STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD

PRODUCTION

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Deals with care and breeding of livestock that are useful to human being.

New technology must be applied to achieve quality and quality.

Dairy farm management

Selection of good breeds Provided proper shelter Scientific way of feeding i.e. quality and

quantity of fodder. Sufficient quantity of water Maintenance of disease –free Stringent cleanliness and hygiene

Poultry farm management

Selection of disease free and suitable breeds

Proper feeds and water Proper and safe farm conditions Hygiene and health care

Bee keeping or Apiculture

Knowledge of nature and habits of bee Selection of suitable location of keeping

beehives Catching and hiving of swarms Management of beehives during

different seasons Handling and collection of honey and

beewax

Aim of animal breeding

Increasing the quantity of yield Improving the quality of produce

BREEDING

Breeding

inbreeding

Outbreedingout crossing

Cross breedingInterspecific hybridisation

Inbreeding

Superior males and females of same breed are identified and mated

Superior males and females of progeny are identified for further mating

Increases homozygousity Pure line can be developed

Exposes harmful recessive alleles, which is eliminated by selection.

Accumulate superior genes Causes breeding depression

Out breeding

Breeding of unrelated animals either of the same breed or different breeds or different species.

Types of outbreeding- (a) outcrossing (b) cross-breeding (c) Interspecific hybridisation

Outcrossing

Animals of same breed are mated having no common ancestor on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generation.

Overcomes inbreeding depression

Cross-breeding

Superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed of same species.

Desirable qualities of two different breeds are combined.

Interspecific hybridisation

Male and female animals of two different species are crossed.

Combine the desirable features of both parents

E.g. mule by a cross between a male donkey and female horse

Artificial insemination

Semen can be stored or frozen and used later

Easy for transportation to distant place Semen from one bull can impregnate a

number of females

Multiple ovulation embryo transfer Cow is administered FSH to induce super

ovulation, production of 6-8 ova per cycle.

Mating of the same cow with selected bull or artificially inseminated

Fertilised eggs at 8- 32 stage are recovered

Transfer of fertilised eggs to surrogate mother

Traits that breeder try to incorporate in crop plant

High yield Better quality of produce Increased tolerance to environmental

stress Resistance to pathogen Increased tolerance to insect pests

Steps in plant breeding

Germplasm collection Evaluation and selection of parents Cross breeding of selected parents Selection and testing of superior

recombinants Testing, release and commercialization

of new cultivars

Crop varieties with increased nutritional quality

Lysine and tryptophan rich maize High protein rich wheat Iron fortified rice Vitamin C rich bitter gourd, tomato.

mustard, bathua Iron and calcium rich spinach and bathua Vitamin A rich carrots, spinach and

pumpkin

Single cell protein

Microbes are grown on an industrial scale and used as nutrient rich food. E.g. Spirulina.

Advantages: SCPs are rich in proteins and low in fats. They can be easily grown on cheaper

materials like wastewater, animal manure, molasses etc.

The use of waste water reduces pollution.’

They act as the supply of fertilizers, pesticides etc.

Tissue culture

Technique of regeneration of whole plant from any part of the plant by growing it on suitable culture medium under aseptic conditions in vitro.

Advantages: A number of plants can be grown in a short

period of time. Healthy, disease free plant can be grown by

meristem culture. Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture,

where sexual hybridization is not possible.

Somatic hybridisation

Process of fusion of protoplasts of somatic cells of two different varieties or species

Steps- (a)isolation of protoplasts (b)fusion of protoplasts (c))growth of fused protoplasts to

form somatic hybrid E.g. pomato

"Never worry about numbers. Help one person at a time,

and always start with the person nearest you."

- Mother Teresa