STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF SUB-MONTANE AND LOW HILLS OF...
-
Upload
drparshant-bakshi -
Category
Presentations & Public Speaking
-
view
269 -
download
0
Transcript of STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF SUB-MONTANE AND LOW HILLS OF...
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF SUB-MONTANE
AND LOW HILLS OF
JAMMU DIVISION
Dr. Parshant Bakshi Associate Prof.
FRUIT SCIENCE
Region Climate, altitude (m, amsl)
Livelihood production system
Parts of the State covered
Jammu and Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh Uttaranchal
Region I Sub-montane and Low Hills
Sub-tropical200–800
Agri-livestock fish-horticulture
Jammu and plains of Udhampur district
Una, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and parts of Sirmaur, Kangra, Solan and Chamba districts
Parts of Pauri Garhwal, Dehra Dun, Almora and Pithoragarh districts
Livelihood production systems in the Sub- montane and Low Hills
LAND RESOURCE IN J & K ( HA)G-2,65,000
E-74,000 D- 1,05,000C-2,11,300
B- 2,91,000
A - 6,58,000
F- 7,52,000
A ForestB Non-Agricultural LandC Barren & Uncultivable LandD Permanent Pastures & Other Grazing LandE Fallow Land Including Current FallowsF Net Area SownG Area under Fruit Crops (2005-06)
Population: -Population: - >1 Crore>1 CroreDependent on Agri/allied sectorsDependent on Agri/allied sectors 65%65%Food grain productionFood grain production 18 Lakh MTs18 Lakh MTsFood grain requirementFood grain requirement 23 Lakh MTs23 Lakh MTsDeficit Food grainsDeficit Food grains 5 Lakh MTs5 Lakh MTsDeficit Oil Seeds / PulsesDeficit Oil Seeds / Pulses 70%70%Deficit VegetablesDeficit Vegetables 30%30%Net Sown Area (NSA)Net Sown Area (NSA) 7.52 Lakh Ha7.52 Lakh HaGross Sown Area (GSA)Gross Sown Area (GSA) 11.02 Lakh Ha11.02 Lakh HaNSA under field cropsNSA under field crops 70%70%NSA under Horticulture CropsNSA under Horticulture Crops 13%13%Net Irrigated AreaNet Irrigated Area 42% 42% (3.11 LHa)(3.11 LHa)
J&K AGRICULTURE - PROFILE
Productivity Level of Major Agri Crops: -Productivity Level of Major Agri Crops: -
RiceRice 23.9 Qtl/Ha23.9 Qtl/HaMaizeMaize 15.5 Qtl/Ha15.5 Qtl/HaWheatWheat 20.0 Qtl/Ha20.0 Qtl/HaVegetablesVegetables 200 Qtl/Ha200 Qtl/HaFruitsFruits 74.0 Qtl/Ha74.0 Qtl/HaAverage Land Holding SizeAverage Land Holding Size 0.76 Ha0.76 HaCultivable Waste LandCultivable Waste Land 1.41 Lac Ha1.41 Lac Ha
J&K AGRICULTURE - PROFILE ….Contd
STATUS OF FRUIT CROPS IN J&K
Total area of Jammu & Kashmir = 2, 22,800 sq km.
Area under fruit crops = 307 thousand ha.Production = 1780 thousand tonnes.Productivity = 7.37 tonnes/ha.
Productivity ( INDIA) = 10.99 tonnes/ha
Total area of Jammu Division = 0.263 lakh sq km.
Area under fruits = 103 thousand ha.Production = 165 thousand tonnesProductivity = 1.60 tonnes/ha.
YearYear Area (Lakh ha)Area (Lakh ha) % Increase% Increase
2001-022001-02 2.212.21 ----------------
2002-032002-03 2.322.32 4.574.57
2003-042003-04 2.422.42 4.664.66
2004-052004-05 2.582.58 6.496.49
2005-062005-06 2.682.68 3.733.73
2006-072006-07 2.812.81 5.005.00
2007-08 2007-08 2.962.96 5.505.50
AREA EXPANSION TRENDS (FRUITS)
NATURAL BENEFITS OF FRUITS GROWN UNDER RAIN-FED CONDITIONS
AONLA (i) Contain polyphenols which retards exudation of ascorbic acid, hence rich source of
Vit. C
(ii) Rich Source of pectin
(iii) Processed into Chavanprash, trifla and dried shreds .
(iv) Valuable for diabetes, will stimulate the islets of Lengerhans i,e isolated group of cells that secretes hormone insulin.
(v) Effective for heart disease. Tones up the functions of all the organs of the body
(vi) Mixed with honey is useful in preserving eye sight .Reduces intraocular tension.
(vii) Used in the treatment of rheumatism.
(viii) Dried fruit is valuable in diarrhea and dysentery. Amla mixed with lemon juice and misri in considered highly beneficial in controlling acute bacillary dysentery
(ix) It has revitalizing effects valuable in preventing ageing ,improves body resistance
(x) Hair tonic
BAEL(i) Tonic , restorative , laxative
(ii) Good for heart and brain
(iii) Half ripen fruit is effective remedy for chronic diarrhea, and dysentery
(iv) Infusion of bael leaves is regarded as an effective food remedy for peptic ulcer
(v) Medicated oil prepared from bael leaves give relief for recurrent cold and respiratory
infections
FIG
(i) Regarded as dependable laxative due to its large cellulose content and its tough skin .
(ii). Excellent remedy for piles
(iii) Beneficial in the treatment of asthma .gives comfort by draining of the phlegm
(iv) Beneficially used in the treatment of sexual disability
(v) Milky juice of green figs helps to soften corns .
PHALSA
Cures
(i) Inflammations
(ii) Heart and blood disorders (iii) Fever and constipation
JAMUN
(i) Fruit juice and seeds are useful in the treatment of diabetes
(ii) Seeds contains a glucose “jamboline” which is believed to have the power to check the pathological conversion of starch into sugar
(iii) Valuable in prevention of production of excess urine
(iv) Effective food remedy for bleeding piles
(v) Natural acids in the jamun fruits play an important role in the secretion of digestive enzymes and stimulate liver functions
(vi) Infusion of fresh leaves taken with honey effective remedy for sterility and miscarriage due to ovarian functional disorders
LEMON(i) Strengthens the gums and teeth
(ii) Highly beneficial in treatment of throat disorder i.e. catarrh, choking sensation and itching sensitivities
(iii) Help in burning soles and heels
(iv) Good appetizers
(v) Stimulates the flow of saliva and gastric juice and regarded an excellent digestive agent
(vi) Thirst quenching drink in measles scarlet and other fevers
(vii) Effective in the hemorrhage or bleeding of lungs , stomach , intestines uterus, kidney and other intestinal
organs
(viii) Valuable in the care of enlargement of spleen
(ix) Lemon juice is sour in taste , its reaction in the body is alkaline and such it is valuable in the treatment of
rheumatic affections such as gout , rheumatism, pain in hip joints
(x) Effective remedy for obesity
(xi) Contains Vitamin P essential for controlling hemorrhage
(xii) It has anti-cholera properties can kill cholera bacilli with in very short time
(xiii) Valuable in corns
(xiv) Regarded as youth restorative
Name of the fruit
Cal. P (%) Ca (%) Fe (%) Vit.A (IU) Thiamine (mg) Vit.C (mg)
Aonla 59 0.02 0.05 1.2 - 30 600
Bael 23 0.01 0.09 0.6 240 - -
Ber 129 0.05 0.03 0.3 186 12 15
Custard Apple 105 0.04 0.02 1.0 Trace - -
Fig 75 0 .03
0.06 1.2 270 - -
Guava 66 0.04 0.01 1 Trace 30 299
Jamun 83 0.01 0.02 1 - - -
Karonda (dry) 364 0.06
0.16 39.1 - - 200-550
Pomegranate 65 0.07 0.01 0.3 - - 16
Wood Apple 97 0.11
0.13 0.6 - - -
Nutritional value of Rain-fed fruits/100g edible portion
Interest in fruit culture in the rain-fed areas remained sporadic and as a hobby just for the satisfaction of the aesthetic urge of people who had some resources at their disposal .
Rainfall low and confined to the period from July to September. After April, the vapour pressure deficit is more and exceeds 30mb during May and June.
High solar radiations incidence and high winds velocity results in a high potential evapo-transpiration
MAJOR PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS IN FRUIT PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF JAMMU REGION
Soils are of poor quality with low fertility level and poor water holding capacity with high infiltration rate.
Ground water resources are scarce and at great depths.
Lack of interest in exploitation of plants.
Lack of implementation of available technology in the field of rain-fed fruit culture.
In rain-fed areas, it is the water which is the principal constraint. Efficient water use techniques are lacking.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR RAIN-FED AREAS
A. Long term strategies:
Selection of fruit crops Maximum growth period synchronizes with the period of
maximum water ability. Reproductive phase during the period of moisture abundance Drought tolerance mechanism - Deep root system
- Leaf shedding in summer - Xerophytic characters
* Wax coating * Hairiness * Covered stomata
RAIN FALL ZONE FRUIT CROPS
Below 300 mm Ber ( Zizyphus mauritiana ) Lasoda (Cordia myxa) Ker ( Capparis apphylla) Pilu (Salvadora oleoides)
350 – 500mm Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) Aonla (Emblica officinalis)
Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) Mulberry (Morus alba) Khirni (Manilkara hexandra)
500 – 700mm Bael (Aegle marmelos) Aonla (Emblica officinalis) Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) Custard apple (Anona spp.) Tamarind (Tamarindus indica )
Phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis) Karonda ( Carissa carandas) More than 700 mm Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Guava (Psidium guajava)
Wood apple (Limonia acidis)
SELECTION OF FRUIT CROPS FOR RAIN-FED AREAS
Fruit No.Of accessions
Location of field gene banks
Annona 36 Bangalore, Rahuri, Sangareddy ,Udaipur
Aonla 16 Allahabad, Anand, Faizabad, Rajendranager, Saharanpur, Udaipur Lucknow
Bael 12 Basti , Faizabad, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sahranpur,.
Ber 177 Bahadurgarh, Bawal, Faizabad. Hissar, Jobner, Jodhpur, Junagadh, Saharanpur, Udaipur
Fig 23 Bangalore, Rahuri, Rajendranager, Udaipur ,Yercaud.
Phalsa 9 Allahabad, Bangalore, Faizabad, Hissar, Junagarh, Udaipur
Karonda 5 Bikaner, Godhra, Bhowals, Jodhpur
Lasoda 5 Bikaner, Godhra, Bhowals, Jodhpur
Pomegranate
18 Aboher, Allahabad, Bangalore, Hisar, Jodhpur, Junagarh, Ludhiana, Rahuri, Solars, Udaipur
GENETIC RESOURCES OF RAIN-FED/ARID FRUITS
FRUIT CROPS Name Scientificc name Access. No.
Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) 318
Bordi (Z. rotundifolia) 22
Pomegranate Punica granatum 150
Aonla Emblica officinalis 50
Date palm Phoenix dactylifera 55
Gonda Cordia myxa 65
Bael Aegle marmelos 16
Cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica 80
GERMPLASM COLLECTION AT CIAH BIKANER
LATEST RELEASED VARIETIES OF FRUIT CROPS SUITABLE FOR RAIN-FED AREAS
BER
Goma Kirti is highly yielding early maturing variety, which fetches good price in the market. It is resistant to various diseases and pests by virtue of its earliness.
Goma Kirti
Thar Sevika
Developed by the hybridization from a cross Seb x Katha, Thar Sevika is an early maturing variety. The fruits are juicy, sweet with a TSS content of 22-24%. Fruits after consumption do not cause throat soaring, which is common in other cultivars. Average fruit yield is 30-32 Kg/tree. The hybrid is also suitable for staggered picking which can be done up to third week of January.
Thar BhubhrajA selection from local material of Bhusavar area of Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, CIAH-Sel-1 is an early maturing cultivar having an average yield potential of 30-36 kg/tree. The fruits are ready for harvesting during last week of December-First week of January. The fruits are very juicy, sweet with a TSS content of 22-23%.
AONLA
Goma Aishwariya
Goma Aishwariya is an early, drought tolerant. The average yield potential is 102.9 kg/tree. It has low fiber content and is suitable for processing and export.
GERMPLASM OF FRUIT CROPS AT RRSS RAYA
S.NO NAME OF FRUIT PLANTS VARIETIES
1.
2.
CITRUS
(i) Mandarin
(ii) Rangpur lime
(iii) Kagzi lime
(iv) Karna khatta
(v) Jambhiri
(vi) Galgal
(vii) Sweet lime
(viii) Eureka lemon
(ix) Sweet orange
(x) Grapefruit
MANGO
Nagpur Santra, Cleoptra mandarin, Kinnow mandarin
Pine apple, Blood red , Jaffa, Valencia late, Mosambi
Red blush, Duncan, Marsh seed less
Amarpali, Dusheshari, Bombay green, Langra, Chausa, Fazli, Malika,
Totapuri , Baramasi, Kala amb, Jirraiwalla amb, Brota amb, Badda
amb, Selection 1 , Selection 2, Selection 3, Selection 4, Selection 5,
Arun , Varun, Rajiv, Ram kala
3. AONLA NA-7, Chakaiya, Banarsi,Kanchan, Desi
4. BER Mecca, Raya Selection, Gola, Small Apple, Ranjri Selection , Sanura-2, Sanura-4, ZG-2, Nuzuk
5. GUAVA Allahabad Safada, L-49, Apple Coloured, Banarsi Surkha, Hybrid –1, Hybrid –2
6. BAEL NB-5, NB-9
7. KARONDA Pink yellow, Green pink
8. PHALSA Purple round
10. LASOORA -
11. TAMARIND Saharanpuri, Local
12. CUSTARD APPLE
-
13. JAMUN -
14. JACK FRUIT -
15. MONKEY FRUIT
-
16. FIG -
18. HARAD -
SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES OF FRUIT TREE SPECIES WHICH MAKES THEM SUITABLE FOR RAIN FED AREA
1. Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) (i) It can stand salinity and saline water (ii) Deep root system (iii) Flowering with onset of monsoons and crop is harvested well in advance
on onset of hot summer. (iv) Sheding of leaves (v) Scaly bud
2. Aonla (Emblica officinalis) a) Greater tolerance to salinity, alkalinity and sodicity b) Flowering in spring, after fruit set, fruit enters dormancy and remains
so throughout Summer.
3. Phalsa (Grewia subinaeqalis) (i) Short reproductive phase (ii) Loose foliage after harvest
4. Bael (Aegle marmerlos) (i) Salinity tolerant (ii) Flowering with onset of monsoon, fruit mature before onset of summer.
5. Guava (Psidium guajava) Flowers in three flushes (i) Ambe- bahar (ii) Mrig- bahar (iii) Hastha -bahar
6 . Custard apple (Anona spp.) (i) Tolerant to drought ,salinity and saline water (ii) Grows well on shallow soils. (iii) Flowering in June/ July harvest in November Sheds its leaves
7. Lasooda (Cordia myxa) (i) Drought tolerant (ii) Sheds its leaves (iii) Flowering in December /January and crop ready in three months 8. Jamun (Syzygium cumunii) (i) Extensive root systems. (ii) Flowering in spring and final swell of fruits in monsoon 9. Karonda(Carissa carandar) (i) Plant drought tolerant (ii) Reproductive phase synchronizes to the period of moisture abundance
.)MANGO BLOCK BER BLOCK
RRSS RAYA
FULL BEARING KINNOW PLANT
LEMON BLOCK
RRSS RAYA
GALGAL BLOCK SWEET ORANGE
RRSS RAYA
POMEGRANATE BLOCK GUAVA BLOCK
RRSS RAYA
AONLA BLOCK FULL BEARING AONLA PLANT CV. NA-7
RRSS RAYA
PHALSA BLOCK PHALSA FRUIT BUSHES
RRSS RAYA
KARONDA BLOCK Karonda (Carissa carandas L)
RRSS RAYA
BAEL PLANTS TAMARIND PLANTS
RRSS RAYA
LASOODA PLANTS HARAD PLANT
RRSS RAYA
CUSTARD APPLE
FIG PLANT MAHUA PLANT
RRSS RAYA
B. Short term strategies: Soil Moisture Conservation Water harvesting - Water harvesting tank - Crescent bunding Increase in moisture storage capacity of soil Reducing fruit load Pruning and training
Anti transparents: Stomata closing type - Phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) - Abscisic acid (ABA) Film forming type - Wax - Kaoline
Water Harvesting Tank -Raya
Drip Irrigation is a modern method of irrigation in which:
• Water is applied directly to the root zone of the plants.
• Water is applied at frequent intervals at precise quantities based on Crop
Water Requirements.
• Water is applied through a low-pressure pipe network comprising Mains,
Sub-mains, Laterals and Emitting Devices.
FRUIT CROPS :
Almond, Apple, Arecanut, Indian Gooseberry, Ber (Zizyphus), Banana,
Cashew, Custard Apple, Cherry, Fig, Guava, Grape, Litchi, Lemon, Sweet
Lime, Mango, Orange, Olive, Papaya, Pomegranate, Pear, Peach, Pistachio,
Pineapple, Sapota, Strawberry, Jack Fruit, Tamarind.
DRIP IRRIGATIONDRIP IRRIGATION
SUGGESTED MODELS FOR DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Rain-fed Conditions Cropping SystemArid (<400mm rainfall)
Ber + Karonda + Guar/mothKhejri + Lasoda + Phalsa
Semi-arid (400-800 mm rainfall)
Aonla + Guava + Black gramAonla + Custard apple + Legumes
Subtropical (800-1200mm rainfall)
Aonla/ Bael + guava + Black gramMango + Guava
Tropical (>1200mm rainfall)
Mango + Citrus + Tapioca
Coastal Coconut + Black pepper + Banana
MANGO + GUAVA
MANGO + CITRUS
AONLA + GUAVA + GROUND NUT (STAGE-I)
INTER CROPPING PHALSA IN AONLA
INTERCROPPING OF PAPAYA IN MANGO
NURSERY BLOCK, RRSS, RAYA
BUDDED SAPLINGS OF AONLA IN NURSERY, RRSS RAYA
IN-SITU RAISED AONLA BLOCK AT RRSS RAYA
PHALSA PLANTS IN POLY BAGS
AIR LAYERING IN GUAVA AT RRSS RAYA
A VIEW OF REJUVENATION PRUNING IN MANGO
PROFUSE SHOOTINGPROFUSE SHOOTING
Healthy shoot Developing canopy
First flushFirst flush Second flushSecond flush
Fully developed canopyFully developed canopy
A VIEW OF REJUVENATED GUAVA ORCHARD
Wilting plant showing bark splitting Heading back of branches of guava trees
Newly emerged shoots on beheaded branches of the trees
Trees growth after 4 months of heading back
Plugging the holes with mud Pasting base of the trunk with copper oxichloride
Trees showing shoot pruning (first cut) after 4 months of heading back
A portion of branch showing second pruning for better canopy development
A portion of branch showing flowers as a result of second pruning
A portion of branch showing better fruiting
TOP WORKED BER PLANTS AT RRSS RAYA
PRUNING IN TOP WORKED BER AT RRSS RAYA
FUTURE LINE OF WORK FOR RESEARCHERS
To stabilize production and win the confidence of orchadists in rain fed region, work on following aspects is a priority
(1) Survey, collection and evaluation of large number of indigenous plant types
of economic significance, growing wild in rain-fed areas with special
emphasis on drought resistance as well as quality attributes and
conservation there of.
(2) Improvement work on ber, beal , wood apple , aonla , anona. -- not given
the required attention in the past.
(3) Maintenance of directory of lands and location under marginal situation
such as dry land, bald hills , hilly terrains etc., with full information about
their agro-ecological features. Then evolution of drought resistant crops
which perform well under moisture stress conditions and earmarking them
for various situations in rain fed regions
(4) Generation of information on soil status for optimizing water
utilization in rain- fed area for fruit crops .
(5) Development of efficient water use technology .
(6) Development of effective plant protection measures against powdery
mildew , black spot disease of ber , rust of aonla and insect pests like
ber fruit fly and pomegranate butter fly .
(7) Standardization of techniques for faster multiplication of planting
material and establishment of nurseries to raise and supply drought
tolerant fruit crop plants to prospective growers
(8) Developing suitable technologies for reducing post harvest losses and
supporting cottage industries based on rain fed fruits
(9) Strengthening of extension activities to educate farmers on fruit
culture in rain fed area and financial assistance on easy term for fruit
culture
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
(i) Man power training/educational re-orientation
(ii) Field demonstrations
(iii) Organization of farmers conference
(iv) Involvement of youth and village leaders
(v) Active involvement of research institutions
(vi) Research and development linkage
ROLE OF KVK’S IN WASTELAND UTILIZATION
(i) Identification of wastelands in the district
(ii) Study soil problems
(iii) Preparing economically physical and technical plan.
(iv) Establishing and maintaining nurseries for supply of fruit plants
(v) Helping young farmers to establish and maintain private nurseries
(vi) Arranging short courses for school teachers and staff.
(vii) Organizing exhibitions and field days on the work site
(viii) KVK’S could implement on farm research related to wasteland to
serve as effective link between farmers and scientists.
Looking to the scope and importance of rain fed fruit
culture in India in general and Jammu in particular,
the scientist have challenge to provide better genotypes
and improvised water use technologies to make the
industry more strong and acceptable by the farmers of
rain- fed areas.
CONCLUSION