STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS. Recall: The kingdoms fungi, protista, plantae and...
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Transcript of STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS. Recall: The kingdoms fungi, protista, plantae and...
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Recall: The kingdoms fungi, protista, plantae and animalia are all composed of eukaryotic cells
Similarities:
- Membrane bound nucleus with DNA
- Cell membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer
- Cytoplasm filled interior (everything outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane – cytosol, organelles, molecules, ions)
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ANIMAL CELL
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PLANT CELL
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NUCLEUSContains DNA
CHROMATIN: uncondensed DNA mixed with proteins
CHROMOSOME: condensed DNA molecule with an equal mass of protein
- Quantity varies between species (Ex: Humans have 46)
- Only visible during cell division
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NUCLEUS
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NUCLEUSNUCLEOPLASM: thick fluid filling the nucleus
NUCLEAR MATRIX: network of protein fibres providing internal structure and support
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NUCLEUSNUCLEOLUS: non-membrane bound, denser region in the nucleus filled with RNA and proteins
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: double membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer which surrounds the nucleus
LUMEN: space between the bilayer
NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEXES: groups of proteins that form openings in the nuclear envelope; allow small particles and ions to travel freely
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NUCLEUS
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Complex membrane-bound tubules and sacs attached to the nuclear envelope
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER): endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes
- Site of synthesis for lipids and lipid containing molecules
- Site specific functions (Ex: liver SER detoxifies drugs and alcohol, gonad SER produces testesterone and estrogen)
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER): ER surface studded with ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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RIBOSOMESStructure composed of RNA and proteins
Structure is different in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Responsible for protein synthesis
a) Ribosomes attached to RER: proteins for cell membrane and cell export
b) Free floating ribosomes: proteins carrying out functions in the cytosol
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RIBOSOMES
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RIBOSOMES
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GOLGI APPARATUSStack of curved membrane sacs
Packages, processes, sorts and distributes proteins, lipids and other substances within a cell
Produce lysosomes (animal cells only)
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LYSOSOMESMembrane-enclosed sacs containing over 40 digestive enzymes (pH ~5)
- Catalyze hydrolysis reactions, break down macromolecules for parts to be reused in cell
- Break down old or no longer needed parts in cell
- Break down bacteria and other foreign particles
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PEROXISOMESMembrane enclosed sacs containing enzymes that catalyze redox redox reactions
- Break down biological molecules and toxic molecules
- Found in large numbers in the liver to oxidize and break down alcohol
- Commonly produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and so contain catalase to break it down into water and oxygen gas
- Can sometimes synthesize molecules (Ex: liver peroxisomes produce cholesterol and bile)
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PEROXISOMES
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VESICLES AND VACUOLES
VESICLE: membrane bound sacs used for the transport and storage of substances in the cell
- Formed by pinching off from cell membranes and organelle membranes
- Can fuse with cell membranes and organelle membranes to release their contents
• Animal Cell: Many small vesicles
• Plant cell: Single large central vesicle (Vacuole)
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VESICLES AND VACUOLES
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VACUOLEFound in plant cells
Stores water, ions, sugars, amino acids, and macromolecules
Contains enzymes that break down macromolecules and wastes
Determines turgor pressure in plants
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: PROTEIN MODIFICATION AND TRANSPORT
Consists of:
- Nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Vesicles
Function: synthesizing, product-processing and transportation section of cell; compartmentalizes cell
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: PROTEIN MODIFICATION AND TRANSPORT
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: PROTEIN MODIFICATION AND TRANSPORT
- Ribosomes on RER synthesizes polypeptides which are released into the lumen of RER
- Polypeptides travel through SER where they are stored and processed
- When ready for transport, pieces of SER pinch off into vesicles containing the protein
- Vesicles transport from SER to cis face of golgi apparatus
- Vesicle contents are released into the golgi apparatus where some proteins are stored and others are further modified
- Pieces of golgi apparatus pinch off from the trans face of the golgi apparatus and travel to the cell membrane or other destinations in the cell
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: PROTEIN MODIFICATION AND TRANSPORT
- Also used in transport of lipids and lipid containing molecules from SER
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CHLOROPLASTSOrganelles containing the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy (plant cells only)
- Double membrane, own DNA
STROMA: thick liquid in the inner membrane
THYLAKOIDS: flattened disks containing chlorophyll
GRANUM: stack of thylakoids
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MITOCHONDRIABreak down high-energy organic molecules to convert stored energy into usable energy
- Double membrane, own DNA
CRISTAE: folds of inner membrane
MATRIX: fluid filled space in inner membrane
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CELL WALLRigid layer surrounding plant, fungi, and many types of protists
- Provides protection and support
- Composed of polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins
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CYTOSKELETONInternal network of protein fibres that extend through the cytoplasm
- Provides structure and anchors cell membrane and organelles in place
- Act as tracks for vesicles and other organelles to move along
- For some cells, provides appendages that enable the cell to propel itself
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CYTOSKELETON
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CILIA AND FLAGELLAAppendages on the outside of of some eukaryotic cells
Composed of an internal shaft made of microtubules covered with an outer membrane that is a continuation of the cell membrane
Used for movement
FLAGELLA: One or two longer appendages
CILIA: many shorter appendages
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CILIA AND FLAGELLA