Structural Delineation Followed by Hydrocarbon Imprints of ...€¦ · ... Central Indus basin,...

Available on: www.bahria.edu.pk/bukc/burjes2016 Bahria University Research Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 1, June 2017

Page 23 ISSN 2415-2234 © BURJES

Structural Delineation Followed by Hydrocarbon Imprints of Dhodak

Gas Field, Central Indus basin, Pakistan

Urooj Shakir1, Muyassar Hussain2, M. Asif 1, Mumtaz Ali Khan1, M. Fahad Mehmood1, M. Khubaib A.1, Masood Anwer1

1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2LMK Resources, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract – Dhodak field is located in eastern Sulaiman

Range, Central Indus Basin, characterized by North most

culmination of the Safed Koh anticlinorium. The objective of

study is to portray the petroleum geology by studying

subsurface structures with help of reflection data and to

delineate the characteristics of reservoir through Petrophysical

analysis. This article highlights the hydrocarbon presence and

potential of Dhodak-05 which is found in the structural trap

provided by the faults. The research is carried out using seismic

lines and the well log data of Dhodak-05 and other available

literature. Two-way time and depth contour maps obtained as

a result of interpretation have confirmed the presence of

Anticlinal pop-up structures. Studies have revealed Pab

Sandstone of Cretaceous and lower Ranikot of Paleocene age

acting as a reservoir rock. Ghazij shale of Eocene age is acting

as a regional seal. The lower Ranikot and Pab Sandstone were

evaluated in order to obtain results for hydrocarbon potential.

There were two Zones identified in lower Ranikot and Pab

Sandstone. Zones in Lower Ranikot have depths ranges from

2019-2029 m and 2035-2060 m respectively. Zone 1 in Pab

Sandstone ranges from 2142-2151 m having thickness of 9 m

whereas Zone 2 has thickness of 5 m. On the basis of high

effective porosity and low Volume of shale, Pab Sandstone is

considered potentially valuable. In the context of well

interpretation it should be noted that there are small Zones

available for Hydrocarbon perspective in both lower Ranikot

and Pab Sandstone.

Keywords – Dhodak field, Tight reservoir, Seismic,

Zindapir, Anticlinorium.

INTRODUCTION

Dhodak Field is situated on the eastern margin of

Sulaiman Range and it is the North most culmination of the

Sufaid koh anticlinorium, (Humayon et al., 2012), about 80

km north of Dera Ghazi khan city. Field is positioned

between 30°59/3.26//N,70°24'26.25"E to 30°51/46.84//N,

70°20'9.23" E as shown in Figures 1& 2. The first part of the

paper describes exploration history, the structural features by

means of seismic interpretation and literature review. Second

part summarizes the hydrocarbon potential of Ranikot

(Paleocene) Formation and Pab (Cretaceous) Sandstone by

petrophysical analysis of selected Zones.

Exploration History

The area has been under active exploration since early

seventies. This field was discovered in May 1976 by Oil and

Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) and was

brought on regular production in December 1994 (With this

discovery, Pab sandstone of cretaceous age was established

as gas/condensate reservoir in the Sulamain Range (Anwar

et al., 2012). To date, 08 wells have been drilled and 07 wells

are gas/condensate producers. Exploration activities in the

eastern Sulaiman range date back to 1925 when Burmah Oil

Company started some geological studies. Then in the late

fifties Pakistan Shell oil company and joint venture of PPL

and POL conducted geological surveys. OGDC started its

exploration activities in Dhodak and surrounding areas in

1968. A further detailed geological mapping was again

conducted over Dhodak structure in1973 and Dhodak well-1

was proposed on the basis of this surface geological

information (Humayon et al., 2012).

METHODOLOGY

Seismic data is a substantial source for the

understanding of subsurface structural trends. For this

purpose 2D Seismic lines have been interpreted to get

stratigraphic and structural insight of subsurface. Nature of

the seismic lines along with the well point is shown in the

base map (Figure 5).In order to interpret the structure; first

step is to tie well with seismic section which acts as a bridge

between seismic and geological markers. This task is

completed with the help of existing well data of Dhodak-05,

a time-depth(T-D) chart was generated using time velocity

information of well from which depth of each reflector is

taken. Then using the formula S = VT/2, depth of the

reflectors are calculated and correlated with the well depth.

Three horizons are marked on the given seismic section on

the base of continuity and strong character of the reflectors.

After correlation of the data i.e. from seismic to well tie, the

three reflectors are named as:

1. Upper Ranikot

2. Lower Ranikot

3. Pab sandstone

Fig. 1 Location on Pakistan provincial map (GSP, 2003).

Dhodak area highlighted on google earth.


4 ISSN 2415-2234 © BURJES

Database

The research is carried out using 2D seismic lines 805-

SK-20, 805-SK-18, 795-SK-05R, 805-SK-19, 805-SK-5R,

795-SK-07 and the well log data of Dhodak-05 as shown in

Figure 5.

GEOLOGY AND TECTONICS

The varied geodynamic settings in Indus Basin through

geological time resulted in widespread deposition of Infra

Cambrian-Eocene source and reservoir rocks of both

carbonate and clastic origin along with different stratigraphic

and structural traps as a result of different episodes of

transtensional-transpressional regimes and salt tectonics

(Khan et al., 1986, Malik et al., 1988, Raza et al., 1989, Raza

et al., 1990, Soulsby & Raza et al., 1989, Ahmed and

Ali,1991, Bannert et al.,1992, Ali et al., 1995, Iqbal et al.,

2008, Afzal et al., 2009). The left and right lateral

transpressional regime related to wrench tectonics in the east

and west gave rise to the development of Sulaiman Fold Belt

in Late Tertiary (Ali et al., 1995). In the east, the left lateral

en echelon folds and associated thrust faults manifests the

wrench related thick-skinned tectonic features on surface,

while the west is dominated by the right lateral en echelon

folds and positive flower structures in the sub-surface.

Wrench related positive flower structures and en echelon

folds having hydrocarbon pools have been reported in the

eastern part of Sulaiman Fold Belt by Ali et al., 1995,

Bannert et al., 1995, Iqbal et al., 2008, Peresson and Daud,

2009. According to Iqbal et.al., 2008 the Sulaiman Foredeep

acts as a kitchen for the anticlines in the area and the Fold

Belt has fast uplift rate in the Late Tertiary giving rise to the

barren and under filled structures. The rocks exposed in the

Sulaiman Fold Belt are ranging in age from Triassic to

Tertiary (Raza et al., 1989; Hunting Survey Corporation,

1960, Baker and Jackson, 1964, Kazmi and Jan, 1997, Shah,

2009, Bannert et.al., 1989). In Zindapir anticlinorium

Triassic Alozai Formation has also been drilled (OGDCL,

1989). In Hinterland older rocks are exposed while the

Foreland has progressively younger. The total thickness of

sediments ranging from 5000-10000 meters (Kamel et al.,

1982) with almost 7000 meters thickness of Mesozoic and

early Tertiary rocks (Raza et al., 1989). According to (Raza

et al., 1989) the Paleozoic rocks covering the basement are

not exposed and have been drilled in the adjoining region of

Punjab Platform. The Precambrian-Permian stratas are

assumed to be present in the subsurface (Humayon et al.,

1991, Jadoon, 1992, Jadoon et al., 1994).

The boundaries of Zindapir Anticlinorium are marked

by Sulaiman depression and Barthi Syncline in the east and

west respectively. Approximate area of 6000 sq. km is

covered by ZindaPir anticlinorium exposing Eocene age

rocks in the core of Afiband, Dhodak and Rodho anticlines

whereas Paleocene rocks in the Zindapir Anticline. The

proven reservoir rocks of Zindapir anticlinorium comprises

of i.e., Chiltan Formation (Jurassic), Lower Goru (Early

Cretaceous) and Pab Formations of Late Cretaceous, Ranikot

Formation and Dunghun Limestone of Paleocene age.

(Nazeer et al., 2013)

Fig. 2 Tectonic map showing tectonic features, location

of study area and divisions of Indus Basin (Modified after

Kadri, 1995

Dhodak field is located on the eastern margin of

Suleiman Fold and thrust belt where rocks of Cambrian to

Oligocene are present. The basement gets deeper towards the

Fold Belt, wells drilled on the eastern portion (Figure 2b) of

the fold belt have not penetrated below the Triassic sequence.

In Dhodak, Cretaceous is represented by Parh, Mughalkot,

and Pab formations (Humayon et al., 2012). Cretaceous

shales of Sembar, Goru and Mughal Kot Formations are

widespread, thick and contain abundant organic matter and

are acting as a source rock in the area of Dhodak owing their

deposition to the slope environment providing anoxic

conditions for the preservation of organic material. Sembar

has been identified as the primary source rock for much of

the Indus Basin and mainly contains type-III kerogen,

capable of generating gas, although the presence of type-II

kerogen has also been noted (Wandrey et al., 2004). In

Central Indus Basin (Sulaiman sub Basin) Pab Sadstone of

Upper Cretaceous age is acting as a reservoir in Dhodak

gas/condensate field. Seal rock intervals are available for all

reservoir horizons of the Sulaiman Fold belt. Ghazij Shale is

acting as a seal rock in the study area. The general

stratigraphy has been shown in Figure 4.

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

Data quality of the seismic sections was very poor and

Fault correlation and horizon identification was difficult on

some sections. Constant misties have been observed in data

and were removed prior to interpretation using interactive

way because bulk misties analysis is unable to remove it due

to large misties in different seismic sections.

Three horizons were marked named as top Upper

Ranikot, top Lower Ranikot and top Pab Sandstone. Top

Lower Goru and Top Chiltan were not delineated because

Dhodak-05 well was not penetrated deep up to that level.

However Dhodak-Deep-01 well which is drilled relatively

deeper was not provided for this research. Moreover, the low

resolution of seismic data at deeper level is another obstacle

for the demarcation of Lower Goru and Chiltan Limestone.

Upper Ranikot Formation is of Paleocene age and it is



represented by green color on seismic section. Lower

Ranikot is marked as second horizon on seismic section and

it is colored blue. Pab Sandstone of Cretaceous age is marked

and represented in Golden colored reflector. The

discontinuity in the reflector represents the faults. The slight

movement in the strata is clearly observed with very less

throw in the faults. Two faults, F1 (frontal thrust) and F2

(back thrust) dipping in the NE and SW directions develop

the popup structure (Figures 6a & 6b).

Time and Depth Structural Mapping

For making the contour maps, time and depth values are

plotted against the latitude, longitude in the software

kingdom. Average velocities taken from the velocity

functions are used for depth conversion. Time and depth

contour maps of lower Ranikot and Pab Sandstone are shown

in Figures 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d respectively. The shallow portion

bounded within the thrust faults marks the popup structure

delineated through subsurface seismic. The upthrown blocks

of the both formations in the depth contours have the value

in the range of the depths encountered in the borehole. The

structure encountered in Lower Ranikot Formation is

approximately at 1470 m while it is approximately at 1615

m in Pab Sandstone.

Petrophysical interpretation of Dhodak-05

The objective of Well interpretation is to get the

petrophysical attribute of well Dhodak-05 at reservoir level.

Following methodology is adopted to get the required

results.

Raw Logs Data

The raw log data was acquired from Directorate General

of Petroleum Companies (DGPC). The data comprised the

raw log curves. The wire line log of Dhodak-05 well has been

evaluated. Suite of logs includes gamma-ray log (GR),

Neutron log, Sonic and resistivity log.

Fig. 3 Raw Logs Data

Average parameters for the well have been computed

and based on these parameters Zones were ranked according

to their Hydrocarbon Potential. The general stratigraphy

encountered in well Dhodak -05 has been shown in Figure 3.

Zone of Interest

First of all the clean Zones were marked using the

Gamma Ray Log. Then the log trends of Neutron and

Density logs have been recognized at clean Zones. Cross-

overs are observed between Neutron and Density log curves.

These crossovers are sign of hydrocarbons in the particular

Zone. Resistivity curves also have shown the presence of

hydrocarbons. The depth of investigations for the Zones of

interest has been shown in Table -01.

Table I. Zone of Interest

Fig. 4 Generalized stratigraphic column of central Indus

basin (Kadri, 1995)

Lithology Confirmation

Gamma ray log was used to differentiate between clean

and dirty Zones. High Gamma ray Values depicts dirty Zone

whereas low Gamma ray values gives the indication of clean

lithology.

Formations Depth(m) Thickness(m)

Drazinda 0 210

Pirkoh Limestone 210 10

Sirki-Domanda 220 265

Habib Rahi Limestone 485 319

Rubbly Limestone 695 319

Ghazij Shale 1014 829

Dunghan 1843 14

Upper Ranikot 1857 109

Lower Ranikot 1966 159

Pab Sandstone 2125 318



Fig. 5 Base map showing seismic lines and well point.

Fig. 6(a) Interpreted section of line GO-795-SK-06.

Fig. 6 (b) Interpreted section of line GO-795-SK-07

Calculation of Shale Volume (Vsh)

Volume of shale is calculated by using the Gamma Ray

Log. As in the quantitative assessment of the shale content,

it is assumed that the radioactive minerals are absent in clean

rocks and are compared to the shaly rocks. To calculate the

volume of shale we have used the following formula:

Volume of shale (VSH) = GR log - GR max/ GR max - GR min

Where,

GR log = Gamma ray log reading.

GRmax =Maximum Gamma ray deflection.

GR min = Minimum Gamma ray deflection.

Using the above-mentioned formula volume of shale of

four marked Zones is calculated. Gamma ray lies in

correlation track as shown in figures 8a and 8b.

Fig. 7(a) Time contour map of Lower Ranikot Formation

Fig. 7(b) Depth contour map of Lower Ranikot Formation

Porosity Calculation

Porosity in Pab Sandstone is mostly secondary and is

preserved in selective stratigraphic horizons. Porosity

appears to have been influenced mainly by cementation and

clay/shale content of the sands (Moghal et al., 2012).

Mechanical compaction, authigenic cements like calcite and

quartz reduced the primary porosity of the sandstones,

whereas, dissolution of feldspar and volcanic grains have



enhanced and produced secondary porosity up to 15.53%

(average 2.77 to 10.61%) (Memon, 2011). Ranikot

Formation also exhibits good porosities. In this Research,

porosity values at different depths were computed by using

Neutron and Density Logs. Then average porosities were

calculated by combining Neutron and Density values.

Porosity was calculated by using following formula.

Effective Porosity= Vsand * Porosity avg

Avg. Porosity = (Density porosity + Neutron porosity) /2

Fig. 7(c) Time contour map of Pab Sandstone

Fig. 7(d) Depth contour map of Pab Sandstone

Saturation of Water (SW)

The fraction of pore space containing water is and it is

denoted by “Sw”.

Archie Water Saturation

Saturation of water calculated is shown in last track in

Figures 8(a) and 8(b).

Saturation of Hydrocarbons (SH)

Calculation of the saturation of hydrocarbon is a very

significant step, because the reservoir potential to yield

hydrocarbons is checked. The Formula for the calculation of

hydrocarbon saturation is,

Sh = 1-Sw

Saturation of Hydrocarbon is shown in last track along with

saturation of water as shown in figures 8a and 8b.

Fig. 8(a) Well interpretation of Dhodak-05.

Zone 1 and Zone 2 of Lower are shown highlighting

the Hydrocarbon Potential of Lower Ranikot

Fig. 8(b) Well interpretation of Dhodak-05.

Zone 1 and Zone 2 are shown highlighting

the Hydrocarbon Potential of Pab Sandston

RESULTS

Two ways time and depth contour maps obtained as a

result of interpretation have confirmed the presence of

Anticlinal pop-up structures. In Lower Ranikot Formation

Zone 1 range from 2019m to 2029m in depth, having total

thickness of 10 meters whereas in Zone 2 Lower Ranikot

thickness is 25 meters. Zone 1 in Pab Sandstone ranges from



2142-2151m having thickness of 9 meters whereas Zone 2 in

Pab Sandstone thickness is 5 meters.

Average Volume of shale in Zone 1 and Zone 2 of

Lower Ranikot is 24% and 22% respectively whereas in Pab

Sandstone Zones Volume of Shale is 9% and 4% which

decrease in Volume of shale as we move from lower Ranikot

to Pab Sandstone. Average Effective Porosity of Zone 1 and

Zone 2 in Lower Ranikot is 6% and 10% while in Pab

Sandstone, effective Porosity is 9% and 7% in Zone 1 and

Zone 2 respectively. Average Saturation of water and

saturation of gas in Zone 1 of Lower Ranikot is 35% and 65%

and in Zone 2 it is 26% and 74% respectively. In case of Pab

sandstone, average water saturation and gas saturation is

27% and 73 % for Zone 1 and 22% and 78% for Zone 2

respectively.

DISCUSSION

The present research work in Dhodak area exhibits the

hydrocarbon presence and potential of Dhodak-05 which is

found in the structural trap provided by the faults. Two-way

time and depth contour maps obtained as a result of

interpretation have confirmed the presence of Anticlinal pop-

up structures. Studies have revealed that the main source

rock in the study area is Sembar shale of Cretaceous age

whereas Pab Sandstone of Cretaceous and lower Ranikot of

Paleocene age act as reservoir rocks.

The study is conducted with the aid of seismic and

wireline log data. The structure studied through geology and

literature review, clearly delineated on the seismic data with

two Faults, at the level of Paleocene and Late Cretaceous

age.

CONCLUSIONS

The study reveals that the project area being so old, still

shows positive signs of presence of Gas reserves.

The Dhodak structure is an asymmetrical anticline with

a steeper eastern limb which is disturbed by a west

verging back thrust.

Well interpretation carried out at lower Ranikot level

and at Pab level is showing the fair potential but only

few Zones have shown good porosities and hydrocarbon

results.

Time and Depth structure maps confirm the presence of

valid structure at Paleocene and late Cretaceous level.

Well interpretation of Zones reveals that reservoirs of

Paleocene and Late Cretaceous are tight reservoirs.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Full suite of Well logs data and high resolution seismic

data is recommended in order to reveal more about the

structure. 3D seismic data is highly desirable in order to

delineate structures correctly.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are quite obliged to Department of Earth

and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad,

for the merciful conduct, capable direction and scholastics

feedback throughout the whole study. We are also thankful

to DGPC for providing data for this research.

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_____________________________________________________

Received : 22nd September, 2016

Revised : 25th March, 2017

Accepted : 20th May, 2017

____________________________________________________________________

Structural Delineation Followed by Hydrocarbon Imprints of ...€¦ · ... Central Indus basin,...

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