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Hadean(4500 to 3800 Ma)

Archaean(3800 to 2500 Ma)

Neoproterozoic (900 to 543 Ma)Vendian (650 to 543 Ma)

Mesoproterozoic (1600 to 900 Ma)Paleoproterozoic (2500 to 1600 Ma)

Proterozoic Era(2500 to 543 Ma)

Precambrian Time(4,500 to 543 Ma)

Permian (290 to 248 Ma)Carboniferous (354 to 290 Ma)

Pennsylvanian (323 to 290 Ma) Mississippian (354 to 323 Ma)

Devonian (417 to 354 Ma)Silurian (443 to 417 Ma)Ordovician (490 to 443 Ma)Cambrian (543 to 490 Ma)

Tommotian (530 to 527 Ma)

Paleozoic Era(543 to 248 Ma)

Cretaceous (144 to 65 Ma)Jurassic (206 to 144 Ma)Triassic (248 to 206 Ma)

Mesozoic Era(248 to 65 Ma)

Quaternary (1.8 Ma to today)Holocene (10,000 a to today)Pleistocene (1.8 Ma to 10,000 a)

Tertiary (65 to 1.8 Ma)Pliocene (5.3 to 1.8 Ma)Miocene (23.8 to 5.3 Ma)Oligocene (33.7 to 23.8 Ma)Eocene (54.8 to 33.7 Ma)Paleocene (65 to 54.8 Ma)

Cenozoic Era(65 Ma to today)

Phanerozoic Eon(543 Ma to present)

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Physiographic divisions of India

Generalised classification and correlation of Archaean and LowerProterozoic Formations of India (Sarkar, 1980, 81; Sarkar & Saha 1982)

Dharwar (South India)

Eastern Ghats Central India Singhbhum Orissa

Aravalli Bundelkhand

Closepet Granite (2000 – 2380)

Dongargarh Granite (2200)

Mayurbhanj Granite (2000 – 2100)

Nandgaon Group (2200)

Dhanjori Group (2100 – 2200)

Sakoli Sausar Groups

Singhbhum Gangpur Groups

Aravalli Group

Dharwar Supergroup

Amgaon Group (2500)

Bundelkhand Gneiss (2500)

Charnockite “Series” (2600)

Banded Gneissic Complex

Peninsular Gneissic Complex (2600 – 2950)

Singbhum Granite (2950)

Sargur Khondalite “Series” (3000)

Iron Ore Group

Older Metamorphic Group (3200)

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Distribution of Archaean rocks in India

Proterozoic Formations of Indian PeninsulaProterozoic Era has been divided into three units

Paleozoic/Mesozoic/Cenozoic~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Unconformity ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Vendian (680-700)Upper (Neo-) Riphean (700-1600)

Proterozoic Middle (Meso-)Lower (Paleo-)

~~~~~~~~~Eparchaean (Main) Unconformity~~~~~~~~~~Archaean

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Proterozoic Formations of Indian Peninsula

Main Divisions

Southern Peninsula Northern Peninsula

Upper Purana

Karnool group, Bhima Group, Sullavai Group, Indravati Group, Chattisgarh Group

Upper Vindhyan Group Malani Volcanics

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Lower Purana

Cuddapah SuperGroup Lower Vindhyan Group Gwalior Group Bijawar Group Kolhan Group Delhi SuperGroup

Distribution of Cuddapah rocks in India

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Distribution of Vindhyan rocks in India

Classification of Vindhyan Supergroup Group Formations

Up. Bhander Sst. (fine grained) Sirbu Shales Lr. Bhander Sst. Bhander Lst.

Bhander Group

(1000 m) Most widely

distributed Group Ganurgarh Shales ~~~~~ Diamond bearing Conglomerate ~~~~~

Upper Rewah Sst. Jhiri Shales Lr. Rewah Sst.

Rewah Group

(2000 m) Panna Shales

~~~~~ Diamond bearing Conglomerate ~~~~~ Up. Kaimur Sst. Bijagarh Shales

Upper Vindhyans

Kaimur Group

(400 m) Lr. Kaimur Sst. ~~~ Thin conglomerate horizon containing pebbles of red jaspar~~~

Rohtas Fm. Kheinjua Fm. Porcellinite Fm.

Lower Vindhyans

Semri Group

(1300 m) Basal Fm.

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Geographic distribution of the continents at ~the end of the Cryogenian Period (650 Ma)

Geographic distribution of the continents during the Cambrian Period (514 Ma)

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Geographic distribution of the continents during the Ordovician Period (485 Ma)

Geographic distribution of the continents during the Silurian Period (425 Ma)

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Geographic distribution of the continents during the Devonian Period (390 Ma)

Geographic distribution of the continents during the Carboniferous Period (306 Ma)

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Geographic distribution of the continents during the Permian Period (255 Ma)

Distribution of Paleozoic rocks in India

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Geographic distribution of the continents during the Triassic Period (237 Ma)

Geographic distribution of the continents during the Jurassic Period (152 Ma)

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Distribution of Mesozoic rocks in India

Jurassic succession of Kutch RegionDeccan Trap

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bhuj Formation Umia Plant Beds

Ukra Beds (calc. shales) Mixed rocks of marine &

continental origine Sandstone & shales Unfossiliferous Trigonia Beds

Umia Formation

(525 m) Umia Ammonite beds

Upper Katrol shale Upper Katrol Sst. Mid Katrol Sst. Lr. Katrol shale

Shallow marine succession of shales, lst., sst., & grits with lenticular beds of gypseous sandy shales

Belem. marls of Jurum

Katrol

Formation (750 m)

Kantkote Sst. Pebbly beds at the base

Dhosa oolite Athleta beds

Sandy lst., marls, calc. & sandy shale & oolitic lst.

Anceps beds Rehmani beds

Chari Formation

(400 m)

Macrocephalus beds

Coral beds Shelly limestone

Patcham Formation (300m)

Kuar Bet beds ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Precambrian basement (not exposed)

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Geographic distribution of the continents during the Cretaceous Period (94 Ma)

Distribution of the Deccan Traps in India

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Cretaceous succession of Trichinopolly

Niniyur Fm. Unfossiliferous Ariyalur

Fm.(1200 m) Sst., marly clays, calc. shales & lst. (shallow & quite sea); at the close, northern part got uplifted

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Trichinopoly Fm.(300-600 m)

Irregularly beded sands and clays, lst.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Uttatur

Fm.(700 m) Fine silts, calc. shales & sand clays (evaporitic condition)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Up.Gondwana

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Archaeans

Distribution of Gondwana rocks in India

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L Cret U Jura

Rajmahal Fm

L-M Jura Dubrajpur Fm U.Trias Mahadeva Fm U

pper

G

ondw

ana

M Trias

L Trias Panchet Fm(~700 m)

Coarse feldspathic, micaceous and cross beded sst. Thin beds of shales & clay beds

Raniganj Fm (~1000 m)

U Permian Kulti Fm. Barren Measures) (~500 m) Barakar Fm. (~1700 m)

Damuda Group: cyclic succession of conglomerate, grits, sst., black shales, shale beds; coal seams < 5m & laterally discontinuous (in some basins ~40 m; total coal seam thickness ~5% of total thickness of rock succession

Karharbari Fm.

Sst., grits, conglomerate, coal, shale

Low

er

Gon

dwan

a

L Permian

Talchir Fm. Upliftment

Geographic distribution of the continents during the Paleogene Period (50.2 Ma)

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Geographic distribution of the continents during the Neogene Period (14 Ma)

Geographic distribution of the continents during the Quaternary Period (18 Ka)

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Distribution of Tertiary rocks in India

Geosynclinal Facies Age L. Assam U. Assam

Shelf facies

Plio-Pleist Dihing (pebble beds with sst.

& clays)

Dihing (400 m)

Dihing (400 m)

Dhekiajuli (1800 m)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Mio-Plio Dupitila

(sst. & clays) Dupitila (3600 m)

Namsang (800 m)

Namsang (600 m)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Girujan

Clay (1500 m)

Girujan Clay

(1800 m)

Girujan Clay

(600 m)

Tipam Tipam Sst.(1600 m)

Tipam Sst. (2300 m)

Tipam Sst. (900 m)

Bokabil (1500 m)

Miocene Surma

(Sst., shales, conglomerate) Bhuban

(4000 m)

Surma (900 m)

Surma (200 m)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Renji

(1000 m) Tilak Parbat

(600 ) Jenam

(1200 m) Baragoloi (3300 m)

Oligocene

Barail

(Sst., shales, Coal seams)

Laisang (2400 m)

Naogaon (2200 m)

Barail (1200 m)

Eocene (Paleocene)

Disang (Unfosiliferous shales & Sst.

Disang (1500 m)

Disang (3000 m)

Jaintia Series

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cretaceous

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