Assignment on storage

Structures

Submitted to:-

Dr. O.P.

Chaudhry

Submitted By:-

VAIBHAV

STORAGE STRUCTURES

Post harvest losses in India are estimated to be around 10

per cent, of which the losses during storage alone are

estimated to be 6.58 per cent. But, with the advent of

improved agricultural technology, the producer can afford

to store the seeds for longer period with minimum loss.

But, with the advent of improved agricultural technology,

the producer can afford to store the seeds for longer period

with minimum loss.

For best storage performance

• The produce must be thoroughly cleaned and

graded,

• Dried to the safe storage moisture level of 10-12 %

for cereals and 7-9% for oil seeds (on wet basis) for

a safe storage period of 6-12 months.

• Storage structures should to be properly repaired,

cleaned and disinfected,

• Structures should bear the load of seeds stored and

do not permit contact/exchange with outside humid

air,

• Structures should be constructed in the coolest part

of the house/ farm.

An ideal storage facility should

satisfy the following requirements

1) It should provide maximum possible protection

from ground moisture, rain, insect pests, moulds,

rodents, birds, fore etc.,

2) It should provide the necessary facility for

inspection, disinfection, loading, unloading,

cleaning and reconditioning.

3) It should protect grain from excessive moisture

and temperature favourable to both insect and

mould development,

4) It should be economical and suitable for

particular situation

Type of storage

(a) Open storage (b) Bag storage

Storage structures used by the farmers are

1. Gunny bags of different

capacities (35, 50, 75 and 100 kg)

with or without inside plastic lining.

2. Mud bins having

100 – 1000 kg capacity

3. Baked In heaps on flat

floor in the corner of

houses (100- 1500 q)

5. Bamboo structures

4. Earthen containers

of

5- 100 kg capacity

6.Wooded bins

7. Underground structures

IMPROVED RURAL - LEVEL STORAGE

STRUCTURES

1. Bitumen/ coal tar drum:

An alternate model of metal bin, low cost

Diamensions - 520 mm dia and 900 mm height

Capacity-1.5 q of wheat and 1.2 q of Bengal gram.

2.Hapur bin/ Kothis:

Circular bins

Capacities- 2, 5, 7.2 and 10 q

Potential to meet requirements of even large farmers.

3. Udaipur bin

These bins are made out of used coaltar drums.

Stock capacity- 1.3 q of wheat and maize.

Storage time-short duration

Adopted by small farmers.

4. PKV bin

Material- bamboo splits into suitable sizes. The tunnel, outlet flap valve and complete stand can be fabricated in a workshop

5. Stone bin

Material-40 mm thick stone slabs ( 680 mm x 1200

mm)

Inlet and outlet -asbestos.

Capacity of - 3.8 q.

6. Bamboo bin

Material -two walls of bamboo with polythene lining

in between and have varying capacities.

Storage time -short duration

Adopted by small and marginal farmers.

7. Pusa bin Modification of the ordinary mud storage structure

Modification-polyethylene film of 700 gauge thickness has been embedded at the top,

bottom and on all the sides of the mud bin

The construction of outer walls with burnt bricks up to 45 cm height makes the

structure rat proof as well.

Durability- one year

8. Pusa Cubicle This is a room like structure ( 3.95 x 3.15 x 2.60 m), a modification of Pusa bin

3.73 m x 2.93 m x 0.07 m is made with unburnt bricks on a concrete floor (except 22

cm of outer sides with burnt bricks).

A polyethylene sheet is placed on this platform and another platform of similar

dimension is made with unburnt bricks.

The 22 cm thick inner walls are constructed upto 2.6 m height. A wooden frame of

1.89m x 1.06 m for door is fixed in the front side of 3.95 m wall.

The roof can be made by wooden beam placed at 15 cm distance and covered with

unburnt bricks.

Capacity -24 tonnes

9. Baked clay bin

Material- 16 burnt rings jointed by mud plaster; cement mortar and cowdung coatings

one after another.

The top is covered with a mild steel lid.

low cost

10. Pusa Kothar

Presently storage is practiced in small compartments of a room (5.3 m x 2 m x 4 m)

called kothar.

Wall three filling holes each of 0.5 m x 0.5 m size

Two out lets of G.I. sheets of 15 cm dia. and 30 cm

11. Metal bins

Bins made of steel, Aluminium R.C.C are used for storage of grains outside the

house.

These bins are fire and moisture proof.

The bins have long durability and produced on commercial scale.

The capacity ranges from 1 to 10 tonnes.

In Haryana , mostly this type of bins are used for storage of wheat for family

consumption.

STACKING

Food grains have to be stored and preserved on

scientific lines in godowns till they are issued to

consumer. The bags containing food grains cannot

be just dumped inside the godown, for it will not

facilitate proper storage. Proper stacking ensures

free access to the stocks in all parts of the godown

for inspection and helps in effective disinfestations

work. Generally, three methods of stacking are being

followed: 1. Simple, 2.Cross and 3. Block method.

Brick-build Godowns

They are made by brick walls with cemented flooring for storing paddy/rice in bulk and bags.

CAP(cover and plinth) Storage

It is an economical way to storage on a large scale. The plinth is

made by cement concrete and bags are staked on open and

cover by polyethene cover.

Silos

Silos are used for storage foodgrains. These are made from concrete, bricks and metallic materials with loading and unloading equipment.