Junior Cert Revision 2

By Rev. Well

Cells

• Animal • PlantNucleus

Vacuole

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

-contain Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Cell Membrane

Food Groups

Proteins

VitaminsMinerals

Fats and Oils

Carbohydrates

Digestion -Breaking food down into smaller pieces

Teeth begin process of breaking down food

Food

Long chains of sugar called

Starch

Saliva contains an ENZYME

AMYLASEShorter sugars that start to be digested

Can you remember?

What are those three functions of a skeleton?

Support

Protection

Movement

Hold us upright

Ribs protect the lungs heart etc

Anchor for the muscles

Connective Tissue

Tendon Muscle to bone

Ligament bone connected to bone

Cartilage protects end of bone

Photosynthesis

water

Carbon dioxide

Energy from sunlight, with chlorophyll as a

catalyst, is used to combine CO2 and H2O to

form glucose and release O2

chlorophyll

oxygen

glucose

Water + Carbon Dioxide Glucose + Oxygen

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

Proving Photosynthesis

Phototropism

• The shoots (aerial parts) of a plant grow towards light due to phototropism.

• Phototropism allows shoots to get more light and make more food.

Phototropism is the change in growth

of a plant in response to light.

Water goes up the Xylem

From root To leaf then

Transpire

Sugar madeIn the leaf

Goes down The Phloem

Properties of an Acid

· Tastes sour· Turns blue litmus paper red

· Has a pH of less than 7· Lemon juice and vinegar are good examples.

ACID

Properties of a Base · Turns litmus paper blue· Has a pH greater than 7· taste bitter and have a slippery feel

· Bases that are soluble (dissolve in water) are called alkalis

Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases

p Hp H

A measure of how acidic something is

A measure of how acidic something is

T h e p H S c a l eT h e p H S c a l e

• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .

• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .

• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a

p H a b o v e 7 .

• A N e u t r a l s o l u t i o n h a s a p H o f 7 .

• A n A c i d i c s o l u t i o n h a s a p H b e l o w 7 .

• A B a s i c s o l u t i o n h a s a

p H a b o v e 7 .

IndicatorsThese are chemicals that change colour in the presence of an acid or a base.

We get them from Plants.

Magnetic Field

`The area around a magnet where you can feel a magnetic force

Electromagnet• A soft iron rod has

no magnetic field• When current flows

in the wire the soft iron becomes magnetised so a magnetic field is detected by the plotting compasses.

Positive and Negative Charge

Same charges repel

Positive and Negative Charge

Unlike charges attract

Conductors and Insulators

A conductor is a substance through which electric charge flows readily. An insulator is a substance that strongly resists the flow of electric charge.

Conductor

insulator

Effect of Van De Graaf

• Hair is pushed apart as all the electrons on the hair repel each other.

Light on cards goes through if the cards are lined up. This also proves light

travels in straight lines

Reflection

Incident ray

Normal

Reflected ray

Angle of incidence

Angle of reflection

Flat Mirror

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

Refraction

Fisherman use a trident as light is bent at the surface

The fisherman sees the fish and tries to spear it

Focal Point

Focal Point

Lenses Two types of lenses

Converging Lens Diverging Lens

Dispersion

• Breaking up of white light into it’s colours

Primary and secondary colours

Parts of a Flowering Plant

Male Parts

Anther

Filament

Together called the STAMEN

Female Parts

Stigma

Style

Ovule

Ovary

Together called the CARPEL

PollenSexual reproduction is where two different cells meet

Sex cells are called GAMETES

Pollen is the male gamete

The female gamete is the EGG

When the pollen and egg meet this is called FERTILISATION

Water Treatment

Screening - Clean water passes through the screen and large objects do not

Sedimentation - Aluminium Sulphate is added allowed to settle.

Filtration – passes through sandAdd chlorine to kill

bacteria and flourine

Hard and soft water• Add soap and mix

Add Soap solution

Add Soap solutionHard

WaterFew

BubblesOily scum

Soft WaterLots of

Bubbles

Where hard water comes fromAcid Rain

Limestone

Water dissolves the limestone (Calcium Carbonate) and the calcium

ions make the water hard

Water that runs off straight to

rivers and lakes is soft water

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hard and Soft Water

Advantage Disadvantage

HardGood for Heart and Beer

Scale in pipes

SoftGood for washing clothes

Girl children

Revise for Xmas exam

If you are reading this in May bad luck and keep going

• Thick muscular walls• Divided into 4

chambers• Right side pumps

blood to lungs• Left side pumps

oxygenated blood from the lungs to ALL parts of body

The heart has four

major blood vessels

VENA CAVA PULMONARY

VEIN

AO

RTA

PU

LM

ON

AR

YA

rter

y

VENA CAVA

From body

To body

From lungs

To lungs

All Blood Vessels

ArteryThick WallsBlood from heart

VeinsThin wallsBlood to heartContain valves

Capillaries

Very thin walls and tubeCarry oxygen and food to cells

Blood Summary

Type Function Appearance

PlasmaCarries glucose, protein and waste.

Clear Liquid

Red Blood CellCarry Oxygen to cells in Haemoglobin

Red or blue

White Blood Cell

Prevent Disease and attack invaders

Many different cells

Platelets Clot the blood Fragments of cells

Excretion- removing waste

products from the body

• Skin - Sweat• Kidneys-Urine• Lungs-Carbon

Dioxide + Water

bladder

urethra

renal vein carries blood from kidney

renal artery carries blood to kidney

kidney filters blood to remove urea

ureter transports urine to bladder

bladder stores urine

urethra releases urine

Sound is Energy

• Sound is caused by the movement of the medium it is travelling in

• Anything that vibrates makes sound

Compressions

in the medium

Loudspeaker

Sound in Space• Sound needs a medium (Air, String and

even water)• We can prove this by sucking all the air

out of a jar with an electric bell inside

When we have sucked out all the air from the jar we can not hear the electric bell

Glass bell jar

Vacuum

Electric Bell

Echo

• A reflected sound wave

If sound takes 2s the get to the cliff and return and sound travels at 340m/s.

Distance = Speed x time=340x2

=680m,

but how far away is the cliff face?

1) Amplitude – this is height of the wave.

2) Wavelength () – this is the distance between two corresponding points on the wave and is measured in metres:

3) Frequency – this is how many waves pass by every second and is measured in Hertz (Hz)

Crest

Trough

Ecology…• Study of the relationship between

plants and animals and their environment

Levels of organization - Terms

• Organism – living thing• Population – one species live in one place at one

time• Community – All populations (diff. species) that

live in a HABITAT.

Connections

Primary Producer Primary

Consumer Secondary Consumer

Top of the food chain

• Carnivore eats other animals

• Herbivore eats plants

• Omnivore eats plants and animals

Inside of the eye

pupil

iris

lens

optic

ner

ve

retin

a

Cili

ary

mus

cle

cornea

Choose a name from the list above to match the functions in the table

1. contains sensory cells which detect images

2. contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

3. allows light into the eye and refracts (bends) the rays

4. brings messages to brain about what we are seeing

5. allows light into the inside of the eye

6. contracts and relaxes to change the size of the pupil

7. focuses a clear image on the retina

retina

ciliary muscle

cornea

optic nerve

pupil

iris

lens

how the taste buds gather information

humans detectfour tastes: sweet, sour, salt and bitter

sensory nerves bring messages to the brain

Distance, Speed and Time

Speed = distance (in metres)

time (in seconds)

D

TS

1) Dave walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his speed?

2) Laura covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is her speed?

3) How long would it take to run 100 metres if you run at 10m/s?

4) Steve travels at 50m/s for 20s. How far does he go?

5) Susan drives her car at about 40m/s (136km/hr or 85mph). How long does it take her to drive 20km?

Speed vs. Velocity

Speed is simply how fast you are travelling…

Velocity is “speed in a given direction”…

This car is travelling at a speed of 20m/s

This car is travelling at a velocity of 20m/s east

Velocity-Time GraphsV

t1/.Constant Acceleration

V

t

2/.Constant Velocity

V

t

3/.Deceleration

Velocity-time graphs

80

60

40

20

010 20 30 40 50

Velocity

m/s

T/s

1) Upwards line =

Constant Acceleration

2) Horizontal line =

Constant Velocity

3) Shallow line =

Less Acceleration

4) Downward line =

Deceleration

Friction• Friction is the

force that opposes motion of a body when it is in contact with another.

Friction happens when 2 bodies are in contact.

Lubrication reduces friction

• Adaptation is the development of special characteristics by plants or animals to suit a particular environment.

Adaptation to environment