THE BECKMAN CENTER FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

STUART WINSTON CHURCHILL

Transcript of an InterviewConducted by

Joseph C. Marchese and Jeffrey L. Sturchio

at the

University of Pennsylvania

on

21 March and 28 March 1985

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Stuart Winston Churchill, interview by Joseph C. Marchese and Jeffrey L.Sturchio at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 21 March and 28March 1985 (Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation, Oral History Transcript# 0016).

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STUART WINSTON CHURCHILL

1920 Born in Imlay City, Michigan on 13 June

Education

University of Michigan1942 B.S.E., chemical engineering1942 B.S.E., engineering mathematics1948 M.S.E., chemical engineering1952 Ph.D., chemical engineering

Professional Experience

1942-1946 Technologist, Shell Oil Company1946-1947 Technical Supervisor, Frontier Chemical Company

Department of Chemical and MetallurgicalEngineering, University of Michigan

1948-1949 Research Assistant1949-1950 Research Associate1950-1952 Instructor1952-1955 Assistant Professor1955-1957 Associate Professor1957-1967 Professor1961-1967 Chairman

University of Pennsylvania1967-1990 Carl V. S. Patterson Professor of Chemical

Engineering1990- Carl V. S. Patterson Professor Emeritus of Chemical

Engineering

Honors

1961 Phi Lambda Upsilon Award for Outstanding Teachingand Leadership, University of Michigan

1961 Citation for Research Contributions, Air ForceAeronautical Systems Division

1964 Professional Progress Award, American Institute ofChemical Engineers

1966 Honorary Fellow, Chemical Institute of Canada1966 President, American Institute of Chemical Engineers1969 William H. Walker Award, American Institute of

Chemical Engineers1971 Elected Fellow, American Institute of Chemical

Engineers1974 Elected Member, National Academy of Engineering1977 S. Reid Warren, Jr., Award for Excellence in

Teaching, University of Pennsylvania

1977 Visiting Researcher Award, Japan Society for thePromotion of Science

1978 Warren K. Lewis Award, American Institute ofChemical Engineers

1979 Max Jakob Award in Heat Transfer, American Societyof Mechanical Engineers and American Instituteof Chemical Engineers

1980 Founders Award, American Institute of ChemicalEngineers

1981 Special Honorary Issue, Chemical EngineeringCommunications

1983 Diamond Jubilee Medallion, American Institute ofChemical Engineers Heat Transfer and Energy

Conversion Division1983 Eminent Chemical Engineer, Diamond Jubilee of the

American Institute for Chemical Engineers1983 Elected Corresponding Member, Verein Deutscher

Ingenieure1987 Featured Engineer, Chemical Engineering Progress

ABSTRACT

Stuart Churchill begins with background information abouthis family and early education. He then describes hisundergraduate years at the University of Michigan, where he wasquite active in the mathematics department as well as in chemicalengineering. After working in industry for five years, at ShellOil and Frontier Chemical, he returned to Michigan for graduateschool. There, he began both his extensive research on heattransfer, natural convection, and combustion, as well as hiscareer in teaching. After earning his Ph.D. and a position onMichigan's faculty, he began work on several military projectsin the nuclear field. In addition, he served on the NationalCouncil of and as president of the American Institute of ChemicalEngineers. He was also active in industrial consultation. Afteracquiring increasing administrative responsibilities as chairmanof the department, he chose to move to the University ofPennsylvania to return his focus to research and teaching. Hisstudents were always a top priority, and throughout the interviewhe frequently alludes to his close, continuing relationships withthem. He also stresses the dramatic impact of increased use ofapplied mathematics and improved computer technology on chemicalengineering. Churchill concludes the interview with a briefdiscussion of his current work, his family life, and his leisureactivities.

INTERVIEWERSJeffrey L. Sturchio received an A.B. in history from Princeton

University and a Ph.D. in the history and sociology of science fromthe University of Pennsylvania. He was Associate Director of theBeckman Center for the History of Chemistry from 1984 to 1988, and hasheld teaching appointments at the New Jersey Institute of Technology,Rutgers University, and the University of Pennsylvania as well as afellowship at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum ofAmerican History. After a sojourn on the senior staff of the AT&TArchives, Dr. Sturchio joined Merck & Co., Inc. as Corporate Archivistin June 1989.

Joseph C. Marchese received a B.S. in physics from St. John'sUniversity, an M.A. in physics from Columbia University, an M.A. inhistory of science from the University of Notre Dame, and a Ph.D. inhistory of science from Princeton University. He has taught highschool physics, mathematics, and chemistry, and held positions atVisual Education Corporation and Mathematical Policy Research, Inc.Dr. Marchese was a consultant to the Beckman Center for the History ofChemistry in 1984-1985.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Family and Early EducationBorn in Imlay City, Michigan. Guidance counselorencourages study of chemical engineering. Predisposed toUniversity of Michigan because mother attended. Diverseacademic and extracurricular interests. Chicago World'sFair heightens interest in science.

4 University of Michigan, UndergraduateStrong interest in applied mathematics. Plays in MarchingBand. Chemical Engineering Department has strong tieswith industry. Works on senior research project under DonKatz. Discussion of textbooks and faculty.

14 Shell Oil CompanyDeferred from draft. Works on catalytic cracking.Urgency caused by war. Develops anti-rust compound forturbine oil.

21 Frontier Chemical CompanyCurtis Cannon convinces to join new enterprise. Startselectrochemical plant to produce hydrochloric acid usingnew method. Builds and operates plant with few engineers.Endeavor is extremely successful but requires tremendousamount of time and energy. Leaves because of impendingsellout.

27 University of Michigan, Graduate SchoolDisheartened by industry. Receives M.S.E. in 1948.Stunned by changes that had taken place in chemicalengineering and applied mathematics. Begins teachingwhile working as research assistant, taking graduatecourses, and working on thesis. Fellow graduate studentsand faculty. Updates heat transfer and fluid flow course.Studies and publishes on heat transfer at greattemperature differences and ignition of propellants withBrier. Much of research sponsored by the military.

36 University of Michigan, Faculty MemberWorks on Armed Forces Special Weapons Project to developshield against nuclear weapons. Limited by lack ofcomputer technology. Research on radiative scattering.Turns to natural convection and combustion. Hellums, astudent, develops method for simplifying partialdifferential equations. Work for nuclear industry. Amongthe pioneers in using computers. Requires all students tohave strong mathematics and physics backgrounds.Influence of R. R. White. Rankings of various chemicalengineering programs. Effects of Transport Phenomena andthe rate concept. Trends in engineering education.

56 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)Member of National Council. Serves as vice president,president, and past president. Active in improvinguniversity-industry relations. Government RelationsCommittee. Broadens international relations.

60 Major Accomplishments at University of MichiganResearch on attenuation of thermal radiation fromnuclear weapons. Mathematical advances.

62 Industrial ConsultingKatz, White, and Brown foster numerous opportunities.Research on liquid heat transfer, radiative transferthrough fibrous materials, and ignition of propellants.Promotes exchange of information between industry andacademe. Students and consulting projects. Helps arrangeDu Pont and Hercules program for young faculty members.

65 University of PennsylvaniaLeaves Michigan to return focus to teaching and research.Comparison of Penn and Michigan. Restarts combustion workwith Joseph Chen. Continues to work closely with HiroyukiOzoe after Ozoe returns to Japan. International flow ofstudents. Maintains close relationships with moststudents. Quality of facilities is frustrating butinspires use of superior methods. Importance ofintegrating theory and experimentation. Devisesexceptional method of correlation. Current publishingactivities.

75 Changes in Chemical EngineeringShift from empirical basis to theoretical orientation.Impact of computers and advanced mathematics. Effects onindustry. Changes in quality of various universities'programs. Importance of a productive faculty. Evolutionof industrial relations. Close-knit chemical engineeringcommunity endures. Journals. Changes in textbooks.

80 Approach to TeachingRarely uses textbooks. Interactive approach. Encouragesstudents to consider teaching. Descriptions of studentsand subsequent careers.

87 Current ActivitiesHopes to resume research on natural convection. Much workwith combustion. Professional organizations. Majorawards. Family. Final statements on passion for chemicalengineering.

91 Notes

95 Index

91

NOTES1. Arnold Varma, "Some Historical Notes on the Use of Mathematics

in Chemical Engineering," in William F. Furter, ed., A Centuryof Chemical Engineering (New York: Plenum,1982), 353-387.

2. a. Clyde Love, Analytic Geometry (New York: Macmillan,1938; first edition 1923; subsequent editions 1927,1938,1948, 1955).

b. Clyde Love, Differential and Integral Calculus (NewYork: Macmillan, 1934; first edition 1916; subsequenteditions 1925, 1938, 1948, 1955).

3. S. W. Churchill, W. G. Collamore, and D. L. Katz, "PhaseBehavior of the Acetylene-Ethylene System," Oil and GasJournal, 41 (6 August 1942): 33-37.

4. O. A. Hougen and K. M. Watson, Industrial ChemicalCalculations: The Application of Physio-chemical Principles andData to Problems of Industry (New York: John Wiley & Sons,1931; second edition 1936).

5. William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis, and William H. McAdams,Principles of Chemical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill,1923; second edition 1927).

6. Walter L. Badger and Warren L. McCabe, Elements of ChemicalEngineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1931; second edition1936).

7. Walter L. Badger and E. M. Baker, Inorganic ChemicalTechnology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1928; second edition1941).

8. Frederick H. Getman, Outlines of Theoretical Chemistry, revisedby Farrington Daniels (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1931;subsequent editions 1937, 1943).

9. Frank L. Hitchcock and Clark S. Robinson, DifferentialEquations in Applied Chemistry (New York: John Wiley & Sons,second edition 1936).

10. Frederick S. Woods, Advanced Calculus, New Edition, (Boston:Ginn & Co., 1934).

11. Thomas K. Sherwood and Charles E. Reed, Applied Mathematics inChemical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939).

12. W. R. Marshall and R. L. Pigford, The Application ofDifferential Equations to Chemical Engineering Problems(Newark: University of Delaware, 1947).

13. George Granger Brown, et. al., Unit Operations (New York:John Wiley & Sons, 1950).

92

14. Olaf A. Hougen and Kenneth M. Watson, Chemical ProcessPrinciples (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1943).

15. Barnett Fred Dodge, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1944).

16. Ruel Vance Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary ValueProblems (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1941); Modern OperationalMathematics in Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1944).

17. Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science (typescript1954); Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science (New York:Interscience, 1962).

18. R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, TransportPhenomena (New York: John Wiley, Inc., 1960).

19. James G. Knudsen, Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer (Ann Arbor,Michigan: Engineering Research Institute, 1954).

20. Stuart W. Churchill, "Some Fundamentals of Energy Transfer,"Transactions of Chemical Engineering Division, American Societyfor Engineering Education, (1952): 9-11.

21. Stuart W. Churchill and J. C. Brier, "Convective Heat Transferfrom a Gas Stream at High Temperature to a Circular CylinderNormal to the Flow," Chemical Engineering Progress SymposiumSeries, 51, No. 17 (1955): 57-66.

22. Stuart W. Churchill, R. W. Kruggel, and J. C. Brier, "Ignitionof Solid Propellants by Forced Convection," American Instituteof Chemical Engineers Journal, 2 (1956): 568-571.

23. Stuart W. Churchill and J. H. Chin, "Radiant Heat Transferthrough the Atmosphere," Chemical Engineering ProgressSymposium Series, 56, Number 30 (1960): 117-127.

24. S. W. Churchill and W. R. Martini, "Natural Convectioninside a Horizontal Cylinder," American Institute of ChemicalEngineers Journal, 6 (1960): 251-257.

25. S. W. Churchill and W. R. Martini, "Natural Convection inside aHorizontal Cylinder," Advances in Nuclear Engineering, 2(1957): 501-512.

26. J. D. Hellums and S. W. Churchill, "Computation of NaturalConvection by Finite Difference Methods," in InternationalDevelopments in Heat Transfer, Part V (New York: AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers, 1961), 984-994.

93

27. Brice Carnahan, H. A. Luther, and James O. Wilkes, PreliminaryEdition of Applied Numerical Methods (New York: John Wiley &Sons, 1964).

28. S. W. Churchill, The Interpretation and Use of Rate Data--TheRate Process Concept (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974).

29. S. W. Churchill and R. R. White, "Experimental Foundations ofChemical Engineering," American Institute of Chemical EngineersJournal, 5 (1959): 353-360.

30. Robert L. Kabel, "Rates," Chemical Engineering Communication, 9(1981): 15-17.

31. J. L. York and S. W. Churchill, "Education of ChemicalEngineers for the Aerospace Industry," Chemical EngineeringProgress Symposium Series, 60 (1964): 185-187.

32. S. W. Churchill, "A Minority Report," Chemical EngineeringProgress, 61 (1965): 40-43; Churchill, "Is Chemical EngineeringPassé?" Ibid., 63 (1967): 21-25; Churchill "Once More, WithFeeling," Ibid., 63 (1967): 22-24; Churchill, "Is EngineeringObsolete?" Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 30(1968): 533-537; Churchill, "New Directions for Engineering,"Chemical Engineering Education, 3 (1969): 59-60, 61-63.

33. G. C. Clark and S. W. Churchill, Legendre Polynomials (AnnArbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957); Chiao-Min Chu,Clark, and Churchill, Angular Distribution Coefficients (AnnArbor: University of Michigan Press, 1957); R. H. Boll, R. O.Gumprecht, Clark, and Churchill, Light Scattering Functions:Relative Indices of Less Than Unity and Infinity (Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1958).

34. J. L. P. Chen and S. W. Churchill, "Stabilization of Flames inRefractory Tubes," Combustion and Flame, 18 (1972): 37-42; Chenand Churchill, "A Theoretical Model for Stable Combustioninside a Refractory Tube," Ibid., 18 (1972): 27-36; R. Usagiand Churchill, "A General Expression for the Correlation ofRates of Transfer and Other Phenomena," American Institute ofChemical Engineers Journal, 18 (1972): 1121-1128.

35. S. W. Churchill, "Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies," inE. V. Schlunder, ed., Heat Exchanger Design Handbook(Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Company, 1983),Chapter2.5.7, 1-31; Churchill, "Free Convection in Layers andEnclosures," Ibid., Chapter 2.5.8, 1-24; Churchill, "CombinedFree and Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies," Ibid.,Chapter 2.5.9, 1-7; Churchill, "Combined Free and ForcedConvection in Channels," Ibid., Chapter 2.5.10, 1-12.

94

36. J. L.-P. Chen and S. W. Churchill, "A Theoretical Model forStable Combustion inside a Refractory Tube," Combustion andFlame, 18 (1972): 27-36.

37. S. W. Churchill and R. Usagi, "A General Expression for theCorrelation of Rates of Transfer and Other Phenomena," AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 18 (1972): 1121-1128;Churchill and Usagi, "A Standardized Procedure for theProduction of Correlations in the Form of a Common EmpiricalEquation," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals,13 (1974): 417-419.

38. J. D. Hellums and S. W. Churchill, "Simplification of theMathematical Description of Boundary and Initial ValueProblems," American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 10(1964): 110-114.

39. See Note 16; R. V. Churchill, Introduction to ComplexVariables and Applications (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Departmentof Mathematics, University of Michigan, 1947).

40. J. M. Smith and H. C. Van Ness, Introduction to ChemicalEngineering Thermodynamics (New York: McGraw-Hill, secondedition 1959).

41. John Charles Slattery, Momentum, Energy and Mass Transfer inContinua (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971).

42. Richard M. Felder and Ronald W. Rosseau, Elementary Principlesof Chemical Processes (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1978).

95

INDEXAAbbrecht, Peter, 42, 43, 84, 87Acacia Fraternity, 5Acetylene, 7Acrivos, Andreas, 50Agency for International Development (AID) program, 86Ahlbeck, Richard, 84Allied Chemical Company, 14, 84American Chemical Society, 88American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), 27, 34, 43,55-

60, 64, 65, 74, 78, 79, 83, 88, 89AIChE Journal, 43, 79Blue Ribbon Committee, 57, 64Continuing education program, 58Founders Award, 88Government Relations Committee, 58, 59International relations, 59National Council, 56, 78

American Society of Electrical Engineers (ASEE), 34, 35, 55, 56American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 88Amoco, 84Amundson, Neal, 45, 50, 53, 75Angular Distribution of Coefficients, 60Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2, 44, 85Applied mathematics, 4, 10, 28-30, 50, 53, 66, 73, 74, 77ARCO, 48, 86Arden, Dean, 46Argonne National Laboratory, 44Aris, Gus Rutherford, 75Aristotle, 71Arkansas, University of, 36Atomic bomb, 39Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 44

BBacon, Francis, 71Badger, Walter L., 6, 9, 12Baker, Edwin M., 9Balzhiser, Dick, 64Banchero, J. T., 9, 29Bath, Tom, 68, 85Berkeley, California, 88Bernstein, Mel, 70, 72, 86Biggs, Dale, 34Billmeyer, Fred W., 32Bird, Robert B., 32, 33, 50, 53Birkhoff, Garrett, 73Boll, R. H., 60Boyd, Worthy, 5Brier, John C., 9, 11, 13, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 81

96

Brine, 22, 23Brookhaven National Laboratories, 84, 85Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, 84Brown, George Granger, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12-14, 28-32, 44, 46, 48, 56,

62, 80Brownell, Lloyd Earl, 29, 44Butane isomerization, 26

CCairns, Bob, 65Calcium carbonate, 22, 23California Research Corporation, 85California, University of (Berkeley), 49, 50, 80California, University of (Los Angeles), 45Cambridge University, 85Cannon, Curtis, 21-26CO2, 23C18-alcohol, 20

Carnahan, Brice, 45Carnegie-Mellon University, 76Carr, John, 37Case, Lee O., 9-11Case Western Reserve University, 48, 61Catalytic cracking, 15-19, 21, 29Caustic soda, 22, 23Center for the History of Chemistry (CHOC), 57Champion Papers, 48Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 38, 40Chao, Paul, 69, 86Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 30Chemical reaction engineering, 29, 50Chen, John, 40, 84, 85Chen, Joseph, 67-72, 86Chicago, Illinois, 4Chicago stockyards, 62Childs, Eddie, 24Chlorine, 22, 25Choi, Byung, 70, 72, 86Chrysler Corporation, 63Chu, Chiao-Min, 38, 39, 60, 72Chu, Humbert, 86Churchill, Cathy (daughter), 88Churchill, Diana (daughter), 88Churchill, Faye Irma Shurte (mother), 1-3Churchill, Howard Heenan (father), 1, 3Churchill, James Paul (brother), 1Churchill, Robert Howard (brother), 1, 3Churchill, Ruel Vance, 30, 31, 75Churchill, Stuart Lewis (son), 88Churchill, Stuart Winston

athletic activities, 2, 4

97

chooses a career, 1, 4college, 3-13family, 1-3, 5, 31, 88, 89graduate school, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 24, 27-36high school, 2, 3industrial consulting, 62-64leisure activities, 17, 89musical interests, 2, 4, 5nickname of "the leopard," 89president of AIChE, 56-59, 65teaching experiences, 31-35, 60, 63, 65, 66, 80-82

Cincinnati, University of, 84Clark, George C., 38, 39, 47, 60, 84Clarkson University, 40Collamore, William G. (Bill), 7, 13Colorado, University of, 84Columbia University, 37, 61Combustion, 40, 60, 62, 66-68, 72, 87, 88Combustion Institute, 88Computers, 37-39, 41, 42, 44-46, 47, 52, 53, 69-76, 82, 87-89Conch Liquid Methane, 68Connecticut, University of, 84Conoco, 84Constock Corporation (later Conch Liquid Methane), 62Convection, 36, 40-42, 52, 66, 69, 71, 73, 87Convective heat transfer from gases at high temperatures, 36Cornell University, 40Correlation, 73-75, 87Corty, Claude, 34Culligan, 23

DDallas, Texas, 23Daniels, Farrington, 10Debye, Peter, 39, 40Delaware, University of, 49, 50, 77, 78, 85Denver City, Texas, 22Depression, the Great, 3Detonation of hydrogen and oxygen mixtures, 43Detroit, Michigan, 84Diamond Shamrock, 85Dodge, Barnett Fred, 30, 31Doerner, Bill, 34Dorfman controversy, 11Dow Chemical Corporation, The, 22, 34, 61, 82, 85Dow-Corning, 61Drexel University, 56, 66Drickamer, Harry, 8du Pont de Nemours & Co., E. I., Inc., 4, 34, 43, 64, 65, 82-86

EEddy diffusivities, 42

98

"Education of Chemical Engineers for the Aerospace Industry," 54Eichhorn, Jake, 34Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 64Electron spin, 39Emeryville, California, 26Engineering education, 30, 33, 49, 50, 53-56, 58, 59, 79, 80Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD), 53, 55ENIAC, 46, 47Ethane, 7Ethyl Corporation, 84Ethylene, 7Evans, Larry, 85"Experimental Foundations of Chemical Engineering," 51-53Exxon Chemical Company, 5, 7, 19, 64, 82, 84, 86, 87

FFelder, Richard M., 81Ferron, John R., 78Fluid flow, 34Fluid mechanics, 75, 81Fluorocarbons, 63Forced convection, 41, 42Ford Foundation, 44, 45, 67, 76, 85, 86Ford Motor Company, 84Forman, Charles, 52Fortran IV, 46"Forum, The," 48Foust, Alan S., 9, 11-13, 28, 29, 34, 35Franklin, W. B., 57Freeport, Texas, 23Frontier Chemical Company, 21-27, 31

GGaller, Bernie, 46Garner, Al, 17Gealer, Roy, 43, 84Gerster, Jack A., 78Getman, Frederick H., 10Gilkeson, Matt, 34Gillette, R. H., 9Gilliland, Ed, 85Glandt, Ed, 77Gluckstein, Marty, 84Goddard, David, 68Goddard, Joe, 64Grace & Co., W. R., 48Grinter Report, 56, 76Gumprecht, R. O., 42, 46, 60Gupta, Jai, 67-70, 86

HHackney, Sheldon, 68

99

Hanudel, Ed, 17Harkness, John, 16Harnwell, Gaylord, 68, 85Harvard University, 1, 2, 16, 73Hazbun, Eddy, 67, 86Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, 73Heat transfer, 34-37, 42-44, 51, 62, 68, 69, 74Hellums, David, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 73, 74, 85Hendricks, Hank, 17Hercules Powder Company, 64, 65Hillsdale College, 2Hiroshima, Japan, 37Hitchcock, Frank L., 10Hooker Chemical, 22, 23, 86Hooker Type-S cells, 22, 23, 25Hope, Arkansas, 31Hope College, 5, 88Hottel, Hoyt, 37Hougen, Olaf A., 9, 29, 32, 50, 51Houston Astros, 24Houston, Texas, 15, 16, 73, 81Houston, University of, 77Humphrey, Art, 66, 67, 77Hydrocarbon Processing, 26Hydrocarbon Research, 86Hydrochloric acid, 22, 23Hydrogen, 22, 25, 40, 41, 43

IIBM, 46IBM Card Program computers, 37IBM 601, 41Ignition of propellants, 31, 35, 36, 63IIT Kanpur, 86Illinois, University of, 16, 45, 49, 77, 84Imlay City, Michigan, 1Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 79Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), 40Institution of Chemical Engineers (London), 59International Chemical Engineering, 88

JJakob, Max, Memorial Award in Heat Transfer, 88

KKabel, Robert, 51Katz, Don, 7, 8, 12-14, 27-29, 31, 32, 34-36, 43-45, 56, 61, 62,

74, 76, 85Kinetics, 51Knudsen, Jim, 34, 51Kohn, Jim, 34Kress, Walter, 17

100

Kruggel, R. W., 36Kurata, Fred, 7, 8

LLaMer, Victor K., 37Landau, Ralph, 84Lapidus, Leon, 45, 50, 78Larkin, Bert, 40, 84Latex droplets, 39Leacock, Jim, 84Legendre Polynomials, 60Lehigh University, 40, 43, 84, 85Lewis, Warren K., 9Lewis, Warren K., Award, 88Lightfoot, E. N., 32, 50, 53Light scattering, 40, 42, 46Light Scattering Functions: Relative Indices of Less Than Unity

and Infinity, 60Lin, Shyy-Jong, 86Lior, Naom, 69Liquid metal heat transfer, 44Liquid migration, 87, 88Liquification of natural gas, 62Little, Arthur D., 48Loeb, Dale, 16, 18London, England, 59, 60Lorenz, George, 16Love, Clyde, 4, 5, 10, 27, 31Lovell, Larry, 16Lubbock, Texas, 31Luckow, Bill, 44, 84Luther, H. A., 45

MMaleic anhydride, 20Malson, Peter, 16Manila, the Philippines, 86Manlapaz, Romeo, 67, 70, 86Marathon Oil, 68Marshall, W. R., 28, 29, 75Martin, Joe, 28, 29, 32, 44, 45, 56, 80Martini, William, 40-43, 84, 87Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 12, 28, 45, 49, 50,

77, 80, 85McAdams, William H., 9McCabe, Warren L., 9McCready, Donald W., 9McCurdy, J. L., 8McGraw-Hill Publishers, 73Meisenberg, Stan, 16Michigan Algorithmic Decoder (MAD), 46Michigan, University of

101

administrative positions, 65, 66atmosphere, 11-13, 18, 28, 34, 49chemical engineering, 1-16, 20, 27-53, 55, 56, 60, 61, 66,

68,77, 78, 80, 82, 84-86

compared to University of Pennsylvania, 65-68, 70, 71, 81-83computer facilities, 37-39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 53, 70, 71decision to attend, 1, 2decision to leave, 65, 66Dow Building at, 61English, 5Ford Foundation Project, 44, 45, 76, 85industrial research, 6, 7, 14, 40, 61, 62, 64, 78, 83major achievements at, 60, 65Marching Band, 4, 5mathematics, 4, 5, 8, 10, 27-30, 46, 74mechanical engineering, 5military projects, 37-39, 44mother attended, 2 nuclear reactor, 45scholarship, 1, 3

Midland, Michigan, 34, 61Miller, Donald, 17Miller, Irving, 84, 87Mine Safety Appliances, 62Minnesota, University of, 28, 45, 49, 50, 65, 77, 80Mississippi, University of, 16Mobil Oil, 69, 86Momentum transfer, 42Monsanto Chemical Company, 37, 38Montreal, Quebec, 60Moyle, Morton, 43, 84, 87Mueller, Al, 65Myers, Alan, 77Myerson, Martin, 68

NNASA, 54Nasser, Emil, 17National Academy of Chemical Engineering, 88National Academy of Sciences, 48National Institutes of Health, 84National Science Foundation, 40National Society of Professional Engineers, 58Natural convection, 40-42, 45, 47, 60, 62, 69, 72, 73, 87Nautilus, the, 44Neohexane, 26Nitrocellulose, 36Nitroglycerin, 36Nobel Prize, 38North American Aviation, 40Northwestern University, 77Notre Dame, University of, 34

102

Nuclear energy, 44Nuclear-induced chemical reactions, 44, 45Nuclear irradiation of food and materials, 44Nuclear reactors, 40, 41, 43, 44Nuclear submarines, 44, 62Nuclear weapons, 37, 60Numerical integration, 41

OOccidental Research, 86Oil-well acidizing, 22, 24Okayama University, 86Oklahoma, University of, 34, 38, 62Oregon State University, 34Owens Corning Fiberglas, 62Oxygen, 40, 41, 43Ozoe, Hiroyuki, 67, 69, 70, 72, 86, 87

PPacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering (PACHEC), 59Partial differential equations, simplifying, 41, 42, 53, 73Pearl Harbor, 11Pennsylvania State University, 85Pennsylvania, University of (Penn)

administration, 68, 70chemical engineering, 30, 33, 56, 64-71, 77, 78, 80-87decision to accept faculty position, 65, 66Dorfman controversy, 11facilities, 68-72, 82Ford Foundation Grant, 67funding research, 82, 83industrial research, 78, 83 Patterson chair, 65, 66visits as member of University of Michigan Marching Band, 5

Petrochemical industry, 7, 14Pfeferle, Lisa, 86Phase rule, 10Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 48, 66, 69, 88Philippines, University of, 70Pigford, Robert L., 28, 29, 50, 53, 75, 78Pike, --, 89Plasma chemistry, 66Platinum, 41Polymer chemistry, 32Prince, Billy Wood, 62Princeton, New Jersey, 88Princeton University, 45, 46, 49, 50, 78, 85Professional Progress Award, 88Propellants, 31, 35, 36Proximity fuse, 39Puerto Rican Institute of Chemical Engineers, 59

RRadar, 39Radar scattering, 39

103

Radiation, 38Radiative scattering, 38, 40, 42, 43Radiative transfer, 40, 62Rase, Howard, 55Rate concept, 51Rate Data, 73Rate processes, 66, 87Reed, Charles E., 10, 28, 29, 75Republic National Bank (Texas), 24Retrograde condensation, 7Rice University, 42, 85Richland, Washington, 42Rickover, Hyman, 44Rigg, Bob, 85Robinson, Clark S., 10Rohm and Haas, 86Rousseau, Ronald W., 81

SSt. Louis, Missouri, 27Samuels, Mike, 45, 85San Francisco, California, 43, 88, 89San Juan, Puerto Rico, 60Saville, Dudley, 85, 87Sayama, Hayatoshi, 69Schneider, Ray, 17Scientific Design, 84Scotchgard, 63Seader, J. D., 73Seider, Warren, 45, 76-78, 80, 85-87Shell Oil, 8, 13-22, 24-28, 31, 62, 85, 86Sherwood, Thomas K., 10, 28, 29, 75Sigma Xi, 88Slattery, John Charles, 81Sleicher, Charles M., 43Sliepcevich, Cheddy, 8, 29, 32, 34, 37-39, 42, 62Smith, J. M., 80Solar collectors and passive solar heating, 87"Some Fundamentals of Energy Transfer," 35Southern California, University of, 64Southwestern Proving Ground, 13, 31Sputnik, 40SST, 54Standard Oil, 19, 85Stanford University, 50Sterling, 42Stewart, W. E., 32, 50, 53Stubbs, Gene, 84Sundstrom, Don, 84, 87Swenson Evaporator Company, 6

TTang, Harry, 86

104

Tar sands, 32Teflon, 43Thatcher, Charles, 36Thermal radiation, 37, 38, 60Thom, --, 413M, 43, 62-64, 85Three Mile Island, 40Townsend, Richard E., 9Transport phenomena, 50, 51Transport Phenomena, 32, 51Treibmann, Renate (wife), 88, 89Tribus, Myron, 35, 43Turbine oil, 19, 20Turbulent forced convection, 42Turbulent heat transfer, 43Twain, Mark, 71

UUhlenbeck, George E., 39, 40Ulrich's Bookstore, 31Underground storage tanks, 68Ungar, Lyle, 77United Aircraft, 84United Engineers, 83, 86United States Air Force, 15, 36United States Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, 37United States Army, 17, 36United States Army Chemical Corps, 31United States Congress, 59United States Department of Defense, 39United States Navy, 36Unit operations, 9, 29, 30, 32, 51Universal Oil Products (UOP), 86University College (Dublin), 70Upjohn, 14, 43Usagi, R., 72

VVan Antwerpen, F. J., 59, 88Van Ness, H. C., 80Van Wylen, Gordon, 5Varma, Arnold, 4Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI), 59Vietnam War, 59, 66, 67, 70Villanova University, 80Vinson, Carl, 85Vulcan Materials, 24

WWalker Award, 88Walker, Harry, 17Walker, William H., 9

105

Wallace, Robert, 10Warren Award, 80Washington, DC, 6, 13, 43, 48, 85Washington University, 26Washington, University of, 43, 84Washington Water Power Company, 62Watson, Kenneth M., 9, 29, 32, 51Wayne State University, 84Wei, James, 78Weiner, Aaron, 70, 86Westerberg, Art, 76Western Electric, 61White, A. H., 6, 8-10, 12, 13, 5White, Robert R., 28, 29, 47, 48, 51, 52, 56, 61, 62, 80Wilhelm, Richard H., 78Wilkes, James O., 44-46, 85Williams, G. Brymer, 28Wilmington, Delaware, 34Wine-making, 43Wisconsin, University of, 49, 50, 80Wolfson, Herb, 34Wood River, Illinois, 14, 15Woods, Frederick S., 10World's Fair, Chicago, 4World War II, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13-21, 29, 30, 39, 42, 53, 75, 83Wyandotte Chemical, 14

XXerox, 60, 88

YYale University, 86Yamamoto, Kazumitsu, 69York, J. Louis, 9, 29, 54, 58Young, Ed, 34

ZZartman, Bill, 84Zellnick, Herb, 84Zeolite treaters, 23Zürich, Switzerland, 6