Strands in the Study of Geography

(Final)End of Year Project: 05/22/14Create a game about World Geography.

Game will be played by classmates.

Teams will be comprised of 4 members or less.

Teams will have to create a playable game and promotional poster by due date.

Eight Strands of Social StudiesHistoryGeographyEconomicsGovernmentCitizenshipCultureScience, Technology, and SocietySocial Studies Skills

Social Studies Strand - HistoryPeople, events, and issues from the past that affect people presently will continue to affect people in the future

Explains how individuals and societies interact over time

Social Studies Strand - GeographyRelationships among people, places, and environment that result in patterns on the Earths surface

Meant to help people Compete in a global economyMake sure the environment stays healthyUnderstand different cultures and how they live together in the same planet

Social Studies Strand - EconomicsMeant to organize systems based on what is produced, what is distributed, and what is consumed

Social Studies Strand - GovernmentStructures of power and authority

Power is meant to provide order and stability

Social Studies Strand - CitizenshipRequires that people understand their Responsibilities as citizensRights as citizensEthical behavior

People fully participate when they understandCivic idealsCitizenship practicesBasis for constitutional republics

Social Studies Strand - CultureHow people develop, learn, and adapt cultures

Meant to help people understand variety of human cultures in the community and around the world

Social Studies Strand Science, Technology, and SocietyHow people live, learn, and work - past, present, and future based on their relationship with science, technology, and the environment

Social Studies Strand Social Studies SkillsUsed to acquire, organize, and use information for problem-solving and decision-making.

Meant to help people become better problem-solvers, decision-makers, and independent lifelong learners

Exploring GeographyYou should now understand what is meant by the following terms:HistoryGeographyEconomicsGovernmentCitizenshipCultureScience, Technology, and SocietySocial Studies Skills

Chapter 1:The Earth

Space The Earth is the third planet from the sun and is a terrestrial planet.

Two types of planets:

Terrestrial planets (made up of rocky crusts)

Giant gaseous planets (more gaseous and less dense)

SpheresHydrosphere- All of earths water.

Lithosphere- The earths crust.

Atmosphere- The earths air.

Biosphere- The part of the earth that supports life.

LandformsThe four major landforms are mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains.

The seven most visible landforms are the continents:Africa, Asia, Antarctica,Australia, Europe, North America, South America.

WaterAbout 70% of Earths surface is water.

97% is saltwater and 3% is freshwater. Many parts of the world are already suffering from water shortages.

Climate

Climate and Weather Weather is what is occurring in one place during a short period of time.

Climate describes long term weather patterns.

What Effects Climate?LatitudeThe AtmosphereElevationOcean/Wind Currents

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Latitude- Middle of Earth gets the most rays.The areas between The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn receive the suns direct rays and are thus warmer. The farther you get from the middle, the colder it gets.

The Atmosphere and ClimateThe atmosphere keeps heat from escaping too quickly into space.

This is key to life on earth.

Pollution and the Greenhouse EffectPollution traps more of the Suns rays. Increasing the temperature.

Chinese Smog

Altitude/Elevation and ClimateAs you increase the elevation. The air thins out.

This leads to two things: less air, colder temperatures.

WindThe Coriolis Effect causes prevailing winds to blow diagonally.

These winds are the major trade winds of the world.

They used to move ships. They still move climate and precipitation.

OceanOcean currents moderate the temperature. Making places less cold and less hot.

Vacation time!

Examples

Forces of Change

Dynamism Inside EarthThere is extreme heat and pressure inside of the Earth. In fact, temperatures there reach 8,500 *F.

Magma is in the Mantle.

The Crust is a thin layer of rock that is about 2 miles thick. The crust is broken into plates that float on the upper mantle.

Plate Movement500 million years ago, our continents were together in one supercontinent called Pangaea.

The plates have since moved apart.

Internal Forces of ChangeThe same forces that move the continents, also create mountains, islands, volcanoes and earthquakes.

ErosionErosion is the wearing away of the Earths surface by wind, glaciers, and moving water.

A terrible example would be the Dust Bowl that devastated America during the 1930s.

Chapter 2The Human World

CultureThe way of life of a group of peopleShare similar beliefs and customsGroup of people with common characteristics

Elements of CultureHistoryLanguageReligionEntertainment/RecreationCultural ExpressionSocial Classes Social GroupsEconomic ActivitiesGovernmentCulture Regions

World Religions

World Culture Regions

CultureWe are very familiar with culture because we see it everyday

Cultural ChangeDoes culture stay the same?

Internal and external factors are always changing culturesInternal: new ideas, lifestyles, & inventionsExternal: trade, migration, war

Cultural Diffusion The spread of ideas from one culture to another

Cultural DiffusionI. Agricultural Revolution We used to be nomads (people that move from place to place)The invention of farming allowed people to settle in one place creating CIVILIZATIONS

Cultural DiffusionCultural Hearths centers of civilizations whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areasMost influential EgyptIraqPakistanChinaMexico

World Culture Hearths

Cultural DiffusionTrade the development of civilizations allowed for the creation of technologyThe invention of new technology gave way to long distance trade and the spread of ideas

Cultural DiffusionPermanent Migration the movement of people gives way to the movement of ideas

Migrants carry their cultures with them, and their ideas and practices often blend with those of the people already living in the migrants adopted country

Cultural DiffusionIndustrial & Informational RevolutionIndustrial the transformation of economies led to social changesInformational globalization!

Exploring GeographyCultureCultural DiffusionCulture HearthsCulture Region

Population

Population GrowthDemographics Tell you specific statistical information about populationExample: El Paso is 72% LatinoExample: University of Texas at El Paso is 55% Female

Growth RatesDeath rate the # of deaths per year for every 1000 peopleBirth rate the # of births per year for every 1000 peopleGrowth rate = Birthrate Death RateHow much the population is growing by, totalCan be positive, more people being born than dyingNegative Population GrowthWhen more people dying than being bornDeath rate is greater than birth rateZero Population GrowthWhen birth rate and death rate are equal

Population distributionPattern of human settlement is uneven

People live where the following are availableFertile soilWaterClimate without harsh extremes Terrain that allows for human life

Areas where population is highly concentrated are typically metropolitan areas

**population densityHow crowded a country or a region is measured by population density

Sparsely PopulatedDensely PopulatedNot too much population in one areaA lot of population in one area

Population movementHuman Migration movement of people from place to place

Emigration people move out of a placeImmigration people move into a place

Urbanization when people move into cities or urban areas (areas with heavy population density) from rural areas (areas with lighter population density)

Push pull factorsPush FactorsPull FactorsPush factors Things that push people to emigrate away from an areaPull factors Things that pull people to immigrate to an area

Doubling timeHigh birthrates and low death rates greatly increases population growth

Doubling time the number of years it takes a population to double in sizeUsually occurs in developing countries

Ex: Africa 25yrsEX: US 300 yrs

C. Population pyramids (Age-Sex graph)Useful tool to help you understand population characteristics of a countryReveals a lot about a countries patterns of fertility, mortality, immigration and history

Population Pyramid

pyramidUsually seen in underdeveloped countriesHigh birthratesYoung life expectancy

ColumnDeveloped countryRoughly the same birthrate and death rateWhat else can you interpret?

ColumnMore females than malesLow birthrate

Exploring GeographyLiteracy RatesPer-CapitaPopulation DensityPopulation DistributionPopulation PyramidsRuralSparsely PopulatedStandard of LivingUrbanUrbanizationBirth rateCitiesDeath RateDensely PopulatedDeveloped CountryDeveloping CountryEmigrationHuman MigrationImmigrationLife Expectancy

Political and Governmental Systems

GOVERNMENTInstitution through which a society Maintains social orderProvides social servicesEnsures national securitySupports its economic well-being

Levels of GovernmentUnitary System Gives all key powers to the national or central governmentFederal SystemDivides the power of government between the national and state Government

Types of Government - StemsDefinitions of pieces of wordsBeginnings of wordsuni means oneauto- means selfoli- means some or a fewmono- means onedemo- means many

Ends of words-cracy means ruled by or governing body-archy means ruled by or governing body

AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSONOldest and most common form of government

Most autocrats receive power through inheritance or ruthless use of military or police control

Suppress political opposition

AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSONEx: Absolute or Totalitarian dictatorshipsOne person seeks to control all aspects of social and economic lifeGovernment is not responsible for the people People have no power to limit rulers actions; for example:Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany)Benito Mussolini (Italy)Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSONEx: Monarchy King or Queen exercises the supreme power of the govtUsually inherit their positionsAbsolute Monarchs: have complete and unlimited power to rule the peopleConstitutional Monarchs: share governmental powers with elected legislatures or serve as ceremonial leaders

OLIGARCHYRULE BY A FEW PEOPLESmall group holds power

Group derives its power from WealthMilitary powerSocial positionReligionAnd/or combination of these elements

Suppress political opposition

OLIGARCHYRULE BY A FEW PEOPLEMany times both dictatorships and oligarchies claim they rule for the peopleBut only give the illusion and no actual commitment is made to support the peopleEx: Communist China

DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLESystem of government where leaders rule with the consent of the citizensLatin (Demos=the people) + (kratia=Rule)Government by the many not the FEW

DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLEEx: Representative DemocraciesPeople elect representatives with the responsibility and power to make laws and conduct govtCalled either:CouncilLegislatureCongressParliament

DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLEEx: Republics (US & France)Voters elect all major officials, who are responsible to the peopleHead-of-State President

Not every democracy is a republicie: United Kingdom democracy with a monarch

Exploring GeographyBy now, you should have definitions for the following terms:GovernmentOligarchyMonarchyRepublic Representative DemocracyAutocracyUnitary SystemFederal System

Economic SystemsBy SHS Social Studies

The financials of a country

How you buy, sell, and/or trade goods for other stuff or currency (money)ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Three basic questions all economic systems must ask:

What goods and services should be produced and how many goods and services should be produced?

How should the goods and services be produced?

Who gets the goods and services that are produced?ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

There are 3 major types of economic systems

Traditional Economic System

Command Economic System

Market Economic System

a. Mixed EconomyECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Habits and customs determine the rules for how you buy, sell, or trade things (economic activity)

You behave based on customs and traditionsEx: Hunter and gatherer Today: Hunting and gathering practiced in few parts of the worldTRADITIONAL Economic System

The government owns or directs how goods are made (means of production) and controls the distribution of goodsMeans of Production LandLabor Capital (machinery, factories)Business managersCOMMAND Economic System

Hope: decisions made will benefit all of society and not just a limited few

Intent: to distribute goods equally

Problem: citizens have no voice in how tax money is spentCOMMAND Economic System

Two types of Command Economic SystemsCommunismSocialism

Communism the government has complete and total control over the economic systemThe fear..that two free decision-making businesses will not work for the peopleEx: Soviet UnionCOMMAND Economic System

Socialism allows free enterprise alongside government-run activitiesThree main goals:Equal distribution of wealthSocietys control, through its government, of all major decisions about productionPublic ownership of most land, factories and other means of production

Democratic socialism people have basic human rights even though the government controls certain industriesCOMMAND Economic System

Individuals and private groups make decisions about what to producePeople decide what they will and will not purchase and what job they will holdBased on the idea of free enterprise or capitalismIdea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with only limited government interference MARKET Economic Systems

No country in the world has a PURE market economic system, the next alternative is..Mixed economies one in which the government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions that affect the marketplaceGovernments responsibility is to keep the economic system fair MARKET Economic System

Exploring GeographyBy now, you should have definitions for the following terms:Economic SystemsGoods and ServicesMarket Economic SystemMixed EconomyCommand Economic SystemSocialismCommunismTraditional Economic SystemMeans of Production

Click on the links below for more information on each region.PPT PaloozaMr. Donn

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and ExcerptsBy SHS Social Studies DepartmentPart D12:30 1:30 pm

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and ExcerptsLook at the map, chart, graph, political cartoon, or excerpt once, ask yourself What do you see?Highlight, underline, or write down any key words, images, trends, legends, etc. that you understand (this will become your EVIDENCE)Try to figure out what the author/artist is trying to tell the reader(s)/observersRead the question and try to figure out what its trying to ask you

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and Excerpts5. Answer the question in your own words (prior to looking at options)6. Read your responses from D to A, allowing your mind to break from its usual routine7. You should respond based on the BEST answer that is also based on your EVIDENCE and a little on outside historical evidence (that you remember)

PracticeLets try #1 together

Analyzing and Image DONT READ THE QUESTION YET! Ask yourself What do you see?

Analyzing and Image Now that youve written down what you see, read the question1. The photograph above shows how farmers on the Great Plains

Analyzing and Image Read the answers from D to A, eliminating and way off answersD. maintained contact with their neighborsC. developed new agricultural technologyB. adapted to their environmentA. utilized irrigation techniques1. The photograph above shows how farmers on the Great Plains

Analyzing the ImageThe correct answer is B because it doesnt look very neighborly (D), it has nothing to do with agriculture (C), and it doesnt look like theres a lot of irrigation going on (A). It mostly shows how they adapt to the plains environment

Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political Cartoons and ExcerptsAnalyze the following maps, charts, graphs, political cartoons and excerpts and answer them on your own. You will review the answers as a class once you have finished.