equipment consists of discharging electrodes (linear

articles), which discharge electrons, and dust collecting electrodes (plates), to which dust is made to stick. If the

discharging electrodes are charged with negative electricity and if the dust collecting electrodes are charged with

positive electricity, then electrons are released from the discharging electrodes, with the result that the ash

(particle) in the gas is charged with negative charges. Due to the above, the ash is attracted to the dust collecting

electrodes and stick to these electrodes. On a periodic basis, the ash that stuck to the dust collecting electrodes is

made to drop due to vibrations, and is recovered. The above-mentioned vibrations are generated, for example, by

means of a device whereby the plates constituting the dust collecting electrodes are tapped with hammers. By

means of this electrostatic precipitator, 99% or more of the ash (particle) in the exhaust gas is removed.

It is necessary to decide the required performance by carrying out detailed design at the stage when items such

as the coal to be used and the applicable criteria for discharge to the atmosphere are decided.

59

5) Flue gas desulfurization equipment (FGD)

Figure 3-35 Schematic of flue gas desulfurization equipment


Figure3-35 shows flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment based on the wet gypsum-limestone method.

Sulfur oxides (SO2) react with lime (CaCO3), oxygen, and water, and turns into gypsum (calcium sulfate) and

carbon dioxide (CO2). Flue gas desulfurization equipment based on the wet gypsum-limestone method is the fruit

of the use of this principle. It is so arranged that limestone crushed into a powdery state is mixed with water,

resulting in the generation of an absorber, and that this absorber is sprayed into exhaust gas. This equipment is

capable of removing 90 to 95% of the sulfur dioxides in the exhaust gas.

In recent coal-fired power plants in Japan, the general practice is to use flue gas desulfurization equipment

based on the wet gypsum-limestone method method. There are a single-tower structure where the soot dust

concentration at the flue gas desulfurization equipment inlet is reduced as much as possible and where the

dustproof cooling tower is eliminated (in the figure above), and a structure type in which a cooling tower aimed at

removing soot dust and cooling gas is installed upstream of the absorption tower.

A type called the “ low low-temperature dust precipitation system” is adopted in the latest flue gas treatment

system . In the case of single-tower type flue gas desulfurization equipment, it is necessary to reduce the soot dust

concentration at the desulfurization inlet. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the performance of the dry

electrostatic precipitator located upstream. In order to improve the dust precipitation performance, it is necessary

to reduce the gas temperature. Therefore, a low low-temperature dust precipitation system is adopted in which gas

- gas heater heat recovery machine is installed upstream of an electrostatic precipitator and in which the gas

temperature is reduced to 90OC or so. The heat recovered by a heat recovery device is used to raise the exhaust gas

temperature at the stack inlet.(gas - gas heater, gas reheater). The purpose of the above is to raise the temperature

of the gas released to the atmosphere, thereby improving atmospheric diffusion (the effective stack height is

increased).

In the event that the criteria of the IFC and the NDA (850 mg/Nm3. SO2 equivalent: 785 ppm) are applied in

Myanmar, it is considered that it may be possible to omit the flue gas desulfurization equipment in cases where

60

coal with a low sulfur content is used.

However, in this project, it is expected that various types of coal are purchased in the case of imported coal.

Also, the discharge criterias are unclear. Due to the above, studies will be promoted on the assumption that flue

gas desulfurization equipment will be installed.

Meanwhile, in foreign countries, the following flue gas desulfurization types are used, among others: a type

based on the dry limestone-calcium-sulfate method; and a type based on the seawater method. As to the issue of

which is the optimum type, it is necessary to make a decision at the project implementation stage by taking

account on matters such as discharge criteria and the procurability of limestone.

6) Stacks (heights and discharge temperatures)

Figure 3-36 Schematic of a Stack

Source: In-house information material of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc

Figure 3-36 shows the 200 m high centralized stack in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant. Stack heights are

deeply related to the atmospheric diffusion of exhaust gas. In the evaluation of environmental impacts, the

effective heights of Stacks are calculated from the heights of planned Stacks, gas flow velocities, and gas

temperatures.

Diffusion simulation is carried out on the assumption that exhaust gas diffusion occurs at the heights equal to

the effective stack heights calculated. Through simulations, calculation is made of the maximum ground level

concentrations of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particle. In the course of the evaluation of

environmental impacts, it is verified that the maximum ground level concentrations meet the environmental air

standards.

7) Reductions in greenhouse effect gas (CO2) emission

In order to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, it is indispensable to introduce high efficiency power

generation facilities. For this purpose, it is necessary to introduce power generation facilities using

ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers, which have high pressures and high temperatures.

Stack heights are an impotent factor

when calculating SOx, NOx, and

particulate diffusion during

environmental impact studies (EIS).

The design values of Stack heights,

gas flow velocities, and gas

temperatures are established in such a

way that maximum ground level

concentrations, which are the results

of the diffusion calculation in

environmental impact studies, will

meet the environmental criteria.

61

Terms related to steam conditions include “subcritical (SC) pressure,” “supercritical (SC) pressure,” and

“ultra-supercritical (USC) pressure.”

The items in Table3-7 shows rough definitions. Relevant defining values differ from manufacturer to

manufacturer. On this basis, rough defining values are shown in Figure 12. Relationships between steam

conditions and efficiencies are noted below. Figure 12 shows that the higher the pressures and temperatures under

steam conditions, the higher the power generation efficiencies.

Figure 3-7 Steam conditions and thermal efficiencies

Source: JICA, Clean Coal Technology in Indonesia, 2012

Subcritical (SubC) pressure conditions

Main steam pressure, reheated steam turbine inlet pressure < 22.1 MPa, Temperature 566C

Supercritical (SC) pressure conditions

Main steam pressure, reheated steam turbine inlet pressure 22.1 MPa, Temperature 566C

Ultra-supercritical (USC) pressure conditions

Main steam pressure, reheated steam turbine inlet pressure 22.1 MPa, Temperature 566C

Figure 3-37 shows comparisons between the subcritical (SubC) conditions and the ultra-supercritical (USC)

pressure conditions. Given below are differences in construction costs and CO2 emissions between the subcritical

(SubC) conditions and the ultra-supercritical (USC) conditions.

62

Figure 3-37 Comparisons between the subcritical pressure conditions and

the ultra-supercritical pressure conditions


Construction costs become higher under the USC conditions. This is because it is necessary to use materials

capable of withstanding high temperatures. Meanwhile, under the USC conditions, efficiencies become higher.

Therefore, under the USC conditions, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions become lower than under the

subcritical conditions. The notion that the adoption of the ultra-supercritical (USC) conditions is advantageous

from the viewpoint of CO2 reduction and running costs is generally the case.

63

Figure 3-38 shows CO2 emissions in various countries. CO2 emissions from China and the United States are

very high. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions from Myanmar is so low as to be approximately 1/1,000 of CO2 emissions

in China,

Figure 3-38 CO2 emissions in the world originating from energy (2011)

Source: Data cited from the website of the Ministry of the Environment

Table 3-8 CO2 emissions in 2011 (Numbers are in millions of t-CO2.)

Country Emissions

China 7,999.6

United States 5,287.2

Japan 1,186.0

Myanmar 8.3

Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of information

provided on the website of the Ministry of the Environment

CO2 emission in the world (Energy consumption base)

China

Indonesia

Brazil

Australia

South Africa Others

a

America

South Korea

Canada

Iran

Saudi Arabia

Mexico

EU 27

countries India

Russia

Japan

France Italy

UK

German

y

31.3billion ton

64

Figure 3-39 and Table3-9 show CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 originating from energy. Emissions per capita

in Myanmar are approximately 1/100 of those in the United States.

Figure3-39 CO2 emissions per capita originating from energy as classified by country (2011)


Table3-9 CO2 emissions per capita in 2011 (Numbers are in millions of t-CO2.)

Country name CO2 emissions per capita

China 5.92

United States 16.94

Japan 9.28

Myanmar 0.17

Source: Data prepared by the Study team on the basis of information

provided on the website of the Ministry of the Environment

CO2 emission per capita in the world (2011)

Average of the world

Qatar

China

Qatar

France

Qatar

Mexico

Qatar

Brazil

Qatar

Indonesia

Qatar

India

Qatar

Nigeria

Qatar

Iran

Qatar

Italy

Russia

Japan

South Africa

England

Germany

Saudi Arabia

South Korea

Canada

America

Australia

UAE

Qatar

65

Figure 3-40 shows changes in CO2 emissions originating from energy in major countries. Emissions undergo

significant increases in China, where emissions are the highest in the world. It is considered that in China,

emissions will increase in the future as well.

Figure 3-40 Changes in CO2 emissions originating from energy, as classified by major country


Although the amount of CO2 emissions in Myanmar is rather low compared to the other countries at

present, it is predicted the CO2 emissions will be increased according to the economic development in the

future. It is important to reduce the CO2 emissions in the world including Myanmar by introducing Clean

Coal Technology(CCT) from Japan.

China

America

India

Russia

Japan

German

Canada

England

Brazil

Italy

France

Spain

EU 27

66

7) Wastewater treatment facilities

Figure 3-41 Schematic of wastewater treatment facilities


Figure 3-41 shows wastewater treatment facilities in a coal-fired power plant. In these facilities, various types

of wastewater are generated. The properties of wastewater differ from type to type. Therefore, it is necessary to

carry out appropriate treatment depending on individual types of wastewater.

Human sewage from buildings: BOD and COD should be removed.

Desulfurization wastewater from desulfurization equipment:

Fluorine, metals, nitrogen, and COD should be removed

Start-up wastewater from the plant (wastewater containing chemicals):

Hydrazine and COD should be removed, and the wastewater thus treated should be reused.

Treatment of unsteady wastewater:

That type of cleaning wastewater etc, for relevant devices which comprise nitrogen contents should be

neutralized. The nitrogen contents should be flocculated and precipitated. The wastewater thus treated

should be reused.

Treatment of wastewater containing waste liquid:

That type of wastewater from water treatment equipment which does not comprise nitrogen contents

should be subjected to flocculation and precipitation, with the result that the wastewater thus treated

should be reused.

67

Those types of wastewater from oil tanks or various devices which contain oil:

Oil contents should be removed.

Surplus water in ash discarding places: SS should be removed, and pH values should be adjusted.

Rainwater in coal storage yards:

This rainwater should be used for purposes such as sprinkling water onto coal piles.

Figure 3-42shows an outline of the wastewater treatment system in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant.

In power plants in Japan, various types of treatment are carried out to meet the wastewater criteria. With regard

to the structures of wastewater treatment facilities, various methods are introduced, such as the control of pH

values, removal of very small substances (SS: Suspended Solid), living organism treatment by using bacteria, and

treatment for removing nitrogen and phosphorus. Furthermore, with the aim of reducing the amount of water,

actions are taken to reuse treated wastewater. The configurations of treatment devices differ from plant to plant.

Therefore, detailed explanations of individual devices are omitted in this document.

Figure3-42 Wastewater systems in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant


68

Table3-10 Wastewater criteria in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant

Source: Data prepared by the study team on the basis of

the Wastewater Criteria of the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant

Table3-10 shows the wastewater criteria specified in the Pollution Control Agreements concluded by the

Hekinan Thermal Power Plant with the relevant local autonomous bodies. With regard to wastewater also,

coal-fired power plants are required to establish strict criteria similarly to the case of exhaust gas.

9) Sound insulation and vibration control measures

Next, noise and vibration prevention measures are shown below. Figure3-43 shows the sound insulation and

vibration control measures. In the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, large-sized machines such as turbines, boilers,

transformers, and large-sized fans are installed inside of buildings, resulting in reduced noise. Insulation members

for absorbing and reducing sound are used in building walls.

Figure 3-43

69

Source: Data prepared by the study team

Table3-11 Vibration and noise criteria in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant


In the graph in Table 3-11, regulation values for vibrations in the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant are shown in

the upper column, and regulation values for noise in this power plant is shown in the lower column. The Hekinan

Thermal Power Plant is located in an area consisting of industrial zones and agricultural zones. The numbers of

residences in neighboring sites are low. Under these circumstances, agreements containing these strict criteria

were concluded with the relevant local autonomous bodies.

10) Coal scatter prevention measures

The coal scatter prevention equipment, which is a portion of the coal facilities, is shown below.

Figure 3-44 Wind shielding fence for preventing coal

scatter

Figure3-45 Coal scatter prevention by sprinkling

water onto a coal pile

70

Figure 3-46 Unloader Figure3-47 Belt conveyor enclosed with a coal scatter

prevention cover


Around the coal yard, a wind shielding fence for reducing wind speed is installed for the purpose of preventing

dust scatter. The shielding fence is designed in such a way that the fence height is higher than those of the coal

piles. Water is sprayed to the coal piles, the conveyor connection portions, the unloader, and the excavation

protons of the reclaimer, in an effort to prevent dust scatter. Dust scatter prevention measures are taken by means

of the following, among others; Covers are installed in the vertical elevator portion of the unloader and on the

conveyor.

11) Harbor facilities

a) Assumption of ships

General specifications of oceangoing ships used for the import of coal are shown in the Figure below. The full

load draft is 13 – 15 m. Therefore, it is necessary that the port of landing have a water depth of 16 m or more. As

shown in Figure3-48, in order to secure a water depth of 16 m or more in neighboring areas of this project site, it

becomes necessary for a jetty to protrude into the sea area, leading to increased construction cost.

In this project, it is assumed that wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ships will be used for maritime

transportation of coal, thereby importing coal from Indonesia and Australia. Studies are made under the following

conditions.

Deadweight capacity: 80,000 DWT

Cargo handling time: 2 to 3 days/ship

Cargo handling frequency: 1 to 2 times/month

In the Hekinan Thermal Power Plant, the water depth near the pier is 14 m. Therefore, general large-sized

oceangoing ships cannot land. However, maritime transportation and landing of coal is carried out by means of

wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ships.

71

Table 3-12 Typical coal ship specifications

Ship type Deadweight capacity tonnage

(DWT)

Draft

Kamsarmax 82,000-ton type 14.5 m or so

Panamax (P’max) 70,000-ton type 14.3 – 4 m or so

Handymax/Supramax/Ultramax 50,000-ton – 64,000-ton type Approximately 13 m


Figure 3-48 Water depths in neighboring areas of Kyaikami


Table3-13 Outline of a wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ship

1 2 3 4

Deadweight capacity tonnage (DWT) 88,495 90,685 91,860 91,765

Load weight at a draft of 11.80 m 86,548 86,400 87,800 81,067

Full load draft (summertime) 11.89 12.05 12.11 12.87

Mold depth 18.7 18.7 18.7 19.3

Gross tonnage 55,130 55,300 55,295 52,964


72

Figure3-49 External appearance view of wide-width, shallow-draft dedicated ship


b) Pier facilities (Length of the pier)

Data which are based on the global wave numeric value prediction model GPV (GWM), and which cover a

period of 6 years from 2008 to 2013, were consolidated. Subsequently, wave heights, wave directions, and cycle

appearance frequencies around the candidate place for the thermal power plant were analyzed. As a consequence,

the properties of waves and wing conditions are confirmed.

(a) Target places

Four places, A to D, which are located around the candidate place, and in which GPD data can be obtained, are

taken as target places,

Shown below are GPV data extraction places.

73

Figure3-50 Points at which items of GPV data were extracted


(b) Summary of the wave height incidence

The following table summarizes the wave height incidences at different points.

Table 3-14 Wave height incidences at different points

Wave height

(m)

Incidence (%)

Point A Point B Point C Point D

0.00 - 1.00 61.6 59.0 58.0 60.3

1.00 - 2.00 32.1 32.0 32.3 33.1

2.00 - 3.00 5.6 7.9 8.4 5.9

3.00 - 4.00 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8

4.00 - 0.1 0.1


Significant differences in the incidence between points were not observed, with the incidence of wave heights

of 1.0 m or less being approximately 60% at all points.

To increase the availability factor of the coal unloading berth, the arrangement of breakwaters is considered.

Assuming that the rough wave height ratio is 0.5 in consideration of the shielding effect produced by the

breakwaters, the incidence of wave heights of 1.0 m or less is estimated at 90% or more.

Table 3-15 shows the estimated values of incidences of wave heights after the installation of breakwaters.

A

B

D

C

A : N16°00′ E97°30′B : N15°30′ E97°30′C : N15°30′ E97°00′D : N16°00′ E97°00′

74

Table 3-15 Incidence of wave heights after the installation of breakwaters

Wave height

(m)

Incidence (%)

Point A Point B Point C Point D

0.00 - 1.00 93.6 90.9 90.3 93.3

1.00 - 2.00 6.4 9.0 9.6 6.7

2.00 - 3.00 0.1 0.1

3.00 - 4.00


(c) Summary of incidences of wave heights

The following figured show the scatter tables with a range of wave height and wave direction bins at each point

(wave rose). At every point, the frequency of the southwest wind is high with high wave heights. For this reason,

the off-shore breakwaters for this project will be designed in an arrangement that will prevent the impact of the

southwest wind.

Figure3-51. Wave Rose at point A Figure3-52. Wave Rose at point B

Figure3-53. Wave Rose at point C Fig3-54 Wave Rose at point D


20

40

60%

Ｎ

20 40 60

%Ｅ

Ｓ

Ｗ

0～1m 1～2m 2～3m 3m～

Annual Wave Rose

20

40

60%

Ｎ

20 40 60

%Ｅ

Ｓ

Ｗ

0～1m 1～2m 2～3m 3m～

Annual Wave Rose

20

40

60%

Ｎ

20 40 60

%Ｅ

Ｓ

Ｗ

0～1m 1～2m 2～3m 3m～

Annual Wave Rose

20

40

60%

Ｎ

20 40 60

%Ｅ

Ｓ

Ｗ

0～1m 1～2m 2～3m 3m～

Annual Wave Rose

75

(d) Study of the port layout

Using the availability factor of the coal unloading berth calculated from the GPV data for the vicinity of the

candidate site as an index, the layout of the port auxiliary facilities of the thermal power station was studied.

(e) Conditions under which the study is made

Table 3-16 shows the conditions under which the study is made.

In the study, target ships, the depth of water of berth, and the berth length are given conditions, and the tide

level is that of the port of Yangon given in Material 1192 of the Port and Airport Research Institute: the “on-site

survey of the damage due to the 2008 storm surge in the port of Yangon.” The design wave height is defined

according to the wave height assumed to occur at a point with a depth of water of 17.0 m at which a breakwater is

to be installed.

Table 3-16 Conditions under which the study is made

Item Value

Target ship 80,000 DWT

Depth of water of berth h = 15.0m

Length of coal unloading berth L = 350m

Tide level H.W.L. = 5.80m

L.W.L. = 0.70m

Design wave height H1/3 = 6.0m


The study this time is based on calculations made by means of charts and given data, with no on-site data that

has been acquired through measurement. For this reason, accurate depths of water, conditions of soil, and

conditions of weather and oceanographic phenomena are not considered in the present study.

The study has been conducted under the following assumptions also:

All equipment and materials can be procured locally;

A yard and access to it can be secured;

A port of evacuation is nearby; and

Authorization and licensing are not considered.

(f) Selection of a layout

Three typical varieties of berths for unloading coal, a dredged anchorage type, an off-shore extending

breakwater type, and an off-shore extending berth plus off-shore breakwater type, were studied to select one of

them.

76

Figure3-55. Dredged anchorage

type

Figure3-56 Off-shore extending

breakwater type

Figure3-57 Off-shore extended berth

plus off-shore breakwater type


a) Dredged anchorage type

Breakwater

Constructed as far as the point at which the water is deep, the breakwater protects sea routes near the

port entrance and the anchorage from the waves of the open sea and prevents the sea routes near the port

entrance and the anchorage from being buried in drift sand.

Dredging of mooring facilities and anchorages

The area of sea in front is dredged to establish sea routes and anchorages. Soil and sand from dredging

is used to prepare land in the rear or reclaim land from the sea.

From the breakwater (a sand control hedge) used also as a passage, a berth is constructed to prepare

places for ships to come alongside the berth.

Maintenance

To secure the depth of water below sea routes and anchorages, maintenance dredging is conducted

periodically.

Sedimentation due to drift sand and erosion occur at the base of the breakwater (a groin).

b) Off-shore extending breakwater type

Breakwater

Constructed as far as a point at which the water is deep, the breakwater protects places for ships to come

alongside the berth from the waves of the open sea.

Mooring facilities

From the breakwater used also as a passage, a berth is constructed to prepare places for ships to come

alongside it.

Maintenance

Sedimentation due to drift sand and erosion occur at the base of the breakwater.

c) Off-shore extended berth plus off-shore breakwater type

Breakwater

An off-shore breakwater (a detached breakwater) is constructed to protect places at which ships come

alongside the berth.

77

Mooring facilities

The berth is constructed as far as a point at which the water is deep to provide places at which ships

come alongside the berth.

Maintenance

With the approach trestle constructed with piles and hence not stopping the flow, no coastal deformation

due to drift sand occurs.

In this analysis, distance from the coast and (c) is fixed and subjected to construction cost comparisons for each

type. If a dredged anchorage type is selected, the two bridges are required, off-shore extended berth plus off-shore

breakwater type, in order to avoid the effects of waves, as compared with other types, and require long breakwater

from the fact that it is, off-shore extending breakwater type it can be seen that less construction cost compared to

other types.

Therefore, in this project, construction cost is preliminary estimated based on off-shore extending breakwater

type, using the chart in Mawlamyine suburbs area, distance from the coast line of up to a depth of (a) that can

dock coal carrier and assuming the distance required breakwater.

Figure3-58. Assuming type


In the next step of the feasibility study, it is recommended that more detailed surveys of the specific area for the

potential projects site be performed in terms of:

- Depth of sea water due to the availability of old chart only at present

- Area for the Project along the coast line due to the view of rocky area and limited hinterland at some area

78

(g) Outline design of port facilities (a. Off-shore extended berth plus breakwater type)

A) Off-shore breakwater (standard cross-sectional view)

According to the chart, the off-shore breakwater is located at a position at which the depth of water is 17m. It will be completed in a 2,150-m-long riprap sloping

breakwater.

Figure3-59 shows the standard cross-sectional view of an off-shore breakwater.

Figure3-59 Standard cross-sectional view of an off-shore breakwater


Upperconcrete

Foundation rubble 100 500kg

Concrete

arm

or unit

( 32t T

etrap

od )

Armor s

tone

( 2t )

Armor stone

( 1t )

Concrete armor unit

( 16 t Tetrapod )

Sea side Harbor side

79

B) Approach trestle (Standard cross-sectional view)

Figure3-60 shows the standard cross-sectional view of the 3,500-m-long approach trestle.

Figure 3-60 Standard cross-sectional view of the approach trestle

(vertical pile trestle; average depth of water: 7.0 m)


C) Coal unloading berth (Standard cross-sectional view)

The coal unloading berth shall be built in a vertical pile berth structure with a length of 350 m at a depth of

water of 15.0 m.

Figure 3-60 shows the standard cross-sectional view of the coal unloading berth.

Figure 3-60 Standard cross-sectional view of the coal unloading berth

(vertical pile trestle; average depth of water: 15.0 m)


80

The items of data that will be needed to carry out detailed studies are shown below:

・ Boring data (soil conditions)

・ Sounding data (depth of water)

・ Weather and marine conditions data (tide, wave, and flow regime)

・ Market survey (prices of materials, etc.)

・ Target ships

・ Port facilities and installations (unloader specifications)

・ Availability factor required for the operation of facilities (calmness inside the port)

c) Other facilities required (tugboats, guard ships, oil fences, etc.)

In the coal unloading facilities, tugboats should be provided for coal transportation ships to turn round safely in

the anchorage. For safe navigation in the waters, guard ships to guide coal transportation ships should be provided

also. Oil fences are installed as a countermeasure against leakage that could occur at the time of unloading coal or

light oil, auxiliary fuel.

12) Coal unloading, storage, and transportation facilities (Coal Handling System)

(a) Conveyor systems

Coal transportation conveyors are roughly classified into a “receiving system” from the coal unloading berth to

the coal storage yard, a “delivery system” from the coal storage yard to the coal blending system, and a “coal

feeding system” from the coal blending system to the boiler coal banker.

In consideration of the kind of coal or of the storage period, a “recycling system” is provided, as required, by

which piles of coal are heaped up over again to prevent coal from heating. In addition, some plants assume an

addition of a “direct feed system” that feeds coal from a coal ship directly to the boiler.

Figure 3-62 shows a diagram of the coal unloading and transportation system at the time of the construction of

units 1 to 3 at the Hekinan Thermal Power Station, Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

Receiving system: The system running from the coal unloading berth to the coal storage yard.

Delivery system: The system from the coal storage yard to the coal blending system

Coal feed system: The system from the coal blending system to the boiler coal banker

Recycling system: The system by which heaps of coal are piled up over again in the coal storage yard

Direct feed system: The system to transport coal from coal transporting ships directly to the boiler (a system

that is used when accumulation and delivery inside the coal storage yard cannot be performed.)

81

Figure3-62 Conveyor systems

Source: Chubu Electric Power in-house material

The coal storage capacity of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is designed to store an amount of coal of

680,000 tons that the power station equipped with three units of 700 MW each consumes for the duration of about

45 days. The total area of the coal storage yard is 460,000 m2, with the area of the coal storing portion being about

150,000 m2. The area required for a coal storage yard is determined in consideration of the heating value of the

coal used, the efficiencies of the power generating units, and the number of days of storage required, and other

factors. In this project, facilities are planned that can store an amount of coal of about 200,000 tons for 45 days on

the assumption that the coal equivalent to that used in the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is imported. It is

accordingly estimated that an area corresponding to one occupied by approximately two piles in the coal storage

yard of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is needed.

A pile in the coal storage yard of the Hekinan Thermal Power Station is 47 m in width, 13 m in stowage height,

and about 550 m in the length of a stowed pile. On the basis of this example, the configuration and dimensions of

the coal unloading and transportation system in this project are assumed as shown in Figure3-59.

82

Figure3-63A plan for a coal unloading and transportation system C

ase

1

The cost is the lowest.

With only one S/R, coal cannot be

sent if it fails.

Cas

e 2

Cost: medium

Coal can be sent if an S/R fails.

(1)

Cas

e 3

Cost: large

A future

addition of

one unit can

be

accommodat

ed.


Case 1 shows the lowest-cost system. With only one stack reclaimer (S/R), coal cannot be sent if it fails. In

addition, since the stack reclaimer is used for stacking onto a pile when coal is unloaded from a coal transportation

ship, a common stack reclaimer cannot send coal to the boiler. Stack reclaimers with a function of allowing a

given proportion of coal to flow downstream during stacking are available; it is desirable to adopt stack reclaimers

with the bypass function. Furthermore, with the yard conveyor also being in a single-line configuration in this

case, doubling the conveyor line in the coal transporting and delivery system to secure redundancy does not

enable coal transportation should the yard conveyor fail.

Case 2 is a plan to provide two stack reclaimers and two yard conveyors to secure the same amount of coal

storage as in Case 1 and the redundancy alike, with the reliability increasing.

Case 3 proposes a coal storage pile whose length is the same as that proposed in Case 1, doubling the amount of

Approx. 500 m

Berth

Berth

Approx. 250 m

Berth

Approx. 500 m

Boiler

Coal mixing building

Granulating

building

Coal mixing

building

Granulating

building

Boiler

Coal mixing

building

Granulating

building

Boiler

Stack/reclaimer

(S/R)

Approx. 600 – 700 m

Approx. 350 – 450 m

83

coal storage. When the addition of units in the future is considered, this plan is preferable.

In advancing the project actually, Case 1 will be adopted to minimize the expenses when constructing one unit,

and as units are added, consideration will be given to the securing of the site and to the layout so that piles can be

added as in Case 3. Or when the plan for an addition of units in near future is decided definitely at the time of

constructing the first unit, it may be desirable to proceed with the construction according to the plan shown in

Case 3 from the beginning. This will require more expenses than Case 2 will do; with the equipment configuration

not differing from that in Case 2, therefore, the expenses will not increase substantially.

(b) Unloader

Figure3-64 shows a bucket elevator type unloader installed in the Hekinan Thermal Power Station. The bucket

elevator section of the unloader is enclosed with a cover to prevent dust particles from flying. Figure 3-65 shows a

bridge-shaped crane unloader (a glove bucket-type unloader).

Figure 3-64 Unloader (elevator-type)

Source: Chubu Electric Power in-house material

Figure3-65 Unloader (glove bucket-type)

Source：Cited from the website of Hitachi Plant Mechanics Co., Ltd.

84

(c) Stacker reclaimer

Figure 3-66 Stacker reclaimer

Source: Internal reference of Chubu Electric Power

(d) Reclaimer

Figure3-67 Reclaimer


(e) Stacker

Figure 3-68 Stacker


85

In this project, usage of stackreclaimer was mentioned. It is recommended that stackreclaimer has a function of

by-pass system to enable to feed coal directly to the boiler from the berth.

(f) Coal blending system and coal screen

Figure 3-69 Full drawing of coal blending system and coal screen


Coal blending portion (on right-side above):

for taking out 2 types of coal from hoppers and blend them on the belt conveyer

Coal screen portion (on left-side above):

for sorting out coal pieces of large sizes by applying vibrations and send them to a crusher

(g) Winds-intercepting fence

Fence made up of bent steel plates with punched-out holes (bent perforated plates) for reducing winds blowing

in a coal storage yard.

86

Figure 3-70 Winds-intercepting fence


(h) Water sprinkler fire extinguisher

At Hekinan Thermal Power Station, water sprinkler fire extinguishers are installed in such a way that every part

of a coal pile can be sprinkled with more than 10 liters/min of water, which is the standard for installing fire

extinguishers stipulated in the Fire Protection Low.

Figure 3-71 Water sprinkler fire extinguisher


87

13) Ash disposal facility

Figure 3-72 Ash disposal facility


Coal-fired power plant produces a vast amount of ashes as a result of burning coal. Ashes here refer to powdery

fly ash captured by an electrical dust precipitator or the like, clinker ash produced by ash melted in high-burning

temperatures within a boiler, pyrite discharged from a mill for crushing coal pieces as a foreign substance and so

on.

Furthermore, a desulfurization device produces gypsum as a byproduct. To collect such materials efficiently,

appropriate designed handling system should be considered.

Shown in Figure3-72 is the ash handling system for units No. 4 & 5 in Hekinan Thermal Power Station.

The system is equipped with a subsystem for sorting ash based on its granularity (system for quality control of

coal ash). Small granular ash is recycled as a high valuable substance. As for transport of ash, the system is ready

for both land transport (using tank trucks) and sea transport. At units 4 & 5 in Hekinan Thermal Power Station

shown in the figure, all ashes are reused effectively. As for gypsum, the handling system for it is ready for both

land transport and sea transport as well.

14) Effective utilization of byproducts produced at coal-fired power plant

A coal-fired power plant produces a variety of byproducts such as gypsum, fly ash, clinker ash and so on. At

Hekinan Thermal Power Station, all byproducts are recycled using these respectively as a raw material for cement

and the like, a material for land reclamation and a material for sale as valuable. The thermal power station is

equipped with a device shown in Figure 3-75 for sorting out high-quality fly ash. Since there is a cement factory

in a nearby area in Mawlamyine, there is a favorable environment for the planned power plant to recycle the

88

byproduct.

When constructing a power plant, a survey should be carried out to identify effective ways of utilizing its

byproducts and carry out required equipment design for it based on this survey.

Figure3-73 Byproducts of coal-fired power generation


Figure3-74 Status of effective utilization of byproducts at Hekinan Thermal Power Station


<Fly ash (valuable ash>

This substance has superior properties as a mixing ingredient for cement such as 1. fine granularity, 2. light

weight and 3. enhancing effect on material’s strength. Fly ash compliant with JIS* standards are used in the

Fly ash

870

(91%)

Clinker

90

(9%)

Recycle

for cement

material,

583

(61%)

Export

122,

(13%)

ＡＳＥＣ,

48

(5%)

Reclaim,

104

(11%)

Sell

99

(10%)

Annual amount of

by-product in 2013

[Thousand Ton]

89

following ways:

Table3-17 Example of effective use of fly ash

Concrete production field Concrete for dams, secondary products (blocks, etc.)

Civil engineering field Spraying material for tunnel walls, filler for asphalt, etc.

Building construction field Material for exterior walls, floors, etc.

Others Mixing ingredient for plastic

* JIS: Japanese Industrial Standard


<Clinker ash>

This porous substance has superior properties as a material for improving soil quality such as 1. light weight, 2.

water retention capability, 3. high permeability and is used in the following ways:

Table3-18 Example of effective use of clinker ash

Civil engineering field Material for lower layers of roadbed, anti-freeze material, land

improvement material, light-weight filler, etc.

Agriculture field Farm field improvement material, raw material for culture soil,

fertilizer, lawn curing material

Others Wastewater purifying material, etc.


90

Figure 3-75 System for quality control of coal ash


91

(7) Power transmission and substation facilities

When an access to existing power grids is considered, Mawlamyine 230 kV substation exists as the one closest

to the planned power plant. This substation’s system voltage is 230 kV class level. Therefore, access to a power

grid through this substation and impacts of the planned power plant on the 230 kV power grid were reviewed.

a) Existing power grid plan

According to the current 5-year plan of the Myanma Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE), Mon State, in which

Mawlamyine is located, is slated for enhancement of 66 kV power grids, but there is no immediate plan for

enhancing trunk power grids for 500 kV and 230 kV.

Table3-19 Five-year plan for transmission and substation enhancement

State/region Transmission line [mile] Substation [MVA]

500kV 230kV 132kV 66kV 500kV 230kV 132kV 66kV

Mon ― ― ― 91 ― ― ― 100

Kayin ― 80 ― 39 ― 200 ― 10

Tanintharyi ― 142 ― ― ― 200 ― 20

Bago 167 366 ― ― 1000 ― ― ―

Yangon ― 135 ― ― 900 ― ― ―

Source: Ministry of Electric Power

According to the power transmission line expansion plan up to fiscal 2015 of MoEP, installation of 230 kV

transmission lines between Tathon and Mawlamyine is planned. If this plan is realized, the power grid connections

between Yangon, the load center in Myanmar and Mawlamyine, an entry point to the Indochina peninsula will be

strengthened with the 230 kV transmission lines.

Other than this plan, development of a group of hydropower plants in neighboring regions to Mon State is

planned. Contingent on this plan, access to the existing power grid via Tathon Substation from the hydropower

plants is planned (see Figure3-76).

Table 3-20 Power transmission line expansion plan

Substation

(start point)

Substation

(end point) Voltage Conductor

Distance

Miles(km)

Tathon Mawlamyine 230 Single 50 (80.5)

Source: Ministry of Electric Power (2014)

92

Figure 3-76 Power grid development plan

Source: Ministry of Electric Power (2014)

b) Access to power grid

Two sets of 230 kV power transmission lines should newly be installed from MEPE’s Mawlamyine substation

in the vicinity of the project site to connect up with the planned power station.


93

Figure 3-77

Source: Compiled by survey delegation

c) Power grid analysis

Mawlamyine, the capital city of Mon State, is located 150 km away, in straight line distance, toward the east

from Yangon. There lies, however, a bay between the two, and these two cities are separated by 300 km of an

overland route distance (with the routes forming the two sides of an equilateral triangle geographically). The city

is at the root of the Indochina peninsula and in the front line for extending power trunk lines toward the southern

part of Myanmar.

Therefore, based on the power grid development plan shown in Figure 3-76, the following were established as

the conditions for reviewing access to the existing power grid from the planned power plant.

Supplying of high-quality electric power to Mon State and its neighboring states/regions, specifically to

Tanintharyi and Kayin

Supplying of power to Yangon Region, a huge center of power consumption, and to Bago State en route to

Yangon for the transmission of power

G

230kV

230kV Mawlamyine Substation

Project site

740MVA

Two 230 kW power outlets to be newly

installed

Tathon, etc.

(Wire type: 605MCM (Duck) 2 conductors)

Two 230kV transmission lines to

be newly installed

Main transformer

Start-up

transformer

6.6kV

To

distribution

board

94

Figure 3-78 Schematic diagram of power supply from planned power plant


・ Detailed analysis

i) Forecasted peak power demand

Growth rates of power demand for the respective regions included in the power grid analysis here are as shown

below:

Table3-21 Region-wise power demand growth rates forecasted by MEPE

State/region

Forecasted growth rate of power demand

[%]

Growth rate of power demand

in 2012 [%]

2015 2020 2025 2030 GDP 人口

Mon 38 11 11 11 9.3 1.0

Kayin 56 11 7 7 10.6 1.2

Tanintharyi 9 20 9 9 8.8 1.3

Bago 12 11 11 11 10.3 1.1

Yangon 15 15 15 15 9.5 1.2

Source: Reference of Myanma Electric Power Enterprise

Based on these figures, forecasted peak power demand for the respective regions/states is calculated as follows:

Table 3-22 Forecasted power demand by region (peak power)

Region/state

Peak power [MW]

2012 Forecast

2020 2030

Mon 45 116 418

Kayin 13 70 165

Tanintharyi 52 101 290

Bago 131 180 646

Yangon 742 2,800 8,209

Nationwide 1,874 5,020 14,542


Tanintharyi

Bago

95

ii) Identification of power grid to be analyzed

Power grid to be analyzed and preconditions of analysis concerning power demand and supply were as

described below.

・ Power grid

The 230 kV power grid interval between the Kamarnat substation, which would be connected to the planned

power plant and the Mawlamyine substation through which the power plants to be analyzed access the power grid

was subjected to a detailed analysis. Since a 500 kV line is planned to be interconnected with the grid at the

Kamarnat substation as shown in Figure 3-72, Therefore, the area further than the Kamarnat substation in the

Yangon region was not cared in this analysis in consideration with assumption of strong stability.

・ Demand

The forecasted power demand by region (peak power) shown in Table 3-22 was distributed to the key 230 kV

substations described above. In the analysis, the forecasted peak power figures for 2020 (closest to the earliest

implementation timing for the planned power plant subject to analysis) based on the “conditions for reviewing

access to the existing power grid from the planned power plant” above.

・ Supply (capability)

The following conditions were set to check the capabilities of the power generation plants subjected to the

analysis.

Exclusion of hydropower stations in Hyatkyi and Beelin shown in Figure3-75 (in consideration of lead

time for the development of a hydropower station, these were excluded).

Suspended operation of the existing gas-fired thermal power plant in Tathon for ciritical scene in the

analysis

Full and constant output operation for the power generation plants subjected to the analysis, which is

supplemented by the power generated solely at the planned power station

96

Forecasted peak power figures for the power grid subjected to the analysis and those at the respective key 230

kV substations are shown in Figure 3-79.

Figure 3-79 Analyzed power grid and forecasted peak demand figures


Elements of 230 kV transmission wires and voltage adjustment range at 230 kV are as follows:

Table3-23

Wire type Amperage Heat capacity

[MWA]

Heat capacity [MW]

(PF-0.85)

2×Duck 605 MCM (single) 1,124 447 380


Table3-24

Electricity class for

analysis

Voltage adjustment range for

analysis

Current operational voltage

adjustment range

230 kV ±5% (±11.5 kV) ±12% (±28 kV)


iii) Result

Analysis results are shown in Figure 3-80. It is assumed for the analysis that an additional transmission line is

installed over the interval between the Mawlamyine substation and the Tathon substation to supply electricity

generated at the planned power plant. By using a reactive power regulator additionally to reduce reactive power

Kamarnat

Tathon

Mawlamyaine

91

13

Myeik46

Kawkareik

5Sittaung

40

98

600MW

“Potential”

280MW

Beelin

51MW

Hatkyi

1360MW

Myeik

Mawlamyine

Tathon

97

losses created when transmitting electricity over long-distance wires, it is possible to supply electricity to the

Myeik substation, which is a hub to supply power to the southern part of the Indochina peninsula and to the

Kamaranat substation, which controls supply of electricity to the Bago and Yangon regions.

Voltages are all within the adjustment range except for the 216 kV (94%) result for the bus line in the Kamarnat

substation. Here, the voltage at this substation can be considered to be affected by the reduction of the part of the

analyzed power grid further than the planned power station. It is expected that the voltage result in a more detailed

analysis will be within the adjustment range.

Figure3-80 Analysis result (for forecasted power grid in 2020)


98

(8) Others

Facilities for coexistence with local communities

Figure 3-81 Facilities for coexistence with local communities


Shown in Figure 3-81 are facilities built by Hekinan Thermal Power Station for coexistence with local

communities. These are part of our initiatives for gaining understanding of local residents by providing

information on coal-fired thermal power plants to them at these facilities.

Flower garden in a park open to local residents (top right)

Public relations hall in front and flower garden and wild bird park in back (top left)

Fishing park constructed around a water discharge channel and water discharge area (open to local residents)

(bottom)

99

Figure 3-82 Example of public road and facility construction


Construction of a power plant brings a lot of benefits to local governments and communities:

Increased tax revenues

Implementation of public roads and facilities

Increased numbers of restaurants and lodging facilities

Increase employment opportunities

To facilitate the construction and operation of a power plant, it is important to coexist with local communities

along with keeping up proper operation and maintenance of it by establishing appropriate environmental standards

and installing appropriate equipment.

100

Chapter 4 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts

(1) Analysis of the environmental and social conditions at present

1) Analysis of Present Condition

a) Natural Condition

a. Topography and Geographical Features

Mon State is situated on the mouth of Sittaung River. It is surrounded by Bago Division in the North, Kayin

State in the East, Thailand and Tanintharyi Division in the South and the Andaman Sea and Gulf of Martaban in

the West. Thanbyuzayat Township is located between north latitudes 15°58'N and 16° 20'N and 97°15' E and 97°

30'E. Thanbyuzayat Township has an area of 823.62 km² (318 square miles) and it stretches from Wagaru Creek in

the north and Htinyu Creek in the south.

Thanbyuzayat Township is located around 30 m (100 ft) in average above sea level according to information

from Thanbyuzayat General Administration Department (GAD) in 2014. Geographically, Thanbyuzayat Township

extends north to south along the foothill of Taungngyo Range in the east and coastal region in the west.

Taungngyo Range lies about 2 miles from Thanbyuzayat town and it has an elevation range of 100 m to 650 m.

Mawlamyine University research thesis about salt industry of Thanbyuzayat Township in 19951 cited that the

eastern hilly region, Taungngyo area occupies about 40% of the township area. The flat plains occupy 60% of the

entire township area and lie between Taungngyo Range and the Andaman Sea in the west. Apart from Taungngyo

Range, there exists hills in the north and major hills are Sin-Taung (287 m), Yesat-Taung (213 m), Dola-Taung

(186 m), Kayinthaung-Taung (145 m), Meinbala-Taung (113 m) and Mankasu-Taung (107 m) respectively. Other

hillocks are Wagaru-Taung, Kanyin-Taung, Ingyin-Taung, Sundaw-Taung and Yathae-Taung. The western coastal

plain of the southern part of the Township is usually below 30 m above sea level, except for the outcrop of

Thabutaw-Taung of which height is 108 m.

The eastern part of the township lies on a steep slope area covered with forests. Between these hill slopes and

sea coast, there are stretches of agricultural lands for fruits, rubber and paddy cultivations. According to the

available information1, crop lands occupy near the coastal areas below 3 m above sea level and rubber plantations

occupy between 30 m and 150 m above sea level.

b) Geology and Soil

1. Geology

According to the Geology Map of Myanmar in Thanbyuzayat Township (), a wide expanse of paddy field is

composed of Holocene Alluvium (Q₂) and Pleistocene Older Alluvium & Gravel (Q₁). These alluviums include

1 Source: Salt Industry of Thanbyuzayat Township, Thesis report, Cho Cho Mya,1995, University of Mawlamyine

101

fertile materials deposited by running water. The Taungnyo Range consists of old hard rocks, Unnumbered

Granites (gᵣ₂), Carboniferous Taungnyo Series, and Paleozoic Mergui Series (P z₁-₂). Beaches and swamps are

found at the coastal line. In such area the old hard rocks, Unnumbered Granites (gᵣ) are found near Kaikkami

Town.

Figure 4-1 Geology Map of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9

2. Soil

According to FAO classification, main soil in Thanbyuzayat Township is categorized as Gleysol ().

Figure 4-2 Geographical Distribution of 10 Dominant Soil Types in Myanmar

Source: FAO/NRL from Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) – FAO

Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township provides more detail soil classification of Thanbyuzayat

Township ().There are six main soil types in Thanbyuzayat Township:

1. Alluvial Soils (Fluvisol),

2. Gley & Gley Swampy Soils (Gleysol),

3. Yellow Brown Forest Soils (Xanthic Ferralsol),

102

4. Red Brown Forest Soils (Rhodic Ferrosol),

5. Beach Sands (Arenosol) and

6. Swamp Soils(Gley-Gleysol).

Fluvisols are found in the Wakharu Creek plain in the north-western part of the township. They dominate in

Hnitkai,Padangan, Kyonkadat, Taunghpalu and Wagru village tracts. They have the texture of silty and clay loam

and are suitable for paddy cultivation. Gleysols usually contain large amount of salts which dominate near the

flood plains of small creeks with occasional tidal floods and are found from Set Se Village Tract in the North to

Anin Village Tract to the South. Xanthic Ferrasol and Rhodic Ferrasol dominate widely on the mountain slope in

the eastern part of the township and are used for tree crops and fruit gardens. According to the land use

classification, they are classified as rubber land of good productivity and occupy about 40 percent of the total area

of the township. Arenosol and Gley-Gleysol are limited at the coastal areas and not important for agriculture.

Figure 4-3 Soil Map of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township -Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9

3. Hydrology

In the northern part of Mon State, Sittaung River flows into the Gulf of Mottama (Martaban). Thanlwin River

which is one of the major river in Myanmar also passes through the state and flows into the Gulf of Mottama.

Most of other rivers and creeks which flow through the state flow into the Gulf of Mottama. Thanbyuzayat

Township is one of the area in the state that has many creeks flowing from east to west. Most of the creeks start

from the easterly Thaungnyo hill, and flow into the sea in westerly direction. The most important creek is the

Wakharu Creek which forms part of the border with Mudon Township and flows into the sea near north of

Kyaikkami. Other creeks are Karupi Creek (23 km) Waekalaung Creek (8 km), Kotlay Creek, Htinyu Creek, Anin

Creek (19 km), and Thabyae Creek (21 km). These creeks are useful for transportation and salt pans are found

along the creeks1. Major rivers and creeks which flow in Thanbyuzayat Township is described in .

1 Source: Salt Industry of Thanbyuzayat Township, Thesis report, Cho Cho Mya,1995, University of Mawlamyine

103

There is not much information about ground water for the Thanbyuzayat Township. Domestic water sources in

general rural areas in Mon States are natural streams, groundwater, springs and/or the rain-fed ponds.

Figure 4-4 Major Rivers in Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified map based on Township map from Thanbyuzayat GAD

4. Meteorology

Thanbuyzayat Township receives tropical monsoon climate, with warm temperature and large amount of rainfall.

There is no meteorological station existing in Thanbuyzayat Township, thus meteorological data of Mawlamyine

Township, which is located about 40 mile north of Thanbuyzayat Township are presented in . Mean temperature

ranges from approximately 22 oC to 32

oC throughout the year, with relative humidity of approximately 77%.

Average annual rainfall during 2001 to 2010 is 5,161 mm but there are certain fluctuations in the rainfall year by

year. According to the meteorological data from Thanbyuzayat GAD, in 2013 annual rainfall amount was 5,845

mm. In the Thanbyuzayat region, the coldest temperature observed in January 2013 was 16.8°C. In April and May,

highest monthly mean temperature was found, of which value was 35°C.

104

Table 4-1 Meteorological Information of Mawlamyine Township

Item 1981-2010 Average* 2001-2010

Average** 2010** 2013***

Annual Rainfall (mm) 4,995 5,161 3,084 5,845

Mean Maximum

Temperature (C) 31.5 32.2 33.3 33.56

Mean Minimum

Temperature (C) 22.3 22.6 23.2 20.13

Mean Relative

Humidity (%) - 77.2 76.8 -

Source: * Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol. 5, No. 9

**Statistical Yearbook 2011 and

***Basic regional information, Thanbyuzayat Township GAD, 2014

and indicate the mean climatic factors based on 20 year records from 1981 to 2010. The lowest monthly mean

temperature is observed in January, of which value was24.3°C. The hottest months were April and May. The

monthly mean temperatures of these months were 29.9°C and 28.2°C respectively. Main rainy season was from

May to September, with peak rain days in June, July, August and September. The mean monthly rainfalls during

these months were 969 mm, 1,165 mm, 1,219 mm, and 673 mm respectively. The amount of rainfall during the

hottest months, April and May, was 58 mm and 641 mm, respectively.

Figure4-5 Month-wise Temperature in Mawlamyine (Average of 1981 to 2010)

Source: Modified from Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol.5,

No.9

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E C

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E (

C)

Minimum

Temp

105

Figure 4-6 Month-wise Rainfall and Rainy Days in Mawlamyine (Average of 1981 to 2010)

Source: Modified from Agricultural Geography of Thanbyuzayat Township, Universities Research Journal 2012, Vol.5,

No.9

5. Natural Disasters

Myanmar is vulnerable to a wide range of hazards, including floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and

tsunamis. The frequency for medium to large-scale natural disasters to occur every couple of years is high,

according to historical data. For the Southeast Myanmar, flooding has affected a large area including in Mon

States.

Major natural disasters from 2008 to 2012 are summarized in .

Table 4-2 Major Natural Disasters in Myanmar

Major Natural

Disaster Event

May 2008

May 2008 (Cyclone Nargis): Cyclone Nargis left some 140,000 people dead and missing

in the Ayeyarwady Delta region. An estimated 2.4 million people lost their homes and

livelihoods.

June 2010 June 2010 (Floods in northern Rakhine State): The floods killed 68 people and affected

29,000 families. Over 800 houses were completely destroyed

October 2010

October 2010 (Cyclone Giri): At least 45 people were killed, 100,000 people became

homeless and some 260,000 people were affected. Over 20,300 houses, 17,500 acres of

agricultural land and nearly 50,000 acres of aquaculture ponds were damaged by the

Cyclone Giri.

March 2011 March 2011 (6.8 Earthquake in Shan State): Over 18,000 people were affected. At least 74

people were killed and 125 injured. Over 3,000 people became homeless.

October 2011 October 2011 (Floods in Magway Region): Nearly 30,000 people were affected to varying

degree. Over 3,500 houses and some 5,400 acres of croplands were destroyed.

August 2012

August 2012 (Floods across Myanmar): The floods in different states and regions

displaced some 86,000 people and affected over 287,000 people. Ayeyarwady Region was

the worst affected with some 48,000 people displaced. Over 136,000 acres of farmland,

houses, roads and bridges were damaged.

November 2012 November 2012 (6.8 Earthquake in northern Myanmar): At least 16 people were killed and

52 injured, with over 400 houses, 65 schools and some 100 religious building damaged.

Source: Myanmar Natural Disaster 2012, OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)

Detail information for natural disasters in Thanbyuzayat Township was not available but describes major

disasters occurred in the township during FY2013.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ra

iny D

ays

Pre

cip

ita

tion

(m

m)

Precipitation … Rainy …

106

Table 4-3 Major Disasters Recorded in Thanbyuzayat Township (FY2013)

No Name of Disaster Occurred Date Died/ Lost

People List

Damaged

Building

Numbers

Loss of Value

(Kyats

Million)

1 Kyaikkami Town (gale) 23.8.2013 - 55 Household 6,648,000

2 Pa Nga Village (fire) 21.1.2014 - 4 Household 1,657,500

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township, GAD

6. Oceanography

In Mawlamyine area, tide stations are located in Kyaikkami and Mawlamyine town. Tidal information recorded

in these two locations for 2010 are described in . Average difference between high tide and low tide is

approximately 4.5 m per year for Kyaikkami and 3 m per year for Mawlamyin station respectively.

Figure 4-7 Average monthly tide level at Kyaikkami (KKM) and Mawlamyine (MLM) in 2010

Source: Mawlamyine Port Authority

7. Forest Areas and Protected Areas

a. Forest Areas

Total land area of Mon State is 4,748 square mile (12,297 km2) and 901.88 square mile (2,336 km

2) is designated

as Forest Area by the definition in the Forest Law. Among the forest area in the State, 832.32 square mile (2,154

km2) is Reserved Forest and Protected Public Forest, and 69.56 square mile (181 km

2) is Protected Area as shown

in .

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Tid

e l

evel

(m)

High tide (KKM) Low tide (KKM)

High tide (MML) Low tide (MML)

107

Table 4-4 Forest Area Status in Mon State

Area Year Total Land Area

(square mile)

Forest Area (square mile)

Reserved Forest and

Protected Public Forest Area

Protected Area

System Total

Union

2006-2007 261,228 61,354.52 10,275.52 71,630.04

2007-2008 261,228 62,489.38 10,275.52 72,764.9

2008-2009 261,228 62,801.89 10,275.52 73,077.41

2009-2010 261,228 63,048.86 10,275.53 73,324.39

20010-2011 261,228 62,748.95 14,631.17 77,380.12

% 100 24 5.6 29.6

Mon

State

2006-2007 4,748 838.23 69.56 907.79

2007-2008 4,748 838.23 69.56 907.79

2008-2009 4,748 837.85 69.56 907.41

2009-2010 4,748 837.84 69.56 907.4

20010-2011 4,748 832.32 69.56 901.88

% 100 17.5 1.5 19

Source: Statistical Yearbook 2011

In Thanbyuzayat Township, there is one Reserved Forest namely Htinyu Reserved Forest which is located above

the Htinyu creek. It was established in 1920 with total area of 1,741 acres (705 ha) as shown in . According to the

report of Thabyuzayat Township Forest Department2, reserved forest area in township are converted into rubber

plantation based on 30-year concession agreed between the Forest Department and developers in 1995. Land use

inside the Htinyu Reserved Forest is rubber plantation area with about 1,580 acres (639 ha), paddy cultivation area

with about 13 acres (5 ha), the area for religious purpose with 4 acres (2 ha), and other purpose area with 144

acres (58 ha). Based on information collected up to the end of November 2014, there seems to be no Reserved

Forest and Protected Public Forest existing in the vicinity of the Project candidate sites.

2 Report on Forestry related information and work done 2014 October

108

Figure 4-8 Reserved Forest in Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified map based on Township map from Thanbyuzayat GAD

b. Protected Areas

According to Forest Department, 43 protected areas exist in Myanmar. Thirty-five sites were designated from

1918 to 2010. Eight additional sites proposed from 1997 to 2008 are still under examination. The 35 designated

protected areas cover approximately 42,000 km² of land, representing 6.2% of the total country area. In case of

establishment of eight additional protected areas, proposed from 2001 to 2008, the area would increase 7,400 km²

(1.1%), and the total area would be 49,500 km²,representing 7.3% of the total land area. Two protected areas were

notified in the Mon State. Their descriptions are provided in . No protected areas are designated in Thanbyuzayat

Township.

109

Table 4-5 Descriptions of Protected Areas Status in Mon State

Name of Wildlife

Sanctuary Outline

KelathaWildlife

Sanctuary

- Established year 1942 (Re-notified in 2002 Notification No. 23/2002(15-3-2002)

- Area: 23.93 km2(9.24 sq. mile)

- Major forest types: Evergreen forest, Hill forest

- Key Fauna: Samber, Barking deer, Wildboar, Avifauna

- Objectives: To conserve rare wildlife and associated habitats

- Protected status: Managed by BilinTownship Forest Department

Kyaikhtiyoe

Wildlife

Sanctuary

- Established year: 2001 (Protected Area; Notification No. 37/2001(6-7-2001))

- Area:156.23km2(60.32sq. mile)

- Major forest types: Evergreen forest, Hill forest

- Key Fauna: Goral, Gaur, Sambar, Barking deer, Macque

- Objectives: To maintain green environment of the Kyaikhtiyoe pagoda, alegendary

and national heritage of Myanmar and To conserve rare wildlife and associated

habitats.

- Protected status: Managed by Park Warden Office, Nature and Wildlife

Conservation Division, Forest Department

Source: Letter from Planning and Statistics Department, Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

dated on April 23, 2013

c. Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity

“Mawlamyine District 10-Year Forest Management Plan” prepared by the Forest Department describes major

species of flora and fauna identified in the district. This information, as shown in and , can be used as a

reference for possible fauna and flora species which may exist in the Project candidate sites . Total of 85 tree

species 10 bamboo species, 2 grass species and 7 rattan species were recorded in Mawlamyine District. According

to categories in IUCN Red List, 1 of critically endangered (CR) species, 2 of endangered (EN) species and 1 of

vulnerable (VU) species were found in the flora list of Mawlamyine District. As major terrestrial flora species in

Mawlamyine District, 7 of mammals, 11 of bird species and 26 of bird species were recorded as shown in Table

4-7. Protected animals in Mawlamyine District are listed in . All of the protected animals listed are categorized by

IUCN Red List, of which classification are 7 of endangered species, 3 of vulnerable species and 1 of nearly

threatened species.

110

Table 4-6 Major Flora Species in Mawlamyine District

No Scientific Name Local Name Family Name IUCN

List Remark

Plants

1. Tectona grandis Kyun Lamiaceae NE

2. Dipterocarpus turbinatus/

Dipterocarpus alatus Ka-nyin Dipterocarpaceae

CR /

EN

3. Pentace burmanica Ka-shit Malvaceae NE

4. Erythrina suberosa Ka-thit Fabaceae NE

5. Albizia lebbek Kok-ko Fabaceae NE

6. Salmalia anceps Kok-he Malvaceae NE

7. Xylocarpus moluccensis Kya-na Meliaceae LC

8. Taxotrophis zeylanica Kyant-sa Meliaceae LC

9. Schleichera oleosa Gyo Sapindaceae NE

10. Hevea brasiliensis Rubber

(Kyetpaung) Euphorbiaceae NE

11. Vitex pubescens Kyetyo Lamiaceae NE

12. Barringtonia acutangula Kyi Lecythidaceae NE

13. Premna pyramidata Kyun-nalin

(Kyun-bo) Lamiaceae NE

14. Hymenodictyon excelsum Khu-than Rubiaceae NE

15. Garuga pinnata Chin-yok Burseraceae NE

16. Spondias mangifera Gwe Anacardiaceae NE

17. Albizia procera Sit Fabaceae NE

18. Dillenia pentagyna Zin-Byun Dilleniaceae NE

19. Ficus glaberrima Nyaung Moraceae NE

20. Euphorbia neriifolia Ta-zaung Euphorbiaceae NE

21. Excoecaria agallocha Kayaw (Tayaw) Euphorbiaceae LC

22. Madhuca longifolia Ta-laing-gaung Sapotaceae NE

23. Pterospermum acerifolium Taung-phet-wun Malvaceae NE

24. Decaspermum paniculatum Taung-thabye Myrtaceae NE

25. Swintonia floribunda Taung-thayet Anacardiaceae NE

26. Ficus glabella Taung-tha-phan Moraceae NE

27. Diospyros burmanica Te Ebenaceae NE

28. Terminalia tomentosa Tauk-kyan Combretaceae NE

29. Vitex glabrata Tauk-sha Lamiaceae NE

30. Mitragyna parvifolia Hthein Rubiaceae NE

31. Bombax insigne Didu Malvaceae NE

111


List Remark

32. Durio zibethinus Du-yin Malvaceae NE

33. Kydia calycina Dwa-bok Malvaceae NE

34. Eriolaena candollei Dwa-ni Malvaceae NE

35. Pterospermum semisagittatum Na-gye Malvaceae NE

36. Lannea coromandelica Na-be Anacardiaceae NE

37. Flacourtia cataphracta Na-ywe Salicaceae NE

38. Adina cordifolia Hnaw Rubiaceae NE

39. Heritiera fomes /Heritiera

littoralis/ Heritiera burmensis Pinle-kanazo Malvaceae

EN

/LC

NE

40. Casuarina equisetifolia Pinle-kabwe Casuarinaceae NE

41. Xylocarpus gangeticus Pinle-on Miliaceae LC

42. Palaquium polyanthum Peinne-bo Sapotaceae NE

43. Xylia xylocarpa Pyin-ka-do Fabaceae NE

44. Lagerstroemia speciose Pyin-ma Lythraceae NE

45. Holoptelea integrifolia Myauk-seik Ulmaceae NE

46. Vitex peduncularis Pet-lezin Lamiaceae NE

47. Heterophragma adenophylla Phet-than Bignoniaceae NE

48. Berrya cordifolia Petwun Malvaceae NE

49. Terminalia chebula Phan-ga Combretaceae NE

50. Rhizophora mucronata Byu-chidauk Rhizophoraceae LC

51. Bruguiera conjugate Byu-u-talon Rhizophoraceae NE

52. Mitragyna rotundifolia Bin-ga Rubiaceae NE

53. Careya arborea Bambwe Lecythidaceae NE

54. Dalbergia ovate Madama Leguminosae LC

55. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Mayanin Fabaceae NE

56. Markhamia stipulata Ma-hlwa Bignoniaceae NE

57. Anthocephalus cadamba Ma-u-let-tan-she Rubiaceae NE

58. Garcinia mangostana Min-gut Clusiaceae NE

59. Lophopetalum wallichii Mone-daing Celastraceae NE

60. Microcos nervosa Mya-ya Malvaceae NE

61. Homalium tomentosum Myauk-chaw Salicaceae NE

62. Duabanga grandiflora Myauk-ngo Lythraceae NE

63. Dalbergia kerrii Yin-zat Leguminosae NE

64. Anogeissus acuminate Yone Combretaceae NE

65. Bombax ceiba Lat-pan Malvaceae NE

112


List Remark

66. Terminalia pyrifolia Lein Combretaceae NE

67. Lagerstroemia tomentosa Leza Lythraceae NE

68. Firmiana colorata Wet-shaw Malvaceae NE

69. Stereospermum personatum Thakut-pho

(Than-de) Malvaceae NE

70. Eugenia mangifolia Tha-bye Fabaceae NE

71. Albizia lucidior Than-that Fabaceae NE

72. Saraca indica /Saraca

lobbiana Thaw-ka Fabaceae NE

73. Croton oblongifolius Thetyin-gyi Euphorbiaceae NE

74. Hopea griffithii Thin-gan Dipterocarpaceae VU ?

75. Millettia pendula Thin-win Fabaceae NE

76. Sideroxylon burmanicum Thit-cho Sapotaceae NE

77. Terminalia belerica Thit-seint Combretaceae NE

78. Sandoricum koetjape Thit-to Meliaceae NE

79. Millettia brandisiana Thit-pagan Fabaceae NE

80. Dalbergia kurzii Thit-pok Leguminosae LC

81. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus In Dipterocarpaceae LC

82. Shorea siamensis In-gyin Dipterocarpaceae LC

83. Diospyros ehretioides Auk-chin-sa Ebenaceae NE

84. Streblus asper Ok-hne Moraceae NE

85. Litsea monopetala On-don Lauraceae NE

Bamboo

1. Bambusa bambos Kyakat-wa Poaceae NE

2. Bambusa polymorpha Kyathaung-wa Poaceae NE

3. Cephalostachyum pergracile Tin-wa Poaceae NE

4. Dendrocalamus strictus Hmyin-wa Poaceae NE

5. Oxytenanthera albociliata Wa-gok Poaceae NE

6. Dendrocalamus brandisii Wa- new Poaceae NE

7. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Wa-phyu Poaceae NE

8. Dendrocalamus brandisii Wa-bo Poaceae NE

9. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Wabo-myet-sangye Poaceae NE

10. Bambusa tulda Thaik-wa Poaceae NE

Grass

1. Saccharum spontaneum Kaing Poaceae LC

2. Imperata cylindrical Thekke Poaceae NE

113


List Remark

Rattan

1. Calamus viminalis Kyein-kha Arecaceae NE

2. Calamus guruba Kyein-ni Arecaceae NE

3. Calamus floribundus Ye-kyein Arecaceae NE

4. Calamus latifolius Yamata-kyein Arecaceae NE

5. Zalacca beccarii Yingan-kyein Arecaceae NE

6. Calamus helferianus Kyein-phyu-klay Arecaceae NE

7. Calamus longisetus Kabaung- kyein Arecaceae NE

Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU:

Vulnerable, NT: Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;

Note 2: Some species have only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.

Source: Forest Department Mawlamyine District Management Plan 2005-2009

Table 4-7 Major Terrestrial Fauna Species in Mawlamyine District

No Scientific Name Local Name Common Name Family Name IUCN

List

Mammals

1. Elephas maximus Sin Asian Elephant Elephantdae EN

2. Hoolock hoolock Myauk-hlwe-kyaw Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN

3. Sus scrofa Taw-wat Wild boar Suidae LC

4. Viverra spp Taw- kyaung Wild cat Viverridae

5. Cuon spp Taw-kwe Wild dog Canidae

6. Muntiacus muntjak Ji Barking deer Cervidae LC

7. Axis porcinus Da-yae Hog Deer Cervidae EN

Birds

1. Porphyrio porphyria Mae-nyo Purple coot Rallidae LC

2. Hylobates hoolock Si-Sali Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN

3. Egretta garzetta Byine Little Egret Ardeidae LC

4. Turnix suscitator spp Ngone Barred Buttonquail Turnicidae NE

5. Streptopelia xanthocycla Joe Burmese

Collared-dove Columbidae LC

6. Francolinus pintadeanus Khar Burmeese francolin Phasianidae LC

7. Threskiornis spp Ka-yu-sote Black-headed Ibis Threskiornithidae

8. Caprimulgus asiaticus Bote Indian nightjar Caprimulgidae LC

9. Caprimulgus macrurus Bote large-tailed nightjar Caprimulgidae LC

10. Phalacrocorax carbo Tin-kyi-myo Great cormorant Phalacrocoracidae

11. Pavo muticus U-Dawn Green Peafowl Phasianidae EN

114

Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:

Nearly Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;

Note 2: Some species have only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.


Table 4-8 Protected Animals in Mawlamyine District

No Scientific Name Local Name Common Name Family Name IUCN List

Totally Protected Animals

1. Rhinoceros sondaicus Kyant Javan rhinoceros Rhinocerotidae NE

2. Pavo muticus U-Dawn Green peafowl Phasianidae EN

Protected Animals

1. Elephas maximus Sin Asian elephant Elephantdae EN

2. Bos gaurus Pyaung Gaur Bovidae VU

Seasonal Protected Animals

3. Axis porcinus Da-yae Hog deer Cervidae EN

4. Cervus unicolor Sat Sambar Cervidae VU

Other Animals

1. Panthera tigris Kyar Tiger Felidae EN

2. Panthera pardus Kya-thit Leopard Felidae NT

3. Helarctos malayanus Wat-wun Sun bear Ursidae VU

Note: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:



For fish species in the Mawlamyine District, Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries

and Rural Development, has a list of major fish species existing in the district. The list is shown in .

Table 4-9 Fish Species in Mawlamyine District


List

Fishes

1. Lates calcarifer Ka-katit Giant seabass Latidae NE

2. Arius thalassinus Nga-yaung Giant catfish Ariidae NE

3. Arius venosus Nga-yaung Veined catfish Ariidae NE

4. Arius dussumieri Nga-yaung Blacktip sea catfish Ariidae LC

5. Arius maculatus Nga-yaung Spotted catfish Ariidae NE

6. Arius platystomus Nga-yaung Flatmouth sea

catfish Ariidae LC

7. Osteogeneiosus militaris Nga-yaung Soldier catfish Ariidae NE

8. Pampus chinensis Nga-mote-phyu Chinese silver Stromateidae NE

115


List

pomfret

9. Pampus argenteus Nga-mote-phyu Silver pomfret Stromateidae NE

10. Lobotes surinamensis Pinle-nga-pyayma Tripletail Lobotidae NE

11. Scomberomorus guttatus Nga- kwin-shat Indo-pacific Spanish

mackerel Scombridae DD

12. Cynoglossus microlepis Nga-kway-sha Tongue sole Cynoglossidae LC

13. Engyroprosopon

grandisquamis Nga-kway-sha Large scale flounder Bothidae NE

14. Pseudorhombus

dupliciocellatus Nga-kway-sha Ocellated flounder Bothidae NE

15. Pseudorhombus javanicus Nga-kway-sha Javan flounder Bothidae NE

16. Pseudorhombus arsius Nga-kway-sha Largetooth flounder Bothidae NE

17. Tenualosa ilisha Nga-tha-lauk Hilsa shad Clupeidae LC

18. Harpodon nehereus Nga-hnat Bomby duck Synodontidae NE

19. Polynemus indicus Kaku-yan Indian tassel fish Polynemidae NE

20. Trichiurus muticus Nga-da-gon Small head hair tail Trichiuridae NE

21. Trichiurus lepturus Nga-da-gon Large head hair tail Trichiuridae NE

22. Trichiurus armatus Nga-da-gon Savalani hair tail Trichiuridae NE

23. Trichiurus cristatus Nga-da-gon Crested hair tail Trichiuridae NE

24. Congresox talabonoides Nga-shwe Indian pike conger Muraenesocidae NE

25. Congresox talabon Nga-shwe Yellow pike conger Muraenesocidae NE

26. Congresox bagio Nga-shwe Common pike

conger Muraenesocidae NE

Note 1: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT:


Note 2: There are only local name information and scientific names may not be always correct.

Source: Department of Fisheries

Based on species information indicated in the above, threaten and nearly threaten species according to ICUN

Red List categories, are summarized in . These species will be taken into consideration in case that further and

detail environmental baseline survey will be conducted.

Table 4-10 Threaten and Nearly Threaten Species

No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Family IUCN Red

List Status Remark

Threaten Species (CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable)

1. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Ka-nyin Dipterocarpaceae CR Plant

2. Dipterocarpus alatus Ka-nyin Dipterocarpaceae EN Plant

116

No. Scientific Name Common Name Local Name Family IUCN Red

List Status Remark

3. Heritiera fomes Pinle-kanazo Malvaceae EN Plant

4. Hopea odorata Thin-gan Dipterocarpaceae VU Plant

5. Elephas maximus Sin Asian elephant Elephantdae EN Mammal

6. Hoolock hoolock Myauk-hlwe-kyaw Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN Mammal

7. Cuon alpinus Taw-kwe Wild dog Canidae EN Mammal

8. Axis porcinus Da-yae Hog deer Cervidae EN Mammal

9. Panthera tigris Kyar Tiger Felidae EN Mammal

10. Hylobates hoolock Si-Sali Hoolock Gibbon Hylobatidae EN Bird

11. Pavo muticus U-Dawn Green peafowl Phasianidae EN Bird

12. Viverra megaspila Taw- kyaung Wild cat Viverridae VU Mammal

13. Bos gaurus Pyaung Gaur Bovidae VU Mammal

14. Helarctos malayanus Wat-wun Sun dear Ursidae VU Mammal

Nearly Threaten Species (NT)

- Panthera pardus Kya-thit Leopard Felidae NT Mammal

Note: ICUN Red List categories are as follows: CR: Critically Endangered, EN: Endangered, VU: Vulnerable, NT: Nearly

Threaten Species, NE: Not Evaluated; DD: Data Deficient; LC: Least Concern;


c) Social Environment

1. Introduction

The Project candidate sites are located in the northwestern area of Thanbyuzayat Township in Mon State. Mon

State consists of Thaton District and Mawlamyine District, having four townships and six townships as shown in .

Thanbyuzayat Township is located in Mawlamyine District. Thanbyuzayat Township shares borders with Kyarinn

Seikgyi Township in the east, Ye Township in the south, Bay of Mottama in the west and Mudon Township in the

north.

Thanbyuzayat Township was named because a rest house with white zinc roofing (white zinc means Thanbyu

and rest house means Zayat in Myanmar). The house had been constructed in 1874, and it became a Township

Administrative Office in 19643. According to the Notices of the Department of Home Affairs dated on 10 June,

1964, Kyaikkami Township was renamed to Thanbyuzayat Township and Kyaikkami District to Mawlamyine

District as well. Thanbyuzayat Township has an area of 823.62 km² (318 square miles) and it stretches from

Wagaru Creek in the north and Htinyu Creek in the south.

3 Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (October)

117

Figure 4-9 District Map of Mon State

Source: Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) 2013 (March)

2. Administration

Thanbyuzayat Township is comprised of 15 wards and 26 village tracts, having a total of 69 villages.

Administrative breakdown of Thanbyuzayat Township is summarized in and village tract locations and their

boundaries are described in .

Table 4-11 Administrative Breakdown of Thanbyuzayat Township

Township Type of

Area

Town Ward Village

Tract

Village

Thanbyuzayat Urban Thanbyuzayat 11 - -

Kyaikkami 4 - -

Rural - - 26 69

Total 15 26 69

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (October)

118

3. Township Departmental Offices and Staff

According to the township GAD, there are 39 governmental offices in Thanbyuzayat Township. As of October

2014, 66 management staffs (officers) are appointed out of 80 sanctioned (83 % filled), whereas 1,626 of staffs are

appointed out of 2,043 sanctioned (80 % filled). Thanbyuzayat Township GAD Office is located in Kyaung Pine

Ward.

Figure 4-10 Village Tract Map of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified Map of Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department

4. Population and Demography

According to Thanbyuzayat Township GAD, the total population of the Township was 155,032 in October 2014

as shown in . On the other hand, the provisional result of the 2014 Myanmar Census, conducted from 29th March

to 10th April 2014, showed that the township population was 170,480. The results infer that the actual population

of the township may be higher than the number recorded by the GAD. However, details needed to be confirmed

after the final result of the 2014 Myanmar Census is announced.

119

Table 4-12 Total Population of Thanbyuzayat Township

Subject Over (18) Years 2013 Under (18) Years (2013 Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Urban 16,126 18,679 34,805 8,797 8,509 17,306 24,923 27,188 52,111

Rural 33,167 34,788 67,905 17,620 17,399 35,016 50,787 52,187 102,921

Total 49,293 53,467 102,710 26,417 25,908 52,322 75,710 79,375 155,032


According to Thanbyuzayat Township GAD data, the population of Thanzyuzayat Township was 150,586 and

151,553 persons in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The ratio of population increase had been 0.6% from 2012 to

2013, whereas the ratio was 2.3% from 2013 to 2014.

5. Ethnicity and Religion

Majority of ethnic groups in Thanbyuzayat Township are Mon and Burma, these two groups exceeding 90% of

total population in the township. Kayin, Rakhine, Kachin and Shan national races also live in the township.

shows the breakdown of ethnicity in Thanbyuzayat Township.

Table 4-13 Total Number of Ethnicity in Thanbyuzayat Township

Kachin Kaya

h

Kayi

n

Chin Mon Burma Rakhine Shan Others Total

Population

3 - 7,532 322 78,957 62,475 3,228 27 2,005 152,549

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (April)

Since Mon and Burma races are dominant groups, the majority of people are Buddhists (89 %) in the township.

shows the breakdown of religion in Thanbyuzayat Township.

Table 4-14 Religion of Thanbyuzayat Township Residents

Buddhism Christian Hindu Islamic Nat Others Total

Population

134,605 5,811 4,807 6,070 - 260 151,553


According to township GAD, there are 322 Buddhism related buildings within the township as shown in . Names

and locations of nine major pagodas and four major monasteries are described in .

Table 4-15 Buddhism Religious Buildings in Thanbyuzayat Township

Pagoda Monastery Convent School Grand Total

85 201 36 322

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014

120

Table 4-16 Major Pagodas and Monasteries in Thanbyuzayat Township

No Buildings and Places Description Location

1 Kyaikkami Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Kyaikkami

2 Thandar Dagon Pagoda Pagoda Setse Village

3 Ingyin Taung Pagoda Pagoda Aung Tharyar Ward

4 San Taw Taung Pagoda Pagoda Wae Kali Village

5 Kyaik Ne Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda An Khae Village

6 Kyaiksaw Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Setse Village

7 Koe Thein Koe Than Pagoda Pagoda War Kha Yu Village

8 Kyaik Win Dat Pagoda Pagoda Hantharwaddy Ward

9 Ma Shi Kha Na Pagoda Pagoda Sakhangyi Village

10 Myodawoo Monasteries Aung Thar Yar Ward

11 Parama Aryone Monasteries Setse Village

12 Mya Thein Monasteries Kyar Kan Ward

13 Kyaikami Yae Le Monasteries Kyaikkami


For other religions, numbers of religious monuments and buildings in the township is summarized in . Since

Buddhists accounted for about 90% of the total population, number of religious monuments other than Buddhism

is small in Thanbyuzayat Township.

Table 4-17 Others Religious Monument Buildings

Christian Church Islam Hindu Temple

Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural

2 2 2 1 1 -


6. Land Use

According to land use plans of Thanbyuzayat Township for FY2014, provided by the township Settlement and

Land Records Department (SLRD), there is 203,315 acres (822,79. ha) of land in the township and nearly half of

its lands are used as an agriculture/ cultivated land. In the agricultural / cultivated land, “garden land” is the

dominating land use, and 34% of total township area is occupied by the garden land. describes breakdown of

township land use in FY2014.

Table 4-18 Land Use of Thanbyuzayat Township in 2014-2015

No Type of Land Area (Acre) Ratio (Against Total

Land)

1 Net Sown Area 95,709 47.07 %

(a) Paddy Land 25,897 12.74 %

(b) Garden Land (Rubber and Others) 69,315 34.09 %

121

No Type of Land Area (Acre) Ratio (Against Total

Land)

(c) Thatch Land (Nipa Palm) 497 0.24 %

2 Omitted Land (Paddy Land) 52 0.02 %

3 Reserved Forest Land 1,741 0.86 %

4 Other Wood Land - -

5 Cultivable Waste Land - -

6 Non-agricultural Land 105,813 52.04 %

(a) Mine Land 1 0.0005 %

(b) Pastures 7,232 3.56 %

(c) Railway Land 605 0.30 %

(d) Road Land 1,641 0.81 %

(e) Dam and Reservoirs Land 19 0.01 %

(f) River and Creek Land 8,379 4.12 %

(g) Ponds and Lakes Land 121 0.06 %

(h) Industrial Land 90 0.04 %

(i) Residents Land (Urban) 955 0.47 %

(j) Villages Land 1,250 0.61 %

(l) Cemetery and Religious Buildings

Land

10,586

5.21 %

(m) Others Land 74,934 36.86 %

Total Area (Township) 203,315 100 %

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD) 2014

7. Industry

a. Agriculture and Forestry

According to Township GAD, rubber is the most cultivated as well as harvested cash crops in Thanbyuzayat

Township as shown in . The rubber plantations exceed 80% of total cultivated area of long-term crops.

Table 4-19 Long-term Cash Crops in Thanbyuzayat Township

Name of Crop Cultivated Area

(Acre)

Harvested Area

(Acre)

Unit Yield

(Baskets/ Acre?)

Production

(Basket)

Rubber 60,605 50,106 708.98 35,524,528

Pepper 2,235 2,089 88.85 185,820

Sugarcane (consumed) 41 41 16.40 664

Betel 730 705 4,236.38 686,880

Coconut 1,600 1,435 5,420 7,779,135

Fruit Trees 7,935 6,411 - -

Total 73,164 60,797 10,470.51 44,177,027


According JICA study4, the rubber plantations started in Mon State around 100 years ago. Due to the high price

4 Source: the report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic

minorities in the south-east Myanmar

122

of rubber materials and products in the past few decades, rubber plantation area increased rapidly. In Mon States,

the rubber plantations account for approximately 14.9% of the total land area and it has the largest ration of rubber

plantation area as compared with the union level (0.7%).

In case of crops for staple foods, monsoon paddy is the most cultivated and produced crops in Thanbyuzayat

Township as shown in . The monsoon paddy occupied about 99% of total agricultural cultivated area.

Table 4-20 Major Agricultural Crops in Thanbyuzayat Township

Crops Season 2012-2013

Cultivated

(Acre)

Harvested

(Acre)

Unit Yield

(Basket / Acre?)

Production

(Basket)

Paddy Summer 77 - - -

Rainy 37,731 37,731 66.29 2,501,214

Sesame Rainy 47 - - -

Winter 193 193 6.53 1,260

Sunflower 8 - - -

Black gram

(Bean)

1 - - -

Green gram Rainy 15 - - -

Winter - - - -

Red gram 40 - - -

Sugarcane (Sugar) 40 40 16.50 660


In case for forest products, hardwoods including teak, iron wood and others were exported to India and

Europe during the colonial period5. Currently, major forest products produced in the Thanbyuzayat Township

are summarized in . 1,550 cubic ton of timber is produced as firewood, and the one tenth volume of firewood

is produced as charcoal wood.

Table 4-21 Major Forestry Products in Thanbyuzayat Township

No Type of Products Unit Production Amount

1 Firewood Cubic Ton 1,550

2 Charcoal Cubic Ton 147

3 Bamboo Piece 194,000

4 Thatch No 136,000

5 Bark of wood Viss 7,660


b. Fishery

According to the State Office of Department of Fisheries, majority of fishing activities are conducted inshore

with more number of fishing boats registered and having higher total annual production. Current status of fishery

5 Source: The report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic


123

in Mon State is shown in .

Table 4-22 Fishery Status in Mon State

Township

In shore license Off shore license

No. of Inshore

fishing boat

Annual

Production

(ton)

Total Tax (kyat)

No. of

Offshore

vessel

Annual

Production

(ton)

Total Tax

(kyat)

Thanbyuzayat 376 60,135 3,619,550 76 4,339 5,634,000

Source: Mon state Department of Fishery 2014

Detail data for the Thanbyuzayat Township was not available, but fishery industry seems to be dominated by

small-scale in-shore fishing. Inland (freshwater) fishery activities seem to be less significant in comparison with

inshore fishing. Aquaculture production status of Thanbyuzayat Township is described in . However production

amount from aquaculture was not available.

Table 4-23 Aquaculture Ponds of Fish and Prawn Production

Year Fish Prawn

Number of Pond Acre Number of Pond Acre

2010-2011 24 109.74 45 123.66

2011-2012 24 109.74 45 -


c. Other Industries

Other industries are not described in Thanbyuzayat Township Fact issued by Thanbyuzayat Township GAD. The

recent Gross Domestic Product value of the Township is summarized in . Production sector serves more than

60 % of total GDP value.

Table 4-24 Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of Thanbyuzayat Township

No Subject 2012-2013

GDP

(million Kyat)

2013-2014

Target Value

(million Kyat)

2013 (until the end of December)

Value

(million

Kyat)

Implementati

on

(%)

Increased

(%)

1 Production Value 100,215.4 106,596.3 73,608.3 69.1 0.2

2 Services 39,065.7 44,121.4 37,480.4 84.9 21.2

3 Trading Value 29,216.3 31,783.8 24,180.9 76.1 0.5

4 GDP and Service

Value

168,497.4 182,501.5 135,269.6 74.1 5.3


124

d. Social Infrastructure and Service

8. Power/ Electricity

Power supply is from the national grid in Thanbyuzayat Township. The total power demand is about 4,000 KVA.

Household electrification rate is about 40% in the Thanbyuzayat Township urban areas. Types and quantities of

transformers installed and their distribution amount in the township is described in .

Table 4-25 Existing Transformers and Distribution Amount

No Type of Transformer Quantity Total Distribution (KVA)

1 50 KVA 7 280

2 100 KVA 12 960

3 150KVA 14 1,792

4 200KVA 8 1,280

5 250KVA 5 1,000

6 315KVA 16 4,032

7 750KVA 1 600

Total 63 9,944


9. Water Supply

The present principal water sources for the domestic water use in urban areas vary in natural streams,

groundwater, springs, rain-fed ponds and artifical reservoirs. In most areas, the water is taken from these water

sources and distributed through pipes but without any purification facilities. The urban water supply sources in

Mon States in 2013 are summarized in .

Table 4-26 Water Sources for Major Townships in Mon State

Township

Presence of Public

Water Supply

System

Water Source

Natural Stream

(River/Creak)

Ground-

water Spring

Rain-fed

Pond

Dam

Reservoir

Kyaikto

O O

Bilin

O O

O O

Thaton O

O

Paung O

O

Mawlamyine O O

O

Chaungzon O

O

Kyaikmaraw

O

Mudon O

O

Thanbyuzayat

O

Ye

O O

Source: The report of JICA Study Team -Preparatory Survey for the integrated regional development for ethnic


125

According to Township Irrigation Department, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, water supply for

Thanbyuzayat Township is mainly from individual dug wells and tube wells. Water shortages are experienced

during summer season. Small scale water supply is also available by private suppliers with trucks. There is no

dam in Thanbyuzayat Township.

Existing water reservoirs and canals in Thanbyuzayat Township for irrigation purposes are summarized in . 40%

of area against proposed area is not available as irrigation water.

Table 4-27 Irrigation Embankment and Canal in Thanbyuzayat Township

No Name of

Embankment,

Canal

Proposed

Command

Area(Acre)

Actual

Area

(Acre)

Different

Area (Acre)

Explanation for different Area

1 Ah Ninn

Embankment

364 163 201 Original Enbankment is situated near

sea water creek.

2 Ah Ninn Thabyay

Chaung

Embankment

565 240 325 Soil is acidity.

3 Ah Zinn Canal 880 472 408 Extending the Ward, Village and

others land.

4 Taung Pu Lu

Canal

935 668 267 (No information.)

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Irrigation Department 2014

11. Transportation

Major roads within the township and connecting outside of the township are summarized in . There is no airport

and no harbor (except for small jetties) in Thanbyuzayat Township. The main rail road is Mawlamyine- Ye rail

road, which is about 143 km (89 miles) long as listed in . The major road in the township is Mawlamyine- Ye road

which is 156 km (97 miles) long in total and runs north to south of the Township.

Table 4-28 Major Inter/Intra Roads in Thanbyuzayat Township

Type of Road Road Name Distance

(Mile/ Phalon)

Union Main Road Thanbyuzayat – Ye 27/0

Thanbyuzayat – Kyaikkami 15/0

Thanbyuzayat – Setse 5/0

Thanbyuzayat - Phayar Thone Su 59

Townships connected Roads Thanbyuzayat – Mawlamyine 40 / 0

Thanbyuzayat- Ye 57

Thanbyuzayat – Mudon 22

Thanbyuzayat _ Phayar Thone Su -

Town, Rural, Village connected

roads

Thanbyuzayat _ Kyaikkami 15 /2

Thanbyuzayat _ Setse 15 / 0

Thanbyuzayat _ Wae Kali 1 /1

Mawlamyine- Ye Rail Road Thanbyuzayat- Ye 54

126

Type of Road Road Name Distance

(Mile/ Phalon)

Thanbyuzayat- Mawlamyine 35/2

Thanbyuzayat – Mudon 19/6

Source: Thanbyuzayat Towship GAD 2014

According to Township GAD, there are 13 major bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township. There is only one bridge

that is over 180 feet in Ka Yote Pi Village.. The number of bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township is shown in .

Table 4-29 Number of Bridges in Thanbyuzayat Township

Total Bridges

(Over 180')

Total Bridges

(From 100' to 179' )

Total Bridges

(From 50' to 100')

Total Bridges

(Under 50')

Total

1 3 - 9 13

Source: Thanbyuzayat Towship GAD 2014

Alignments of major road and railways in the township is shown in .

Figure 4-11 Road/ Railway Network diagram of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department

127

12. Communication

Communication facilities of Thanbyuzayat Township are indicated in . Internet user is equal to about 10% of the

total township population.

Table 4-30 Communication Facilities of Thanbyuzayat Township

Post Fax Fixed Phone

IP Star

(Satellite)

Cordless Mobile Phone Number of

Internet User

4 2 938 - - 17,654 15,425


13. Public Health

According to Township GAD, Thanbyuzayat Township has 5 doctors, 12 nurses and 6 health assistants, of which

ratios against the total township population are 1:35,921, 1:14,967, and 1:29,934, respectively. The number of

medical facility of Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in .

Table 4-31 Medical Facility of Thanbyuzayat Township

Township Governmental Hospital Private

Hospital

Rural Health

Centers Sub Health Centers

Thanbyuzayat 1 1 5 22


Status of common diseases in Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in . The number of HIV/AIDS patients

identified was 94 and 16 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Two patients died from HIV/AIDS in 2012 to 2013.

Table 4-32 Common Disease of Thanbyuzayat Township

Malaria Diarrhea Tuberculosis Dysentery Enlarged Liver

Infected Died Infected Died Infected Died Infected Died Infected Died

494 - 2,183 1 138 8 487 - 144 1

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township GAD Year 2014

The key health index of the township is described in .

Table 4-33 Health Index (In Thousand)

Reproduction Rate Birth Rate Maternal

Mortality Rate

Infant Mortality

Rate

Abortion Rate

0.06 15.96 1.05 0.07 0.197


14. Education

According to Township GAD, there is no university, college and science school in Thanbyuzayat Township.

Educational facility of Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in .

128

Table 4-34 Numbers of Schools, Teachers, Students in Thanbyuzayat Township

Schools Teachers Students

High Middle Primary Pre High Middle Primary Pre Total High Middle Primary Pre Total

9 5 109 42 360 94 551 76 1,081 8,700 2,330 17,508 905 20,743


Orphans or poor people have been supported by Monastery education. There are 36 convent schools that support

education too. Overall literacy rate is 98.27 % in Thanbyuzayat Township.

a. Livelihood

According to Township GAD, odd-job (approximately 70,000 persons) is the major sources of income for the

township, followed by others (may include unemployed and approximately 28,000 persons), trading

(approximately 23,000 persons), and agriculture (approximately 18,500 persons). The breakdown of types of

workers in Thanbyuzayat Township is indicated in . Annual average individual income was 637, 572 kyats / year

and 814,944 kyats / year for FY2011 and FY 2012, respectively. Number of unemployment was 27,269, and

Jobless rate was 18.00% in FY2012.

Table 4-35 Types of Workers in Thanbyuzayat Township

Year Government

Staff

Services Agriculture Livestock

Farming

Trading Industry Odd-job Others Total

2013 1,693 5,739 18,426 2,159 22,852 3,254 69,660 27,770 151,553

2014 1,704 5,777 18,567 2,173 23,002 3,275 70,118 27,953 152,549


b. Cultural Heritage

According to Thanbyuzayat Township GAD, 12 historical buildings and places are recognized as shown in .

Names and locations of these major sites are described in .

Table 4-36 Historical Buildings and Places

No Buildings and Places Description Location

1 Myanmar-Thai Railway Museum (Death Railway

Museum)

Museum (relics) Thanbyuzayat

2 Dana Thahara War Cemetery Cemetery Thanbyuzayat

3 Japan Pagoda Pagoda Wae Yet Ywar Village

4 Hot Spring Natural spring Wae Ka Li Village Tract

5 Rest-house (100 years) Building Thanbyuzayat

6 Kyaikkami Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Kyaikkami

7 Kyaik Ne Yae Le Pagoda and Beach Pagoda, Beach An Khae Village

8 Kyaiksaw Yae Le Pagoda Pagoda Set Se Village

9 Sin Pone Cave Natural Cave Kyaikkami

10 Kyat Thon Island Light House Building Set Se Village Tract?

11 War Kha Yu Ancient City Relics War Kha YuVillage Tract

12 Main Balra Taung Mountatin Wea Ka War Village


129

Figure 4-12 Cultural Heritage Map of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department

c) Conditions of Project Candidate Sites and Surrounding Area

1. Outline

The Project candidate sites are located along the northwest coast of Thanbyuzayat Township. The sites are more

likely to be included in following 4 village Tracts ().

Mya Mar Lar

Sin Taung

Kayin Taung

Set Se

Therefore, information and data for these four village tracts (Project Village Tracts) are presented hereunder as

long as such were available. In addition to these four village tracts, Project candidate sites may fall into either

Kyon Ka Yoke, Wea Ka War, or Pa Nga Village Tract. Further conformation and collection of information will be

required when the Project site is selected from these three village tracts.

130

Figure 4-13 Village Tract Map of Three Village Tracts from Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified Map of Thanbyuzayat Township GAD 2014 (October)

a. Population

The populations of the Project Village Tracts are indicated in . There are in total of 2,819 households and 15,598

persons in the Project Village Tracts.

Table 4-37 Populations of Project Village Tracts from Thanbyuzayat Township

Ward/

Village

Tract

Village House Household Under (18) years Over (18) years Total Population

Male

(M)

Female

(F)

Total M F Total M F Total

Mya

Mar

Lar

Mya

Mar Lar

292 292 346 291 637 521 584 1,105 867 875 1,742

Total 292 292 346 291 637 521 584 1,105 867 875 1,742

Sin

Taung

Sin

Taung

79 81 107 112 219 147 156 303 254 268 522

Taung

Wine

21 23 30 34 64 31 40 71 61 74 135

Ka Dat

Htauk

279 284 342 354 696 453 488 941 795 842 1,637

Total 379 388 479 500 979 631 684 1,315 1,110 1,842 2,294

Kayin Taung

Kayin Taung

580 630 643 677 1,320 1,025 1,078 2,103 1,668 1,755 3,423

131

Ah Nan

San

160 223 188 223 411 340 346 686 528 569 1,097

Total 740 853 900 1,731 1,365 1,424 2,789 2,196 2,324 4,520

Set Se

Set Se 849 850 698 674 1,372 1,389 1,514 2,903 2,087 2,188 4,275

Sanngyi 82 62 53 89 142 137 142 279 190 231 421

Hlar Ka

Hmai

95 84 68 64 132 183 178 361 251 242 493

Yathay

Taung

319 290 246 267 513 670 670 1,340 916 937 1,853

Total 1,345 1,286 1,065 1,094 2,159 2,379 2,504 4,883 3,444 3,598 7,042

Grand Total 2,759 2,819 2,721 2,785 5,506 4,896 5,196 10,092 7,617 7,981 15,598


b. Land Use (updating)

For village tract level land use, GAD offices (township level and respective village tract administrators offices)

and township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD) office have different statistical records of

different years. Information of SLRD for 2013 is described in and that of GAD for 2014 is described in . It is

difficult to generalize information of different sources. However, there is a tendency that more than half of village

tract area is occupied by agricultural land in all of the Project Village Tracts.

Table 4-38 Type of Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township 1

Village Tract

No. of Kwin

Cultivated Area (Acre) Non Cultivated land (Acre)

Grand Total

Fa

rm l

an

d

Ga

rden

an

d

Ru

bb

er

Da

ni

La

nd

Tota

l

Min

e l

an

d

Pa

stu

re

lan

d

Roa

d

Riv

er

an

d

Str

ea

m

Pon

d /

La

ke

Vil

lage

La

nd

C

em

ete

ry

an

d

Reli

gio

us

La

nd

Oth

er

lan

d

Tota

l

Kayin Taung

5 227 4,542 12 4,781 1,297 77 50 10 19 2,422 3,875 8,656

Sin Taung 3 30 3,148 3,178 922 74 68 9 43 118 2,309 3,543 6,721 Mya Mar Lar (including Kyaikkami)

6 535 2,130 174 2,839 1 7 64 810 15 392 487 736 2,512 5,351

Setse 10 602 2,494 3,096 136 42 297 32 2,028 100 2,635 5,731

Total 24 1,394 12,314 186 13,894 1 2,362 257 1,225 24 477 2,652 5,567 12,565 26,459


Table 4-39 Type of Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township 2

Village Tract Net

Agricultural

Land

Pasture

Land

Mine

Land

Road River

and

Stream

Factory

land

Village

Land

Cemetery

and

Religious

Land

Other

Land

Total

(acre)

Mya Mar Lar 2,808 7 1 29 804 10 123 362 518 4,662

Source: Village Tract GAD 2014

Breakdown of registered agricultural land use for 2014 in the Project Village Tracts are summarized in . There

are certain fluctuations of agricultural land area from 2013, but it can be concluded that majority of agricultural

lands are occupied by the rubber plantation if the Project Village Tracts.

132

Table 4-40 Breakdown Registered Agricultural Land Use of Project Village Tracts in Thanbyuzayat Township

Village Tract Kwin

No

Number of

Registered

Farmers

Paddy Land

(acre)

Rubber

land

(acre)

Garden

Land

(acre)

Thatch

Land

(acre)

Total Area

(acre)

Mya Mar Lar 5 530 635 765 734 44 2,178

Kayin Taung 5 1,085 237 3,398 40 4 3,679

Sin Taung 3 779 35.81 2,400.82 724.95 0 3,161.58

Setse 10 862 472 1,945 105 0 2,525

Total 23 3,256 1,379.81 8,508.82 1,603.95 48 11,543.58

Source: Thanbyuzayat Township SLRD 2014

In principle, agricultural lands in Myanmar are registered by SLRD and grouped in a block called “Kwin”. Each

parcel of agricultural land having different users (famers) are numbered by what is locally called “U-Pine”. Not all

of the Project Village Tract, but for Mya Mar Lar and Setse village tracts, kwin-wise list of farmland/rubber

plantation owners, land acreage and their u-pine numbers were obtained. Obtained list is summarized in .

Table 4-41 Kwin-wise Farm Land and Rubber Plantation Information.

Village Tract Kwin No. Farm Land

(Acre)

Rubber

Plantation

(Acre)

Total

(Acre)

Number of

Registered Farmers

F R Total F R Total

Mya Mar Lar 907 213.43 0.00 213.43 34 0 34

907 (A) (Buddha Gone Kwin) 44.51 25.23 69.74 14 8 22

907 (A) (Buddha Gone Kwin) 281.50 0.00 281.50 136 0 136

908 (Thein Kwin) 256.48 136.22 392.70 118 21 139

909 480.35 268.30 748.65 406 67 473

909(A) 519.65 247.36 767.01 215 65 280

OSS 1 186.98 0.00 186.98 83 0 83

Total 1,982.90 677.11 2,660.01 1,006 161 1,167

Setse

922 56.57 160.82 217.39 13 39 52

923 6.08 397.01 403.09 2 69 71

923(A) 19.80 0.00 19.80 8 0 8

924 (A) 36.24 467.63 503.87 11 79 90

924 (B) 0.00 145.22 145.22 0 36 36

925 248.59 231.03 479.62 75 25 100

926 125.95 27.36 153.31 36 14 50

927(A) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0

927(B) 96.74 136.13 232.87 35 44 79

Total 589.97 1,565.20 2,155.17 180 306 486

Grand Total 2,572.87 2,242.31 4,815.18 1,186 467 1,653


Within the Project Village Tracts, following kwins are located along the coastline and in the further stage of the

Project, a detail survey is required in these kwins for identifying acreage and type of land uses and users which

may be affected by the Project.

- Kwin Number: 908, 909, 909A, 1219, 1294, OSS-2, OSS-3, 925

Kwin map of the Project Village Tract is described in .

133

Figure 4-14 Kwin Map of the northwest Coast of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD)

c. Cultural Heritage

The Project Village Tract has 4 of cultural and regional important heritages as shown in . Especially, Kyaikkami

Pagoda is the symbol monument of the area and conserved by Kyaikkami Pagoda Association.

134

Figure 4-15 Cultural Heritage Map of the northwest Coast of Thanbyuzayat Township

Source: Modified Map from Thanbyuzayat Township Information and Communication Department

3. Prediction of Impact in Without Projects Case

In connection to the forecast of the future conditions for “without projects case”, the following positive and

negative impacts are predicted.

Positive Impacts for “without project case”:

There will be no land acquisition and involuntary resettlement

Livelihood related to on-shore fishery will maintain the same as now and will not be affected (which does

not always require land acquisition and involuntary resettlement)

On-shore and other transportation means along the coast line will maintain the same.

No impacts on air quality and water quality by the Project

Negative Impacts for “without project case”:

Insufficient supply of electricity to the region and to the national grid will continue

Speed of economic development in the Thanbyuzayat Township and the Mawlamyine District may be

decreased.

Due to shortage of electricity, improvement of surrounding infrastructure such as public facilities and

local employment maybe hindered.

135

(2) Environmental improvement effects by the Project

a) Air Quality, Water Quality, Noise, and Other Environmental Improvement Effects

Construction of the coal thermal power plant will improve electricity generation capacity of the country and

contribute to increasing demands for the electricity. Furthermore, the coal thermal power plant will enable to

supply more stable and regulated amount of electricity throughout the year in comparison to the hydro power

plant which is currently the dominant source of power generation in Myanmar. These in return, will bring more

economics and industrial developments in the Mawlamyine areas.

Though the coal thermal power plant, by its nature, has certain impacts to air quality and water quality by gas

emission and intake/ discharge of circulated water, appropriate environmental mitigation measures such as

denitrification device desulfurization device, precipitator, and water treatment facility will be introduced to

minimize the environmental impacts. Moreover, introducing ultra super critical boiler and other latest coal power

plant related technologies will also minimize environmental impacts.

Though jetties for the Project are planned mainly for unloading of imported coal, the jetty structure may serve as

breakwater for hinterland/ water and shelter for ships nearby during high tides / abnormal weather conditions.

On the other hand, the Project will mainly improve environmental items such as lifestyle and livelihood as

follows.

Increase supply of electricity to the region for further economic development and livelihood improvement

in the township and the district.

Improve lifestyle of surrounding residents of the Project site by development of surrounding

infrastructure such as access road, and other public facilities.

Contribute to local employment and may improve lifestyle and livelihood of surrounding residents

136

(3) Environmental and social impacts of the Project

a) Examination of Environmental and Social Impacts

In the Study, environmental and social impacts of the Project of coal thermal power plant and its jetty were

evaluated shows the evaluation results of environmental and social impacts by mainly using “Categories and

Items in Checklist 2 Thermal Power Plant” attached with “JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social

Considerations (April 2010)” as a reference format. In addition to the Checklist 2 Thermal Power Plant, the

Checklist 6 “Power Transmission and Distribution Lines”, and the Checklist 10 “Port and Harbors”, were also

referred based on the necessity.

However, the examination made in this Study is preliminary and the factors which would give serious impacts on

environment and social aspects should be fully checked and evaluated in EIA and/or SIA studies by the Project

proponents and/or petitioners.

Table 4-42 Environmental Checklist (Coal Thermal Plant including Jetty and Transmission)

Reference table：JICA’ s Environmental Checklist (Thermal Power Plant, Port, Transmission & Distribution )

Categ

ory

Enviro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible

Environmental Impacts

Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations

(Reasons, Mitigation

Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

None

Not C

lear

1 P

ermits an

d E

xplan

ation

(1) E

IA an

d E

nviro

nm

ental P

ermits

com

mon

(a) Have EIA reports been

already prepared in official

process?

EIA have not been

prepared yet. In

accordance with MIC

Notification

No.50/2014, the

Project requires the

implementation of

EIA.

(b) Have EIA reports been

approved by authorities of the

host country's government?

Ditto.

(c) Have EIA reports been

unconditionally approved? If

conditions are imposed on the

approval of EIA reports, are the

conditions satisfied?

Ditto.

(d) In addition to the above

approvals, have other required

environmental permits been

obtained from the appropriate

regulatory authorities of the

host country's government?

Ditto.

137

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(2) E

xp

lanatio

n to

the L

ocal S

takeh

old

ers

Co

mm

on

(a) Have contents of the project

and the potential impacts been

adequately explained to the

Local stakeholders based on

appropriate procedures,

including information

disclosure? Is understanding

obtained from the Local

stakeholders?

EIA have not been

prepared yet.

According to draft

EIA procedure, at least

two public

consultation meetings,

first during the

scoping stage and the

second one upon

completion of draft

EIA report, are

required for EIA level

assessment.

(b) Have the comment from the

stakeholders (such as local

residents) been reflected to the

project design?

Ditto.

(3)

Exam

inati

on o

f

Altern

ativ

es

Com

mon

(a) Have alternative plans of the

project been examined with

social and environmental

considerations?

The location of coal

thermal power plant

has not been

determined yet.

2 P

ollu

tion C

ontro

l

(1) A

ir Quality

Therm

al

(a) Do air pollutants, such as

sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen

oxides (NOx), and soot and dust

emitted by the power plant

operations comply with the

country’s emission standards?

Is there a possibility that air

pollutants emitted from the

project will cause areas that do

not comply with the country’s

ambient air quality standards?

Are any mitigating measures

taken?

✔ Air

pollution

by

emission

gas.

No

national

quality

standards

yet

The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental

standards set by the

Project.

Impacts on air quality

canbe little if

desulfurization system,

denitration system,

electrostatic

precipitator/ fabric

filters, and other

necessary mitigation

measures are properly

installed..

(b) In the case of coal-fired

power plants, is there a

possibility that fugitive dust

from the coal piles, coal

handling facilities, and dust

from the coal ash disposal sites

will cause air pollution? Are

adequate measures taken to

prevent the air pollution?

✔ Air

pollution

by dusts.

No

national

quality

standards

yet

The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project.

Impacts on dust from

coal yard and ash

disposal site can be

little if coal yard is

planned to be set at distance from

138

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

residential area and

dust prevention fence

will be installed to

minimize spreading of

dust.

(1) A

ir Qu

ality

Po

rt

(a) Do air pollutants, such as

sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen

oxides (NOx), and soot and dust

emitted from ships, vehicles and

project equipments comply with

the country's emission

standards? Are any mitigating

measures taken?

✔ Air

pollution

by

exhauste

d gases.

No

national

quality

standards

yet

The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project.

To comply with target

level set by the

Project, environmental

management and

monitoring plan must

be prepared and

operated properly.

(2) W

ater Quality

Therm

al

(a) Do effluents including

thermal effluents from the

power plant comply with the

country’s effluent standards? Is

there a possibility that the

effluents from the project will

cause areas that do not comply

with the country’s ambient

water quality standards or cause

any significant temperature rise

in the receiving waters?

✔ Changes

in

aquatic

fauna &

flora,

and

water

pollution

by water

temperat

ure

increase

of

discharg

ed water.

No

national

quality

standards

yet

The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project.

Impacts of thermal

water discharge are

expected to be limited.

Temperature

difference of

discharged water

will be set to be less

than 7 ℃ and will

comply with target

level based on the

results of prediction

by simulation model.

(b) In the case of coal-fired

power plants, do leachates from

the coal piles and coal ash

disposal sites comply with the

country’s effluent standards?

✔

Water

pollution

by the

Project.

No

national

quality

standards

yet.

The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project.

Less residents are

expected in the

surrounding of the

Project site.. Thus no significant serious

impacts by the Project

139

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be

predicted by further

studies, as required,

necessary measures

will be carried out.

(c) Are adequate measures

taken to prevent contamination

of surface water, soil,

groundwater, and seawater by

the effluents?

✔ Ditto Countermeasures to

avoid water pollution

such as waste water

treatment, slope

protection, and etc.

will be taken.

(2) W

ater Quality

Po

rt

(a) Do effluents from the

project facilities comply with

the country's effluent and

environmental standards?

✔ Ditto The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project if national

standards are not set

yet by the

commencement of the

Project..

No significant serious


are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures


(b) Do effluents from the ships

and other project equipments

comply with the country's

effluent and environmental

standards?

✔ Ditto The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project if national

standards are not set

yet by the

commencement of the

Project. No

significant serious


are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be


studies, as required, necessary measures

140

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear


(c) Does the project prepare any

measures to prevent leakages of

oils and toxicants?

✔ Ditto Pollution mitigation

measures will be

introduced and no

significant serious


are predicted.

(d) Does the project cause any

alterations in coastal lines and

disappearance/appearance of

surface water to change water

temperature or quality by

decrease of water exchange or

changes in flow regimes?

✔ Ditto. Significant

alternations of the

coast lines and change

in water temperature by jetty construction

and operation are not

expected in the

Project.

(e) Does the project prepare any

measures to prevent polluting

surface, sea or underground

water by the penetration from

reclaimed lands?

✔

Ditto. Significant land

reclaimation is not

expected in the

Project. However, if

any impact may be



necessary measures

will be carried out

(2) W

ater Quality

Tran

smissio

n/ D

istribu

tion

(a) Is there any possibility that

soil runoff from the bare lands

resulting from earthmoving

activities, such as cutting and

filling will cause water quality

degradation in downstream

water areas? If the water quality

degradation is anticipated, are

adequate measures considered?

✔

Ditto. No significant serious


are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures

will be carried out

141

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(3) W

astes

Th

ermal

(a) Are wastes, (such as waste

oils, and waste chemical

agents), coal ash, and

by-product gypsum from flue

gas desulfurization generated by

the power plant operations

properly treated and disposed of

in accordance with the

country’s regulations?

✔

Harmful

damages

to

surround

ing

environ

ment and

residents

Impacts on waste can

be limited because fly

ash and bottom ash

will be recycled as

by-products and

Furthermore, other

solid waste will be

disposed of on

designated dumping

site. However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures


(3) W

astes

Port

(a) Are wastes generated from

the ships and other project

facilities properly treated and

disposed of in accordance with

the country's regulations?

✔

Harmful

damages

to

surround

ing

environ

ment



are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures


(b) Is offshore dumping of

dredged soil properly disposed

in accordance with the country's

regulations?

✔



are predicted. However, if dredging

is required,

appropriate measures


(c) Does the project prepare any

measures to avoid dumping or

discharge toxicants?

✔

Ditto. Ditto.

(4) N

oise an

d V

ibratio

n

Th

ermal/p

ort

(a) Do noise and vibrations

comply with the country’s

standards?

✔ Noise

and

vibration

problem

by

vehicles

and

thermal

plant

The Project should

plan and design for

compliance with

environmental


Project.

Impacts on noise and

vibration are expected

to be limited because

the distance between

source (machineries in

the power generation

facilities) and

receptors (residences)

142

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(5) S

ub

siden

ce

Th

ermal/p

ort

(a) In the case of extraction of a

large volume of groundwater, is

there a possibility that the

extraction of groundwater will

cause subsidence?

✔

Damages

to

structure

s and

land

usages

by the

Project

Use of ground water is

limited, thus, no

significant serious


are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures


(6) O

do

r

Th

ermal/p

ort

(a) Are there any odor sources?

Are adequate odor control

measures taken?

✔ Harmful

effects

by

chemical

s used by

the

Project

Impacts on offensive

odor caused by

ammonia are expected

to be little because the

amount of ammonium

to be used on

denitration process is

small and will be

handled appropriately.

(7) S

edim

ent

Port

(a) Are adequate measures

taken to prevent contamination

of sediments by discharges or

dumping of hazardous materials

from the ships and related

facilities?

✔ Sediment

pollution

by the

Project

Impact on

sedimentation are

expected to be limited

because dredging

works which might

affect the surrounding

area are site specific.

However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures


3 N

atural E

nviro

nm

ent

(1) P

rotected

Areas

Com

mon

(a) Is the project site located in

protected areas designated by

the country’s laws or

international treaties and

conventions? Is there a

possibility that the project will

affect the protected areas?

✔ Damages

and

destructi

on to

nature

and

ecology

by the

Project

There is no protected

area in the vicinity of

the project candidate

sites.

(2) E

cosy

stem

Com

mon

(a) Does the project site

encompass primeval forests,

tropical rain forests,

ecologically valuable habitats

(e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, or

tidal flats)?

✔ Ditto. There is no large

primeval forests,

wetland area and tidal

flats in the Project

candidate sites as well

as their surroundings

143

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(b) Does the project site

encompass the protected

habitats of endangered species

designated by the country’s

laws or international treaties

and conventions?

✔

Ditto. At district level

endangered species

are recorded. Details

need to be confirmed

by the further study

for the Project.

(c) If significant ecological

impacts are anticipated, are

adequate protection measures

taken to reduce the impacts on

the ecosystem?

✔ Ditto. Currently, no

significant impact is

predicted considering

Myanmar

environmental rules

and regulations. If any

impact may be


studies, alternative

locations will be

examined to

avoid/mitigate the

predicted impacts.

(d) Is there a possibility that the

amount of water (e.g., surface

water, groundwater) used by the

project will adversely affect

aquatic environments, such as

rivers? Are adequate measures

taken to reduce the impacts on

aquatic environments, such as

aquatic organisms?

✔



are predicted.

However, if any

impact may be



necessary measures


(e) Is there a possibility that

discharge of thermal effluents,

intake of a large volume of

cooling water or discharge of

leachates will adversely affect

the ecosystem of surrounding

water areas?

✔ Ditto. Ditto. (2

) Eco

system

Port

(d) Is there a possibility that the


aquatic organisms? Are


reduce negative impacts on

aquatic organisms?

Ditto. Ditto.

(e) Is there a possibility that the


vegetation or wildlife of coastal

zones? If any negative impacts

are anticipated, are adequate

measures taken to reduce the

impacts on vegetation and

wildlife?

✔ Ditto. Ditto.

144

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

Tran

smissio

n/ D

istribu

tion

(d) Are adequate measures

taken to prevent disruption of

migration routes and habitat

fragmentation of wildlife and

livestock?

✔

Ditto. There are no

situations such as

disruption of

migration routes,

habitat fragmentation

and traffic accident of

wildlife and livestock

in the Project sites. If

any impact may be



route will be

examined to

avoid/mitigate the

predicted impacts.

(e) Is there any possibility that

the project will cause the

negative impacts, such as

destruction of forest, poaching,

desertification, reduction in

wetland areas, and disturbance

of ecosystem due to

introduction of exotic

(non-native invasive) species

and pests? Are adequate

measures for preventing such

impacts considered?

✔ Ditto. There may be some

threats and fears such

as destruction of

forests, etc. in the

Project. It is necessary

to be examined by

further study.

(f) In cases where the project

site is located in undeveloped

areas, is there any possibility

that the new development will

result in extensive loss of

natural environments?

✔

Ditto. There may be some

possibility for loss of

natural environment in

the Project. It is

necessary to be

examined by further

study.

(3) H

ydro

log

y

Po

rt

(a) Do the project facilities

affect adversely flow regimes,

waves, tides, currents of rivers

and etc if the project facilities

are constructed on/by the seas?

✔ Alternati

on to

hydrolog

y and

resulting

changes

in tides

and

currents

Significant

alternations of flows,

waves, tides, currents

by jetty construction

and operation are not

expected in the

Project.

If any impact may be



route will be

examined to

avoid/mitigate the

predicted impacts.

145

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(4) T

op

og

raph

y an

d G

eolo

gy

Po

rt

(a) Does the project require any

large scale changes of

topographic/geographic features

or cause disappearance of the

natural seashore?

✔ Alternati

on and

damages

to

topograp

hy by the

Project.

There may be less

possibility for

alteration and

damages to

topography, geology,

and natural seashore

by the Project.

If any impact may be



route will be

examined to

avoid/mitigate the

predicted impacts.

Tran

smissio

n/ D

istributio

n

(a) Is there any soft ground on

the route of power transmission

and distribution lines that may

cause slope failures or

landslides? Are adequate

measures considered to prevent

slope failures or landslides,

where needed?

✔

Ditto. There may be some

possibility for

alternation and

damage by the Project.

It is necessary to be

examined by further

study. If required

proper actions such as

slope protection,

compaction, etc. will

be taken.

(b) Is there any possibility that

civil works, such as cutting and

filling will cause slope failures

or landslides? Are adequate

measures considered to prevent

slope failures or landslides?

✔

Ditto. Ditto.

(c) Is there a possibility that soil

runoff will result from cut and

fill areas, waste soil disposal

sites, and borrow sites? Are


prevent soil runoff?

✔

Ditto. Ditto. 4

Social E

nv

ironm

ent

(1) R

esettlemen

t

Th

ermal

(a) Is involuntary resettlement

caused by project

implementation? If involuntary

resettlement is caused, are

efforts made to minimize the

impacts caused by the

resettlement?

✔ Involunt

ary

resettlem

ent by

the

Project.

If land acquisition and

involuntary

resettlement are

needed, Resettlement

Action Plan (RAP)

will be prepared based

on international

standards. Fisher-men

who may have

impacts by the project

interventions shall be

also covered in RAP.

146

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(b) Is adequate explanation on

compensation and resettlement

assistance given to affected

people prior to resettlement?

Ditto

(c) Is the resettlement plan,

including compensation with

full replacement costs,

restoration of livelihoods and

living standards developed

based on socioeconomic studies

on resettlement?

Ditto

(d) Are the compensations

going to be paid prior to the

resettlement?

Ditto

(e) Are the compensation

policies prepared in document?

Ditto

(f) Does the resettlement plan

pay particular attention to

vulnerable groups or people,

including women, children, the

elderly, people below the

poverty line, ethnic minorities,

and indigenous peoples?

Ditto

(g) Are agreements with the

affected people obtained prior

to resettlement?

Ditto

(h) Is the organizational

framework established to

properly implement

resettlement? Are the capacity

and budget secured to

implement the plan?

Ditto

(i) Are any plans developed to

monitor the impacts of

resettlement?

Ditto

(j) Is the grievance redress

mechanism established?

Ditto

(2) L

ivin

g an

d

Liv

eliho

od

Therm

al

(a) Is there a possibility that the

project will adversely affect the

living conditions of inhabitants?

Are adequate measures

considered to reduce the

impacts, if necessary?

✔ Harmful

effect

and

unemplo

yment

etc. to

residents

by the

Project.

Adverse impacts to

people such as noise,

vibration, air

pollution, etc. should

be taken into

consideration. As

required, necessary

measures will be

carried out.

147

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(b) Is sufficient infrastructure

(e.g., hospitals, schools, and

roads) available for the project

implementation? If the existing

infrastructure is insufficient, are

any plans developed to

construct new infrastructure or

improve the existing

infrastructure?

✔ Harmful

effect to

living

condition

s of

residents

by the

Project

and

surround

ing

residents.



are predicted.

However, as required,

necessary measures


(c) Is there a possibility that

large vehicles traffic for

transportation of materials, such

as raw materials and products

will have impacts on traffic in

the surrounding areas, impede

the movement of inhabitants,

and any cause risks to

pedestrians?

✔ Accident

and

traffic

congesti

on by the

Project

Ditto.

(d) Is there a possibility that

diseases, including infectious

diseases, such as HIV, will be

brought due to the immigration

of workers associated with the

project? Are adequate

considerations given to public

health, if necessary?

✔

Deteriora

tion of

Public

hygiene

by the

Project

Contermeasures will

be taken by interal

regualtions imposed

by the Project and in

cooperation with the

related aurhorities so

that such situations

will not arisen by the

Projects.

(e) Is there a possibility that the

amount of water used (e.g.,

surface water, groundwater) and

discharge of thermal effluents

by the project will adversely

affect existing water uses and

uses of water areas (especially fishery)?

✔

Harmful

effect to

livelihoo

d of

surround

ing

residents.



are predicted.


necessary measures


(2) L

ivin

g an

d

Liv

eliho

od

Po

rt

(b) Is there a possibility that

changes in water uses

(including fisheries and

recreational uses) in the

surrounding areas due to project

will adversely affect the

livelihoods of inhabitants?

✔ Ditto Loss of fishing ground

by construction of

jetties may occur at

small scale, but no

significant serious


are predicted.


necessary measures


148

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(c) Is there a possibility that

port and harbor facilities will

adversely affect the existing

water traffic and road traffic in

the surrounding areas?

✔

Accident

and

traffic

congesti

on by the

Project

No significant impacts

are predicted by the

Project. But it is

necessary to be

examined by further

study.

.

(2) L

ivin

g an

d L

ivelih

ood

Tran

smissio

n/ D

istributio

n

(c) Is there any possibility that

installation of structures, such

as power line towers will cause

a radio interference? If any

significant radio interference is

anticipated, are adequate

measures considered?

✔

Interfere

nce to

current

living

There may be some

impacts by the Project.

It is necessary to be

examined by further

study.

(d) Are the compensations for

transmission wires given in

accordance with the domestic

law?

✔

Ditto Ditto.

(3) H

eritage

Com

mon


project will damage the local

archeological, historical,

cultural, and religious heritage?

Are adequate measures

considered to protect these sites

in accordance with the

country’s laws?

✔ Destructi

on and

damages

by the

Project

In the vicinity of

candidate sites there

are a few

archeological,

historical, cultural,

and religious heritage

sites. Primarily such

locations shall be

avoided upon the

selection of the site. If

any impact may be


studies, required

countermeasures will

be examined to

avoid/mitigate the

predicted impacts.

(4) L

and

scape

Com

mo

n


project will adversely affect the

local landscape? Are necessary

measures taken?

✔

Landsca

pe

inhibitio

n by the

Project

Basically, no

significant impact is

predicted, but shall

confirm whether the

Project inhibit views

to pagoda along the

coast. If any adverse

impacts are predicted

in further study phase,

necessary


be taken based on the

Myanmar laws and

regulations.

149

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(5) E

thn

ic Min

orities an

d In

dig

eno

us P

eoples

Co

mm

on

(a) Are considerations given to

reduce impacts on the culture

and lifestyle of ethnic

minorities and indigenous

peoples?

✔ Impact

on the

Ethnic

Minoritie

s and

Indigeno

us

Peoples

by the

Project

Though there are

certain ethnic

minorities reside

within the township,

no significant ethnic

issue in and around

the Project is

predicted. If any

impact may be


studies, required


be examined to

avoid/mitigate the

predicted impacts.

(b) Are all of the rights of

ethnic minorities and

indigenous peoples in relation

to land and resources respected?

✔ Ditto. Ditto.

(6) W

ork

ing C

onditio

ns

Com

mon

(a) Is the project proponent not

violating any laws and

ordinances associated with the

working conditions of the

country which the project

proponent should observe in the

project?

Corrupti

on in

occupati

onal

health

and

safety by

the

Project

The working

conditions will be

protected by the

Myanmar laws and

regulations. As

required, the Project

will prepare internal

regulations for

occupational health

and safety referring to

regulations imposed

by international

organizations and

other countries

(b) Are tangible safety

considerations in place for

individuals involved in the

project, such as the installation

of safety equipment which

prevents industrial accidents,

and management of hazardous

materials?

Accident

at work

by the

Project

Proper instruction and

guidance on safety

consideration will be

given to workers and

other individuals

involved in the

Projects.

(c) Are intangible measures

being planned and implemented

for individuals involved in the

project, such as the

establishment of a safety and

health program, and safety

training (including traffic safety

and public health) for workers etc.?

Ditto. Proper instruction and

guidance about safety

and hygiene will be


other individuals

involved in the

Projects.

150

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

(d) Are appropriate measures

taken to ensure that security

guards involved in the project

not to violate safety of other

individuals involved, or local

residents?

Safety of

local

residents

inhibitio

n

compani

on by the

Project


guidance about safety

and hygiene will be


other individuals

involved in the

Projects. Also public

awareness raising to

the general public will

be also implemented.

5 O

thers

(1) Im

pacts d

urin

g C

onstru

ction

Co

mm

on

(a) Are adequate measures

considered to reduce impacts

during construction (e.g., noise,

vibrations, turbid water, dust,

exhaust gases, and wastes)?

Environ

mental

pollution

and

contamin

ation -

Noise &

vibration

,

turbidity,

dust,

exhauste

d gas,

wastes,

etc..

The following

measures will be

taken:

(1) Noise &

vibration: Low noise

and vibration

methods and

constructional

vehicles and

equipment.

(2) Turbid

water: Sediment

basins, etc.

(3) Exhaust gas:

Less exhaust gas

constructional

vehicles and

equipment.

(4) Construction

dusts: Spraying

water, etc.

(5) Wastes:

Spoils, solid wastes,

etc. will be properly

disposed or

reclaimed.

(b) If construction activities

adversely affect the natural

environment (ecosystem), are

adequate measures considered

to reduce the impacts?

Damages

to natural

environ

ment by

the

Construc

tions

It is considered that

the construction

activities will not

affect the natural

environment adversely

in the construction

sites, but adequate

measures will be

considered to mitigate

impacts as required.

(c) If construction activities

adversely affect the social

environment, are adequate measures considered to reduce

Traffic

congesti

on, nuisance,

Adequate measures

such as detours, etc.

will be taken to mitigate impacts to

151

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

the impacts? etc social environment.

(2) A

cciden

t

Prev

entio

n

Measu

res

Th

ermal

(a) In the case of coal-fired

power plants, are adequate

measures planned to prevent

spontaneous combustion at the

coal piles (e.g., sprinkler

systems)?

Risk of

fire and

explosio

n


guidance about fire

prevention as well as

proper fire prevention

facilities will be

provided in the

Projects.

(3) M

on

itorin

g

com

mo

n

(a) Does the proponent develop

and implement monitoring

program for the environmental

items that are considered to

have potential impacts?

Monitoring should be

executed, based on

environmental plan in

EIA. In case RAP is

prepared, monitoring

should be also

executed based on monitoring plan

described in RAP.

(b) What are the items, methods

and frequencies of the

monitoring program?

Ditto.

(c) Does the proponent establish

an adequate monitoring

framework (organization,

personnel, equipment, and

adequate budget to sustain the

monitoring framework)?

Ditto.

(d) Are any regulatory

requirements pertaining to the

monitoring report system

identified, such as the format

and frequency of reports from

the proponent to the regulatory

authorities?

Ditto.

6 N

ote

Referen

ce to C

heck

list of O

ther S

ectors

Therm

al

(a) Where necessary, pertinent

items described in the Power

Transmission and Distribution

Lines checklist should also be

checked (e.g., projects

including installation of electric

transmission lines and/or

electric distribution facilities).

✔

Placeme

nt of the

transmiss

ion line

by the

Project

Incorporated in this

checklist.

Transmission line and

relevant facilities may

be involved in

construction of the

coal thermal plant, but

needed to be

confirmed at further

study for the Project

(b) Where necessary, pertinent

items described in the Ports and

Harbors checklist should also be checked (e.g., projects

including construction of port

✔ Placeme

nt of

jetty facilities

by the

Incorporated in this

checklist.

Limited impacts are predicted for

construction of jetty

152

Categ

ory

En

viro

nm

ental

Item

Main Check Items

Significance of

Possible


Potential

Environ

mental

Issues

and

Problems

Confirmation of

Environmental

Considerations


Measures)

Majo

r

Sm

all

No

ne

No

t Clear

and harbor facilities). Project facilities for the

Project, However,

details needed to be



Tran

smissio

n/ D

istribu

tion

(a) Where necessary, pertinent

items described in the Road

checklist should also be

checked (e.g., projects

including installation of electric

transmission lines and/or

electric distribution facilities).

✔ Construc

tion of

roads for

transmiss

ion line

installati

on

Limited impacts are

predicted for

construction of roads

for transmission line

installation, However,




Note o

n U

sing E

nviro

nm

ental

Check

list

Com

mon

(a) If necessary, the impacts to

transboundary or global issues

should be confirmed (e.g., the

project includes factors that

may cause problems, such as

transboundary waste treatment,

acid rain, destruction of the

ozone layer, and global

warming).

✔ Global

environ

mental

issues by

the

Project

No serious global

issues is predicted by

the Project, since

impacts by the exhaust

gases will be

minimized as much as

possible by

introducing various

energy saving

measures by the

Project. However,




No

te on

Usin

g E

nv

ironm

ental C

heck

list

Port

(a) Where necessary, impacts

on groundwater hydrology

(groundwater level drawdown

and salinization) that may be

caused by alteration of

topography, such as land

reclamation and canal

excavation should be

considered, and impacts, such

as land subsidence that may be

caused by groundwater uses

should be considered. If

significant impacts are

anticipated, adequate mitigation

measures should be taken.

✔ Alternati

on and

damages

to

ground

water

regimes

by the

Project

No serious impacts to

ground water is

predicted by

construction of jetty

for the project

1). Regarding the term “Country’s Standards” mentioned in the above table, in the event that

environmental standards in the country where the project is located diverge significantly from

international standards, appropriate environmental considerations are requested to be made. In cases

where local environmental regulations are yet to be established in some areas, considerations should

153

be made based on comparisons with appropriate standards of other countries (including Japan's

experience).

2). Environmental checklist provides general environmental items to be checked. It may be necessary to

add or delete an item taking into account the characteristics of the project and the particular

circumstances of the country and locality in which it is located.

Source: Prepared by Study Team based on JICA’ s Environmental Checklist

b) Alternatives and Mitigation Measures on Environmental and Social Consideration for the Project

The several alternative locations, possible designs and construction methods for the coal thermal power plant and

the jetty will be examined in further study phase. Also detail land use and socio-economic conditions of potential

project affected people (PAPs) will be verified in further study phase of the Project.

Meanwhile, detailed alternatives have not been studied or specified because basic plan and design of the thermal

power plant and regional development program are not finalized yet. To prepare and finalize those, it is necessary

to collect detailed data and information such as geological/ hydrological / bathymetric conditions of concerned

onshore area through site surveys and measurements.

Therefore, draft mitigation measures, alternative locations and design cannot be studied in details currently. If the

Project has significant influence on natural and social environmental conditions, it is necessary to identify such

impacts, and propose alternative plans for whole or a part of the Project to mitigate the predicted impacts.

At present, technically, no serious adverse impact is predicted by construction and operation of the coal thermal

power plant if appropriate mitigation measures as described in are adopted and implemented. However, the coal

thermal power has significantly negative impressions within Myanmar. Thus, raising public awareness about the

coal thermal power plant in general may be required to mitigate unnecessary objection and negative campaigns

toward the Project.

154

(4) Outlines of the related laws and regulations for environmental impact

assessment in Myanmar

a) Environmental Laws, Rules and Regulations of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar

1. Environmental Legislation and Institutional System

a. Institutional Setting

As of end of November 2014, Myanmar has 31 ministries in its Union Government. The leading ministries in

charge of environmental and social consideration are the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry

(MOECAF) and the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MSWRR). Depending on type and

extent of projects, other ministries such as the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,

the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Industry, and so on will take roles in

environmental and social consideration.

b. Fundamental Laws and Regulations

Major legislations pertinent to natural and social environment areas in Myanmar are categorized as follows and

described hereunder;

- Laws and regulations related to environmental consideration,

- Laws and regulations related to social welfare and occupational health, and

- Key laws and regulations for land related right and land acquisition.

c. Laws and Regulations Related to Environmental Consideration

Followings and their amendments/ subordinate documents are key as well as applicable laws and regulations in

respect to Environmental Consideration in current Myanmar. Except for the Environmental Conservation Law

(2012) and its subordinate laws / rules, there are no law determining about the comprehensive environmental

conservation and management in Myanmar. Currently, the following laws and regulations are enacted in

environmental and social consideration field in Myanmar.

- The Water Power Act 1927 (Burma Act 11, 1927)

- The Underground Water Act 1930

- Territorial Sea and Maritime Zone Law 1977

- Irrigation Laws and Regulations 1982

- Law on Aquaculture 1989

- Marine Fisheries Law (1990)

- Freshwater Fisheries Law (1991)

- The Forest law 1992 (8/92)

- The Protection of Preservation of Cultural Heritage Region Law 1994

155

- The Protection of Wildlife, Wild Plant and Conservation of Natural Area Law 1994

- National Environment Policy 1994

- Mines Law 1994

- The Conservation of Water Resources and River Law 2006

- The Environmental Conservation Law 2012

- Farmland Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.11, 2012)

- Farmland Rules, 2012 (President Office Notification No 62, 2012)

- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.10)

- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules 2012 (President Office Notification No 1, 2012)

- The Environmental Conservation Rules 2014

- The EIA Procedure (Draft)

d. Laws and Regulations Related to Social Welfare and Occupational Health

Some of existing laws and regulations determine about social welfare issues and environmental consideration

issues. Major existing and applicable laws for social welfare are listed as follows.

- Factory Act 1951

- The Oil Field (Labor and Welfare ) Act 1951

- The Leave and Holiday Act 1951

- Public Health Law 1972

- Standing Order 2/95 Occupational Health Plan 1995

- Settlement of Labor Dispute Law 2012 (5/2012)

- Social Welfare Law 2012 (15/2012)

- Minimum Wage Law 2013 (7/2013)

e. Key Laws and Regulations for Land Related Right and Land Acquisition

Followings and their amendments/ subordinate documents are key as well as applicable laws and regulations in

respect to land related rights and land acquisition in current Myanmar. Though some laws already have been

repealed, such laws are still partially applicable depending on situations.

- The (Lower Burma) Land and Revenue Act, 1879 (India Act II, 1876)

- The Upper Burma Land and Revenue Regulation, 1889

- The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (India Act 1, 1894)

- Land Acquisition Directions

- The Lower Burma Town and Village Lands Act 1899 (Burma Act IV, 1898)

- Land and Revenue Order (Rule), 1911

- Land Acquisition Rules 1932

- Land Acquisition Manual 1947

- The Land Nationalization Act,1953 (Act No 75, 1953)*

- Land Nationalization Rules, 1954*

156

- The Law Safeguarding Peasant Rights (Agriculturist’s Rights Protection Law) 1963 (Union Myanmar

Revolutionary Council Law No. 91, 1963)

- Farmland Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.11, 2012)

- Farmland Rules, 2012 (President Office Notification No 62, 2012)

- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012 (Pyidaungsh Hluttaw Law No.10)

- Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Rules 2012 (President Office Notification No 1, 2012)

*Law itself is already repealed but some of sections are still applied depending on respective situations.

f. Laws and Regulations at State Level

Similar to other regions/states in Myanmar, Mon State follows Union level laws and regulations most of cases.

However, Mon State also enacts is own laws and regulations. Followings are major state level laws in Mon State.

Table 4-43 Major Mon State Level Laws and Regulations

No. Law Name General Summarization

1 Mon State Fishery

Law

(11st April 2014)

(A) The objectives of the law are

(i) To protect the extinct of fish species and to develop fisheries

(ii) To protect damage of freshwater fishery water expanses

(iii) To permit fishery by paying tax to the State

(iv) To manage fisheries by law and taking legal actions.

(B) The law determines about fishery water expanse for coastal water and

freshwater, committee’s duties, fishery franchise holding person’s duties, etc,. )

The conservation of biodiversity of algae and other aquatic creatures in coastal area

is one of committee’s duties.

2 Mon State Village

Fuel-wood Plantation

Law

(30th

September

2013)

A) The objectives of the law are

(i) To develop the State by establishing village fuel-wood plantations in vacant

lands, lands under government’s control, and damaged forest lands.

(ii) To increase land use price

(iii) To obtain more fuel-wood due to the systematic fuel-wood consumption

through collective plantation, production and utilization of user groups.

(iv) To protect natural disaster and to conserve natural environment

(v) To utilize the residual parts of fuel-wood such as trunk for other purposes

B) The law determines about formation of village fuel-wood

plantation, committee’s duties, forester’s duties and Inspections activities, etc.)

3 Conservation of

Cultural Heritage

Law, Mon State

(8th November 2013)

The law determines about designation of cultural heritage area, conservation and

protection of cultural heritage area, committee’s duties, issue of permit for

constructions of hotels, industrial buildings, and research activities in cultural area,

and inspection activities in cultural heritage area, etc.

4 Systematic

Production and

Usage of Fertilizer

Law in Mon State

(23rd

December

2014)

The main objectives of the law are

(i) To support development of farming sector which is fundamental economy of

country

(ii) To supervise fertilizer enterprise

(iii) To support natural environmental conservation and soil conservation by

utilizing proper fertilizers

(iv) To conduct research and education programs for growers to provide

comprehensive knowledge of fertilizer application

(v) To enhance cultivation of organic products and to provide safe crops to public

5 Salt and Salt

Products Law in

Mon State (11

st April 2014)

The main objectives of the law are

(i) To produce salt and salt products without forest depletion

(ii) To extend the production capacity of salt and salt production area (iii) To assist in salt and salt products export activities

(iv) To distribute enhanced technologies to salt and salt products entrepreneurs

157


6 Recreation Centers,

Zoological and

Botanical Garden

Law

(Draft version)

The objectives of the law are

(i) To protect natural plants and wild animals by establishing zoological and

botanical gardens

(ii) To protect animals and natural plants and their origin having dangers of

extinction

(iii) To support natural science researches

(iv) To conduct development programs considering environmental conservation

affairs

(v) To cooperate between government organizations, international organizations,

non-government organizations, and individuals for environmental conservation

affairs.

(vi) To provide recreation centers for public

7 Mon State

Development Law

(Amended)

(10th

April 2013)

The Law determines about management of development activities (town planning,

water supply, town cleansing, sanitation in rural and downtown area, electricity

supply, establishing of private and development committee markets, environmental

conservation activities, public health caring activities, etc.), management of vehicles

including slow moving vehicles like trishaw, management of ferry boats business,

management of killing animals, finance management, fund raising for development

activities, taxes collection, etc.

8 Mon State

Loading/Unloading

Law

(19th

December

2012)


(i) To support for improvement of trading and rapid trade flow

(ii) To provide worthy wages to loading and unloading worker for their physical

efforts

(iii)To provide social stability and occupation welfare of loading and unloading

workers

The law determines about permission of loading and unloading enterprise,

systematic supervisions on loading and unloading enterprise under rules and

regulations of this Law, Occupational safety, etc.

9 Mon State Excise on

Alcohols/Beer/Spirits

Law

(19th

December

2012)


(i) To control the epidemic of alcoholic drinking habit

(ii) To avoid illegal production and selling in the distribution of alcohols

(iii) To attain excise on alcohols/beer/spirits for the State

10 Mon State Land Tax

Law

(19th

December

2012)

The law determines about farm land to be taxed, rate of land tax, exemption of land

tax, collection of land tax, collection of unpaid land tax by opening as case file, etc.

11 Mon State Fire Risk

and Natural Disasters

Prevention Law

(10th

April 2013)


(i) To prevent or mitigate the damage/deprivation of cultural heritage, private

and government industries/ enterprises/ services, public’s health, life, building and

property, farm lands and animals due to fire risk and natural disasters.

(ii) To conduct emergency response plans and rescure plans without any time

delay in case of fire risk and natural disasters

(iii) To implement rehabilitation activities as soon as possible after fire risk

and natural disasters

The law determines about formation of fire risk and natural disasters prevention

committee, implementation of fire risk and natural disasters prevention activities,

rescue and rehabilitation activities, etc.

12 Mon State Theatre

Supervision Law

(10th

April 2013)

The law determines about application procedure to get permission for holding

variety concert at theatre, functions and duties of concert organizer, etc.

13 Mon State Private

Water-crafts

Operation Law

(8th November 2013)

The law determines about extension of water-crafts lines, construction of jetties,

cooperation between water-crafts owners/businessmen under township committee’s

guidance to emerge modern transportation system having less impact on natural

environment, registration and designation of water-craft line, fund raising activities, etc.

158


14 Mon State Honorary

Certificates and

Commendations

Awarding Law

(31st September

2013)


(i) To develop the State and Nation

(ii) To develop economy and social activities

(iii) To honor persons who valiantly participate in the fields of literature,

culture, religion, etc.

15

Regulation for

Fishery around

Pagoda areas

No fishing zone is defined for around 300 meter surrounding of Kyaikkami Yee Le

Pagoda and lobster protected area is defined for about 3 km2 (3 km x 1 km)

surrounding of Kyaik Saw Yee Le Pagoda area respectively. Source: Department of

Fisheries Thanbyuzayat Township.

Source: Relevant state level laws and regulations

b) Environmental Quality Standards

According to the Environmental Conservation Law, MOECAF will set standards of environmental qualities as

agreed by the Union Government and the Environmental Conservation Committee. Standards to be set by

MOECAF are as follows:

- Standard quality of water related to the use of inland water available to public places, dams, ponds,

swamps, flooded land, channel, creeks and rivers.

- Standard quality of water at coastal regions and delta area

- Standard quality of groundwater

- Standard quality of air

- Standard of noise and vibration

- Standard of odor and emission gas

- Standard of wastewater

- Standard of soil and leachate from solid waste

- Other standard environment qualities set by the Union Government

As of the end of November 2014, these standards have not been set yet. Project proponents are required to set

quantitative target levels, independently at this moment.

Currently, MOECAF is in a process for establishment of National Environmental Quality Standards. However,

establishment of comprehensive and practical standards is quite difficult task and it may take certain time. In

consideration of immediate demand for waste water quality, MOECAF is planning to determine “Guidelines for

National Environmental Quality Standards”, and “National Wastewater Quality Standard” by end of FY2014.

Though industrial waste water quality has not been stipulated by MOECAF as of November 2014, Ministry of

Industry (MOI) has issued Water and Air Pollution Control Plan on 21st August, 1995. This plan has stipulated

standard values for wastewater effluent from industries before the effluent can be discharged into natural water

environment such as rivers, creeks, lakes and ponds. Currently, these values are often referred to in Myanmar, thus

until establishment of the national environmental standards or guidelines, the target industrial wastewater effluent

from the Project shall not exceeded the values presented in .

159

Table 4-44 Guideline Value of Industrial Wastewater Effluent

No. Parameter Unit Allowable values Remarks

1 Temperature oC Max 40

2 pH 5-9

3 Color and Odor - Not objectionable when mixed in receiving

water

4 Dissolved solids Max 2000

5 SS mg/L Max 30

6 BOD (5 days at

20oC)

mg/L Max 20-60 Depending on geography of waste

discharging point

7 COD (KMnO4) mg/L Max 60

8 Sulphide (as H2S) mg/L Max 1

9 Cyandie (as HCN) mg/L Max 0.2

10 Oil and Grease mg/L Max 5

11 Tar None

12 Formaldehyde mg/L Max 1

13 Phenol and cresols mg/L Max 1

14 Free chlorine mg/L Max 1

15 Zinc mg/L Max 5

16 Chromium mg/L Max 0.5

17 Arsenic mg/L Max 0.25

18 Copper mg/L Max 1.0

19 Mercury mg/L Max 0.005

20 Cadmium mg/L Max 0.03

21 Barium mg/L Max 1.0

22 Selenium mg/L Max 0.02

23 Lead mg/L Max 0.2

24 Nickel mg/L Max 0.2

25 Insecticides None

26 Radioactive

materials None

Source: Ministry of Industry

c) EIA System and Approval Procedure in Myanmar

1. Laws and Regulations regarding EIA

a. Introduction

As of November 2014, detailed legal process for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has not been

enacted in Myanmar. However, the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) has been

preparing series of the EIA Procedure draft which defines detailed legal process related to EIA. The draft EIA

Procedure covers contents such as screening of projects, qualification for conducting EIA/ IEE (Initial

Environmental Examination), preparation of EIA/IEE report, Environmental Management Plan (EMP), public

involvement, approval of EIA/IEE report by MOECAF, , Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), and

monitoring process after approval of EIA/IEE report and etc.. Currently, 6th draft of EIA Procedure is under

preparation.

Though the EIA Procedure is still not enacted, currently, majority of new projects in Myanmar are often

requested by the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) to submit EIA/ IEE report in accordance with draft

EIA procedures, upon business/ investment applications. This is prevalent in case of foreign investment projects

160

regulated by the Foreign Investment Law 2012 and its subordinate laws/regulations.

Myanmar Investment Commission Notification No. 50/2014 (14 August 2014, modifications of Notification No.

1/2013), “Economic Activities Which Require Environmental Impact Assessment”, determines 30 sectors which

require EIA prior to business license. In the list, following are types of economic activities which require EIA and

relevant to power generation.

- No. 4: Hydropower and other heavy electricity generation, construction of electrical power transmission

line

The Foreign Investment Rules 2013 also depicts that environmental social considerations of projects shall refer

to the Environmental Conservation Law.

2) Super Ordinate Laws of draft EIA Procedures

a. Environmental Conservation Law (2012)

Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) in Myanmar was prepared by MOECAF and enacted in 31 March, 2012.

This is the fundamental law for environmental conservation in Myanmar. describes overall composition of ECL.

Table 4-45 Composition of the Environmental Conservation Law

Chapter Sections

1 Title and Definition 1-2

2 Objectives 3

3 Formation of the Environmental Conservation Committee 4-6

4 Duties and Powers relating to the Environmental Conservation of the

Ministry

7-8

5 Environmental Emergency 9

6 Environmental Quality Standards 10-12

7 Environmental Conservation 13-16

8 Management of Urban Environment 17

9 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages 18-20

10 Prior Permission 21-25

11 Insurance 26-27

12 Prohibitions 28-30

13 Offences and Penalties 31-34

14 Miscellaneous 35-42

Source: Environmental Conservation Law 2012

b. Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)

Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) is detailed enforcement regulations of the Environmental

Conservation Law and enacted on 5 June, 2014. describes overall composition of ECR.

161

Table 4-46 Composition of the Environmental Conservation Rules

Chapter Sections


2 Adopting Policy Relating to Environmental Conservation 3-6

3 Environmental Conservation 7-26

4 International, Regional and Bi-lateral Cooperation Relating to

Environmental Conservation

27-28

5 Environmental Management Fund 29-35

6 Environmental Emergency 36-37

7 Environmental Quality Standards 38-39

8 Management of Urban Environment 40

9 Waste Management 41-46

10 Conservation of Natural Resources and Cultural Heritages 47-50

11 Environment Impact Assessment 51-61

12 Prior Permission 62-68

13 Prohibitions 69

14 Miscellaneous 70-74

Source: Environmental Conservation Rules 2014

ECR stipulates basic policy and concept on EIA application of the development of Projects (Chapter 11);

- To prepare the environment impact assessment report including EMP and submit to the Ministry (Section

55 (a)), and

- To implement and carry out EMP within the time stipulated by the Ministry and submit the performance

situation to the Ministry (Section 55 (b)).

Prior Permission (Chapter 12) is required for categories of business, work-site or factory, workshops which may

cause an impact on the environmental quality (Section 62). Though categories of business and activities which

require the prior permission are yet to be determined as of November 2014, businesses / projects which may cause

hazardous impacts and projects which are required to conduct EIA / IEE seem to be categorized for prior

permission according to the latest draft EIA procedure.

c. Draft EIA Procedures

Though there are still considerable modifications going on by MOECAF for the EIA Procedures as of November

2014, there seems to be not much of significant changes in the overall composition of the EIA Procedures among

the different versions of drafts. describes overall composition of the latest EIA Procedure.

Table 4-47 Composition of the draft EIA Procedure (November 2014)

Chapter Sections


2-1 Establishment of Environmental Impact Assessment Process 3-14

2-2 Requirement of Third Parties to Conduct EIA/IEE 15-22

3 Screening 23-27

4 Initial Environmental Examination 28-40

5 Environmental Impact Assessment 41-73

6 Environmental Consideration in Project Approval 74-95

7 Monitoring 96-112

8 Penalties 113-120

Appendix A Project Categorization for Assessment Purposes

Appendix B IEE/EIA Procedures

Appendix C Penalties Categorization

Source: Draft EIA Procedures

162

3) EIA System and Approve Procedure

a. Basic framework of EIA

According to the draft EIA procedure, basic framework to be laid out for EIA in Myanmar is as follows.

- All projects undertaken in Myanmar by any organizations or individuals having the potential to cause

significant adverse impacts, are required to undertake environmental impact assessment and to obtain an

Environmental Compliance Certificate in accordance with the EIA Procedure. (Article 3, 6th draft)

- The EIA Procedure does not address specific matters in relation to resettlement and indigenous people.

Projects involving resettlement or potentially affecting indigenous people shall additionally comply with

separate procedures issued by responsible ministries before issuing separate procedures by MOECAF, and

in the absence of such procedures all such projects shall adhere to international good practice on

involuntary resettlement and indigenous people.(Article 9, 6th draft)

- Existing projects or projects under construction before the issuance of the EIA Procedure shall develop an

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) within a time frame prescribed by the Ministry and such EMP

shall be subject to the review and approval of the Ministry. (Article 10, 6th draft)

b. Screening of Projects

According to the draft EIA Procedure, MOECAF will determine project type (scale of environmental

assessment) based on project proposals submitted by project proponents (Article 23, 6th draft, ).

Table 4-48 Types (Scales) of Projects Determined in EIA Procedure

Project Type Description EIA Type Project Project judged by MOECAF as being likely to have

potential for adverse impacts. Pubic consultation process is obligatory

IEE Type Project Project judged by MOECAF to have some adverse impacts, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for EIA type projects. Public consultation process is required based on necessity

Neither EIA nor IEE Type Project

Project judged by MOECAF not required to undertake any environmental assessment.


The draft EIA Procedure also determines project categories which require EIA or IEE (Annex 1 “Project

Categorization for Assessment Purposes”). Though there are certain changes of project categories among drafts,

the latest draft EIA Procedure is aiming to simplify but to include necessary project categories which require EIA

or IEE.

c. Process of IEE/EIA

The draft EIA Procedure determines processes for IEE, EIA and required actions for on-going projects (when the

EIA Procedure is enacted). Following figure summarize respective processes. The process which is currently

required by MIC is also included in .

163

Figure 4-16 Overall EIA Process in draft EIA Procedures and MIC application

Source: Draft EIA Procedures and MIC related documents

d. Environmental Compliance Certificate

According to the 6th draft EIA Procedure, MOECAF will issue Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

after approving IEE Report or EIA Report, or an EMP.

After the EIA Procedure will be enacted, obtaining ECC will be prerequisite for obtaining permit issued by the

Myanmar Investment Commission, any ministry, or any other competent authority, to proceed implementation

of the Project.

e. Draft EIA/IEE Categorization for Energy Sector Projects

At the latest draft EIA Procedure, 24 types of projects for energy sector are determined for IEE/EIA categories

and details are described in .

IEE

Environmental (IEE)

Investigation

(including Public

Consultation Process)

Preparation &

Submission of IEE

Report

Review and Approval

Process

(Maximum 60days)

(Including IEE Report

Disclosure & Public

Consultation Process)

Issuance of

Environmental

Compliance Certificate

(ECC)

EIA

Scoping

(Public Consultation)

Scoping Report

Draft EIA Report

Review and Approval

Process

(Maximum 90days)

Issuance of

Environmental

Compliance Certificate

(ECC)

Environmental (EIA)

Investigation

Disclosure and Public

Consultation of draft

EIA Report

Submission of EIA

Report

On-going Projects

Environmental / Social

Compliance Audit

& Investigation

Submission of

Environmental

Management Plan

(EMP)

MIC Requirements

Submission of

Environmental & Social

Consideration Related

Report

MIC 1st Review (PAT)

Comments from

Relevant Ministries and

Reflection of Comments

to the Report

MIC 2nd Review,

Approval of Report

164

Table 4-49 Draft EIA/IEE Categorization for Energy Sector Projects

Project

No. Type of Investment Projects

Size of Project which require

IEE Size of Project which require EIA

2 Hydro power project ≥ 1MW and < 15 MW (or)

reservoir capacity <

20,000,000 m3 (or) reservoir

area < 400 ha

≥ 15 MW (or) reservoir capacity ≥

20,000,000 m3 (or) reservoir area

≥ 400 ha

3 Nuclear power plant - All sizes

4 Natural gas or biogas power plant or

waste heat power plant

≥ 5 MW and ˂ 50 MW ≥ 50 MW

5 Coal power plant ≥ 1 MW and ˂10 MW ≥ 10 MW

6 Thermal power plant (not included in

No. 4 and 5 categories)

≥ 5 MW and ˂ 50 MW ≥ 50 MW

7 Geothermal power plant ≥ 5 MW and ˂ 50 MW ≥ 50 MW

8 Construction of combined cycle (Gas

and Thermal) power stations ≥ 5 MW and < 50 MW ≥ 50 MW

9 Wind power plant ≥ 10 MW and ˂ 50 MW ≥ 50 MW

10 Solar power plant ≥ 50 MW All projects which IEE

recommends to conduct EIA

11 Plant of power generation from waste

materials

≥ 50MW All projects which IEE


12 Construction or distribution of oil and

natural gas pipeline

> 10 km and < 50 km ≥ 50 km

13 Oil refinery plant or Natural gas plant

(LPG, LNG, Mo Gas, Kerosene,

Diesel, Fuel, Petroleum, )

- All sizes

14 Oil and Natural gas terminals - All sizes

15 Fuel station (including LPG, CNG) storage capacity > 10 m3

(10,000 L)

All projects which IEE


16 Construction of depot for oil or natural

gas storage

oil storage capacity < 10,000

tons - gas storage capacity <

2,500 tons

oil storage capacity ≥ 10,000 tons

- gas storage capacity ≥ 2,500

tons

17 Installation of Electrical power line <

230 kV

< 50 km ≥ 50 km

18 Installation of Electrical power line

(Main power line) ≥ 230 kV

All sizes

19 High voltage transformer substation < 10 ha ≥ 10 ha

20 Oil or natural gas exploration by

means of geophysical drilling

All sizes All projects which IEE


21 Onshore oil and gas development

projects

All sizes

22 Offshore oil and gas development

projects

All sizes

23 Production of oil -based organic

chemical

All sizes

24 Natural Gas production industry (LPG

products including Naphtha, gasoline,

kerosene, disel fuel, waxes, lubes or

Methanol)

All sizes

25 Liquefied Natural Gas production

industry

All sizes


Among the categories indicated in as well as in other categories in the latest draft EIA procedures, following

165

types of project categorization are more likely applicable for the Project considered in the Study (). Considering

the current plan for the Project, EIA level study is required for the coal power plant. For the jetty component, it

shall be considered as one of subsidiary facilities of the coal power plant and to shall be assed as part of the EIA

level study for the entire coal power plant.

Table 4-50 Possible EIA/IEE Categorization for the Project

Type of Investment Projects Size of Project which require IEE Size of Project which require EIA

Coal power plant ≥ 1 MW and ˂10 MW ≥ 10 MW

Installation of Electrical power line < 230

kV

< 50 km ≥ 50 km

Installation of Electrical power line (Main

power line) ≥ 230 kV

All sizes

Port construction project (port, jetty and

warehouse to load cargos and dock the

passenger ships)

area < 25 ha Area ³ 25 ha


4) Other Environmental Guidelines to be Complied

In addition to the environmental laws, rules and regulations of Myanmar, environmental guidelines of donors and

other international organizations may need to be complied, based on further development status, especially

financial source of the Project. Followings are some of representative environmental guidelines need to be

considered.

JICA/ JBIC: JICA’s or JBIC’s Environmental Guidelines designates that any project and activity which may

give significant impacts on natural and social environments is classified as Category A. The

Category A project should disclose the EIA report and environmental approval certificate.

World Bank: The World Bank instructs to prepare a resettlement action plan in case that the large scale of

involuntary resettlement, of which PAPs are equal to more than 200 people, accompanies with

implementation of the project (Source: WB OP4.12).

5) EIA TOR for further study

A draft Terms of Reference (TOR) for investigation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Project is

prepared for further considerations and summarized in .

166

Table 4-51 Draft TOR for EIA of the Project

Item Description

Assumptions (1) EIA Level Study

(2) Duration: at least 9 months and covering both rainy and dry seasons for surveys/

measurements

1 Preparatory

Work

(1) Kick-off Meeting with Ministry of Environment Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF:

based on necessity)

(2) Field Pre-Survey

(3) Data Collection by Literature or F/S Report and Field Reconnaissance

2

Development

of Basic

Framework

for EIA

(1) Reviewing Project Description

(2) Confirmation on Latest Legal Documents

(3) Setting Environmental Standard to be applied

3 Scoping

(1) Preparation of Scoping Documents and TOR of EIA Investigation

(2) 1st Stakeholder Meeting

(3) Discussion of TOR for EIA Investigation with MOECAF (based on necessity)

4 Investigation

(Baseline

Survey)

No. Item Survey Item Frequency Points

1 Meteorology Wind Speed, Wind Direction,

Isolation, Radiation budget,

Cloud

Continuously 1 point

near

proposed

project

site

2 Air Quality NO2, SO2, TSP, CO, PM10 Monthly from

October 2013 to

February 2014 (1

point, near

proposed project

site)

1 point

(near

proposed

project

site,)

3 Water

Temperature

Salinity, Temp., Turbidity, 1m

layer each

3 times (15 days

each)

2 points

(1 line)

4 Current/ River

Flow

Current Flow 3 times (5 days

in 2 weeks each)

2 points

(1 line)

5 Water Quality

(Natural and

Living

Conditions)

1) Temperature (water,

atmosphere), 2) water level, 3)

flow rate, 4) odor, 5) color, 6)

electrical conductivity, 7) pH,

8) BOD5, 9) SS, 10) DO, 11)

total coliform, 12) COD, 13)

total nitrogen, 14) total

phosphorous, 15) total organic

compounds, 16) turbidity, 17)

hardness, 18) nitrates (NO3-N,

NO2-N), 19) ammonium

nitrogen (NH4-N)

1 time each in

dry and rainy

season

2 points

6 Water Quality

(Toxic

Substance)

20) arsenic (As), 21) mercury

(Hg), 22) lead (Pb), 23)

cadmium (Cd), 24) hexavalant

chromium (Cr(VI)), 25)

copper (Cu), 26) zinc (Zn), 27)

nickel (Ni), 28) manganese

(Mn), 29) iron (Fe), 30) tin

(Sn), 31) cyanide (CN), 32)

phenol, 33) oil and grease, 34) sulfide, 35) sulfate, 36)

fluoride

1 time in dry and

rainy season

2 points

167

7 Sediment

(River Bed)

pH, As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn,

Fe, Cr (VI), Se, Hg, Ni, CN,

F, B

1 time in dry

season

1 points

8 Traffic

Volume

Number of Vehicle for each

type (track, normal vehicle

motor cycle)

1 time (weekday) 2 points

9 Noise Leq (dB) 1 time (weekday) 2 points

10 Vibration Lv (dB) 1 time (weekday) 2 points

11 Flora and

Fauna

Biological Environment,

Vegetation and Habitat

Mapping, Aqua-ecosystem

survey

2 times (dry and

rainy season)

proposed

project

site and

off shore

12 Cultural and

landscape

Cultural heritage, religious

facilities, landscape points, etc.

1 time proposed

project

site

13 Social* Land use and infrastructure,

Population, Living and

livelihood, working

conditions, Sanitation and

health etc.

1 time proposed

project

site

S*In addition, surveys for preparation of RAP are required if there will be significant

involuntarly resettlement by the Project.

5

Environmental

Impact

Assessment

(1) Prediction of Environmental and Social Impact (Key environmental elements: Air and

Water Temperature)

(2) Preparation of draft EIA Report

(3) 2nd Stakeholder Meeting

(4) Preparation of EIA Report including EMP

(5) Submission of EIA Report to MOECAF

Source: Study team

(5) Actions to be taken by the related authorities in Myanmar to realize

the Project

a) Summary of the Actions to be Taken

It is recommended that the related authorities and / or the Project proponent will implement the following tasks

and duties promptly to realize the Project:

Project proponents in collaboration with concerned authorities shall conduct followings.

Firstly, basic surveys to determine location of the coal thermal power plant and its jetty including

alternatives will be conducted.

Concurrently to above, a census or social survey to pre-determine users as well as residents of the project

locations (project affected persons: PAPs) will be conducted.

Thereafter, EIA should be conducted to obtain the environmental approvals. As necessary, resettlement

action plan (RAP) with compensation plan and livelihood restoration plan will be prepared. Actions to be

taken are shown below;

Implement basic surveys such as meteorological measurements, soil investigation, air quality

168

survey, water quality survey, river / current flow survey, onshore and offshore fauna / flora survey,

and social survey for collecting fundamental baseline information not only for planning /

designing of the Project but also for assessing the environmental impacts of the Project,

Prepare and finalize TOR for EIA study to start EIA process promptly. As necessary, quantitative

targets for environmental conservation for the Project will be set independently if national

standards are not formulated yet by the commencement of EIA study.

Implement EIA by third party organization hired by the Project proponent to obtain

environmental permission (ECC: Environmental Compliance Certificate or equivalent) from the

government.

If necessary, obtain required environmental approvals other than ECC, such as approvals relating

to usage of on-shore area.

Prepare RAP if it is required land acquisition and involuntary resettlement, , and

Commence land acquisition procedure considering predicted environmental and social impacts.

Then start negotiations on compensation with PAPs who will be affected by the Project such as

famers/residents within the project site and fishermen living around the project site.

It is recommended that the concerned government authorities will conduct followings to facilitate

implementation of coal thermal power plant related project.

MOECAF is expected to finalize the EIA Procedures and the procedure to be enacted. This will

streamline currently vague requirements for EIA.

MOECAF is expected to prepare and indicate draft national environmental quality standards/

guidelines, enabling project proponents to comply such standards for environmental and social

safeguard

Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP) is expected to implement series of public awareness campaign for

coal thermal power plant development and electricity supply/ demand issues for more scientific

understandings toward the coal thermal plant by the general public. MOEP is in the position to

increase coal thermal power plants to meet the demand. However, majority of the general public have

stereotype negative impressions toward the coal thermal power plant due to inappropriate construction

and management of existing coal thermal power plant (Tigyit Power Plant in Shan State).

169

Chapter 5 Financial and Economic Evaluation

(1) Cost estimation of the Project

Based on similar projects being studied by the Study team and also on the past experiences, the preliminary

project cost was estimated.

The total capital expenditure for the Project is estimated approximately 130 billion yen and a rough breakdown

is as follows:

a) Ultra-supercritical pressure coal-fired power plant

The sum including the estimated cost for boiler, turbine, electrical and instrument equipment with cables, water

drainage and treatment, foundation and civil works, surrounding infrastructures, designing fee and others is as

follows:

79 billion yen

b) Harbor facilities

The sum including the estimated cost for approach pier, coal unloading pier and breakwater is as follows:

33 billion yen

c) Coal storage facilities

The sum including the estimated cost for machinery for coal unloading and transport, foundation and civil

works, surrounding area infrastructure, designing fee and others is as follows:

12 billion yen

d) Other expenses

The sum including the estimated expense for dispatching of engineers, credit guarantee, contingencies and

others is as follows:

6 billion yen

(2) Preliminary financial and economic analyses 1) Preconditions for the financial and economic analyses

It is assumed that, for the following reasons, the Project is not one that operates as an IPP project on the basis

of the budget of an isolated project but one that operates under the management of MoEP.

a) It is assumed that the Project is not intended to earn tariff revenues based on the price of power but concerns a

power station operated within the budget of MoEP.

b) Costs associated with the Project that are paid to the outside of MoEP, such as labor costs, are demanded and

approved as an annual budget of MoEP.

170

c) Yen loan (ODA) is provided to the Ministry of Finance and is paid back by the Ministry of Finance; for this

reason, it is mandatory for MoEP to make repayments of the loan to the Ministry of Finance.

2) Basic conditions and assumed conditions for the analysis

a) Duration of the Project

Operating period of the Project is 20 years including the 4 years for construction period.

b) Annual expected operating time

To simplify calculations, an 80% capacity factor (365 days x 24 hours/day x 80%), namely 7,008 hours/year,

is assumed throughout the project period in this analysis.

3) Values associated with the generated output

a) Assumed annual generated output

Assumed annual generated output at average is taken at 600 MW at an outdoor temperature of 30C.

b) Annual degradation rate

With the aim of simplifying calculations, this analysis assumes that the degradation rate is zero.

c) Transmission Loss、Distribution Loss

With the aim of simplifying calculations, this analysis assumes that the transmission loss and the distribution

loss are zero.

4) Taxation on the project

This analysis assumes that the development and operations of the project are exempted from all taxation by the

Government of Myanmar.

5) FIRR calculation

1. Costs

Capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) needed to operate a power plant are

considered in general. CAPEX as referred to here are made up of costs of engineering, procurement and

construction of the power plant, incidental facilities, consulting services and so on for the Project.

2. Convenience/Benefit

This amounts to the product of the quantity sold to the consumers by the sales price to the consumers in

Myanmar.

a) Assumed selling tariff to MEPE

Electricity-selling tariff to sold to MEPE by a power generation business operator in Myanmar (in the case in

which the fuel expenses are passed on to MEPE) was USD0.03 – 0.04/kWh. In this analysis, the unit price of

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USD0.035/kWh (the mean value), is used.

b) Assumed income

Using the above assumed tariff, the assumed income is calculated as shown below:

(The assumed revenue: 147.168MMUS$) = (Tariff: 0.035USD/kWh) (Output: 600 MW) (7,008 hours)

6) EIRR calculation

a) Preconditions for the assumed economic convenience

1. Costs

CAPEX and OPEX needed to run a power plant are considered. The CAPEX as referred to here are made up

of costs of engineering, procurement and construction of the power plant, incidental facilities, consulting

services and so on for the Project.

2. Convenience/Benefit

Diesel-engine-generator often is used for power generation due to unstable electricity supply in Myanmar.

Therefore, the fuel cost and the maintenance cost for such diesel-engine-generated power can be considered

as the willingness to pay (WIP) of the consumers in calculating EIRR.

The economic convenience of the private diesel-engine-based power generation with a power generating

capacity of 600 MW is calculated from the viewpoint of the following willingness to pay (WIP) of the

consumers.

According to the Project for Electrification of Rural Areas by Means of Flowing-water Micro Hydropower

Generation in the Republic of Union of Myanmar, a report of the Results of Fiscal 2012 Global Warming

Countermeasure Technology Promotion Projects of NEDO, MoEP has installed diesel generators at 645

locations or so throughout the country of Myanmar for the purpose of rural area electrification, with

electricity generated at a cost as high as 50 – 60 yen/kWh (USD 0.42 – 0.5/kWh for an exchange rate of 120

yen/USD). Coal-fired power generation that replaces diesel-engine-based power generation using expensive

fuel is assumed in the calculation of EIRR for the Project.

The assumed expenditures for the operation of a diesel generator with an output of 600 MW at a capacity

factor of 80% (365 days 24 hours/day 80%) for 7,008 hours/year are as shown below, provided that the

power generating cost of the diesel generator is set at the midpoint value (55 yen/kWh, namely USD

0.48/kWh).

(WTP: 2578.944MMUS$) = (0.46USD/kWh) (Average Output: 600 MW) (7,008 hours)

8) Operating Expenditures (OPEX)

In this analysis, OPEX can be determined from the three factors, the fuel costs, the fixed costs and the variable

costs, as shown below.

With Myanmar having not imported coal, the price of coal is set by adding the premium expenses for a

long-term contract and the assumed transportation costs from Australia to Myanmar to the average FOB-based

price of Australian coal over the past five years. In addition, it is assumed that this power station with an output

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of 600 MW consumes approximately 1.5 million tons of coal under the operation at an assumed capacity factor

of 80%.

OPEX calculation has been performed with the fixed and the variable costs assumed to be on the same level as

that of maintenance expenses of coal-fired power stations of similar size in the neighboring countries (USD 35

mil/year).

a) Fuel costs

1) (Fuel costs) = (Coal price) (Average annual coal consumption: 1.5 million tons)

The price of coal is set by adding the premium expenses for a long-term contract and the assumed

transportation costs from Australia to Myanmar to the average FOB-based price of Australian coal over the

past five years (USD 120/ton).

b) Variable and fixed costs

OPEX calculation has been performed with the fixed and the variable costs assumed to be on the same level as

that of maintenance expenses of coal-fired power stations of similar size in the neighboring countries (USD 35

mil/year).

9) Result of the economic and financial analysis (for 20-year operation)

(3) Financial internal rate of return (FIRR)

a) In this analysis, an assumed electricity-selling tariff that is USD 0.035/kWh; and the FIRR was calculated

to be 5%, which turned out to be lower than the hurdle rate used commonly in developing nations, 15%.

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US$ million

(4) Economic internal rate of return (EIRR)

a) The EIRR was calculated to be 58%, fuel conversion from diesel to coal has been found that there is

economic rationality.

ProjectYear

O&M cost Plant cost Owner's Cost Revenue

-4 0 -271 -58

-3 0 -271 -58-2 0 -271 -58-1 0 -271 -581 -35 1472 -35 1473 -35 1474 -35 1475 -35 1476 -35 1477 -35 1478 -35 1479 -35 14710 -35 14711 -35 14712 -35 14713 -35 14714 -35 14715 -35 14716 -35 14717 -35 14718 -35 14719 -35 14720 -35 147

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US$ million

ProjectYear

Coal price(USD/ton）

Coalconsumption（millon ton）

Fuel cost O&M cost Plant cost Owner's Cost WTP

-4 0 0 -271 -58

-3 0 0 -271 -58-2 0 0 -271 -58-1 0 0 -271 -581 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5792 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5793 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5794 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5795 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5796 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5797 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5798 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,5799 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57910 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57911 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57912 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57913 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57914 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57915 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57916 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57917 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57918 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57919 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,57920 120.00 1.5 -180.00 -35 2,579

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Chapter 6 Envisaged Project Schedule

The positioning of this survey was a preliminary feasibility study for a feasibility study that is a precondition

for the construction of a coal-fired thermal power plant, and it was completed in February 2015. The survey was

to be reported to the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and also to the Myanmar government

through the Ministry. Thereafter, in order to move the project forward, a memorandum of understanding on the

advancement of the project is expected to be signed between the Myanmar government and the Japanese

government, and the Myanmar government is supposed to request the Japanese government for provision of yen

loans.

After the request is made, a feasibility study of the project will be carried out. JICA is entrusted with the

investigation of the economic, social, financial, technological and environmental aspects of the project and the

operation and maintenance/management regimes of the project implementation entity. Based on the result of this

screening, the Japanese government will decide whether it is appropriate to provide yen loan to the project for

which the request has been made. If the yen loan is approved, its amount, the terms of loan and so on will be

decided.

The Japanese government will notify the loaning country of its decision concerning the yen loan through the

diplomatic route to the loaning country. Thereafter, the two governments will initiate talks for reaching an official

agreement. When an agreement is reached between the two governments, exchange of notes (E/N) detailing the

items of the agreement will be held. Thereafter, JICA will initiate its loan agreement negotiations with the loaning

entity (loaning government, governmental agency, etc.). After a loan agreement (LA) is signed, the project will be

implemented.

The envisaged schedule for the project implementation is as shown below.

The schedule after the completion of the preliminary feasibility study in February 2015 is as follows: informing

the Myanmar government of the content of the study, request to be made by the Myanmar government on the

provision of an yen loan to the Japanese government, selection of project-implementing entity by the Japanese

government after the request is made, signing of a memorandum of understanding on the implementation of the

feasibility study between the implementing entity and MoEP of Myanmar, implementation of the feasibility study

in 2016, review by the Japanese government of the project after the feasibility study is completed, exchange of

notes and signing of a loan agreement with the Myanmar government. After these steps are taken, plant

1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4QPreliminaryFeasibility Study

Yen loan Request fromMyanmar government

Feasibility Study

Review

Exchange of E/N

Exchange of L/A

Construction

COD

2019 2020 2021 20222014 2015 2016 2017 2018

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construction is slated to begin in 2018. After 5 years or so of construction period, commencement of commercial

operation of the power plant is planned in 2022.

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Chapter 7 Implementing organizations

(1) Overview of implementing organizations in Myanmar

In Myanmar, the Ministry of Electric Power (MoEP) has jurisdiction over policies on electricity. MoEP,

established in 1997 as a spin-off from the Ministry of Energy, was split, through reorganizations carried out in

2002 and 2006, into MoEP No. 1 (MoEP 1), which was made responsible mainly for hydropower generation, and

No. 2 (MoEP 2), which was made responsible for gas-fired thermal power generation and power distribution.

These two split ministries were reunified under the newly formed Ministry of Electric Power (see below figure).

As a legacy of the splitting, a deputy minister presides over the organizations of the former MoEP 1 and another

deputy minister over those of the former MoEP 2. The minister of the new MoEP presides over both as union

minister.

. The former MoEP No. 1 has jurisdiction over a coal-fired thermal power plant and Department of Hydro

Power Planning (DHPP) is responsible for the future plan of the projects. The Project is supposed to be financed

by an yen loan by the Japanese Government and the power plant is supposed to be owned and operated by the

Myanmar Government. Therefore, it will be owned and operated by MoEP accordingly.

The Project will use coal as its fuel. However, due to delay in infrastructure development and due specifically to

unfeasibility of the use of brown coal produced in Myanmar in the case of the plant where supercritical or

ultra-supercritical pressure coal-fired power generation is planned, coal to be used for the Project must be

imported from such countries as Indonesia and Australia. Since the Ministry of Mine of Myanmar deals only with

the management of domestically produced coal (production adjustment, management of export, etc.), it has no

jurisdiction over import of coal under the present circumstance. Myanmar has little experience importing coal to

begin with and therefore, in order to proceed with coal-fired power plant with imported coal, MoEP must carry out,

via the Ministry of Commerce, the required procedure for obtaining import permit and so on. The Ministry of

Commerce may require the opinion from the Ministry of Mine when the procedure for obtaining a coal import

permit is being advanced. However, as long as introduction of supercritical or ultra-supercritical pressure

coal-fired boilers, with which domestically produced coal cannot be used, is sought, MoEP has control over the

issue of coal import.

Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE) under MoEP will be in charge of power transport, and the Yangon

City Electricity Supply Board (YESB) will be in charge of distributing power in the Yangon region. As for power

distribution in rural regions, the Electricity Supply Enterprise (ESE) will be in charge.

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(2) Organization/system for project implementation in Myanmar

There is no established organization specifically for implementing the Project in Myanmar yet. However, in

accordance with the below letter from MoEP, it is assumed that MoEP will form a specific organization for the

Project or assign the specific team for the Project in due course.

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(3) Capability of the implementing organizations and countermeasures

There exists in Myanmar only one coal-fired power plant, constructed by Chinese, in Tigyit, and its power

generation efficiency is below 30%. Therefore, there is virtually little know-how accumulated on how to construct,

own and operate a coal-fired power plant. However, since there are hydropower plants constructed, owned and

operated by the MoEP itself, people in Myanmar possess a good knowledge and know-how on how to deal with

residents around the area for a new power plant, how to operate such a plant and so on.

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Therefore, when it comes to development of coal-fired power plants in Myanmar, know-how on constructing,

owning and operating ultra supercritical coal-fired power plants, operation and maintenance and training of

workers must be provided to the Myanmar Government in cooperation with Japanese utility companies, electric

power companies, with abundant experiences in them with Japanese Government.

Operators of power plants in Myanmar will have an opportunity to be trained at ultra-supercritical coal-fired

power plants and supercritical coal-fired plants in Japan as a potential operator of the plants in order to acquire

know-how on operation and maintenance so that they can operate the planned power plant with Myanmar’s

personnel only in the future.

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Chapter 8 Technical Advantages of Japanese Companies

(1) Competitiveness of Japanese companies for the Project

Tigyit Power Plant is the only coal-fired power plant in operation in Myanmar (2 of 60 MW units). The power

generation plant began its operation, supported by the Chinese government, in 2004. However, its operation rate

remain around 30% due, it is said, to various reasons such as problems with equipment. Also, it is said that

environmental pollution by flue gasses emitted from the plant due to problems with equipment in the exhaust gas

system has become an issue.

Under these circumstances, high hopes are placed on a high-efficiency and environment-friendly coal-fired

power station based on advanced technologies of Japanese manufacturers. The integrated approach with the

Japanese government and private companies to combines the export of experienced operating know-how of

Japanese utility companies, the capability of project development and finance arrangement of Japanese trading

houses, and ODA, financial assistance and technical support by the Government of Japan will contribute to the

enhancement of more business opportunities for the related industries for Japanese companies and also to the

facilitation of appropriate economic development in Myanmar.

For an ultra supercritical pressure power plant, major equipment such as the boiler, a steam turbine, and a

generator are expected to be manufactured in Japan or by Japanese companies. Furthermore, technical assistance

in operation and maintenance of the coal-fired power station after its commissioning for well managed operation

at high efficiency can be provided to the power plant in Myanmar by Japanese utility companies and the

technological transfer can also be expected for a long run perspective.

In the case of ultra-supercritical coal-firing power plants, major supplier for main equipment (including civil

engineering and construction work) such as boilers, steam turbines and power generators would be will constitute

a Japanese portion (including made-in-Japan portion or Japanese-made portion that are produced making use of

overseas hubs of Japanese companies).

Also, in order to maintain high-efficiency operation of the coal-fired power plant in Myanmar, a technical

service agreement (TSA) to provide technical support for its operation and repair after the plant has begun its

operation and a long term service agreement (LTSA) to have manufactures guarantee their products against

technical risks such as check and maintenance of important parts and troubleshooting measures may be signed so

that expansion of exports from Japan can be expected not only during the construction period, but also while the

plant is being operated.

(2) Expected Japanese contents

Major equipment with technical advantages by potential major Japanese suppliers are listed below.

Name of main equipment Manufacture, etc.

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Boiler ・ Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.

・ IHI Corporation

Steam turbine ・ Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.

・ Toshiba Corporation

Generator ・ Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.

・ Toshiba Corporation

・ Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.

Computer (control system) ・ Toshiba Corporation

・ Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

・ Hitachi Ltd.

・ ABB Bailey Japan Ltd.

(3) Promotion of the Japanese Contents

It is suggested that the governmental support for the infrastructure projects in a developing countries with

relatively higher country risks be much meaningful for private sector companies to some extent, especially in

terms of financial support such as yen loan as a menu of ODA.

Among the various financial support menu by the Japanese government, STEP (Special Terms for Economic

Partnership) can be beneficial for both countries, Japan and also Myanmar in this case of the Project. With STEP,

Myanmar will be able to enjoy the highly advanced state-of-art technology by Japanese companies and also

possible technological transfer. Japanese companies will be able to enjoy more opportunities to contribute the

Project for mainly supply of goods and services.

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Chapter 9 Expected fund source for the Project

(1) Direction of the fund sourcing by the Myanmar Government for the

Project

In Myanmar, power plants are constructed and operated with its own fund or grant aid from foreign countries,

or they are constructed and operated by private-sector power companies with an Independent Power Producer

(IPP) scheme. Meanwhile, no plants have recently been constructed with soft loan nor concessional loan from

foreign countries. Since Myanmar has gone through the debt-relief for the soft loans from foreign countries

including Japan, in general, it does not actively seek soft loans for a project.

Power shortage is seen at a moment already and rapid growth of the future demand is expected in Myanmar.

Meanwhile, it is difficult to develop a new gas-fired power plant since there is not much surplus of domestic

natural gas and also it applies to a new hydro power plant due to the environmental issues and other reasons. In

order to fill the gap between demand and supply of power production capacity in Myanmar, development of a new

coal-fired power plant with a large capacity is inevitable.

Many new power plants are recently being developed with IPP scheme in Myanmar, however these projects are

relatively small size since power plant projects with large capacity find the financial difficulty to be developed

under IPP scheme with project finance due to the following issues:

1. Laws and regulations to structure project financing and to protect the project sponsors and lenders are yet

to be implemented;

2. Government guarantee may not be secured; and

3. Expected internal rate of return of the project may not be high enough for private companies due to a heavy

burden for capital expenditures for the related infrastructures.

It is suggested that environmentally friendly and highly efficient ultra super critical coal-fired power plant with

clean coal technology be to be introduced in Myanmar to reduce the environmental burden and to contribute to the

increase of power supply capacity as well. It is also suggested that the soft loan from the Japanese Government

be applicable to this kind of project with the clean coal technology as the Japanese companies have a strong

competitiveness in the technology.

High officials from MoEP expressed its understanding, to some extent, of the need for the soft loans to

construct power plants during the hearing session by the study team.

(2) Surroundings for fund sourcing

Although grant aid has been provided to power generation sector in Myanmar, no institution has recently

offered a loan to it. Private-sector power companies that are advancing development in Myanmar do not resort to

structuring of project financing. Instead, they use their own funds to advance construction of power plants.

Meanwhile, in the bidding for Myingyan gas-fired IPP power plant project, IFC’s consultant team got involved in

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it, which secured, albeit its small scale, MoEP’s guarantee concerning its selling of power. Since this case has a

possibility of being capable of structuring project financing for a large-scale power generation for the first time, it

must be watched carefully. However, it is generally believed that it takes some more times to structure project

financing for large-scale power generation in Myanmar.

(3) Expected fund source for the Project including yen loan

Since this project concerns a large-scale coal-fired power plant, while conditions for structuring project

financing is unimplemented and development based on it is not likely, ODA of yen loan by the Japanese

Government is considered to be made use of.

MoEP expressed its concern for the construction management and operation of the coal-fired power plant due to

the lack of experience and know-how and its intention to request for the technical support for such issues,

however, MoEP was convinced that they would be capable enough to manage the construction and operate the

power plant as well if such technical support is also provided.

And MoEP recognized the benefit of the application of yen loan to the Project and understand that MoEP is the

one to promote the development of the Project based on the basic understandings toward the yen loan. Therefore,

it is advisable that the application of yen loan is possibly an efficient solution depending on the bilateral

arrangement between the related ministries of the both government of Myanmar and Japan.

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Chapter 10 Action plans for the request for yen loans

(1) Directions of the yen loan application to the Project

Shown below is a schematic diagram of organizations involved in securing ODA yen loans for Myanmar.

After the result of this survey is reported to the Myanmar government, it will request the Japanese government

for an ODA yen loan. After the request is received by the Japanese government, the governments will sign a

memorandum of understanding for carrying out a feasibility study for cooperation based on the request for the

ODA yen loan. Afterwards, MoEP will sign MOU with Japanese companies selected by the Japanese government

for carrying out a project feasibility survey.

(2) Actions to be taken for the yen loan application

In order to make a request for an ODA yen loan, public knowledge of clean coal technology must be prevailed

in Myanmar. In Myanmar, due to activities of NGO, inefficient operations of the existing coal-fired power plant

and its adverse impacts on people’s environments owing to unimplemented waste treatment for the environment,

people has a strong, and sometimes incorrect, impression of coal-fired power plants as a power source imposing

heavy burdens to the environment. In the course of development of the Project, it is necessary to implement public

relations initiatives to explain that it is possible to achieve coal-fired power generation that does not burden the

environment by introducing the proper countermeasures such as desulfurization equipment and NOx removal

equipment to reduce hazardous substances such as CO2, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides produced by burning of

coal. It is also necessary to form common recognition among the people of the Myanmar government that is

favorable to loaning cooperation by letting the importance of such cooperation be known thoroughly to the

economic development of Myanmar.

(3) Related issues for the yen loan application

After this survey is completed, it is suggested that public relations using TV commercials to raise the level of

recognition of clean coal within Myanmar, briefing on clean coal to NGO and the press, holding of lectures to

government personnel on clean coal and so on be carried out. It is also suggested that government personnel be

briefed on favorable benefits of infrastructure development with ODA yen loan on the growth of the nation as a

precursor activity for requesting it.

Study on the New Power Plant Project in Mawlamyaing, Myanmar

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