Stocking the City

2011-12 JOHN K. BRANNER FELLOWSHIP APPLICATION

STATEMENT/ITINERARY

STOCKING THE CITY

22011-12 JOHN K. BRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANNE

Stocking the City: 2011-12 John K. Branner Fellowship Application

2

Cover image: Mercat de Santa Caterina Competition entry, EMBT

CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF INTENT 5

CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTIONS 8

METHODS OF EVALUATION 9

ITINERARY 10

SITE COMPARISON 12

PRIMARY SITE PROFILES 14

REFERENCES 28


4

image: Rebar and David Fletcher Studio, Global Tacoshed

STOCKING THE CITY

STATEMENT OF INTENT

CONTEXT

Infrastructure has reemerged in recent design discourse as a means for reading and diagramming the contemporary city.1 Of the essential infrastructural systems that support cities, (including water, air, energy, communication, transportation, and waste services) food systems not only combine many elements of the other systems, but also connect to the particularities of culture. Pierre Belanger describes systems of food production and agriculture as “the fundamental infrastructures that hold cultures together and sustain (or cease) the longevity of regions. These are spatial, they provide sustenance and form an ecology that generates exchanges, markets, and economies.”2 While the production and distribution of food (like other infrastructure) occurs largely outside public consciousness, growing consumer demand for local food has infl uenced the increasing scrutiny of global industrial agriculture and the space of retail markets.3

Public urban markets, which served as strategic food distribution centers in many American cities until WWII (often doubling as civic or transportation hubs and urban gathering places) were increasingly abandoned as refrigeration technologies, highway infrastructure and modernist planning principles paved the way for supermarkets to usurp the ‘traditional’ role of public markets in everyday life. Carolyn Steele has argued that surviving public markets “bring a quality of urban life that is all too rare in the West: a sense of belonging, engagement, character. They connect us to an ancient sort of public life.”4 While some have dismissed this sensibility as “sentimental”5 , I will argue that the existing global system of industrial food production and distribution is no longer viable given the relationship between this system and greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel shortages, obesity, urban sprawl and population infl uxes, and limited accessibility to food of nutritional value (all of which are produced by global capitalism).6


6

PROPOSAL

The intention for this proposal was driven by a few basic questions: What are the potential alternatives to the current food retail system in the Bay Area, and how can these alternatives promote comprehensive social, environmental, economic and educational benefi ts that are currently neglected by profi t-driven supermarkets? What are the urban and architectural opportunities for such an alternative system, and what form might these take at the scale of a retail market? Where do precedents of an alternative typology exist, and how could lessons learned from them complement a thesis proposal for a public market in the Bay Area? The full complexity of issues related to global food systems are beyond the scope of this proposal, but through an investigation of public urban markets as an urban typology, I will demonstrate the contemporary relevance and systemic potential of a typically nostalgic (and commercially appropriated) building type.

Considering the contemporary interest among designers in productive urban agricultural systems7, there is a contradiction in the perception of markets as an outmoded historical typology. In cities with active public markets, these structures have the potential to perform as social, economic and cultural catalysts, operating as nodes in systems that support direct exchange between independent producers and urban consumers. Barcelona, for example, where many historic markets have been (or will soon be) renovated by contemporary design practices, “relies on public markets for a high percentage of its food distribution: 81% of its residents report that they regularly shop at the city’s 41 neighborhood markets [in 1995].”8 In many other cities however, the physical structure of markets have been contrived as “Festival Marketplaces”, which often appropriate Jane Jacob’s infamous model for urbanism, but tend to rely on national retail chains rather than independent vendors to attract customers.9 Public markets in many cities around the world participate in food distribution systems at a scale that farmers markets in the United States currently do not, while contributing to public benefi ts that supermarkets entirely neglect. My proposal for the 2011-12 John K. Branner Fellowship is to study these markets as spatial, tectonic, social and economic structures that facilitate public activity, independent local and regional economies, and democratic access to local food. This analysis will yield a case study, site strategy and programming reference document that will inform my forthcoming thesis proposal.

image: Andreas Gursky, 99 cent

image: Andrea Branzi, Agronica

image: Barcelona Public Markets Map, from http://www.bcn.cat/en

NOTES1 This is seen in publications including The Landscape Urbanism Reader, The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure, Ecological Urbanism, Points and Lines, etc. The rhetoric of this discourse reinforces the concept of infrastructure as a dynamic “service matrix” for urban development, as described by Richard Weller. The systems within this matrix are calibrated to scales that maximize economies of service, spreading and concentrating resources from fl uctuating regions of production, and therefore discount considerations for human occupation and interaction. There are moments within these systems, however, that provide opportunities for the design of places that affect both the experience of the city and the logistics of its operations.

2 Pierre Belanger. Interview with Jennifer Leonard. http://www.recodemagazine.com/interviews/pierre-belanger

3 The ‘growing consumer demand for local food’ is evident in the growth of farmers markets and CSAs, both nationally and in the Bay Area. According to a 2010 USDA report, the number of farmers markets in the United States increased from 1,755 in 1994 to 6,132 in 2007. Martinez, Steve, et al. Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues, ERR 97, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, May 2010

The Berkeley-based sustainable agriculture non-profi t, SAGE, reported in 2008 that “direct-to-consumer sales in the region [defi ned by a 100-mile radius from San Francisco] increased 45% from 1997 to 2002… Nevertheless, the sale of food directly by producers to consumers represents only about 0.75% of overall agricultural production value within the study area.”Kraus, Sibella, Harper, Alethea Marie and Thompson, Edward, “Think Globally-Eat Locally: San Francisco Foodshed Assessment”, American Farmland Trust, 2008. P.9

Although farmers markets are among the fastest growing food retail models in the United States, the percentage of sales remain marginal relative to supermarkets and fast food chains. It is my argument that the ability for farmers markets to more effectively compete as signifi cant retail centers in food distribution systems is typically undermined by their lack of physical infrastructure, boutique scale, and impermanence, which contributes to limited accessibility and higher prices.

4 Steel, Carolyn, Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives, Vintage Books, 2009

5 People like Steven Blank, for example, author of what Michael Pollan has described as “a book rather bloodlessly titled The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio”, in Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Penguin, 2007.

6 This argument is supported by a wide range of scientifi c and cultural analysis, including (but not limited to) work by Timothy Beatley, Michael Hough, Bill McKibben and David Harvey.

7 This trend is represented by the following projects and publications: Andraos, Amale and Wood, Dan, eds. Above the Pavement the Farm!: Architecture and Agriculture at P.F.1. Princeton Architectural Press, 2010. Atelier SOA. “La Tour Vivante, Eco-tower”. Ecological Urbanism. Mohsen Mostafavi, ed. Lars Muller Publishers, 2010. Lim, CJ & Liu, Ed. Smartcities and Eco-warriors. Routledge, 2010. Despommier, Dickson. The Vertical Farm. St. Martin’s Press, 2010. Viljoen, Andrew. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes. Architectural Press, 2005.Waldheim, Charles. “Notes Toward a History of Agrarian Urbanism” From http://places.designobserver.com/, 11.04.2010

8 Spitzer, Theodore and Baum, Hilary, Public Markets and Community Revitalization, Urban Land Institute and Project for Public Spaces, 1995

9 McMorrough, John. “Good Intentions”, in Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping. Taschen, 2002


8

CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTIONS

My criteria for site selection was based on a critique of the existing industrial food production and distribution system in the United States, especially considering the limitations of this system for supporting local economies and public space. By focusing on the point of retail sale as an element in the vast infrastructural food system, my proposal attempts to isolate an instance within the system that is understandable at the scale of architecture, but also affects broad urban design, social and economic issues. This set of criteria was developed following consultation with Steve Davies, Vice President and Director of Public Markets at the Project for Public Spaces (PPS) in New York, as well as published articles from PPS, the Urban Land Institue, The Harvard Project on the City, and the Public Markets agency for the city of Barcelona.

Each of the primary sites have one or several public markets that:

1 Create active public space in a dense urban area

2 Promote the sale of locally produced food that links urban and rural economies

3 Facilitate economic opportunity for independent producers and vendors of various scales and retail types

4 Attract a wide demographic range of consumers, from lower-income local residents to tourists

5 Operate daily, with fl exible confi gurations for expanding or contracting demand, seasons, and public events

6 Have a covered roof or market hall structure, providing a physical framework for a more informal and varied internal vendor arrangement

7 Are accessible to people by various modes of transportation, including public transit and local pedestrian networks

8 Are connected to infrastructure for effi cient distribution from local and regional producers

9 Promote a resilient regional economy, food security and public health

The secondary sites were selected because they have relevant public market conditions, but may not meet all of the above criteria.

METHODS OF EVALUATION

My methods for analysis of the selected sites have been derived from the given set of criteria:

1 MAPPING

internal dataa. number of vendors, types and distribution (permanent vs. fl exible/temporary, fresh/prepared/processed food or non-food items, wholesale or retail sale, etc.)b.internal circulation (distribution/loading/wholesalers/retailers/customers, pedestrian/bicycle/train/boat, movement/gathering space)

urban dataa. urban morphology diagrams (how do the spaces within the market connect to adjacent public spaces and circulation corridors?)b. food systems diagrams (how does the market relate to the system of distribution and retail in the city, especially vs. other markets of various types?)c. population (housing) densities /land use around markets

regional dataa. mapping the local foodshed (how far do the independent farmers commute?)b. local foods vs. imported foods (or non-food items) that are available, and maps that determine farming locations and distances to the marketc. population (housing) densities around marketsd. urban morphology diagramse. diagrams that determine various types of retailers within the market area, internal pedestrian circulation, loading and external connectivity, preparation spaces, and public gathering spaces – how do these typological patterns shift throughout the day and year

2 INTERVIEWSI will schedule meetings with local experts at each primary site and conduct surveys from vendors/farmers/consumers in order to produce maps and further inform my understanding of the social and economic context.

3 MEASURED DRAWINGS AND DIAGRAMS I will produce 2D and 3D drawings of each primary site that describe organizational relationships between overlapping social, functional and structural systems.

4 DESCRIPTIVE FIELD RECORDINGS I will keep an online blog that includes fi eld reports, photography, voice/sound recordings, and fi lm, as well as data collected from mapping, interviews, drawings and diagrams .

5 CONFERENCE RECORDINGSI will attend relevant conferences as part of my travel itinerary, with the intention of presenting my research if possible during the travel period.


10

2012 FEBJAN MAR APR MAY JUN

BERKELEY04/18-04/3010/10-10/17

JUCHITAN01/25-01/30

MEXICO CITY01/04-01/25

SANTIAGO01/31-02/22 MONTEVIDEO

02/22-03/02

SAO PAULO03/02-03/28

VANCOUVER03/28 - 04/09

SEATTLE04/09-04/18

PHILADELPHIA09/27-10/03

CLEVELAND10/03-10/10

WASHINGTON, DC12/20-01/04, 2013

NORTH AMERICASOUTH AMERICAEUROPEAFRICAASIA

MEX

ICO

CITY

JUCH

ITAN

SANT

IAGO

MON

TEVI

DEO

SAO

PAUL

O

VANC

OUVE

R

SEAT

TLE

BERK

ELEY

KOUD

OUGO

U

RABA

T

GRAN

ADA

VALE

NCIA

BARC

ELON

A

01/04

01/30

02/22

03/02

03/28

04/18

04/30

09/26

10/10

10/17

12/21

CENENNUAMAA

AAARATD

AO

PRIMARY SITESECONDARY SITE

ITINERARY

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

KOUDOUGOU, BURKINA FASO05/01-05/09

RABAT05/09-05/16

GRANADA05/16-05/21

VALENCIA05/21-05/24

BARCELONA05/24-07/1112/07-12/21

AVIGNON07/11-07/23

PARIS07/23-08/01

LONDON08/01-08/08

RIGA08/08-08/22

BUDAPEST08/22-09/05

VENICE09/05-09/10

FLORENCE09/10-09/26

TOKYO10/18-10/25

BEIJING10/25-11/09

BANGKOK11/09-11/16

ABU DHABI11/16-11/23

ISTANBUL11/23-12/07

BARC

ELON

A

AVIG

NON

PARI

S

LOND

ON

RIGA

BUDA

PEST

VENI

CE

FLOR

ENCE

PHIL

ADEL

PHIA

CLEV

ELAN

D

BERK

ELEY

TOKY

O

BEIJ

ING

BANG

KOK

ABU

DHAB

I

ISTA

NBUL

WAS

HING

TON,

DC/

BALT

IMOR

E

PRIMARY SITESECONDARY SITEFLIGHT PATHTRAIN ROUTE

05/090

10/17

10/25

11/09

11/16

11/232305/16

CCRRCCAAAADDSSGNGN

AV A O I U E L K A ULNNDGGNYO

TTBAAEO


12 RELATIVE POPULATION/DENSITY (BY CITY)

MEXICO CITY01/04 - 01/25

JUCHITAN01/25 - 01/31

SANTIAGO01/31 - 02/22

MONTEVIDEO02/22-03/02

SÃO PAULO03/02 - 03/28

PARIS07/23 - 08/01

LONDON08/01 - 08/08

CLEVELAND10/03 - 10/10

TOKYO10/18 - 10/25

BEIJING10/25 - 11/09

BANGKOK11/09 - 11/16

ABU DHABI11/16 - 11/23

BARCELONA05/24-07/1112/07-12/21

VALENCIA05/21-05/24

AVIGNON07/11-07/23

FLORENCE 09/10 - 09/26

VENICE09/10 - 09/26


PHILADELPHIA09/27 - 10/03

ISTANBUL11/23 - 12/07

WASHINGTON, DC12/20 - 01/04

BERKELEYTHESIS, 2013

SEATTLE04/09-04/18

GRANADA05/16-05/21

RABAT05/09-05/16

KOUDOUGOU05/01-05/09

RIGA08/08 - 08/22

BUDAPEST08/22 - 09/06

POPULATION = 5,000,000

DENSITY> 40,000/SQ MI

30,000 - 40,000 SQ/MI

20,000 - 30,000 SQ/MI

10,000 - 20,000 SQ/MI

5,000 - 10,000 SQ/MI

< 5,000 SQ/MI

Source: www.wikipedia.com

14

MEXICO CITY01/04 - 01/25

La Merced MercadoRosario and Gral Ananya, Centro, Ciudad de México, Mexico

Mercado de San JuanXochimilco, Ciudad de México

Mercado de JamaicaGuillermo Prieto, Jamaica, Ciudad de México

CONTACTSJim Johnston, UVA Architecture Alumni, resident and author of Mexico City: An Opinionated Guide for the Curious Traveler.

La Merced is the largest retail food market in Mexico City, located a short walk from the Zócalo, the central public square that serves civic, recreational and government functions. The New York Times has described La Merced as a “vast fi esta of a central market ... contained in several huge buildings.” The market is hardly contained, however, as it spills out into adjacent streets, creating an informal market district all the way from the central buildings to the Zócalo. La Merced creates a network of economies, activities and gathering spaces within an adaptive physical and organizational framework. Unlike the iconic buildings that house many of the American or European markets, the structure of La Merced is not highly visible, but it conducts the dynamic social life of Mexico City within and around it. The market has evolved as an accretive structure, which I will explain through a series of diagrams that describe its relationship to the public life and food distribution system in Mexico City.

La Merced Mercado

Stocking the City. 2011-12 John K. Branner Fellowship Application

SANTIAGO01/31 - 02/22

Mercado CentralSan Pablo, 967Santiago, Chile

La Vega MercadoCalle Antonia Lopez de Bello, 770Santiago, Chile

CONTACTSAlfredo Jaar, local artist

Like many market structures, Santiago’s Mercado Central evolved from a less formal public market, which operated at the Plaza de Armas until 1817. Bernardo O’Higgins, the Chilean independence leader, ordered the transfer of the market to a purposely built structure at the present-day site.1 The project was designed by the Chilean architects Manuel Aldunate and Fermin Vivaceta. The construction of the market hall was initiated in 1864, and included modular roof trusses that were manufactured in London and delivered to Chile for the completion of the project in 1872. According to Frommer’s, “A large share of Chile’s economy depends on the exportation of natural products such as fruits, vegetables, and seafood, and the market here displays everything the country has to offer.”2 Santiago is one of many cities that have several markets serving various neighborhoods, many of which will be included in the survey.

1 www.allsantiago.com2 www.frommers.com

Mercado Central

16

SÃO PAULO03/02 - 03/28

Mercado Municipal PaulistanoRua da Cantareira, 306São Paulo, Brazil

CONTACTSSchool of Architecture and Urbanism, Sao Paulohttp://www.fau.usp.br/

As described by the New York Times, “This gorgeous market hall with its skylights and stained-glass windows is a fabulous setting for one of the city’s largest produce and food markets. Open Monday to Saturday from 5am to 4pm, the hall is packed with vendors selling vegetables, fresh fi sh, meats, fruits, and herbs.”1 The continuous operation of the market promotes daily use, activity and consistent economic return, which would otherwise be lost to supermarkets. The market structure was designed by the architect Francisco Ramos de Azevedo in 1926 and construction was completed in 1933. The market website advertises that operation of the market “employs more than 1,500 people, which together handle about 450 tons of food per day.”2 In (an indirect) comparison, the Safeway in North Berkeley only ever employs 2 cashiers at any given time.

1 http://travel.nytimes.com/2 www.mercadomunicipal.com

Mercado Municipal Paulistano



Granville Island Public Market1689 Johnston StreetVancouver, BC, Canada

CONTACTSUniversity of British Columbia, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecturehttp://www.sala.ubc.ca/

In contrast to the older South American markets, which evolved over centuries and occupy grandiose structures in urban centers, the Granville market was built in the early 1970s as part of a formerly industrial rezoning development initiated by the Vancouver planning agency. “Granville island was reborn as a mixed recreational, cultural, commercial, retail, arts and industrial center. The market is housed in 40,000 SF of renovated warehouses, with space for nearly 50 merchants of both fresh and prepared food. The federal government, through the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, provided an initial grant for construction.”1 The market is strictly managed to control its “authenticity”, which seems somewhat contrived, but prevents large retailers from infi ltrating the market. Granville island will provide a case study with regards to its contemporary planning and construction issues, as well as for understanding how its management creates a sense of controlled public space.

1 Spitzer, Theodore and Baum, Hilary, Public Markets and Community Revitalization, Urban Land Institute and Project for Public Spaces, 1995 p.11

Granville Island Public Market

18

SEATTLE04/09 - 04/18

Pike Place MarketPike Place and 1st AveSeattle, WA, USA

CONTACTSKathy Fraser, friend and local chef

University of Washington School of Architecture

Pike Place may be the most recognizable public market in the United States, and is frequently studied as a model for public market development. The Project for Public Spaces considers Pike Place a “Market District”, which they describe as “the most highly evolved form of market.” Public markets tend to evolve through stages of complexity before they become urban districts. These stages include street market (most farmers markets), covered (shed roof) markets, market halls, and fi nally market districts. In the case of Pike Place, “Farmers initially sold products from their carts in the open air on Pike Street (following an initial investment from the Seattle City Council in 1907). Over the years, private entrepreneurs constructed buildings around the market to house fi shmongers, butchers, bakers, and other retail businesses. The result was the creation of a distinct food district in the center of Seattle, an excellent example of how a low-cost initiative by a city can lead to signifi cant private sector investment in the vicinity of open-air market activity.”1

1 Spitzer and Baum. p.20

Pike Place Market


KOUDOUGOU05/01 - 05/09

Koudougou Central MarketRte de Dedougou and Rte de Ouagadougou, Koudougou, Burkina Faso

CONTACTSTBD

Koudougou is signifi cant despite its geographical inconsistency with the other case studies because of its social agenda and recognition (as a winner of the 2007 Aga Khan Architecture Award). The inclusion of this project will be relevant both as a sort of “post-occupancy analysis” as well as for considering differences in tectonic potential relative to markets in more developed areas. The impact of Koudougou’s Central Market is twofold: at the urban scale, it reinforces and enhances the fabric of a mid-sized town, providing a monumental civic space for commercial and social exchange. On the level of construction, it introduces simple and easily assimilated improvements to a traditional material - stabilised earth - which allow it to achieve its full aesthetic and environmental potential.”1 The market was designed and developed under the direction of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) in cooperation with the Programme de Développement des Villes Moyennes of the Burkina Faso government.

1 www.eartharchitecture.org

Koudougou Central Market

20

BARCELONA05/24 - 07/11; 12/07 - 12/21

Mercat de Sant Josep (La Boqueria)Carrer La Rambla, 91

Mercat de Santa CaterinaCarrer d’En Giralt El Pellisser, 2

Mercat BarcelonetaPl Font, s/n, Barcelona, Barcelona

Mercat del NinotCarrer de Mallorca, 135, Barcelona

CONTACTSPere Xavier Sirvent i Mir, Director of Market Projects, [email protected]

Barcelona has the most comprehensive system of public markets of any city in the world. The 39 public food markets serve more than 80% of the city’s 1.6 million residents, making shopping for local food a social aspect of Catalan daily life. As illustrated by the map below, these markets are distributed throughout the city to serve each neighborhood. Rather than conceiving of the markets as a ‘traditional’ (and therefore historically preserved) building typology, the Barcelona municipal government has funded the renovation of 15 markets in the past 16 years, several more are in design phases and two have been newly constructed. The most architecturally signifi cant of these is the Mercat de Santa Caterina, which was renovated in 2005 by Eniric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue. According to Carolyn Steele, ““The Catalan capital proves that cities don’t have to be folksy or old-fashioned to sustain authentic neighborhood life. … Tough government legislation prevented supermarkets from gaining a foothold in Spain the way they did in Britain [and the United States]; and although there are plenty in Barcelona, they are prohibited by law from selling fresh food at street level, so cannot compete with the city’s food markets.”1 1 Steel, Carolyn, Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives

Mercat del Ninot

Mercat Sant Antoni

La Boqueria

Mercat de Santa Caterina

Mercat Barceloneta


AVIGNON07/11 - 07/23

Avignon Les HallesPlace Pie, Avignon, France

CONTACTSTBD

Avignon is the smallest European city on my itinerary, with a population of around 100,000 people. The city has evolved from an ancient settlement on the banks of the Rhone River, and was an important trading center in the Roman Empire.1

Les Halles occupies a signifi cant site in the center of the town, and has recently been renovated to include a (now somewhat ubiquitous) vertical garden by Patrick Blanc. It remains an active public space and food distribution center however, retaining much of the civic role that the name “Les Halles” signifi es for every French town. The Paris Les Halles, it should be noted, fell into disrepair like many of the American public markets in the 1970s, and was replaced with a “modern” shopping mall. I will be especially interested in diagramming and documenting the relationship between the covered public markets and street markets in France. I expect that the larger markets form network hubs, which contrasts with the more even hierarchy of the Barcelona system.

1 www.wikipedia.org

Avignon Les Halles

22

RIGA08/08 - 08/22

Riga Central MarketNegu iela 7Riga, Latvia

CONTACTSTBD

Produce has been sold at the site of the Riga Central Market, on the banks of Daugava River, since 1571.1 Selected in an international competition in the 1920s, the current market was designed by architect Pavils Dreijmanis, who proposed that the entire structure be recycled from zepellin aircraft hangers originally built by the Germans in WWI. The four vaults of the market are in fact repurposed from the roof trusses of those original hangers, but the vertical walls were constructed on site from stone and reinforced concrete. The building itself is the largest market in Europe and recently selected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This project is a reminder of how structurally advanced many of these markets were at the time of their construction. I am particularly interested in the structural typology of the long span shed roof that many of these markets employ, and the potential for this typology given contemporary design and construction technology (as seen, for example, in the folded roof structure of the Yokohama Terminal, which I hope to visit while in Japan). 1 www.wikipedia.com

Riga Central Market


BUDAPEST08/22 - 09/05

Budapest Central Market Hall093 Budapest, Vámház körút, Hungary

CONTACTSNicole Ihasz, Hungarian friend in NYC

Budapest has a network of public markets halls which replaced the city’s open-air markets in the late 19th century, “during the era when so many markets were organized and brought under roofs in Europe.”1 As the name would suggest, the Central Market Hall is the largest and most signifi cant of these structures. Designed by the Hungarian architect Samu Pecz, the Budapest Central Market opened in 1896 on the banks of the Danube river. Like many other market halls built at the time, the structure utilizes thin steel trusses and columns to support an expansive shed roof that maximizes interior volume and daylight. The structure was renovated in the early 1990s in a traditional Hungarian style. The markets in Budapest apparently serve a signifi cant portion of local demand, but as in many other European cities, are also a tourist attraction that cater to symbolic representations of the past. This tension between innovation and nostalgia will be a consistent thread in my public markets research.

1 www.pps.org

Budapest Central Market Hall

24

FLORENCE09/10 - 09/26

Mercato CentraleVia dell’Ariento, 87-r, 50123Firenze, Italy

CONTACTSChristian Piccolo, friend currently residing in Bologna

Public markets in Italy account for 55% of the country’s distribution of fruits and vegetables.1 This is in part due to strict policy regulations in Italy that prevent supermarkets from monopolizing the food retail industry in urban areas. According to Carolyn Steel, an Italian law from 1971 “Required special permits for shops larger than 1,500 square meters, favoring local shopkeepers who wanted to enlarge their stores over any proposals for new development.”2 The Mercato Centrale is one of the largest indoor public markets in Europe, although it also connects to the San Lorenzo market, a large open air market is located in the streets and squares surrounding the Basilica di San Lorenzo. The structure was “designed by Giuseppe Mengoni, an Italian architect best known for his cast-iron and glass-vaulted Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which was designed 9 years earlier. He employed the same materials for the construction of the market hall and based his design on the now demolished market halls of Les Halles in Paris.”3

1 Spitzer and Baum. p.72 Steel, p.1453 www.aviewoncities.com

Mercato Centrale


PHILADELPHIA09/27 - 10/23

Reading Terminal Market51 North 12th StreetPhiladelphia, PA, USA

CONTACTSJennifer Finley, UVA Architecture AlumTaylor Medlin, UC Berkeley Arch Alum

“Reading Terminal Market was built by the Reading Railroad in 1892, and was the world’s largest indoor food market when it opened. Its development can be traced back to the late 1600’s when farmers and fi shermen set up informally on the banks of the Delaware River. The market grew from an open-air facility to a shed market to a medium-sized market hall and fi nally into the current building at the turn of the 20th century. ... The market fl ourished for nearly half a century and then almost imperceptibly went into a slow decline after World War II. In the 1970s it nearly closed; the Reading Railroad, having recently emerged from bankruptcy proceedings, decided to reinvest in the market and its other adjacent properties. In 1990, the Reading Railroad sold the market to the Pennsylvania Convention Center Authority; however, it is managed by Reading Terminal Market Corporation, a nonprofi t entity formed to lease and manage the market in accordance with its historic tradition.”1

1 www.pps.org

Reading Terminal Market

26

CLEVELAND10/03 - 10/10

West Side Market1979 West 25th StreetCleveland, OH, USA

CONTACTSTBD

Cleveland was recently selected to host the 8th annual International Public Markets Conference, organized by the Project for Public Spaces. The conference is tentatively scheduled for September or October, 2012, so this part of my itinerary is subject to modifi cation based on the exact dates. The West Side Market will celebrate its 100 year anniversary in 2012, and it currently functions as much as a civic space and food retail center as it did in the early 20th century, although it is now a signifi cant tourist attraction as well. According to the West Side Market website, “the market is home to over 100 vendors of great ethnic diversity. You can fi nd not only fi ne meats and fresh vegetables, but also fresh seafood, baked goods, dairy and cheese products, and even fresh fl owers.”1 The continuing function of the market is also supported by a local food movement, which has resulted in municipal “legislation to allow backyard chickens and bees, leading the country in vacant land reuse and urban agriculture.”2 1 http://www.westsidemarket.org/2 www.pps.org

West Side Market


Sihuan Market is one of the last remaining large scale public markets in the hutong districts of Beijing. According to a Beijing tour website, “Sihuan Market with its discreet entrance covers 15,000 square meters and nourishes one-third of Xicheng district’s 878,000 residents.”1 The market structure is less formal than many of the European examples, but it functions as an active social and commercial hub for the neighborhood. Unlike some other markets, however, the markets in Beijing are less of a destination for tourists than a part of everyday ilfe for residents. There is less published information on the Beijing markets compared to the other case studies (that I have found), but my analysis will look carefully at how this typology facilitates access to local food in the city.

1 www.getyourguide.com

BEIJING10/25 - 11/09

Sihuan marketSihuan Hutong, Deshengmennei, Xicheng district, Beijing, China

Chongwen marketZhongshili 4th Alley, Dongcheng, Beijing, China

Sanyuanli marketShunyuan Street, Chaoyang

CONTACTSTBD

Sihuan Market


28

REFERENCES

Andraos, Amale and Wood, Dan, eds. Above the Pavement the Farm!: Architecture and Agriculture at P.F.1. Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.

Beatley, Timothy. “Climate Change and Peak Oil: The Double Whammy for Resource Intensive Cities”. Resilient Cities: Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change. Timothy Beatley, Peter Newman and Heather Boyer, eds. Island Press, 2009.

Bestor, Theodore. Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World. University of California Press, 2004

Corner, James. “Landscape Urbanism”. Landscape Urbanism: A Manual for the Machinic Landscape. AA Publications, 2003

Crawford, Margaret. “Productive Urban Environments”. Ecological Urbanism. Mohsen Mostafavi, ed. Lars Muller Publishers. 2010.

Cronon, William. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. W.W. Norton and Company, 1992

Cronon, William. “The Trouble With Wilderness”. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. W.W. Norton and Company, 1996

de Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press, 2002

Despommier, Dickson. The Vertical Farm. St. Martin’s Press, 2010.

Frail, T.A. “The Rise of Urban Farming”. Smithsonian Magazine. August 2010

Gissen, David. Big and Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century. Princeton Architectural Press, 2003.

Haeg, Fritz. Edible Estates. Bellerophon Publications, 2010.

Hough, Michael. Cities and Natural Process: A basis for sustainability. 2nd edition. Routledge, 2004

Imbert, Dorothee. “Aux Fermes, Citoyens!”. Ecological Urbanism. Mohsen Mostafavi, ed. Lars Muller Publishers. 2010

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Modern Library, 1993

Knechtel, John, ed. Food. MIT Press and Alphabet City Media, Inc., 2008

Kraus, Sibella, Harper, Alethea Marie and Thompson, Edward, “Think Globally-Eat Locally: San Francisco Foodshed Assessment”, American Farmland Trust, 2008.

Kraus, Sibella. “Foodsheds – A New Ruralism Bridging Smarth Growth and Sustainable Agriculture”, www.onearth.org/node/1119, May 5, 2009

Lefebvre, Henri. Critique of Everyday Life, Volume II. Verso, 2002

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Wiley-Blackwell, 1992.

Martinez, Steve, et al. Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues, ERR 97, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, May 2010

McClintock, Nathan and Cooper, Jenny, “Cultivating the Commons: An Assessment of the Potential for Urban Agriculture on Oak-land’s Public Lands”, Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, 2010

Morrish, William. “Resilient Everyday Infrastructure”, Places, v.20, no.3, Winter 2008

Nordahl, Darrin. Public Produce: The New Urban Agriculture. Island Press, 2009.Oakland Food Policy Council, “Transforming the Oakland Food System: A Plan for Action”, 2010

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Penguin, 2007.

O’Neil, David. Reading Terminal Market. Camino Books, 2004.

Parham, Susan. “Designing the Gastronomic Quarter”, Architectural Design, Food + the City, Volume 75, Issue 3, pages 86–95, May/June 2005

Przybylski, Maya & White, Mason, eds. On Farming: Bracket 1. Actar, 2010.

San Francisco Food Systems and San Francisco Food Alliance, “2005 San Francisco Collaborative Food System Assessment”, 2010

Schmiechen, J. and Carls K. The British Market Hall: A Social and Architectural History. Yale University Press, 1999

San Francisco Mayor’s Office, “Executive Directive on Healthy and Sustainable Food 09-03 (Issued July 9, 2009 by Mayor Gavin Newsom), Summary Report, December 2010

Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press, 1999

Shannon, Kelly. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure. NAi Publishers, 2010.

Shannon, Kelly. “From Theory to Resistance; Landscape Urbanism in Europe”. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. Charles Waldheim, ed. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006

Sorkin, Michael, ed. Variations on a Theme Park. Hill and Wang

Spitzer, Theodore and Baum, Hilary, Public Markets and Community Revitalization, Urban Land Institute and Project for Public Spaces, 1995

Steel, Carolyn. The Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives. Random House, 2009.

Tangires, Helen. Public Markets. Norton/Library of Congress, 2008.

Unger, Serena and Wooten, Heather, “A Food Systems Assessment for Oakland, California: Toward a Sustainable Food Plan”, Oak-land Mayor’s Office of Sustainability and UC Berkeley, Department of City and Regional Planning, 2006

Viljoen, Andrew. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes. Architectural Press, 2005.

Waldheim, Charles. “Notes Toward a History of Agrarian Urbanism” From http://places.designobserver.com/, 11.04.2010

Waldheim, Charles. “Weak Work: Andrea Branzi’s ‘Weak Metropolis’ and the Projective Potential of an ‘Ecological Urbanism’” Eco-logical Urbanism. Lars Muller Publishers. 2010.

Weller, Richard. “An Art of Instrumentality: Thinking through Landscape Urbanism” The Landscape Urbanism Reader. Charles Wald-heim, ed. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006

Stocking the City

Documents

Transcript of Stocking the City