Stress and health handout (1)
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STRESS AND HEALTH
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Stress
Psychological states cause physical illness. Stress is any circumstance that may be real or perceived and threatens one’s well-being.
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When severe stress is felt it impairs our ability to cope with it.
Lee Stone/ Corbis
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Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives. Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our
risk of illness and health problems.
Stress and Health
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Stress and Stressors
Stress is a slippery concept. At times it is the stimulus (missing an appointment) and
at other times it is a response (sweating while taking a test).
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Stress and Stressors
Stress is not merely a stimulus or a response. It is a process by which we appraise and cope with environmental
threats and challenges.
When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may have positive effects. However, if
stress is threatening or prolonged, it can be harmful.
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Stress and Causes of Death
Prolonged stress – together with unhealthy behaviors – can increase our risk for
today's four leading diseases.
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Health Psychology7
Health psychology is a field of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine.
The field studies stress-related aspects of disease and asks:
1. How do emotions and personality factors influence risk of disease?
2. What attitudes and behaviors prevent illness and promote health and well-being?
3. How our perceptions determine stress?4. How can we reduce or control stress?
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The Stress Response SystemCannon proposed
that the stress response (fast) was
a fight-or-flight response marked by
the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration
rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and
dulling pain.
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The Stress Response System9
The hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland also respond to stress (slow) by triggering outer
adrenal glands to secrete
glucocorticoids (cortisol).
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General Adaptation Syndrome10
According to Selye stress response to any kind ofstimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes
through three phases.
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Stressful Life Events11
Catastrophic Events: earthquakes, combat stress, floods lead individuals becoming
depressed, sleepless, and anxious.
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Significant Life ChangesThe death of a loved one, a divorce, a loss
of job, or a promotion may leave individuals vulnerable to disease.
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Daily Hassles13
Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout are most significant sources of
stress and can damage health
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Stress and the HeartStress that leads to elevated blood pressure results in Coronary Heart Diseases clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle.
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Plaque incoronary artery Artery
clogged
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Personality TypesType A a term used for competitive, hard-driving,
impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B easygoing, relaxed people (Friedman and
Rosenman, 1974).
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Type A are more likely to developcoronary heart disease.
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Pessimism and Heart DiseasePessimistic adult men are twice as likely to
develop heart disease over a 10 year period (Kubzansky et al., 2001).
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Stress & Susceptibility to DiseaseA psychophysiological illness is any stress-
related physical illness such as hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a developing field in which the health effects
of psychological, neural, and endocrine processes on the immune system are
studied.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
B lymphocytes fight bacterial infections, T lymphocytes attack cancer cells and viruses, and microphages ingest foreign substances.
During stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system making it vulnerable.
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Stress and ColdsPeople with highest life stress scores were also most vulnerable when experimentally
exposed to a cold virus.
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Stress and AIDSStress and negative emotions may
accelerate the progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired
immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Stress and CancerStress does not create cancer cells.
Researchers disagree on whether stress influences cancer progression. They do agree that avoiding stress and a hopeful attitude cannot reverse advanced cancer.
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Stress and Immune ConditioningIf the immune system can be suppressed
through conditioning. Researchers believe that immune enhancing responses could be
inculcated to combat viral diseases.
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Health-Related Consequences23
Stress can have a variety of health-related consequences.
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Strategies For Alleviating Stress
Reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress is called problem-focused coping.
When we cannot change a stressful situation, and respond by attending to our own emotional needs it is called
emotion-focused coping.
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Perceived Control
Research with rats and humans has indicated that absence of control over
stressors is a predictor of health problems.
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Explanatory Style
People with optimistic (compared to pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods
and have a stronger immune system.
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Social SupportSupportive family members, marriage partners, and close friends help people cope with stress.
Their immune functioning calms the cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure.
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Managing Stress
Having a sense of control, optimistic explanatory style, social support can
reduce stress and improve health.
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Aerobic ExerciseCan aerobic exercise
boost the spirit? Many studies suggest that aerobic exercise can
elevate mood and well-being, because
aerobic exercise raises energy, increases self-
confidence, lowers tension, depression
and anxiety.
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Biofeedback, Relaxation, and MeditationBiofeedback systems use electronic devices to inform people about their physiological responses and gives them the chance to
bring their response to a healthier range. Relaxation and meditation have similar effects in reducing tension and anxiety.
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Life-Style
Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks.
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Spirituality & Faith CommunitiesRegular religious attendance has been a reliable predictor of a longer life span
with a reduced risk of dying.
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Intervening Factors
Investigators suggest three factors that intervene between religious involvement
and better health.