Chapters 9

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

• Animal husbandry:• The agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock is

called animal husbandry.

• The live stock reared are cows, buffaloes, pigs, horses, sheep, camels, goats etc,

• Dairy farm management:

• The management of animals for milk and its products for human consumption is called dairy management .

• The measures to improve quality and quantity of milk production are,

1. Selecting good breed cows.

2. Well housed for animals.

3. Should have adequate water

4. Maintained disease free cattle and environment.

5. Feeding with quantity and quality of fodder.

6. Hygiene is maintained in milking, storing, and transporting milk .

7. Regular visit is done by a veterinary doctor.

• Apiculture:

• The maintenance of honey bee hives for production of honey is called apiculture.

• The most common honey bee reared is Apisindica.

• Poultry:• The domesticated fowl (birds) used for food and eggs is

called Poultry. • The poultry birds which are used for food and eggs

chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese

• Parameter of poultry farm management:

1. Selecting disease free suitable breeds.

2. Maintaining proper and safe farm.

3. Proper food and water supply.

4. Maintaining hygiene and health care of birds.

• Breed:

• Breed is group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features size, configuration, etc.

• An improved breed of cattle is Jersey and poultry bird is Leghorn

• Inbreeding:

• The cross made between same breed OR mating between closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations is called inbreeding.

• Advantages of inbreeding:

• Inbreeding increases homozygosity.

• Inbreeding is necessary to create pure line in any animal.

• Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive gene that are eliminated by selection.

• Helpful in accumulation of superior genes.

• Disdvantage of inbreeding:

• The main disadvantages of inbreeding is, it causes Inbreeding depression.

• Inbreeding depression: Continuous inbreeding reduces fertility and productivity is called inbreeding depression.

• Out breeding

• It is the breeding of the unrelated animals of the same breed for 4-6 generations OR between different breeds OR different species.

• cross-breeding:

• Superior male of one breed is mated with superior female of another breed is called cross breed.

• Interspecific hybridisation:

• It is the cross between two different species.

• Horse and donkeys are different species, A mule is obtained by crossing male donkey(jack) and a female horse.(mare).

• Hinny is is obtained by crossing female donkey (jenny) and a male horse (stallion).

• Controlled breeding in animals:

• Artificial insemination:

• The semen collected from the selected male is injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female.

• The semen can be introduced immediately or stored in frozen form for later use.

• MOET (Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer): this technology has successfully increased herd size of cattle in a short time.

• Steps involved in MOET are,1. Cow is administered with hormones FSH. It activity

induce follicular maturation and super ovulation2. Cow Produces 6-8 eggs instead of one egg per cycle.3. The female is either mated with an selected bull or

artificially inseminated.4. The fertilized eggs at 8-32 cells stages are recovered

Non-surgically. 5. Each one transferred to surrogate mother for further

development.6. The genetic mother is available for another round of

super ovulation.

• Fisheries:

• It is the rearing, catching, processing and selling of fishes, shellfish and other aquatic animals.

• Common fresh water fishes are Catla, Rohu And carp.

• Common marine water fishes are Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerek and Pamferts.

• blue revolution:

• Increasing production of the fish is called Blue revolution

• Plant breeding:

• Plant breeding is the manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant type. These are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and disease resistant.

• Plant breeding is done.

1. To increas crop yield

2. To improve quality

3. To increased tolerance to environmental stresses (salinity, extreme temperature, and drought).

4. To resistant to pathogens ( viruses, fungi, and bacteria)

5. To increase tolerance to insect pest.

• Five steps involved in plant breeding techniques.1. Collection of genetic variability.2. Evaluation and selection of parents3. Cross hybridization among the selected parents.4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants.5. Testing, release and commercialization of new

cultivars• Collection of genetic variability• Genetic variability is available from wild relatives of

crop.• All the different wild varieties and relatives are

collected and preserved• Their characteristics are evaluated.• The entire collection (of plants /seeds) having all the

diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.

• Evaluation and selection of parents

• The germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with desirable combination of characters.

• The selected plants are multiplied and used in hybridization.

• Pure line is created wherever need of desirable alleles.

• Cross hybridization among the selected parents

• selected parent are cross hybridised by emasculation and bagging.

• The hybrid produced has combined character of both parents.

• Usually one in few hundred to a thousand crosses, offsprings shows desirable combinations.

• Selection and testing of superior recombinants• 1. Selection is done for the hybrids produced by cross

hybridization.• 2. It requires careful scientific observations and evaluation of

desired characters.• 3. Hybrid plants that are superior to both of the parents are

selected.

• Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars• 1. Selected hybrids are evaluated for their yield, quality,

disease resistance etc.• 2. This evaluation is done in the research fields and recording

their performance.• 3. Testing is done in the farmers ‘fields’ at least for three

generation.• 4. The hybrid seeds are commercialized and marketed to

formers.

• Green revolution:

• Development of high yield varieties of wheat and rice in 1960s by plant breeding technique to increase food production is called green revolution.

• Wheat and Rice:

• Increase in wheat and rice production was done by introducing semi dwarf varieties.

• Semi dwarf varieties was developed by Norman E Borlaug in mexico.

• Two high yielding wheat varieties introduced in India in 1963 are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.

• IR-8 and Taichung Native-1 are the two rice varieties used to develop semi dwarf rice variety. in 1966. The semi dwarf rice varieties developed in India during 1966 are Jaya and Ratna.

• Sugarcane: • Saccharum barberi, grown

in north India, had poor sugar content and yield.

• Saccharum officinarum, grown in south India, had thicker stem and higher sugar content. But they did not grow in north India.

• The sugarcane species obtained after cross breeding between these two species, had thick stems, high sugar content, high yield and ability to grow in north India also.

• Plant diseases and plant breeding for disease resistance:

• Fungal disease: Red rot of sugarcane, brown rust of wheat

• Bacterial disease: Citrus canker, black rot of crucifers

• Viral disease: Tobacco mosaic, Turnip mosaic.

• germplasm collection:

• The collection of all the diverse alleles of all the genes of a crop plant is called

• Mutation breeding: It is the process of breading artificially inducing mutation by mutagen like chemical aniline or gamma radiation.

• Dr. Swamynathan was the first person introduced mutation breeding in India. Hence he was regarded as father of radiation genetics in India.

• Biofortification: It is the process of developing crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals proteins and healthier fats.

• Four improving objectives of biofortification are

1. Protein content and quality

2. Oil content and quality

3. Vitamin content and

4. Micronutrient and mineral content

• Ex: Atlas 66 is a wheat variety having high protein content.

• Iron fortified rice has rich in iron content.

• Single cell protein (SCP):

• It is the alternative protein source of nutrition extracted from beneficial microbes.

• The microbes used to extract SCP are Spirulina, chlorella, Methylophilus etc.

chlorella

• Tissue culture :

• It is the technique of culturing cells into tissue, organ or organism on cultural media under laboratory condition.

• Totipotency: The ability of a single cell develop into a tissue or organ or individual is called totipotency.

• The totipotency of plant cells are more than animal cells.

• Micropropogation: The method of producing thousand of plants through tissue culture is called micropropogation.

• Explant: Any part of the plant body or tissue that is used in tissue culture is called explant.

• Usually parenchyma tissue of stem or root is used as explant.

• Callus: the undifferentiated and unorganized mass of cells developed by explant during tissue culture is called callus.

• The plants developed from tissue culture are genetically identical to plant from which explantwas taken. Hence they are called somaclones.

• components that are used in the tissue culture nutrient medium are,

1. Distilled water

2. Inorganic salts

3. Vitamins

4. Amino acids

5. Growth hormones

6. Sucrose

7. Agar

• applications of plant tissue culture.

1. Production of large number of plant from small tissue or single cell.

2. Production of genetically identical plants (somaclones).

3. Recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants by meristem culture.

4. Seedless plants can be multiplied.

• Meristem culture: The meristem of virus infected plant is free of virus. This meristem is used as explant to develop healthy plants from diseased plants.

• Somatic hybridization:

• The process of fusion of protoplast of somatic cells of different species of plant to develop somatic hybrid is called somatic hybridization.

• Ex: The protoplast of potato and tomato are fused to get pomato.