Structural Adaptations

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• What is the primary organ for photosynthesis for a plant?

• Leaf, chlorophyll captures sunlight in chloroplasts to make food.

• What about it makes it well adapted for this job?

• some are broad to capture a lot of light, or are small and last all winter long

What is the purpose of the stem?

5• Label the parts of a leaf below. Why are most of the chloroplasts at the top of the

Vascular bundle

cuticle

epidermis

Palisade layer

Spongy layer

chloroplast

Guard cell and stomata

• Loosing leaves helps tree maintain water balance

6• Think about some

examples of plants that do not have broad leaves—needles on pine trees, spines on a cactus, etc. Why are these different?

• To prevent water loss (smaller leaves lose less water), lose even less if there is no leaf

Osmosis

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• What process would a single celled organism use to move gas across it’s membrane?

• Diffusion

15.

• Plants have specialized holes at the bottom of their leaves. What is the purpose for these structures? Why are they on the bottom of the leaves?

• Exchange of Carbon dioxide and oxygen. They are on the bottom of the leaf to prevent water loss.

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• Respiration means the exchanging of gasses. What two gasses are being exchanged?

• Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

Gas exchange in water

13.

• What structure allows animals to accomplish respiration on the land?

• Lungs

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• If an animal does not have gill or lungs, how will gasses be exchanged? What could help those on land perform this?

• Moist skin

• Xylem-Water moves up from roots to leave to help with photosynthesis

• Phloem-sugars move down from where they are made (leaves) to the rest of the plant.

• What human tissue are similar to xylem and phloem?

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• Moss doesn’t have xylem or phloem. Why can’t moss get tall?

• Materials can move to all parts of the body, do not have to be small organisms anymore.

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• Moving materials around an organism is transportation. What process would move things if there is no specific system?

• diffusion

What is the purpose of the stem?

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• How would a large tree get water to its leaves? What is it having to deal with?

• Moves up xylem; gravity; water moves in a continuous flow with each molecule attached to the next; process of transpiration releases water from the leaves (stomata) and that pulls water up the xylem from roots

What is a nonvascular plant?

• No vascular tissue

• Can not store or transport water

• Short

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• 20. What are the types of tubes that vertebrates use to transport materials? What is the difference in the direction they flow, and what they carry? What is the advantage of having differences?

• Vascular tissue—arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry blood with oxygen away from heart; veins-carry blood with carbon dioxide back to heart; capillaries are thin so that materials can diffuse to and from the cells

• Arteries carry blood away from the hear

• Veins carry blood to the heart.

• Capillaries are tiny vessels that between veins and arteries that feed oxygen to the body.

• In closed circulatory system, blood can be diverted directly to organs. In open circulatory system, blood baths organs.

22. What is the

advantage of closed circulatory system over an open circulatory system?

• Closed-blood never leaves the tubes; blood is directed in a specific way; open- blood bathes organs and has to drain back into the tubes.

Heart chambers: Fish 2, Amphibians 3Reptiles 3 ½ Bird 4Mammals 4 Increased efficiency of blood flow, the more gravity, the harder the heart has to pump.

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• All heterotrophic protists and bacteria and some animals digest at the cellular level. What process will they have to use to move food in and wastes out of their cells?

DIFFUSION

ENDOCYTOSIS

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The members of Phylum Chordata all have similar digestive systems. Trace the path of food below.

• Mouth A, esophagus, stomach B, small intestines D, Large intestines F, anus E

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– Where does digestion (breaking down of food) take place? Mouth, stomach, sm intestines

– Where does absorption of needed molecules take place? Sm intestines, lg intestines

– What organs help make enzymes that break down food? liver, pancreas, gall bladder, salivary glands

• Animals get rid of cellular wastes either at a cellular level or with kidneys or nephridia. What is the advantage of having an organ that cleans wastes?

• It is dividing up the work and saving energy

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• Small intestines are long, with lots of finger-like extensions called villi inside. What is the reason for this adaptation?

• Increases surface area to absorb more food

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Decomposer

• absorb-chemicals break down the food outside of the body and then nutrients are absorbed(fungi and bacterial decomposers

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• . Why is it easier to move in water than on land? What major factor must be dealt with on land?

• Water supports most of your mass (buoyancy)

• gravity

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• . Insects have an exoskeleton and vertebrates have an endoskeleton. What is the difference and what is the adaptive advantage of each?

• Exo-external, hard protection; Endo-internal, some protection, but does grow with you

Eyespot

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• What are three methods that some bacteria and protists use to move around? Draw each.

• Flagella, pseudopodia, cilia

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• What two types of tissue allow animals to move? How do they work together?

• Muscles and nervous; nervous sends messages to the muscles to contract to move the body

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• What is the benefit of movement? How would a plant compensate since it cannot move?

• Able to find mates or food, move if climate changes; seeds and pollen can travel using other methods, growth

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• What is the adaptive advantage of camouflage? Name three organisms and what they blend with.

• Hiding from predators or prey by blending in;

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• How do some animals move materials through their bodies? What are they having to deal with?

• Hearts pump blood against gravity