1

StudyGuideTheThirdCommitteeoftheGeneralAssembly:

Social,Humanitarian&Cultural

GabrielCarvalhoBrancoRibeiroLetíciaSauerGuimarãesLucasDelattreCíceroNathanChagasSimõesPedroSimãoMendes

TopicA:RefugeesduetoISIS:multilateralanswerstohandletheinfluxofrefugees

TopicB:Humanrightsviolationswithinrefugeecamps

1.HistoricaloverviewandMandateoftheCommittee

TheUnitedNations (UN)was founded in 1945, and from the beginningcounted with six main operational organs: the General Assembly (GA), theSecurity Council (UNSC), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), theTrusteeshipCouncil(itsoperationsweresuspendedin1994),theInternationalCourt of Justice and the Secretariat. TheGA, object of this guide’s study, is themaindeliberative, policymaking and representativeorganof theUN, gatheringthe 193 Member States of the Organization once a year (September), in NewYork,fortheannualsessionandgeneraldebateattendedbymanyheadsofstate,andalsofortheelectionofaone-yeartermPresident(UN,n.d.).

Duringthesessions,decisionsonsubstantialissuesoftheGA,suchastheformer subjects discussed in the Conference, require a simple majority.Meanwhile, important questions, like matters of peace, security, admission ofnew members and budgetary regards, call upon decisions of a two-thirdsmajority(UN,n.d.).

Besidesmany other thematics, the General Assembly is always dealingwith human rights issues, particularly in its resolutions and declarations. TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,forinstance,wasenactedbytheGA,andhas a recommendatory nature, in which its legal meanings apply to reflectcustomarylaw.Consequently,thedocumentbecameaspectrumofthisjuridicalnatureandconstitutedareferencedocumenttothefoundationforfuturelegally

2

bindingtreaties,suchastheHumanRightsCovenantsandtheConventionontheRightsoftheChild(Humanrights.ch,2011).

Inthisway,GAestablishedsixCommitteestomanage itsmultipletasks,beingeachoneresponsibleforaspecifictheme(Humanrights.ch,2011).So,theThirdone, theSocial,HumanitarianandCulturalAffairsCommittee(SOCHUM),established in 1948, embraces the human rights agenda of social andhumanitarian affairsworldwide, and commonlynegotiates the aforementionedGA’s resolutions and conventions. In addition, the SOCHUM also expatiatesreports related to the special procedures of the Human Rights Council (HRC),since 2006, and dialogues with its special rapporteurs, independent experts,special procedures and chairs of working groups (General Assembly of theUnitedNations[GA],2014).ItssessionsoccursimultaneouslytotheonesoftheGeneralAssembly,andtheContractingStatescanapplythemselvesassponsorstothetopicsdebatedattheCommittee’smeeting,inwhichthedraftresolutionsproducedarepresentedtoGA’sratification(Humanrights.ch,2011).

Moreover, themain subjects in the SOCHUM,which has become one ofUN’smost important organs for socialmatters, concernwomen advancement,children protection, indigenous issues, refugees’ treatment, fundamentalfreedoms promotion, racism and racial discrimination elimination, and self-determination right (GA, 2014). In addition, the Committee also addressesimportantsocialdevelopmentquestionssuchasissuesrelatedtoyouth,family,aging, persons with disabilities, crime prevention, criminal justice, andinternationaldrugcontrol(GA,2014).

Finally, the protection of refugees’ human rights is another thematicpresent in the agenda of the Committee, and is the baseline for the topics“RefugeesduetoISIS:multilateralanswerstohandletheinfluxofrefugees”and“Humanrightsviolationswithinrefugeecamps”.Therefore,thenextsectionwillcorelate 19th AMUN’s thematic conception of “Local Challenges, GlobalResponsibilities”withSOCHUM’spurposeto2016,andthesubjectspointedoutinthisfirstsection.

2.SOCHUMandthe19thAMUN

Today'swars,persecution, andviolencehave forcedmorepeopleoutoftheirhomesandintodisplacementconditionthaneverrecorded(UNHCR,2015).By2015,thenumberofforciblydisplacedpeopleintheworld,amongrefugees,asylum-seekers and internally displace persons (IDPs), reached 59,5 millionindividuals, and all-time high and the highest annual increase in a single year(UNHCR,2015).Childrenconstituted51%oftherefugeepopulation,highlightingthe urgency of this humanitarian situation (UNHCR, 2015). In light of this, the

3

19thAMUN'sThirdCommitteeoftheGeneralAssemblyforSocial,CulturalandHumanitarianAffairs (SoCHum)will address thisdisplacementcrisis,with twofocuses:therefugeefluxescausedbyISISactionsandthemultilateralresponsesneeded; and the human rights violations that take place within the refugeecamps.

The displacement, and mainly refuge, is a topic that involves severalactors,fromtheindividualsseekingasaferplace,theforcesthatpushouttheseindividualsfromtheirhomes,theorganizationsthatassistinthematterandtheStatesdirectlyorindirectlyimplicatedinthesituation.Asso,local,transnationalchallengesbecomeglobal,diffusedresponsibilities.The19thAMUNmottoraisesaquestionthatiscentraltothedisplacementissue:whereliestheresponsibilityfor refugees’ protection? Is every actor doing its part to minimize theirvulnerabilitiesandrestoredignityforthesepeople?

The challenges also extend to many levels, equally implying multipleneedsandrequiringadequateanswers.Itisvitaltocoordinatethefluxeswithallitspolitical,economicandsocial implications, justasmuchasit isnecessarytorecognize each individual as a uniquehumanbeing,with particular needs anddifferentbackgrounds.Therefore,answerstakenshouldaddressthismultiplicityof levels, from the responses to ISIS offensives, passing through the receptionpolicies, tothesearchfordurable,definitivesolutionstoendtherefugeeplightandrestorationoftheirdignity.

In 2016, the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee seeks toawaken this discussion not only in an informative way, but to bring deeperreflectionsconcerningthemannermigrationanddisplacementareperceivedbysociety.Itisnecessarytoseebeyondpoliciesandinternationallawtogettotheheart of the issue, identifying all the psychological, subjective and profoundimpactsofdisplacementwithin the individuals.Recognizing thehumanpartoftheissue,itbecomespossibletorethinksocietyandtraceallthestepsrequiredtorestorethelivestornapartbytoday'sviolence.

3.BlocPosition3.1.Argentina

Having a long historic of immigration, Argentina experienced over theyears many incoming migration flows from Europe and from neighboringcountries. The national policy, however, was excessively restrictive, leavingmanyPeruvians,BoliviansandParaguayansinalegallimbo,vulnerabletoabuse(Cavalieri, 2012). By that time, migrants became scapegoats for the economicsituationinthecountry,shakenbythe2002crisisthatroseunemploymentand

4

poverty (Cavalieri, 2012). This situation was only regularized in 2004, with anew Migration Law and national programs that granted residence permits tomany irregular migrants. New researches show that most Argentines agreenowadays that migrant should benefit from the same rights as nationals(Cavalieri,2012).

Argentina launched a process, in 2003, to sign and implement severalhumanrightstreaties,includingthetopicofrefuge.Thecountrydedicatedmanyefforts on the resettlement topic, seeking to ensure physical security and freeaccesstohealthservicesandeducationtoresettledrefugees(Cavalieri,2012).In2006,thecountryenactedtheGeneralLawfortheRecognitionandProtectionofRefugees (Act N1/4 26.165), that fully regulates the process for determiningrefugee status and the rights andguaranteesof asylumand refugee applicants(UNHCR, 2013). This Law also created the National Refugee Committee(CONARE)and itsExecutiveSecretariatwithin theMinistryof the InteriorandassignedtheCommitteeaseriesofbroadfunctionsbothindeterminingrefugeestatusandinseeking lastingsolutions(UNHCR,2013).Social integrationinthecountry has been positive, with many refugees having academic credentialsvalidatedandotherreceivingtrainingtocompletetheirintegrationandbecomeself-reliant(Cavalieri,2012).

By2014,duringtheCartagena+30conference,ArgentinaandotherLatinAmerican and Caribbean countries reaffirmed their compromise in defendingandsupportingthehigheststandardsfortheprotectionofrefugeeanddisplacedpersons,aswellasofsearchingforinnovativesolutions.Theconferencemarkedthe anniversary of the Cartagena Declaration, a fundamental legal instrumentthatgatheredthecountriesoftheregion,includingArgentina,andthatproposedbroaderdefinitionsof refugeandnewapproaches to theirprotection (UNHCR,2014).

Argentina has accepted to host Syrian refugees, developing the “SyriaProgramme” that issues special humanitarian visas for Syrians fleeing theconflict,offeringpermanentresidenceafterthreeyears(Latin...,2015).Althoughthelocalandregionalpoliciesandframeworkshavebeenpraised,theamountofrefugees that have entered the country is still far below optimal (Argentina…,2015).

3.2.BangladeshOneofthecentralissuesregardingdisplacementintheSouthAsiaregion

regards the Rohingya population, an ethnic, linguistic and religious minoritygrouppresentinMyanmar.TheRohingyaliveinstatelessnesssituationsincethe1982BurmeseCitizenshipLaw,whichdeniedtheirclaimtoBurmesecitizenshipon the argument that they were illegal migrants that established inMyanmar

5

during British rule (Ganguly & Miliate, 2015). This created a generalizedsituationofhumanrightsviolationsbythegovernmentofMyanmar,thatpushedmanyRohingyatoseekasyluminBangladesh.

The Bangladesh government, however, refused to provide help toRohingya asylum-seekers in need of assistance (Ganguly&Miliate, 2015). Thevast majority of this population finds itself in unofficial refugee camps, beingdenied legal protections and humanitarian assistance. UNHCR and otheragencieshaveproposedtohelptofundtheseservicesandassistinthereception,buttheBangladeshgovernmentrefusestheproposals(Ganguly&Miliate,2015).OneofthereasonscreditedforthissituationisthelackofsecurityatthebordersbetweenBangladeshandMyanmar.InsurgentgroupsfightingthegovernmentinMyanmar and the drug trafficking matter make the border a really insecureplace, and the Rohingya issue complicates this scenario (Ganguly & Miliate,2015).

TheBangladeshgovernmentannouncedin2010thatitwasworkingonanational refugee policy, only concluded in 2014. Meanwhile, no new refugeeswereallowedtoregisterattheofficialrefugeecamps(Ganguly&Miliate,2015).Thepolicy,onceconcluded,acknowledgedtheneedforbasichumanitarianrelief,but did not meet expectations on building a system that allowed refugees toregaintheirself-reliancethroughdurablesolutions(Ganguly&Miliate,2015).

3.3.ChileDespite being in past years traditionally a country of emigration, Chile

recentlyhasbeenchangingitsmigrationprofile.NewtrendshaveinsertedChilein the migration route for many people, highlighting the need for amodernization in Chileanpolicy (Doña-Reveco& Levison, 2012). Some actionshavebeentaken,fromtheratificationofinternationaltreatiestothefacilitationoflocalintegrationformigrants(Doña-Reveco&Levison,2012).

In 2010, Chilean government approved the Law for the Protection ofRefugees,whichestablishesa legal frameworkfortheprotectionofrefugees inChile and incorporates this country's obligations under the 1951 RefugeeConvention and its 1967 Protocol (UNHCR, 2010). Among other things, thelegislation includesuniversalandregionaldefinitionsofrefugees,whilesettingoutguaranteesandobligations for refugees. It also regularizesproceduresandguidelinesfordeterminingrefugeestatus(UNHCR,2010).

In 1999, Chile became the first South American country to launch aresettlement program in cooperation with UNHCR, which focuses on allowingrefugees to integrate into the Chilean society and enable them to attain self-sufficiency as soon as possible (UNHCR, 2002; UNHCR, 2010). Among several

6

other Latin American and Caribbean countries, Chile participated in theCartagena+30meeting, where it was reaffirmed the compromise in defendingandsupportingthehigheststandardsintheprotectionofrefugeeanddisplacedpersons (UNHCR, 2014). Chile has also agreed to take in Syrian refugees,announcingthereceptionof100families.TheForeignAffairsministryalsosaiditwasspeedinguptheprocessingofvisasforSyriansthathaverequestedthem(“Chile…”,2015).

3.4.CommonwealthofAustraliaAustralia'spolicyfordealingwithrefugeesisremarkablyrestrictive.The

country is a destination for many migrants and asylum-seekers coming fromSoutheastAsia,mainlyfromIndonesia(Australia...,2016).ThemainactiontakenbythegovernmenthasbeenoftowingbacktheboatsthattrytoarriveAustralia,processing the applications of asylum-seekers offshore, in remote islands(Australia..., 2016). Recently, aman set himself on fire at theNauru detentioncenter, dying later from the self-inflicted burns, as a political act of protestagainstthewayAustraliadealswithrefugeapplicationsandthepoorconditionsofthedetentionsthatholdthesepeople(Asylum...,2016).

Both leading political parties in Australia agree on adopting the toughasylum policies. In 2013, the government adopted the Operation SovereignBorders(OSB),amilitary-ledbordersecurityoperation,dedicatedtothecombatof people smuggling (Australian Department of Immigration and BorderProtection [ADIBP], 2016). The government says its policies have restored theintegrityofitsbordersandhelpedpreventdeathsatsea(Asylum...,2016).

TheUNHCR, aswell as theLawCouncil ofAustralia (LCA),havealertednationalauthoritiesregardingthepolicyadoptedandthetreatmentofrefugees(LCA, 2013; United..., 2013). Both organs have highlighted the ongoingresponsibilities of Australia in the matter, urging for the respect to theinternational instruments that promote principles such as thenon-refoulementandprotectfundamentalrights.

3.5.DemocraticRepublicofCongo

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) history has been marked byconflict, from the country's independence until recent disputes for power thathavedisplacedmillionsofpeople(InsightonConflict,2014).Bymid-2014,thereweremore than25activearmedgroups ineasternDRCandthedeath tollstillgrows,makingthecountrystagetothedeadliestwarsinceWorldWarII(InsightonConflict,2014).Thedisplacementof farmers, theburningof fieldsand foodstocks, and the destruction of infrastructure have made commerce extremelydifficult in eastern DRC, an area with considerable agricultural potential, and

7

caused widespread malnutrition (Zeender & Rothing, 2010). Millions in thecountrylackbasicservices,asthealreadyweakenedhealthcaresystemhasbeendegraded by looting, fleeing staff and lack of funds. On many occasions,displacementhascoincidedwithincreasesinepidemicdiseases,thatexacerbaterefugeeandIDPsvulnerabilities(Zeender&Rothing,2010).

According to the UNHCR (2015), over 500,00 refugees fled from DRC,taking refuge in neighboring countries such asUganda, Rwanda, Tanzania andBurundi,whileother2.7millionbecameinternallydisplacedinthecountry.Analarmingsituationisfoundintheserefugeecamps,whereoftenlyconditionsareunhealthy and unsafe (Cultural Orientation Resource Center [CORC], 2014).Sexual and gender-based violence still is a reality in many camps, exposingwomen to further violations of rights. The sites are overcrowded and manypeoplespenddecadesinthissituation,with littleornoopportunitytoworkorrecreationanddifficultaccess to school (CORC,2014).Thepopulation in thesecampsisnoticeablyyoung,withnearly55%undertheageof18andother18%between18and25years(CORC,2014).

The National government has not yet established a national strategytowards IDPs nor there are policies with direct positive impact in IDPs lives.Someministriesandprovincesgovernorshaveestablishedofficestocoordinatehumanitarian assistance, but with little success (Zeender & Rothing, 2010).Internationalagencieshavebeenproviding thisassistancewhere it ispossible,increasingaccesstofood,healthandotherbasicservices.Manyobstaclesopposetothisassistance,astherearegreatmobilityissuestoreachtheIDPsandattacksagainst international and national staff take place in some areas (Zeender &Rothing,2010).

3.6.EasternRepublicofUruguayUruguay is signatory tomany relevant international instruments on the

matter of displacement, having acceded to the 1951 Convention and the 1967Protocol in1970andtothe1954ConventionrelatingtotheStatusofStatelessPersons in 2004. In 2006, the country set out a Refugee Law, establishing adomesticlegalframeworktodealwithrefugees,enshriningimportantprovisionsregarding the refugee status determination procedure and durable solutions,such as local integration or resettlement (UNHCR, 2013). The law alsoestablished a Refugee Commission (CORE), which is in charge of adjudicatingasylumclaimsandfindingdurablesolutionsforrefugees(UNHCR,2013).

The government has joined the Regional Solidarity ResettlementProgramme, along with other 20 Latin American countries, with the aim tostrengthen protection and promote durable solutions for refugees in LatinAmerica(UNHCR,2013).UruguayalsotookpartintheCartagena+30conference,

8

reaffirming a regional compromise in defending and supporting the higheststandardsintheprotectionofrefugeesanddisplacedpersons(UNHCR,2014).

ThecountryhasbeenoneofthefirstcountriestorespondtoUNHCR’scalltoaddressSyrianrefugees’needs.Althoughnotusedtoreceivinglargeinfluxesof people, the government announced that 120 Syrian refugees would bewelcome starting in September 2014 (Niosi, n.d.). Refugees in the countryreceive housing, health care, education and some financial support from thegovernment.However, Syrian families resettled in the country have protested,motivatedbythestruggle tosettle in,strained integrationamongthenationalsanddifficultaccesstojobsinUruguay(“Syrian...”,2015).

3.7.FederalRepublicofGermany

According to theGlobalMigrationDataAnalysisCentre (GMDAC,2016),theinflowsofrefugeesthrough2015resultedintheregistrationofmorethan1millionpeoplethat intendedtoapplyforasyluminGermany,themostpopulardestinationplace.At first, therewasawidespreadhospitalitytowardsrefugeesarriving the country, and the national population response was positive(Deutsche Bank, 2015). However, facedwith thismassive influx, Germany hasreacheditsorganizationallimitsinarrangingthenecessaryemergencyorinitiallodging and first aid. This started to turn the public opinion, allowing anti-refugee movements to rise. In 2015, 159 attacks or incidents of vandalismagainstrefugeesandrefugeeswererecorded. In2016, thenumberhasalreadyreached63(Strickland,2016).

The national system regulates the division of these refugees among theGerman states, based on population and tax receipts. While they wait for aresponse to their application, refugees are granted a temporary residencepermit. Once it is approved, they are entitled to social welfare, child benefits,language courses as well as other forms of integration assistance (GMDAC,2016).However,changesmadetotheasylumlawinOctober2015nowrequiresasylumapplicants tostay in their initial reception facility forup tosixmonths,insteadof three, and there areno availabledataonhowmanypeople actuallyliveinthereceptioncenters(GMDAC,2016).

Migrantswhose applicationshavebeen rejectedmust leave the countryorbedeported.In2014,10,900peopleweresenthome,whileinthefirsthalfof2015thatnumberreached8,200(DeutscheBank,2015).Comparedtothesameperiodin2014,thisrepresentsanincreaseof42%,However,notallsuchpeoplewhoseasylumapplicationshavebeenrejectedandwhodonotcomplywiththeobligation to leave the country remain illegally.There is apossibility toobtainthe status of “tolerated persons” if deporting them is not possible underinternational law or for humanitarian or political reasons. The number of

9

tolerated persons has risen dramatically in the past two years from almost85,000attheendof2012to112,800attheendof2014(DeutscheBank,2015).

3.8.FederalRepublicofSomaliaHostingupto1.1millioninternallydisplacedpersonsand6900refugees

(not tomention the 9800 asylum seekers), Somalia is a paradoxical case of acountrythatisbothdestinationandorigin,aterritorytotransitandreturn,fornumerouspeoplemovingacrosstheHornofAfricaregionanditssurroundings.Politically and economically fragile, the country is heavily dependent onremittances,accounting formore than70%of2006’sGDP insomeareas.Over13.2%ofSomalia’spopulationarerefugeesandasylumseekersheadingmostlytoKenya,YemenandEthiopia(Avis&Herbert,2016).

The Somali civil war (1987-1991), as well as the unsuccessful UNintervention that increased instability, can be considered key factors for thecurrent issues of poor livelihood opportunities and suppression of rights thatmademany considermigration the best possible option. About 65% of youngSomalisareestimatedtobeamongthosewillingtofleethecountry,duetothepreviously mentioned reasons. Freedom House, a nonprofit organization indefenseofcivilrights,designatedSomaliaasa“notfree”country,scoring2outof40ontheir“politicalrightsandcivilliberties”category(Avis&Herbert,2016).

The problem, however, does not seem to be this closely related to, oreasilysolvedby,moneycontributions,asthecrisiscontinuesalthoughtotalaidamounted to about $1.3 billion in 2014, including spends on aid fordevelopment,humanitarianaidandsupporttopeacekeepingforces.Thelegacyofweakinstitutionsandregulatoryframeworks,aswellastheweakgovernanceandlimitedpublicservicesdelivery,mustbeconsideredaspartofthemigratoryissue as well as the difficult to obtain accurate data on the country’s mainproblems.MigrationtrendsfromSomaliaarestillunlikelytochangeintheshortandmediumterm(Avis&Herbert,2016).

3.9.FederativeRepublicofBrazilAccordingtoCONAREdata,Brazilhosted,in2013,5.208refugeescoming

from79differentnationalities.Although thenumbermayseem less significantthan those presented by European and Middle Eastern countries that shareboundaries or are located closely to intense conflict areas, Brazilian numbershave increased exponentially taken into consideration its previous data from2010,whenthecountryhosted566refugees(IDNR,2013).Thenumbersreflectthe enormous increase in refugee requests as well, as in only four years thecountryhaditsnumberofrequestsincreasedby800%(n.p.,2014).

10

An expressive change can also be observed in the nationalities of theserefugees. In 2013, Colombians were the majority, due to the closeness of thecountryanditsexpressivenumberofvictimsoftheRevolutionaryArmedForcesof Colombia (IDNR, 2013). However, as the crisis in Syria intensified, thenationality became the most numerous one to be granted the refugee status,althoughthetenthousandkilometersthatseparateBrazilfromSyria(Barrucho&Costa,2015).

There arenowmore Syrian refugees inBrazil than in theUnited StatesandinmanyEuropeancountriessuchasGreece, Italy,Spain,andPortugal.Themain reason for that is the country’s diplomacy, showing availability forwelcoming refugees in its territory through, for example, working on policiesthat simplify visas. Nonetheless, Brazil still faces bureaucratic problems thatslowdowntheprocessofacceptanceoftherefugeesmentionedabove,aswellasdifficultiesinintegratingthemintoitssociety,especiallyinitseconomy.

3.10.HashemiteKingdomofJordan

LocatedclosetobothIraqandSyria,Jordanhasdealtwithrefugeeissuesfor years, and now, as the conflict in Syria deepens, political, economical andresourceproblemshavebeen intensified.Thealready inefficient infrastructureof thecountry, thatsufferedfromstructuralproblemsbeforethiscrisis, isnowrequested by more than 620,000 Syrian refugees, living mostly in hostcommunities insteadof refugee camps (Francis,2015).The country’s lost faithon international funds as well as the public negative view on the influx ofrefugees (considered a burden by most) were the main reasons for therestrictiononprotectivespacesforthispopulation,averyriskymeasureinthelong-termconsideredthispopulation’ssafety(Francis,2015).

Aspreviouslymentioned,however, this isnotthefirsttimeJordanfacesthis kind of situation: six years before, in 2009, the country hosted about500,000 Iraqi refugees, placing only behind Syria, hosting over 1,2 million(Barnes,2009).Inthisperiod,theinfluxalsoledtoinstabilityandtheprotectionofrefugeeswasjeopardizedinacrisisthatrepresentedthelargestdisplacementin the Middle East since 1948. The lack of specific legislation concerningrefugees,bythetimethislargeinfluxofIraqisenteredthecountry,wasanotherlargeissuetobetackled(Barnes,2009).

Jordan is still not, however, a signatory country of the 1951 RefugeeConvention, but has granted Syrians the refugee status and offered favorablespacesforthemtobuildtheirlives(havingconsideredthepreviouslymentionedstructural issues that are faced). The population of refugees fleeing from theviolence faced in Syria are still themajority in the country, followedby Iraqis,SomalisandSudanese(UNHCR,2015).Theintegrationofnationaldevelopment

11

aid and humanitarian aid has been pointed out as a possible solution for therefugeeissue,asinthepastJordanhasviewedrefugeeinfluxasanopportunitytoadvance(Francis,2015).

3.11.HellenicRepublic

Greece accounted over one million migrants/refugees in 2015 arrivedfrom the Turkish coast (HRGSMC, 2016). The country is a member of theEuropean Union, that has had the number of asylum applications received in2014increasedin25%consideredthesameperiodin2013(UNHCR,2015).Tofulfill their commitments and obligations as a member, Greece has takenmeasures such as putting forward legislation to accelerate the examinationprocedureofapplicationsforinternationalprotection,inordertoimprovetheirmigrationsrelatedsystems(HRGSMC,2016).

Mediterranean Sea arrivals reached a peak in October (2015) and arenow declining. From the total amount, 90% of the migrants come from theworld’s top ten refugee-producing countries: they come mostly from Syria,Afghanistan and Iraq, respectively. There were 856,723 arrivals in 2015 and155,300in2016sofar(UNHCR,2016).

Greece has also established a Coordinating Body for Refugee CrisisManagementandaMinistryofHealthCoordinatingBody.Anotherconcernofthegovernmenthasbeeninformingtherefugeesandmigrantsovertheirrights,thetransportation, and accommodations in Greece. Translation of announcementsand news in Arabic have also become an important measure taken in thedirectionofwelcomingthispopulationproperly(HRGSMC,2016).

3.12.HumanRightsWatchCreated in 1978, the Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an important

nonprofit and non-governmental international organization. Its mission is todefendtherightsofpeopleworldwidebyinvestigatingabuses,exposingthefactsand pressuring those in power to both respect these rights and secure justice(HRW, 2016). Refugees figure among the organization’s main focuses,documenting mainly cases of governmental efforts to block access to asylum,casesofdeprivationofrefugee’srightstoexpresstheirclaims(andhavingtheseclaims taken into consideration) and cases of forced return of refugees to thecountriestheyfledduetofreedomthreateningconditions(HRW,2016).

The organization has been extremely active reporting the currentmigratorycrisis inSyria, causedmostlybyactionsof the IslamicStateandAl-Qaeda’saffiliateinSyria, JabhatAl-Nursa,thattargetedciviliansandperformedbothkidnappingsandexecutions.Theuseofchildrenassoldiersandthemanycasesoftorturealsocapturedinternationalattention.Morethan100,000civilian

12

were killed and 7.6 million are internally displaced, with over 4.2 millionrefugeesincountriesthatborderSyria(HRW,2016).

Asarespectedorganization, thecriticismmadebyHumanRightsWatchcan go a long way. In Syria’s case, specifically, the inaction of internationalpowers,justifiedbythegoalofbringingBasharal-Assadtothenegotiationtable,figured in the pages of The New York Times (Eddy & Cottrel, 2014). Thepartnership (directly and indirectly) with the UN, criticizing, informing andbringingtolightagendasthatareoftenforgottenisalsoanimportantroleplayedby the HRW. The idea is to combine forces to face the problems that seemunsolvableand through this cooperationendabusesandbringperpetrators tojustice(HRW,2016).

3.13.Hungary

Presented as a country “few razor-wire coils away from completelysealingofitsborders”,Hungaryiswell-knownforitsveryrestrictivepoliciesonmigrationandrefuge:thecountry’sgovernmentspentover100millioneurosonbothrazor-wirefencingandbordercontrolsto isolatefromSerbiaandCroatia,making as complicated as possible for migrants to enter their territories (AI,2015). As 2016 started, the strict position taken by Hungarian policy-makersbecameevenstricter:theprimeministercalledforfencestobebuiltonGreece’snorthern border, reaffirmed his beliefs thatmigrant influx to Europemust bestopped altogether and claimed integration of migrants to be completelyimpossible as, for him, the idea of a multicultural Europe has failed (Squires,2016).

About1,500extratroopsandpoliceofficersweresenttoSerbianborderinordertofulfillthecountry’splantobringthenumberofasylumseekersinitsterritorytoaminimum, intendingtomakeasylumofferas impossibleas itcanlegally be (Strickland, 2016). The country’s measures caught attentioninternationally for its violence and lack of concern with Human Rights and,internally, they also led to an increase of xenophobia, making it harder formigrants and refugees inside the territory to adapt and be integrated intoHungarian society. However, it is important to keep in mind, despite thepoliticiansclaims,thereisnosuchathingasamigrationcrisisinHungary:onlyone-and-a-half percent of the country’s population are immigrants, comingmostlyfromneighborcountries,presentinghighlevelsofeducationandhavingno problems to integrate to the society and its economy (Pardavi & Gyulai,2015).

Claiming Serbia is now a “safe third-country” and creating a sense of“being attacked by refugees” contribute to the maintenance of the previouslymentionedpolicies,makingitacceptabletoautomaticallysendpeopleback,and

13

to segregate those who manage to stay in the country (Pardavi & Gyulai, p.2015).

3.14.IslamicRepublicofAfghanistanAfghanrefugees,locatedmostlyinPakistanandIran,representbothone

of the largest groups of people being assisted by UNHCR and one of themostimportant repatriation cases aswell (Ahmadi&Lakhani, 2016). From2002 to2007, about 3.69million refugees returned to Afghanistanwith UNHCR’s helpandother1.1million returnedwithout this assistance (Margesson, 2007). Thenumber of refugees inside this countries, however, is still very high: Pakistan,although not a signatory of the 1951 Convention, hosts around 1 millionregistered refugees and 1.5 unregistered ones, while Iran hosts 951,140registeredAfghanrefugees(Margesson,2007).

Whatmayseemlikeanimprovement,nonetheless,isactuallyaproblem.Many of the Afghan returnees, classified as “spontaneous returns” by the hostcountriesauthoritiesgobacktoAfghanistanduetopushingfactorsthatmadeitimpossibleforthemtoremaininthesecountries(Ahmadi&Lakhani,2016).InPakistan, the difficulty to be economically integrated by the lack of jobs, thenumerous harassment cases and the police’s extortion figure among thesefactors:mostoftheAfghansreturninginvoluntarilyarepoorandundocumented(Ahmadi&Lakhani,2016).

TheurgencyofbothPakistanandIrantosendbackAfghanrefugeescanbejustifiedbythefactmigrantsandterroristnetworksaremanytimesusingthesame transport routes, making their differentiation a hard task and thereforeleading to the tougher approach that has been sealing borders and deportingrefugees (ICG, 2009). Although the Afghan government efforts to improve theassistance for those that return, the fact they arenot offered, by the countriestheyfledto,timetoplantheirreturn,makesmostfaceevenharsherrealitiesofpovertyandexclusion,clusteredinurbanareas(Ahmadi&Lakhani,2016).ThedecreaseofaidcontributioninthelastyearsalsocontributedtotheproblemsofassistancenowfacedinAfghanistan(Ahmadi&Lakhani,2016).

3.15.IslamicRepublicofIranIn accordance with the 2015 Update of UNHCR’s Global Report, the

IslamicRepublicofIranremainshosttooneofthelargestandmostprotractedrefugeepopulationintheworldwithapproximately982,120individuals.Amongthe main populations of concern to the UNHCR in 2015, there is a total of950,000Afghanrefugees,mostofwhomwereregisteredbefore2001asprimafacierefugees.Also,aconcerntoUNHCR,thesecondlargestrefugeepopulation

14

settledinIranconsistsof32,000Iraqi,themajorityofwhomarrivedin2002asprimafacierefugees(UNHCR,2015)

The number of asylum-seekers is relatively low in comparison to thenumber of refugees in the country; by June 2015 only 42 were officiallyregistered. Only three percent of the Iran’s refugees live in settlements, thereminiscent 97% live in rural or urban areas. The removal of subsidies andintensified internationalsanctionsdue toretaliationover thecountry’snuclearprogram have not only caused inflation and the rise in living costs, but alsoaffected basic services and have damaged UNHCR’s ability to providehumanitarianassistance.Thus,around24%ofIran’srefugeesareconsideredtobeinavulnerablesituation(UNHCR,2015).

As a primary contributor to the country’s refugee programs, theGovernment of the Islamic Republic of Iran is a major partner in theimplementationandoperationofprojects,playingaleadingroleintheSolutionsStrategyforAfghanRefugees(SSAR).Semiandnon-governmentalorganizationsprovide additional support. Despite the assisted and voluntary repatriation of918,263Afghans–betweenJanuary2002andJune2014–and30,349Iraqis–since 2003 – the country still needs continued assistance as the number orrepatriationshassystematicallyfallensince2013(UNHCR,2015).

3.16.IslamicRepublicofPakistan

Hometo1,540,854refugeesand6,103asylumseekers,Pakistanwas,byJune2015, stillholding the largestprotracted refugeepopulation in theworld.AlthoughUNHCR has assisted the return of 3.8million Afghans fromPakistansince2002,around95%ofthecountry’srefugeesand87%oftheasylumseekerswere Afghans by December 2015. Somalis, the second most recurrentnationality, represent only 0.03% of refugees’ population and 0.8% of asylumseekers. Nearly one-third of the Afghans refugees live in refugee settlements,whiletheothertwo-thirdsliveinurbanorruralregions(UNHCR,2015).

The Government of Pakistan’s national policy on Afghans refugees, thetripartite agreement on voluntary repatriation and the Solution Strategy forAfghanRefugees(SSAR)representthreemajoreffortsinordertoadvanceontheimplementationof a long-term solution to the cause and to fulfill theneeds ofthese refugees and their host communities. Nevertheless, Pakistan’s unstablegeopolitical situation and the lack of security pose a threat to humanitarianoperations. Since public and private local contributions to UNHCR have notoccurred for the past three years, the refugee agency works closely withgovernment counterparts and local partners, especially non-governmentalorganizations(UNHCR,2015).

15

In order to strengthen its support, the Pakistani Government hasextendedAfghan refugees’ the emission of Proof of Registration card until theendof2015, issuedapproximately800,000birthcertificates toAfghanrefugeechildren, provided land for settlements and given refugees access to publiceducationandhealthclinics(UNHCR,2015).

3.17.ItalianRepublic

TheItalianRepublichasbeenconsideredagateofentrytotheEUforthepastcoupleofyearswith93,715refugeesarrivingbytheendof2014,mostofwhom–approximately87,000–entersbyseaandaremainlyfromEritreaandthe Syrian Arab Republic. In 2014 the European Union Member States havereceivedanestimatedtotalof436,000asylumrequests,whichrepresentsa25percent increase ifcomparedto thesameperiod in thepreviousyear(UNHCR,2015).NearlyaquarteroftheapplicantsareAfghans,EritreansorSyrians,andofthem,25%areundertheageof18. Italy isthefourthcountrytoreceivethelargest number of applications, preceded by Germany, France and Swedenrespectively.

SinceOctober2013morethan100,000immigrantshavebeenrescuedinthe Mediterranean by the Italian Coast Guard as part of the Mare Nostrumoperation,launchedbythegovernmentinordertotackletherisksofthetravel.Both Greek and Spanish Governments have also recorded an exponentialincreaseinrefugeearrivals.InApril2014athreebillioneurosfundwasadoptedbytheEuropeanUnionuntil2020.TheAsylum,MigrationandIntegrationFundwas intended to complement member’s states national programs budget inorder to expand and improve immigrants reception, the asylum system andimplementintegrationpolicies(UNHCR,2015).

Apartfromtherisksinvolvedduringthejourney,theincomingmigrantsaresuretodealwithXenophobiaandintolerance,whichhaveledultimatelytoincidents of discrimination and violence display. The European economicsituationandtheausteritymeasuresimposedtoItalyhavehadanegativeimpactontheprotectionsystemofimmigrants.Thesemeasureshavealsounderminedand limited the extent of civil-society organizations thatwere able to provideservicestoasylum-seekersandrefugees(UNHCR,2015).

3.18.Japan

Although UNHCR’s estimate number of refugees and asylum seekersresiding in Japan is relatively low – approximately 2,419 refugees and 10,705asylumapplicantsby June2015, thecountry faces the fifthconsecutiveyearofincrease in the number of asylum applicants. Japan also figures as a majorcontributortoUNHCR’sactions.On2014Japanhasdonatedover181millionUS

16

dollars to UNHCR and, on the previous year, the country’s contribution hadreachedarecordamountof252,939,102USdollars(UNHCR,2015).

Thenumberofasylumapplicantshasjumpednearly50%toarecordof7,586requestsin2015ifcomparedto5,000in2014.Nevertheless,thecountryonlygrantedaccessto27refugeesin2015,whilein2014itrecognizedmere11.Among theapplicants, thereare individuals from69differentnationalities, themajorityofwhomareNepalese,with1,768requests,followedbyIndonesiansat969,Turksat926andresidentsofMyanmarat808.ThislowacceptancerateisbelievedtostemfromalackofclarityoverthecriteriaJapaneseauthoritiesholdapplicantsandtherigorousnessandslownessoftheprocess(Murai,2016).

In order to tackle this situation, the Japanese Ministry of Justice hasestablishedasub-committeeadvisedbyUNHCRtoreviewthecountry’sasylumsystem. This committee is expected to come up with recommendations andintroducemeasures to improve the system’s fairness and efficiency. After thecompletion of the pilot phase, the Government has decided to start an officialresettlement program in 2015. UNHCR’s activities have supported theauthoritiesby reinforcing receptionand integrationmechanismsand followingtherecommendationsofthesub-committeeonasylumlaws(UNHCR,2016).

3.19.KingdomofDenmark

AlthoughDenmarkhasbeenknownasastrongadvocateforrefugeesandasylum-seekers,becominghometoimmigrantsfromtheSovietbloc,theBalkansand the Middle East over the course of the last century, the country is nowshifting to a harsher and closed foreign policy towards the refugees. Today,immigrantsandtheirdescendantsrepresent10%ofthepopulation.However,asthecountryislocatedbetweenthetwomostpopulardestinationsforrefugeesinthe EU – Germany and Sweden – Denmark is trying to close its borders (TheEditorialBoard,2016).

The number of asylum applications to the country has grownexponentiallyoverthepastthreeyears,reaching21,000requestsin2015,muchmore than the 14,815 requests in 2014 and the 7,557 applications in 2013.AlthoughthecountryalreadyabsorbedasignificantamountofrefugeesasoneofthetoprecipientspercapitainEurope,bytheendof2015andbeginningof2016Danishlawmakershavepassedseverallawsinordertorestrainthisimmigrationflux.In2015thegovernmenthadcutthesocialprogramsforasylumseekersby45%andin2016lawmakerspassedabillthatlengthenedfromoneyeartothreetheamountoftimethatadmittedrefugeeswouldhavetowaittosponsorcloserelativesforimmigration(Delman,2016).

17

Moreover, the same bill authorizes Danish officers to seize any assetsworth$1,450ormorefromasylum-seekersinordertohelptopayitssubstanceinthecountry.Recently,thegovernmentproposedmovingrefugeesfromurbanhousing to rural camps, helping to shift the focus of the Danish immigrationpolicyfromintegrationtorepatriation(Delman,2016).

3.20.KingdomofMorocco

TheNorthAfricanregionthatcomprehendsMoroccostillremainsasbothfinal and transit destination for amyriad ofmixedmigration flows from Sub-SaharanAfricaandtheMiddleEast.AsatJune2015,therewereapproximately2,144 refugees and 2,216 asylum seekers residing inMorocco, themajority ofwhomhasfledtheirhomecountriesduetopoliticalinstabilityduringaperiodoftransition. The lack of national and regional strategies for managing multiplemigration influxes, as well as the absence of a consistent national asylumsystemhavecontributedtothedeteriorationofthesituationinNorthAfricaandhavealsoaffectedUNHCR’sactivities(UNHCR,2015).

The fighting between civil militia in nearby countries and the terroristactivityintheSahelhavealsoreducedtheofferofasylum.Nowadaysatotalof1,559 refugees and 3,860 asylum seekers have already left Morocco fearingpolitical instability and human rights abuse. Migrants in Morocco continue tosufferhumanrightsviolationsbySpanishsecurity forcesand local inhabitants,despitemigration policy reforms. They aremainly Sub-Saharan Africans – themajority of whom are from Algeria - trying to reach the Spanish enclaves ofCeutaandMelilla(IRIN,2014).

As local reconciliation remains a challenge in North and Sub-SaharanAfrica thepossibilityof repatriationofmost refugeegroups is limited, and themain long-term solution for the population in concern is still resettlement.Despitethenegativeperspective,835peopleofconcernhavehadtheirsituationregularizedas thedevelopmentandestablishmentofanationalasylumsystemin Morocco took place (UNHCR, 2015). Government plans to halt summarydeportationsofAlgeriansandregularizeasmallnumberofillegalmigrants.

3.21.KingdomofSwedenAsthesecondmostrecurrentdestinationofrefugeeswithintheEuropean

Union, Sweden is now slowly shifting to a more enclosed and harsh foreignpolicythankstoabillproposedbytherulingcenter-leftSocialDemocrat-Greencoalition that wants to tighten asylum rules in order to discourage incomingrefugees. Sweden welcomed approximately 163,000 asylum seekers in 2015(Migrationsverket,2016),butstruggledtoprovideaccommodationforall.Thisis

18

the crystallizationof an exponential increase in thenumberof asylum-seekerssince2013atnearly55,000requests(Migrationsverket,2016).

Thenumberofasylumseekershassincegonedownasaconsequenceofnewly introduced ID and border checks. Until May 2016 there wereapproximately10,000asylumapplicationsataweeklyrateof500-700requests.Approximately140,000newrefugeesareexpectedbytheSwedishgovernmentuntiltheendof2016,themajorityofwhomwillbeSyrians,followedbyAfghans,Somalis,IraqisandIranians(Migrationsverket,2016).

Thenewlyproposedbillattemptstolimittheaccessofaccommodationsprovided by the Migration agency from those seekers who have received adeportationorder.Moreover,theproposalinvolveslimitingtheasylumseekers’possibility of obtaining a residence permit and to reunite with their families.However,thisshifttoatightforeignpolicyappearstobeslowandgradualsincetheSwedishMigrationcourthasrecentlysuspendedthetransferenceofasylumseekerstoHungaryundertheDublinRegulation(TheLocal,2016).

3.22.LebaneseRepublicOneofLebanonmain foreignpolicyparametersconcernstheprotection

againstterrorismwidespreadintheMiddleEastregion-especiallyregardingthedeath tolls and political instabilities harming Syria, Iraq, Libya, Yemen andPalestine-andjointactionstotacklethemassivewavesofforceddisplacement(GA,2015a).Inaddition,TammamSalam,PresidentoftheCouncilofMinistersofLebanon, claimed for international community’s support and European donorcountries’ financial contribution to increase the state capacities of publicinfrastructureandhostingcommunities toshelter therefugees fromSyria,andtorebuildthiscountry’sterritorialintegrityandindividuals’dignity(GA,2015a).

Lebanonhostedmore than1,3millionSyrianrefugees in2015(UNHCR,2015e). Until 2014, approximately 449,957 forced displacedwere Palestiniansliving in the country’s 12 refugee camps, and underUnitedNationsRelief andWorksAgencyforPalestineRefugeesintheNearEast’s(UNRWA)protectionandmonitoring (United Nations Relief andWorks Agency for Palestine [UNRWA],2014). In this context, many Syrians, along with the Lebanese in the localcommunities most affected by the immigrants influx, face socioeconomicvulnerabilities(savingsdeplete),andhumanitarianneeds.Aimingtorevertthisframework, theUnitedNationsHighCommissioner forRefugees (UNHCR)willfocus its activities on the overall coordination of the Syrian refugee crisis;registration; protection monitoring and outreach activities; resettlement andhumanitarian admission; provisionof cash grants, shelter and access tohealthandeducation.

19

Moreover, together with partners, the Office will support hostcommunitiesandauthoritiestomitigatethedirectimpactofthepresenceoftherefugees in order to ensure amore favorable protection environment. UNHCRwill support the Government in improving central and local actors' ability toprovide refugees with basic services, as well as to prevent statelessness inLebanon.FindingsolutionsoutsideofLebanonforthemostvulnerablerefugeeswillremainapriority.(UNHCR,2015e)

The organ also nurtures, alongside the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP) and the Lebanese Government, the Regional Refugee andResiliencePlan(3RP),oneofthemainforumsforpartners-non-traditionalandprivate, local actors, and the country’s Ministry of the Interior - to plan,coordinateandreportmattersontherefugescope(UNHCR,2015e).

InregardstothePalestinianrefugees,manyofthemdonotenjoyseveralbasic human rights, such as the prohibition to those individualsworking in asmany as 20 occupations, since they are not formally citizens of another state(UNRWA, 2014).Moreover, Lebanon has the highest percentage of Palestinianrefugees living in contemptible poverty. Finally, around 53% of these forcedmigrants in Lebanon “live in the 12 recognized Palestine refugee camps, all ofwhich suffer from serious problems, including poverty, overcrowding,unemployment, poor housing conditions and lack of infrastructure” (UNRWA,2014).Furthermore,three“othercampsweredestroyedduringthecourseoftheLebanese Civil War, while a fourth was evacuatedmany years ago” (UNRWA.2014).Itis,fromthis,uptoUNRWAtoprovidetheserefugees’basicneeds,likeeducation,healthcare,shelterandrelief(UNRWA,2014).

3.23.Mexico

MemberoftheHRCfor2014-2016,Mexicohasbeenadoptingoneofthemost progressive sets of legislation and policies pro-human rights promotionand assurance. The former president, Enrique Peña, declared support, in theGeneralAssembly70thSession,totheFrenchinitiativetorestrictthepowertovetoincasesofInternationalLawviolationsandwarcrimes[againsthumanity](GA,2015b). Finally, healso claimed for aworld community’s effort tobuildaglobal scheme [or regime] to protect migrants’ rights, stating that it is aninternational commitment of all UN’s Member States to approach a humaneresponse to the matter of drugs traffic and abuse patterns of migrants - thatsuffer from life risks, discrimination, abuse, commonly because of racism,ignoranceorpoliticalopportunism(GA,2015b).

Mexicoestablished, in2011,theRefugeeandComplementaryProtectionAct,whichimplementedtheextensionof“refugee”definitiontowardsthe1951Convention, present at the Cartagena Declaration (1984) (U.S. Committee for

20

Refugees and Immigrants, 2013). In addition, Mexico’s government has alsodevelopedspecificstrategiestochildrenprotection,embracingthechildinterestabove all decisions (UNHCR, 2013). Although, rampant criminal violence, fromdirect coercion and physical threats to disrupt life quality, has been pushingpeople to move away from their homes, including documented cases andpatterns of displacement caused by drug-cartel violence, and almost 70,000killingsasa resultof an intensecrimes recurrence (Albuja,2014). In thisway,themajor protection of UNHCR concerns to conciliate its operations with theMexican national actors towards to face the risk of human trafficking, specialprotectionneeds of unaccompanied children, alternatives todetention and thelegalstatusofstatelesspeople(UNHCR,2015f).

Finally,Mexico had also always been the pathway for CentralAmericanmigrants towards theUSA, traversing the country on “la bestia”, freight trainsstowingawaybythoseindividuals, inwhichextortion,abduction,sexualabuse,drug-cartel violence and forceddisappearance historically happen, and, due totheU.S.-Mexicoborderenforcement,thecostofillegalentryhasraised,leadingto more expensive and professional smuggling operations (Albuja, 2014;Rosenblum, 2015). In this regard, for instance, about 145,000 not Mexicannationals-whatincludesundocumentedSyrianrefugees-weredetainedattheU.S.-MexicoborderuntilSeptember30,2015(Kaplan,2015).

3.24.People’sRepublicofChinaAccording to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

[UNHCR] (2015g), People’s Republic of China had only 9 refugees and 26asylum-seekersfromSyriainitsterritory,whichwereamongtheapproximately800 UN-registered “persons of concern” (displaced people), mainly Somali,Nigerians, Iraqis, and Liberians staying temporarily in Chinese cities whilewaitingtobetransferred(Pan,2016).Inadditiontothelittlepublicsupportforrefugees’ resettlement, it isquoted in this sense thatChinesepolitical ideologyactively discourages the acceptance of non-Chinesemigrants: non-interferencein other countriesdomestic affairs is the cornerstoneof its foreignpolicy, andacceptingrefugeesifoftenviewedasdemonstratingapoliticalpreferenceofthecountry of origin. Beijing even claims its foreign aid has “no political stringsattached”(Pan,2016).

Yet, according to an August 2015 UNHCR fact sheet, the Chinesegovernment does not assure assistance to refugees in the country, besides oflacking national institutions related to the Protocol Relating to the Status ofRefugees(1982),andnotsupportingtheshelterofSyrianrefugees,mostlyduetoculturalissues(Pan,2016).

21

Moreover,actinginChineseterritoryandfunctioningonitsBeijingoffice,UNHCRwillcontinuetobalancethedirectdeliveryofprotectionandassistanceservices to asylum-seekers and refugees with a move to providing greateradvocacyandtechnicalsupportforcentralandprovincialauthorities.Theaimisto gradually capacitate the latter to take over responsibility for registration,asylum processing and the realization of durable solutions for those needinginternational protection. Togetherwith theGovernment, theOfficewill ensurethat administrative structures and regulations for the new Exit-EntryAdministration Law are in place. In the meantime, UNHCR will continueconducting RSD and providing legal counseling and social and materialassistancetothemostvulnerablerefugees,untildurablesolutionsareidentified.(UNHCR,2015g)

3.25.RepublicofFranceTheeconomicsituationintheEuropeanregionhashadanimpactonthe

capacityandreadinessofmanycountriestostrengthentheirprotectionsystems,whichincludesmattersofmigrationpoliciesandrefugees’acceptance.InFrance,austeritymeasureshadalsohitcivil-societyorganizationsthatprovideservicesto asylum-seekers, refugees, and stateless persecuted individuals (UNHCR,2015j). In this way, xenophobia, racism, and intolerance had been leading toincidentsofdiscriminationandviolenceagainstimmigrants.Inaddition,Francehas responded by concentrating on curbing irregular movements, includingthrough tighterborder controls anddetention, orpenalization for illegal entry(UNHCR,2015j).

In the other hand, the FrenchGovernment had offered the sumof over262millionCFAfrancstosupportrefugeesintheNorthandFarNorthregionsofCameroon (Ayuketah, 2015). In 2014, France also contributedwith€5million(US$6,651,583)toWorldFoodProgramme'sinitiativeassistingSyrianrefugeesinJordan,Lebanon,Turkey,andIraq,besidesatotalof€1.5milliondirectedtoJordan(WorldFoodProgramme[WFP],2014).

Approximately 1,000 refugees living in undignified conditions in the‘Jungle’campinCalaismustleavetheirmakeshiftdwellings,accordingtoFrenchofficials(Al Jazeera,2016).Aimingtorevertthis framework,France's firsteverrefugee camp to meet international humanitarian standards opened near thenorthern port of Dunkirk on Monday as demolition work resumed at thenotorious"Jungle"inCalaisafewdozenmilesupthecoast.ThemedicalcharityMedecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) has so far built around 200 of 375 plannedcabinsattheGrande-Synthesitetohouse2,500people–basedthereinthehopeofreachingBritain.Mostofthesemigrants–mainlyKurdsfromIraq–havebeen

22

living for months in atrocious conditions in the boggy, rat-infested camp ofGrande-Synthe(Samuel,2016).

3.26.RepublicofIraqTurningtotheresultsoftheWorkingGrouponSustainableDevelopment

Goals (SDGs), Mohammed Fuad Masum, President of Iraq, stated, in the 69thSessionofGeneralAssembly(GA)(2014),thatthematterofterrorisminall itsexpressionsdidnotoccupythespaceithastoconcerninthereport.Herecallsthat international community has to defeat Islamic State (ISIS) everywhere, aswell as other threats to the promoting partnerships and enhancing prospectsseeking global peace and security. In addition, the humanitarian and militarysupportfromUN,USA,EuropeanUnion(EU),andotherfriendly-Stateshelpedtoconceiveprotectionand relief to Iraq,whichwasable to free somecities fromtheterroristoccupation.Finally,thecountryalsocallsfortheinstitutionalizationof responsibility-sharing positions and joint actions against terrorism andextremism, seeking the operationalization of solidarity concerning peace,sustainability,andterrorelimination(GA,2014).

This ISIS offensive on Iraq territory, along the constant wars in thecountry, provoked armed conflicts, massive violations of human rights anddeteriorationof itshumanitarianandsecurityconditions(andalso inneighborcountries),inducingthousandsofpeopletoaconditionofforcibledisplacement(UNHCR,2015h).Fromthis,in2014,theIraqis’refugeesolicitationssummedup68,700requests,almosttwicethequantityrequiredin2013(UNHCR,2015h).

UNHCR'sstrategyinIraqwillcontinuetofocusonworkingtogetherwiththe Government, other humanitarian stakeholders, and donors to provideprotection and durable solutions for people of concern. The main areas forattention will be to advocate and promote legal and protection interventions,deliverbasicassistanceandsupporttonewlydisplacedpeopleandlongstandingIDPpopulations, aswell as tobuild the capacity of governmental andnationalnon-governmentalpartners(UNHCR,2015i).

3.27.RepublicoftheSudan

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[UNHCR] (2015a), the Republic of the Sudan has a “longstanding tradition ofhospitalitytowardsrefugeesandasylum-seekers”.Havingserioushumanitarianissuesitself,thecountryhashadimportantrolesinaddressingmatterssuchashuman trafficking and internally displacedpersons (IDPs) – problems that areespeciallylatentintheentireHornofAfricaregion(UNHCR,2015a).

The country is a stage for several armedconflicts,which severely affectthe Sudanese population. There are about 6.9 million people in need of

23

humanitarian assistance in the country, and widespread violence towardscivilians,whichincludes sexualviolenceagainstwomenandpolicebrutality, issome of the main causes for internal displacements in Sudan (Human RightsWatch[HRW],2016;UNHCR,2015a).

Thus, despite the country’s important role in receiving refugees,mainlyfromEritreaandSouthSudan,theRepublicoftheSudanhasyettodealwithitsown rebel groups and internal political issues (UNHCR, 2015a). Nonetheless,Sudan is very receptive towards refugees and asylum-seekers and plays aproactiveroleindealingwiththesesubjects(UNHCR,2015a).

According toaSudanesegovernmentaccountof2015, thereareat least60,000 Syrian refugees residing in the country –most ofwhich had to escapefrom the Islamic State. Furthermore, the Sudanese Foreign Minister IbrahimGandour has recently announced the country’s readiness to join a Saudi-ledmilitarycoalitiontofighttheIslamicStateinSyria(Amin,2016).

3.28.RepublicofTurkey

BeingoneofthemajorcountriesintheMiddleEast,Turkeyisanon-ArabState that plays a fundamental role in the refugee crisis due to Islamic State’sactions.ItalsoholdsacriticalpartinthefightagainstradicalgroupsinIraqandSyria. Since the beginning of the Syrian CivilWar in 2011, it is estimated thatTurkey received over two million and a half refugees from that country andspent around 8.5 billion dollars in the process (Amnesty International, 2016;Bora,2015).Moreover,theRepublicofTurkeyalsohostssignificantamountsofIraqis,Afghans,andIranians(UNHCR,2015b).

The increase in the military actions in Syria by Russia, as well as byWestern powers, has also increased the number of asylum-seekers in Turkey.However,with the intensificationof itsown internalconflictsandthe threatofthe Islamic State, “Turkey has reached the limit of its capacity to absorb therefugees"(Bora,2016)–shuttingitsbordersforrefugees.

Furthermore, aiming to address the massive flow of refugees towardsEurope, Turkey has recently signed a deal with the European Union (EU). Byreturning all ‘irregular migrants’ to Turkey, the EU offers in return theresettlementofregularSyrianrefugeestoEurope,aswellasafinancialsupportfor therefugees in theTurkishrepublic (Collett,2016). Inaddition, itprovidesTurkey some perks regarding the visa liberalization to Europe (Collett, 2016).Meanwhile,concernsaboutthemassivearrivalofSyrians inTurkey, the lengthoftheirstay,thelevelofunemploymentinthecountryandthefinancialburdenthey pose to the Turkish government are rising among nationals,which couldfurtherincreasesocialtensions(İçduygu,2015).

24

Thus,addressingtherefugees’situationduetotheactionsoftheIslamicState–aswellastheirconditionsupontheirarrival–isofextremeimportancetotheTurkishgovernment,whichdesirestorelieftheresponsibilityofbeingthetopreceivingcountryofSyrianrefugees(AmnestyInternational,2016).

3.29.RepublicofYemenBeingimmersedinitsowncivilwar,Yemenisthepoorestcountryinthe

MiddleEast(Campbell,Coêlho,Escóssia,&Simão,2016).Withinternalstrugglesbetween government and Shia rebels, the country also faces the threat ofterrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and theIslamic State, both of which control considerable areas in southeast Yemen(Campbelletal.,2016).

According to UNHCR (2015c) data, there are about 246,000 registeredrefugeesinYemen,mostofwhomareSomalis.Thecountryisamajorbridgeforother countries in terms of migration flows, being the path for both asylum-seekersandmigrantsthatareheadedforothercountries(UNHCR,2015c).Whilemost Syrian refugees in Yemen remain unregistered, the country is veryhospitable towards these vulnerable people – being signatory to the 1951RefugeeConventionaswellasofits1967Protocol(UNHCR,2015c).

As theNationalDialoguesproceed inYemen, aiming the stabilizationofthecountry,over334,000peoplewereregisteredasinternallydisplacedinthecountry (UNHCR, 2015c). Moreover, according to estimations by theInternationalOrganizationforMigrationandtheUNHCR,around103,000peoplehavefledthecountrybetweenMarch2015andDecemberofthatsameyear.Inaddition, accounts by those organizations say that these numbers can rise to202,000 by the end of 2016 (International Organization for Migration [IOM],2015).

Therefore,theYemenigovernmenthasarealinterestindealingwiththerefugees’issue,asIslamicState’scellsareactinginsidethecountryandviolencebetween governmental forces and Shia insurgents have intensified in 2015(Campbell et al., 2016). Being one of the most vulnerable Middle Easterncountries in termsofhumanitariansituation, such topic isofgreaturgency fortheYemeniadministration.

3.30.RussianFederation

The Russian Federation is one of the major stakeholders in the Syrianconflict.Assuch,Russiahas takenaproactiverole in fightingradicalgroups inthat country, while providing humanitarian relief for the liberated areas(Russia…,2016).Becauseofitsrigidbureaucracyandtoughpolicies,thecountrydoesnotreceivemanySyrianrefugees(Koshkin,2015).Nevertheless,achieving

25

stability intheMiddleEasthasbeenpartof thepoliticalagendaof theRussianFederation, which has advocated for cross-border humanitarian assistance inSyria(UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil[UNSC],2015).

Russia provides aid through humanitarian convoys and cargos tobesieged or recently liberated regions (“Russia…”, 2016). The country hasdeliveredsignificantamountsofhumanitarianassistancetorefugeesandIDPsinregionsaffectedby the IslamicState inboth IraqandSyria,aswellas inotherneighboring countries (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation[MFARussia],2013).Furthermore,RussiastronglybelievesthatitsengagementintheSyrianconflicthaverelievedthesituationofmanySyrians,affirmingthattherecentincreaseinthenumberofrefugeesfromSyriaisduetoIslamicState’sactions (MFA Russia, 2016). In addition, the country is in favor of a morethoroughinspectionbytheUnitedNationsofthehumanitariansuppliessenttoIraqi and Syrian territories, seeing that many of these deliveries provideweaponry and other resources to the Islamic State and other terrorist groups(UNSC,2015).

3.31.SouthAfrica

The Republic of South Africa is a major destination for asylum-seekersand promotes comprehensive international efforts towards the protection andassistance of refugees. Carried out by the South African government, theseinitiatives include providing access to human rights such as health facilities,educationandsocialservices(UNHCR,2015d).MostrefugeesresidinginSouthAfrica are from other African countries, such as Somalia and the DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(UNHCR,2015d).

From 2006 to 2012, South Africa was the country that most receivedasylum-seekers in the world. Offering relative political stability and grantingasylum-seekersalmost thesamerightsas regularcitizenshave,SouthAfrica isanimportantcountryregardingthisissue(Wellman&Landau,2015).

Furthermore, the country advocates against the closure of EuropeanbordersforrefugeesandrejectscallsforaregimechangeinSyria(SouthAfricanGovernmentNewsAgency[SANews],2015).Inaddition,itclaimsthatinordertosolvetherefugees’ issue, it iscrucial toaddresstherootcausesofthecrisis.SouthAfricahasalsocommittedtoaidingrefugeesleavingSyrianterritory,eveniftheyareheadedtoEUcountries(Kekana,2015).

3.32.StateofIsrael

Accordingto2015data,thereareatleast47,000asylum-seekersresidinginIsrael,mostlyfromEritreaandSudan(Sabar&Tsurkov,2015).Havingstrictlawsregardingtherefugeestatus,mostoftheseasylum-seekersenteredIsraeli

26

territoryirregularlythroughtheEgyptianborder(Sabar&Tsurkov,2015).Israelhas a closed-borders policy towards Syrian refugees and prefers to provideassistancethroughhumanitarianaidtorefugeecampsinneighboringcountries–especiallyinJordan(Plotner,2014).

ThecountryhasbeenreceivingasmallportionofSyrians,notasrefugeesbutasmedicalpatients(Plotner,2014).DuetothreatsfromHezbollah,Al-Qaedaand the Islamic State itself, aswell as the lackof geographic anddemographicdepth, Israel fears infiltration by terrorist groups that might compromise itsnationalsecurity(Kershner,2015;Swissa,2015).

Beingtheonlynon-Muslimcountry intheregion, IsraelplaysacautiousroleindealingwiththeIslamicStateissue,preferringtomaintainthestatusquoof the Syrian regime (Rabinovich, 2015). The country has deep concernsregarding possible connections between IS and Hamas through supply routesbetween the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip (The Caliphate…, 2016). Inaddition,itfearsagrowthinIslamicState’spopularityamongPalestinians(TheCaliphate…,2016).Thus,intheeyesoftheIsraeligovernment,itisnotpossibleto address the humanitarian situation of the refugees in the region withouttakingintoaccountthecountry’sownsecurityissues.

3.33.SwissConfederation

AccordingtotheSwissgovernmentdata,thereareatleast68,238peopleintheprocessofobtainingasyluminthecountry(StaatssekretariatfürMigration[SEM],2016a).Inthefirstquarterof2016,8,315asylumrequestsweremadeinthecountry–an increaseof46%incomparisonwith thesameperiodof2015(SEM, 2016b). The main countries of origin of these asylum-seekers are,respectively:Afghanistan,Syria,andIraq(SEM,2016a).

TheSwissasylumlegislation isstronglybasedonthebasicprinciplesofthe Geneva Convention regarding the Status of Refugees (SEM, 2016c). Thecountryhostsseveralnon-governmentalrefugeeaidorganizations(NGOs),allofthem affiliated to the Swiss Refugee Council (Swiss Refugee Council, n.d.).Furthermore, Switzerland seeks to promote coordinated humanitarian aid tothosepeopleaffectedby the ISconflict inboth IraqandSyria,havingallocatedaroundUS$257milliontowardstheSyriancrisisalonesince2011(DirektionfürEntwicklungundZusammenarbeit[DEZA],n.d.).

The humanitarian aid provided by the Swiss government towards theSyriancrisisismainlydirectedtoprovidingfundamentalgoodsandservices,aswell as to the protection of communities and to the insurance of basic livingconditionswithinSyria’sownborders(DEZA,n.d.).AnotherimportantshareofSwitzerland’saidisprojectedtoSyria’sneighboringcountries–suchasLebanon,

27

Jordan,Iraq,andTurkey–,inordertohelpthemaccommodatealltherefugeeswhile still being able to provide to their own population’s basic rights (DEZA,n.d.).

3.34.SyrianArabRepublic

ThecrisisinSyria,nowinitssixthyear,hasbeenconfirmedasthelargestrefugeecrisisofourtime:itisresponsibleforthebiggestrefugeepopulationofthisgeneration (UNHCR,2015k).Therearenowmore than4million refugeesfleeingSyriatoenteritsneighboringcountries,nottomentionabove7.5milliondisplacedpeople insideof it (UNHCR,2015k).And,among those thatare stillliving in the country, over 13.5million are estimated to be in urgent need ofhumanitarianassistance(AI,2016).

Syria’sconflictstartedwithanti-governmentalproteststhatinshorttimeescalated to a full-scale civil war. The conflict has killed about 250,000 andforcedmorethan11milliontoleavetheirhomes,theviolencecomingfromthebattle among forces that are loyal to Bashar al-Assad’s regime and those thatopposeit,includedhere,thejihadistmilitantsofIslamicState(Rodgers,Gritten,Offer & Asare; 2016). The extremist group has also, taking advantage of thechaos, assumed control over large swaths of both Syria and Iraq (Rodgers,Gritten,Offer&Asare;2016).

Analysing further international impacts, beyond Middle-East, the hugepresenceof foreign fighters in thiswar, theUS-led coalition thatpromoted airstrikes aiming to degrade and destroy the Islamic State, and the Russian aircampaigntargetingterroristsinSyriatestifytotheimportanceofthisconflicttotheinternationalcommunity(Rodgers,Gritten,Offer&Asare;2016).However,when it comes to resettlement, only 63,170 placeswere offered globally sincethe conflict’s beginning, which equates to only 1.7 percent of the Syrianpopulation hosted in themain destinations of those that are fleeing Syria (AI,2016). Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and Turkey host now 95% of the Syrianrefugees(AI,2016).

3.35.UnitedKingdom

United Kingdom’s foreign policy appears to be now shifting to a moreopenandreceptiveonetowardsrefugeesandasylum-seekers.Nowadaysthereare an estimated 126,000 refugees living in the UK,which roughly represents0.19% of the total refugee population (64.1 million individuals). Taking intoconsiderationthefactthatdevelopingcountrieshostnearly80%oftherefugeepopulation,Britain’spercentageofrefugeesisrelativelylow(BritishRedCross,n.d.).

28

Until June 2015, the UK had received 38,878 asylum applications, asignificantly smaller number than Germany’s 431,000 requests, Sweden’s163,000applications, andHungary’s163,000asylumrequests. Moreover,onlyat45%ofcasesweregrantedtherequestedasylum.Nearlysixtypercentofallasylum-seekers belong to only five nationalities: they are Syrians, Afghans,Somalis,Sudanese,andSouthSudanese(BritishRedCross,n.d.).

However,atthebeginningof2016severalamendmentswereproposedtothe Immigration Bill, which would allow the entrance of more refugees withstrong family links inBritain, contributing for rapidly and efficiently offer safeandlegalroutesintothecountryforrefugees.TheUnitedKingdomisoneoffewcountrieswhichhave thoughtwelcoming refugees as an economic investment.Sinceimmigrationoverthelastcoupleofdecadeshasboostedjobspositionsandreinforcedeconomicgrowth,whilehashadlittleornoimpactonunemploymentratesorwages,UKisconsideringtheextrataxrevenuesasawayoffundingitsownpublicservicesinthenearfuture(Portes,2016).

3.36.UnitedStatesofAmericaThe U.S. policies towards refugees have been in accordance with the

UnitedNations’definitionofrefugeesince1980whentheCongressapprovedtheactthatwouldstandardizethetreatmentforallrefugeesinthecountry(RefugeeCouncilUSA,n.d.).ItallowedrefugeesintheU.S.toacquirebetterconditionsforreaching self-sufficiency inside the country (Office of Refugee Resettlement,2012).

Nowadays, the United States has been a leading actor in promotingmechanismsforsharingtheresponsibilityofcaring for therefugeeswithmoreaffectedcountries.Inaddition,theAmericanrefugeeresettlementprogramisthelargest of its kind in the world, aiming to resettle 70,000 to 80,000 personsyearly(Capps&Newland,2015).Betweentheyearsof2012and2016,theU.S.government has assisted theUN’s Syria Response Planwith 5.1 billion dollars(U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment,2016a).Thecountry,thus,presentsdirect and non-direct approaches towards refugees through intensiveinstitutionalcooperationbetweenStateagenciesandinternationalorganizations(UNHCR,2015e;U.S.Aid,2016b).

Though ithasonlytakenabout2,500Syrianasrefugeessince2012, theU.S.isoneofthemainendorsersofthepoliticaldialoguetowardsthecessationofviolence inSyria–aswellas inothercountriesaffectedbytheIslamicState(Sengupta, 2016; U.S. Department of State, n.d.). Additionally, the U.S,DepartmentofDefensehascoordinatedstrategicattacksinbothIraqandSyria,aimingtoweakenIslamicState’spositions.AsofApril26,2016,atotalof9,073airstrikeshadbeenconductedbytheUnitedStatesinthesecountries–mainlyin

29

Iraq –, targeting important assets, IS’s infrastructure, and other strategicresourcesfortheterroristgroup(U.S.DepartmentofDefense,2016).

4.Recommendedmaterial

● “Visiting the refugee camps in Iraq”, L’ARCHE International, (n.d.).Readmore:http://www.larche.org/visiting-the-refugee-camps-in-iraq/.

● “Harsh winter wreaks havoc in Iraq refugee camps”, AlJazeera, 2016.Read more: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/iraq-refugee-camps-winter-160109203007311.html.

● “Welcome to Europe! A comprehensive guide to resettlement”,International Catholic Migration Commission Europe, 2013. Read more:http://www.resettlement.eu/sites/icmc.tttp.eu/files/ICMC%20Europe-Welcome%20to%20Europe_0.pdf

5.Glossary

C Customarylaw:“internationalobligationsarisingfromestablishedstatepractice, as opposed to obligations arising from formal written internationaltreaties.AccordingtoArticle38(1)(b)oftheICJ[InternationalCourtofJustice]Statute, customary international law isoneof the sourcesof international law.[...] can be established by showing (1) state practice and (2) opinio juris. [...]results fromageneralandconsistentpracticeofstates that they follow fromasenseoflegalobligation”(CornellUniversityLawSchool,2003).

D Declaration of Cartagena: was adopted in 1984, extending theconception of refugee from the five Convention grounds to include individualsthat had to forcibly displace due to generalized and systematic violations ofhuman rights. The meeting of Cartagena+30, in Brasilia, 2014, updated theeffortsconcerningtheimplementationofthedocument’sbaselines,andincludedother parameters of migratory policies, such as gender-based rules. Formoreinformation regarding the document, it follows in the link below:https://www.oas.org/dil/1984_Cartagena_Declaration_on_Refugees.pdf.

L

Legally-bindingtreaty:atreatyisaninstrumentbindingatinternationallawconcludedbetweeninternationalentities.Tofitinthecategoryofalegally-binding one, the contracting parties must create legal rights and duties, the

30

treatyhastobegovernedbyInternationalLaw,andtheengagementneedtobeinwriting(UnitedNationsTreatyCollection[UNTC],2016).

P Prima facie refugees: The termmeans in general “at first appearance”(Sweet&Maxwell, 2005). It stands for the group of individuals displaced in asituationinwhich“theneedtoprovideassistanceisoftenextremelyurgentandit may not be possible for purely practical reasons to carry out an individualdeterminationofrefugeestatusforeachmemberofthegroup.”(UNHCR,2011).S

SpecialproceduresoftheHumanRightsCouncil:“independenthumanrights experts with mandates to report and advise on human rights from athematicorcountry-specificperspective.ThesystemofSpecialProcedures isacentral element of the United Nations human rightsmachinery and covers allhuman rights: civil, cultural, economic, political, and social. [...] Specialproceduresareeitheranindividual(called“SpecialRapporteur”or“IndependentExpert”) or aworking group composedof fivemembers, one fromeachof thefive United Nations regional groupings: Africa, Asia, Latin America and theCaribbean, Eastern Europe and the Western group. The Special Rapporteurs,IndependentExpertsandmembersoftheWorkingGroupsareappointedbytheHumanRightsCouncilandserveintheirpersonalcapacities.Theyundertaketouphold independence, efficiency, competence and integrity through probity,impartiality,honestyandgoodfaith.TheyarenotUnitedNationsstaffmembersand do not receive financial remuneration. The independent status of themandate-holders is crucial for them to be able to fulfill their functions in allimpartiality. A mandate holder’s tenure in a given function, whether it is athematic or country mandate, is limited to a maximum of six years.With thesupportoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(OHCHR),SpecialProceduresundertakecountryvisits;actonindividualcasesofalleged violations and concerns of a broader, structural nature by sendingcommunications to States; conduct thematic studies and convene expertconsultations, contributing to the development of international human rightsstandards;engageinadvocacyandraisepublicawareness;andprovideadvicefor technical cooperation. Special Procedures report annually to the HumanRights Council and the majority of the mandates also report to the GeneralAssembly.”(OHCHR,2016)

6.QuestionsaResolutionshouldaddress

31

● Howtoconciliaterefugees’humanrightsprotection,basicneedsassurance,humansecurityand theeconomicgrowthof thehostStates?Andhow toguaranteetheirfinancialinclusioninsociety?

● Howtobuildsustainablepeace-approachesintheMiddleEastregionthatmeet the post-2015 agenda, respect the principles of InternationalProtection of Human Person and mitigate the forced displacement ofpersecutedindividuals,regardingtheconflictsduetoIslamicState?

● Whicharethepathwaystoguaranteethatcertaingroupsofrefugeesmayhavetheirvulnerabilitiesandspecificitiestakenintoaccountinmigratory,shelter and acceptance policies? And how to combat the prejudiceexpressionsofxenophobia,racismandgenderdiscriminationsconcerningthosevulnerabilities?

● Is it possible to assure refugees’ human rights protection in accordancewiththeprinciplesofInternationalProtectionofHumanPerson,especiallyin the regards of International Refugee Law? How? Which are thehumanitarianactionsandresponsestothisframework?

● Howtogathermultilateralanswersandjointactionstodealwiththeissueof refugees in forcedmigration conditiondue to ISIS, and to improve theprotectionofrefugees’humanrightsintherefugeecamps?

● Whicharethemeanstoimproverefugeecamps’qualityandinfrastructure?Howtoassurethatrefugeesdonotsufferfromhumanrightsviolationsinthose,includingthespecificvulnerabilitiesofcertaingroups?

7.ReferencesAlbuja, S. (2014). Criminal violence and displacement in Mexico. Forced

MigrationReview,45,28-31.RefugeeStudiesCentre.AlJazeera.(2016).Francetoevict1,000refugeesfrom‘Jungle’camp.Retrieved

May 2, 2016 from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/france-evict-1000-refugees-calais-jungle-camp-160212193008377.html.

Amin, M. (2016). Sudan open to joining Saudi-led coalition in Syria: Minister.Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 8 May 2016, fromhttp://aa.com.tr/en/world/sudan-open-to-joining-saudi-led-coalition-in-syria-minister-/525811

Amnesty International [AI]. (2014). Facts & Figures: Syria refugee crisis &international resettlement. Retrieved May 8, 2016 fromhttps://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/12/facts-figures-syria-refugee-crisis-international-resettlement/

32

__________________________. (2016). Syria's refugee crisis in numbers. Retrieved 8May 2016, fromhttps://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/02/syrias-refugee-crisis-in-numbers/

Avis, W. and Herbert, S. (2016). Rapid fragility and migration assessment forSomalia . Retrieved May 1st, 2016 from: <http://www.gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Fragility_Migration_Somalia.pdf>.

Ayuketah,E.(2015).FightingBokoHaram:Francemakesdonationforrefugees.CRTV, Politique. Retrieved May 2, 2016 from: http://crtv.cm/fr/latest-news/politique-7/fighting-boko-haram-france-makes-donation-for-refugees-14607.htm.

Barrucho, L. and Costa, C. (2015)Brasil Acolhe mais Sírios que Países na RotaEuropeia de Refugiados; Retrieved May 1st, 2016 from:http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/09/150904_brasil_refugiados_sirios_comparacao_internacional_lgb

Bora, B. (2016). Turkey's refugee crisis: Time for Europe to take action. AlJazeera. Retrieved 8 May 2016, fromhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/turkey-refugee-crisis-time-europe-action-160210115931274.html

Campbell,M.,Coêlho,I.,Escóssia,L.&Simão,P.(2016).PeripheralSociety,WeakStateandExternalMeddling:TheMultipleDimensionsofYemen’sChronicCrisis. In: In:Bringel,L.,Fernandes,K.,Noronha,V., TapiaS.&Vidal,M.(eds.). Permitir (ser): Empoderamento e interculturalidade no cenáriopolíticoglobal.Ed.UniversidadedeBrasília.

Capps, R. & Newland, K. (2015). The Integration Outcomes of U.S. Refugees:Successes and Challenges. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 2 May2016, fromhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/UsRefugeeOutcomes-FINALWEB.pdf

Collett,E.(2016).TheParadoxoftheEU-TurkeyRefugeeDeal.MigrationPolicyInstitute. Retrieved 8 May 2016, fromhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/paradox-eu-turkey-refugee-deal

CornellUniversity LawSchool. (2003).Customary International Law. RetrievedMay 2nd, 2016 fromhttps://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/customary_international_law.

Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit. (n.d.). Das Engagement derSchweiz für die Opfer der Syrien-Krise. Retrieved 8 May 2016, from

33

https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/de/home/aktivitaeten_projekte/aktivitaeten/humanitaere_hilfe/schwerpunkte/dossier-syrien.html

General Assembly of the United Nations [GA]. (2014). Social, Humanitarian &Cultural; Third Committee. Retrieved April 27, 2016 fromhttp://www.un.org/en/ga/third/.

GeneralAssemblyof theUnitedNations[GA]. (2014).69thsession(2014), Iraq.RetrievedMay1,2016fromhttp://www.un.org/en/ga/meetings/.

___________. (2015a). Lebanon. Retrieved May 1, 2016 fromhttp://gadebate.un.org/70/lebanon.

___________. (2015b). Mexico. Retrieved May 1, 2016 fromhttp://gadebate.un.org/70/mexico

HumanRightsWatch[HRW].(2016).WorldReport2016.RetrievedMay4,2016fromhttps://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/world_report_download/wr2016_web.pdf

Humanrights.ch.(2011).GeneralAssembly/ThirdCommittee.RetrievedApril27,2016 from http://www.humanrights.ch/en/standards/un-institutions/ga/.

İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Long Road Ahead.TransatlanticCouncilonMigration.MigrationPolicyInstitute.Retrieved8May, 2016, fromhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/TCM-Protection-Syria.pdf

Instituto de Direito Notarial e Registral [INDR]. (2013)Brasil tem hoje 5,2milrefugiados de 79 nacionalidades; Retrieved May 1st, 2016 from:<http://idnr.com.br/brasil-tem-hoje-52-mil-refugiados-de-79-nacionalidades/>.

International Organization for Migration [IOM]. (2015). IOM, UNHCR WorkTogethertoAidMigrantsandRefugeesFleeingYemen.RetrievedMay8,2016 from http://www.iom.int/news/iom-unhcr-work-together-aid-migrants-and-refugees-fleeing-yemen

Kaplan, S. (2015). Syrian refugees surrender at U.S.-Mexico border. RetrievedMay 2, 2016 fromhttps://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/11/23/syrian-refugees-now-seeking-asylum-through-central-american-smuggling-routes.html.

34

Kekana,M.(2016).SAwillingtoassistSyrianrefugeesinEU.InstituteforGlobalDialogue. Retrieved 2 May 2016, fromhttp://www.igd.org.za/research/foreign-policy-analysis/sa-foreign-policy-analysis/11358-sa-willing-to-assist-syrian-refugees-in-eu

Kershner,I.(2015).NetanyahuRejectsCallsforIsraeltoAcceptSyrianRefugees.The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2016, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/07/world/middleeast/netanyahu-rejects-calls-to-accept-syrian-refugees.html?_r=0

Koshkin, P. (2015). Will Russia contribute to solving Syria's refugee crisis?.Russia Direct. Retrieved May 8, 2016 from http://www.russia-direct.org/analysis/will-russia-contribute-solving-syrias-refugee-crisis

MinistryofForeignAffairsoftheRussianFederation.(2016).Aboutthesupplyofurgent Russian humanitarian aid to help refugees from Syria in theterritory of Iraq. Retrieved 1 May 2016, fromhttp://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/91114

MinistryofForeignAffairsoftheRussianFederation.(2016).BriefingbyForeignMinistry spokesperson Maria Zakharova, Moscow, March 11, 2016.Retrieved 1 May 2016, fromhttp://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2140275

N.p.,(2014)Númerodepedidosderefúgiocresce800%emquatroanosnoBrasil.Retrieved May 1st, 2016 fromhttp://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2014/08/numero-de-pedidos-de-refugio-cresce-800-em-quatro-anos-no-brasil.html

OfficeofRefugeeResettlement.(2012).TheRefugeeAct.Retrieved2May2016,fromhttp://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/the-refugee-act

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR].(2016).SpecialProceduresoftheHumanRightsCouncil.Retrieved2May2016, fromhttp://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/Introduction.aspx.

Pan,L.(2016).WhyChinaIsn’tHostingSyrianRefugees.RetrievedMay2,2016from http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/26/china-host-syrian-islam-refugee-crisis-migrant/.

Plotner, C. (2014). If Israel accepted Syrian refugees and IDPs in the GolanHeights.TheSyria crisis, displacementandprotection.ForcedMigrationReview, issue 47. Retrieved May 03, 2016 from:

35

http://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/syria/syria.pdf

Rabinovich, I. (2015). A new Israeli policy on Syria. TheBrookings Institution.Retrieved 7 May 2016, from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/order-from-chaos/posts/2015/02/13-new-israeli-policy-on-syria-rabinovich

RefugeeCouncilUSA. (n.d.).Historyof theU.S.RefugeeResettlementProgram.Retrieved2May2016,fromhttp://www.rcusa.org/history

Rosenblum,M.R. (2015).UnaccompaniedChildMigration to theUnitedStates:TheTensionbetweenProtectionandPrevention.TransatlanticCouncilonMigration.MigrationPolicyInstitute.

Rodgers,L.,Gritten,D.,Offer,J.&Asare,P.(2016).Syria:thestoryoftheconflict.Retrieved 7 July 2016 from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868

Russia Delivers Two Tons of Humanitarian Assistance to Syrian Refugees.(2016). Sputnik News. Retrieved 1 May 2016, fromhttp://sputniknews.com/middleeast/20160427/1038674283/russia-humanitarian-aid-syria.html

Sabar, G.&Tsurkov, E. (2015). Israel’s Policies towardAsylum-Seekers: 2002-2014. Istituto Affari Internazionali [IAI]. IAI Working Papers 15-20.Retrieved May 03, 2016 from:http://www.osce.org/networks/165436?download=true.

Samuel, H. (2016). France’s first ever internationally recognised refugee campopens near Dunkirk. The Telegraph. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/12186407/Frances-first-ever-internationally-recognised-refugee-camp-opens-near-Dunkirk.html.

Sengupta, S. (2016). U.S. Record on Refugees Reflects Domestic and GlobalChallenges. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2016, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/world/middleeast/us-obama-refugees.html

SouthAfricanGovernmentNewsAgency[SANews]. (2015).SAcalls for lastingsolution in Syria. Retrieved 2 May 2016, fromhttp://www.sanews.gov.za/africa/sa-calls-lasting-solution-syria

StaatssekretariatfürMigration[SEM].(2016a).BestandAsylprozessmitErwerbnach Nation am 31.03.2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016, fromhttps://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/data/sem/publiservice/statistik/asylstatistik/2016/03/6-20-Best-Asylprozess-Erwerb-d-2016-03.xlsx

36

___________. (2016b). Asylstatistik: 1. Quartal 2016. Retrieved 7May 2016, fromhttps://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/data/sem/publiservice/statistik/asylstatistik/2016/stat-q1-2016-kommentar-d.pdf

___________.(2016c).Basicprinciplesofasylumlegislation.Retrieved7May2016,fromhttps://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/asyl/asyl/asylrecht.html

Swiss Refugee Council. (n.d.). Asylum Law. Retrieved 7 May 2016, fromhttps://www.refugeecouncil.ch/asylum-law.html

Swissa,T.(2015).Whyisn’tIsraelacceptingmorerefugees?AlJazeera.Retrieved7 May 2016, from http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/9/why-isnt-israel-accepting-more-refugees.html

ThecaliphateeyestheHolyLand.(2016).TheEconomist.Retrieved7May2016,from http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21688778-israel-faces-caliphate-syria-and-sinaiand-possibly-home-islamic

U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment [U.S.Aid]. (2016a). Syria - ComplexEmergency.FactSheet#2,FiscalYear(FY)2016.Retrieved2May2016,fromhttps://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/syria_ce_fs02_02-04-2016r.pdf

___________. (2016b). Mission, Vision and Values. Retrieved 2 May 2016, fromhttps://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/mission-vision-values.

U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. (2013). Refugee StatusDetermination in Latin America: Regional Challenges &amp;Opportunities. Retrieved June 7, 2015 fromhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/51704a564.html.

U.S.DepartmentofDefense.(2016a).SpecialReport:InherentResolve.Retrieved2 May 2016, from http://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0814_Inherent-Resolve.

___________. (2016b). Syrian Refugee Response. Retrieved 2 May 2016, fromhttp://www.state.gov/j/prm/policyissues/issues/refugeeresponse/.

United Nations [UN]. (n.d.). Main Organs. Retrieved April 27, 2016 fromhttp://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/main-organs/index.html.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2013). Update onUNHCR’S operations in the Americas. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/5242a42b7.html.

37

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2015a). UNHCRcountry operations profile – Sudan. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e483b76.html.

___________.(2015b).UNHCRcountryoperationsprofile–Turkey.RetrievedMay8,2016fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html

___________.(2015c).UNHCRcountryoperationsprofile–Yemen.RetrievedMay8,2016,fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486ba6.html

___________. (2015d). 2015 UNHCR country operations profile - South Africa.Retrieved 1 May 2016, fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e485aa6.html.

___________.(2015e).2015UNHCRcountryoperationsprofile-Lebanon.Retrieved1May2016,fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486676.html.

___________.(2015f).2015UNHCRsubregionaloperationsprofile-LatinAmerica.Retrieved 1 May 2016, fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e492706.html.

___________.(2015g).2015UNHCRsubregionaloperationsprofile-EastAsiaandthe Pacific. Retrieved May 2 2016, fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e487cd6.html.

___________.(2015h).GuerrasnaSíriaenoIraqueelevaramatendênciaderefúgioao maior patamar em 22 anos. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.acnur.org/t3/portugues/noticias/noticia/guerras-na-siria-e-no-iraque-elevaram-a-tendencia-de-refugio-ao-maior-patamar-em-22-anos/.

___________.(2015i).2015UNHCRcountryoperationsprofile-Iraq.RetrievedMay2,2016fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486426.html.

___________. (2015j). 2015 UNHCR subregional operations profile - Northern,Western, Central and Southern Europe. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e571e.html.

____________.(2015k).2015UNHCR:TotalnumberofSyrianrefugeesexceedsfourmillion for first time. Retrieved May 4, 2016 fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2015/7/559d67d46/unhcr-total-number-syrian-refugees-exceeds-four-million-first-time.html

___________. (2016). UNHCR - United States of America. Retrieved 2 May 2016,fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e492086.html

38

UnitedNationsReliefandWorksAgencyforPalestineRefugeesintheNearEast[UNRWA].(2014).WhereWeWork:Lebanon.Retrieved2May,2016fromhttp://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/lebanon.

United Nations Security Council [UNSC]. (2015). 7595th Meeting RecordS/PV.7595. Retrieved May 8, 2016 fromhttp://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.7595

UnitedNationsTreatyCollection[UNTC].(2016).Definitionofkeytermsusedinthe UN Treaty Collection. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttps://treaties.un.org/Pages/overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml#treaties.

Wellman,E.&Landau,L.(2016).SouthAfrica’sToughLessonsonMigrantPolicy.Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 May 2016, fromhttp://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/13/south-africas-tough-lessons-on-migrant-policy/

World Bank. (n.d.). Refugee population by country or territory of asylum.Retrieved 7 May 2016, fromhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG/countries/all?display=default

Francis, A. (2015) “Jordan’s Refugee Crisis”. Retrieved May 7, 2016, from:http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP_247_Francis_Jordan_final.pdf

Barnes,A.(2009)“RealizingprotectionspaceforIraqirefugees:UNHCRinSyria,Jordan and Lebanon”. Retrieved May 7, 2016 from:http://www.unhcr.org/4981d3ab2.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] (2015). “GlobalAppeal 2015”. Retrieved May 8, 2016, from:http://www.unhcr.org/ga15/index.xml

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] (2016).“Refugees/Migrants emergency Response – Mediterranean”. RetrievedMay 8, 2016 from:http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/country.php?id=83;

Hellenic Republic General Secretariat for Media & Communication [HRGSMC](2016). “Refugee Crisis Fact Sheet”. Retrieved May 8, 2016, from:http://www.greeknewsagenda.gr/index.php/fact-sheets/5745-greece-dealing-with-the-refugee-crisis;

Human Rights Watch [HRW] (2016). About. Retrieved May 8, 2016 from:https://www.hrw.org/about.

39

Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2016). Refugees. Retrieved May 8, 2016 from:https://www.hrw.org/topic/refugees

Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2016). Impact. Retrieved May 8, 2016 from:https://www.hrw.org/impact

Eddy, M. and Cottrel, C. (2014). “Human Rights Watch Criticizes Inaction onSyria”. Retrieved May 8, 2016 from:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/22/world/middleeast/rights-group-assails-inaction-on-syria.html

Amnesty International [AI], (2015). “EU must formally inform Hungary overrefugee crisis violations”. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2015/10/hungary-fenced-out-press-release/

Squires, N. (2016), “Hungary says migrant influx to Europe must be stoppedaltogether”. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/hungary/12089888/Hungary-says-migrant-influx-to-Europe-must-be-stopped-altogether

Strickland, P. (2016). Refugee crisis: Hungary sends more troops to border.Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/refugee-crisis-hungary-sends-troops-border-160309134453267.html

Pardavi,M. andGyulai, G. (2015).What YouNeed toKnowAbout theRefugeeCrisis in Hungary. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/what-you-need-know-about-refugee-crisis-hungary.

Itamaraty. (2016). Refugiados e CONARE. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/politica-externa/paz-e-seguranca-internacionais/153-refugiados-e-o-conare

Margesson, R. (2007). Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects.Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33851.pdf

International Crisis Group [ICG] (2009). Afghanistan:what now for regugees?.Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/175_afghanistan___what_now_for_refugees.ashx

Ahmadi, B and Lakhani, S. The Forced Return of Afghan Refugees andImplications for Stability. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:

40

https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PB199-The-Forced-Return-of-Afghan-Refugees-and-Implications-for-Stability.pdf.

WorldFoodProgramme[WFP].(2014).FranceContributes€500,000ToWFP’sFoodAssistance For SyrianRefugees In Jordan. News. RetrievedMay 2,2016 from: https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/france-contributes-%E2%82%AC500000-wfp%E2%80%99s-food-assistance-syrian-refugees-jordan.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2015). UNHCRGlobalTrends.ForcedDisplacementin2014.RetrievedMay2,2016fromhttp://unhcr.org/556725e69.html.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2014).Cartagena+30:paísesdaAméricaLatinaeoCaribeadotamPlanodeAçãocomum. Retrieved May 3, 2016 fromhttp://www.acnur.org/t3/portugues/noticias/noticia/cartagena-30-paises-da-america-latina-e-o-caribe-adotam-plano-de-acao-comum/.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2013). UNHCRResettlementHandbook, Country Chapter - Argentina. RetrievedMay 6,2016fromhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/52a0775e0.html.

Forced Migration Review [FMR]. (2012). Argentina: resettling refugees withinthe context of an open migration policy. Retrieved May 1 fromhttp://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/young-and-out-of-place/cavaleri.pdf.

Ganguli, S. and Miliate, B. (2015). Refugees and Neighbors: Rohingya inBangladesh. The Diplomat. Retrieved May 1 fromhttp://thediplomat.com/2015/10/refugees-and-neighbors-rohingya-in-bangladesh/.

Donã-Reveco,A.andLevison,A.(2012).Chile:AGrowingDestinationCountryinSearch of a Coherent Approach toMigration.Migration Policy Institute.Retrieved May 1 from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chile-growing-destination-country-search-coherent-approach-migration.

UnitedNationsHighCommissioner forRefugees[UNHCR].(2010).Chilepasseslandmarkdomestic legislation on refugees. RetrievedMay2, 2016 fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/4b991ae06.html

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2002). Chile -country chapter. Ressettlement handbook. RetrievedMay 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/3c5e576c6.pdf

41

Australia asylum:Why is it controversial? (2016).BBC.RetrievedMay2, 2016fromhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28189608

AsylumseekerdiesinAustraliafromself-inflictedburns(2016).BBC.RetrievedMay 2, 2016 from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-36166803

AustralianDepartment of Immigration andBorderProtection [ADIBP]. (2016).Operation Sovereign Borders. Retrieved May 5, 2016 fromhttps://www.border.gov.au/about/operation-sovereign-borders

United Nations refugee agency warns Australia its asylum policy may breachinternational law. (2013). Retrieved May 5, 2016 fromhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-26/unhcr-australia-png-refugees-asylum/4845628

LawCouncilofAustralia[LCA].(2013).AsylumSeekerPolicy.RetrievedMay5,2016 from https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/lawcouncil/images/LCA-PDF/a-z-docs/AsylumSeeker_Policy_web.pdf

Insight on Conflict. (2014). DR Congo: Conflict Profile. RetrievedMay 5, 2016from http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/dr-congo/conflict-profile/

Zeender,G.andRothing,J.(2010).DisplacementtrendsinDRCForcedMigrationReview. Issue 36. Retrieved May 5, 2016 fromhttp://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/DRCongo.pdf

UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees[UNHCR].(2015).GlobalAppeal- Democratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.unhcr.org/5461e5fd16.html

Cultural Orientation Resource Center [CORC]. (2014). Refugees from theDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.culturalorientation.net/learning/populations/congolese-refugees

UnitedNationsHigh Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2013). Submissionby theUnitedNationsHighCommissioner forRefugees for theOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights’CompilationReport.RetrievedMay 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.refworld.org/country,,UNHCR,,URY,,51b827214,0.html

Niosi,C. (n.d). Syrian refugees inUruguay–Backgroundconsiderationand theimportance of a gender approach. Latin America Security and Defense

42

Network. Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttp://www.resdal.org/wps/assets/syrian-refugees-uruguay.pdf

SyrianrefugeesinUruguaysaytheywanttomoveelsewhere.(2015).RetrievedMay2,2016fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-uruguay-refugees-idUSKCN0R72C720150907

GlobalMigrationDataAnalysisCentre[GMDAC].(2016).Migration,asylumandrefugees in Germany: Understanding the data. Retrieved May 2, 2016from http://iomgmdac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Data_Briefing_Migration_asylum_and_refugees_in_Germany.pdf

Deutsche Bank. (2015). Influx of refugees: An opportunity for Germany.Retrieved May 2, 2016 fromhttps://www.dbresearch.com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000365616/Influx_of_refugees%3A_An_opportunity_for_Germany.pdf

Strickland,P.(2016).TheriseofGermany'santi-refugeeright.RetrievedMay2,2016 from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/rise-germany-anti-refugee-160331123616349.html

Argentina’sResponse to theRefugeeCrisis IsEverythingEurope’s Isn’t (2015).The Bubble. Retrieved 22 July 2016, fromhttp://www.bubblear.com/argentina-responds-europes-refugee-crisis/

Latin American countries welcome Syrian refugees (2015). The Guardian.Retrieved 22 July 2016, fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/09/latin-american-countries-welcome-syrian-refugees

ChilegovernmentsaysitwilltakeinSyrianrefugees(2015).Reuters.Retrieved22July2016,fromhttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-chile-idUSKCN0R82AM20150908

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2015a). UNHCRcountry operationsprofile–IslamicRepublicofIran.RetrievedMay9,2016fromhttp://reporting.unhcr.org/node/2527

___________. (2015b). UNHCR country operations profile – Islamic Republic ofPakistan. Retrieved May 9, 2016 fromhttp://reporting.unhcr.org/node/2546

___________.(2015c).UNHCRsubregionaloperationsprofile–Northern,Western,Central and Southern Europe. Retrieved May 9, 2016 fromhttp://reporting.unhcr.org/node/3414

43

___________. (2015d). UNHCR subregional operations profile – East Asia and thePacific. Retrieved May 9, 2016 fromhttp://reporting.unhcr.org/node/3411

___________.(2015e).UNHCRcountryoperationsprofile–Morocco.RetrievedMay9, 2016fromhttp://reporting.unhcr.org/node/10331

Murai, S. (2016). “Japan recognizes 27 refugees despite rising numbersapplications”. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/01/23/national/social-issues/japan- recognizes-27-refugees-despite-rising-numbers-applications/

The Editorial Board. (2016). “Denmark’s Cruelty Toward Refugees”. RetrievedMay 9, 2016 from:http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/opinion/denmarks- cruelty-toward-refugees.html

Delman, E. (2016). “How Not to Welcome Refugees”. Retrieved May 9, 2016from:http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/01/denmark-refugees-immigration-law/431520/

IRIN. (2014). “Morocco’s new migration policy masks continued abuses”.Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.irinnews.org/report/99668/moroccos- new-migration-policy-masks-continued-abuses

SwedishMigrationAgency. (2016). [Graphic illustrationof the total numberofasylumapplicationsin2016,2015,2014,2013and2012].RetrievedMay9, 2016 from: http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration- Agency/Facts-and-statistics-/Statistics.html

The Local. (2016). “How Sweden wants to keep refugee number down”.RetrievedMay 9, 2016 from:http://www.thelocal.se/20160406/how-sweden-wants- to-cut-the-number-of-refugees

Sweet,T.andMaxwell.(2005).Osborn’sConciseLawDictionary.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2011). Handbookand Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining RefugeeStatus underthe1951Conventionandthe1967ProtocolRelatingtotheStatusof Refugees, reissued December 2011,HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV.3(hereafter“UNHCR,Handbook”),para.44.

44

Portes,J.(2016).“Theeconomistsareright,wewillallsufferifBritainpullupthedrawbridge to refugees”. Retrieved May 9, 2016 from:http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/refugee-crisis-the-economists-areright-we-will-all-suffer-if-britain-pulls-up-the-drawbridge-a6845371.html

British Red Cross. (n.d.). “Refugee Facts and Figures”. RetrievedMay 9, 2016from: http://www.redcross.org.uk/What-we-do/Refugee-support/Refugee- facts-and-figures