Step1 It's a book of cover that post

Bright Time International School Grammar and structures of speaking

Prepared and Taught by: Mr. Sreng Kua (Bed, TEFL)

Step1: Singular and Plural Nouns

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What is noun? Noun refer to names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language.

1. For the plural form of most nouns, add s. bottle – bottles cup – cups pencil – pencils desk – desks sticker – stickers window – windows

2. For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es. box – boxes watch – watches moss – mosses bus – buses

3. For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es. wolf – wolves wife – wives leaf – leaves life – lives

4. Some nouns have different plural forms. child – children woman – women man – men mouse – mice goose – geese

5. Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules. baby – babies toy – toys kidney – kidneys potato – potatoes memo – memos stereo – stereos

6. A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms. sheep – sheep deer – deer series – series species – species



[Quiz 1.1]

Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.

1) I have three (child, children).

2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).

3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.

4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.

5) A few men wear (watch, watches).

6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk.

7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.

8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

Step2: Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns

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Count nouns can be counted as one or more.

pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera,

stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc.

Take an s to form the plural.

pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers,

cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc.

Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of).

a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these

televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras,

every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc.

Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).

a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the

finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc.

Do NOT: work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers).

Non-count nouns cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.

water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice,

meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.

Generally cannot be pluralized.

Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.



Sugar is sweet.

The sunshine is beautiful.

I drink milk.

He eats rice.

We watch soccer together.

The wood is burning.

Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).

We ate some rice and milk.

I hope to see some sunshine today.

This meat is good.

She does not speak much Spanish.

Do you see any traffic on the road?

That wine is very old.

Do NOT: work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).

[Quiz 2.1]

Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list:

wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato,

wood.

Count Nouns Non-count Nouns

Step3: Possessive Nouns

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Possessive nouns are used to indicate (show, presentation) ownership by adding an apostrophe

(‘), an "s" or both. To make a single noun possessive, simply add an apostrophe and an "s.”

Apple‘s taste Book‘s cover Boss‘s car Cat‘s tuna Computer‘s keyboard

When a plural noun ends with an "s," simply add an apostrophe to make it possessive.

Americans‘ ideals Babies‘ shoes Cabbages‘ nutrition Donors‘ cards Eggs‘ color



Frogs‘ croaking Garages‘ fees My parents‘ house

When a plural noun does not end with an "s," add an apostrophe (‗) and an "s" to make it

possessive.

Women‘s clothes Children‘s toys People‘s ideas Teacher‘s man

If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and s to the second person only. John and Mary‘s new house David and Sue‘s wedding Tom and Nixa‘s car

If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and s for each person. John‘s and Mary‘s new house Jin‘s and Mick‘s books Ben‘s and Jim‘s offices

Step4: Pronouns

Start A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Example story: Mary is one of heads of Toji Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James‘ son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James‘ son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom research and invented a drug for cancer treatment. The story above is written using pronouns:

Mary is one of heads of Toji Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son. Tom is expert in

biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

Personal pronouns:

I go to school.

You are a students

They are Khmers

He works here

The word ―it‖ refers to an object:

I drink it.

I like it.

They cut it into halves.

I don‘t want it.



Memorize the personal pronouns:

Personal pronouns in standard Modern English

[Quiz 3.1]

I. A/ Complete the sentences. Write object pronouns for the nouns in parentheses.(10pt)

1. The teacher told a story. (the children)

2. I give my coat. (the homeless man)

3. I went to show the new brochure. (my female boss)

4. I like to throw the ball. (The dog)

5. The government lent some money. (The businessman)



Step5: Verbs (Be)

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A verbs shows action or a state of being.

I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home

refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.

―Be‖ verbs indicate a state of being.

Verbs must match subjects.

I am a doctor.

He is sleepy.

We are here.

They are students.

Negative sentences need ―not‖ after the verb.

I am not a doctor.

He is not sleepy.

We are not here.

The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.

Am I a doctor?

Is he sleepy?

Are they students?

―Are not‖ or ‗‘is not‘‘ can be shortened to (aren‘t) and (isn‘t).

Remember the variations of ―be‖ verbs:



Step6: Action Verbs

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Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs.

Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subject.

He eats bread.

She walks to the station.

It floats on the sea.

Negative sentences need do not, dose not, or did not.

He doesn‘t eat bread.

She doesn‘t walk to the station.

It didn‘t float on the sea yesterday.

I don‘t like it.

Interrogative sentences being with do, does, did.

Does he eat bread?

Does she walk to the station?

Did it float on the sea yesterday?

Remember the variations of action verbs:



Step7: Adverbs

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Adverbs modify of verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.

The fire engine runs fast.

Listen to his speech carefully.

It rained hard.

An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence.

The news is very surprising!

The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful.

Natural is really amazing!

An adverb modifies another verb in the sentence.

It rains very hard.

Computers run much faster these days.

I clean my room less frequently because I am busy.

Commonly, adjective can be changed to adverbs by adding ―ly‖.

Slow – slowly

Quick- quickly

Comfortable- comfortably

To change adjectives ending in ―y‘ into adverbs, change the ―y‘ to ―i‖ and add ―ly‖.

Happy- happily

Easy- easily

Crazy- crazily



Step8: Adjectives

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Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in fantastic

background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes my tired mind.

Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun.

A pretty girl

Red flowers

A long stick

Heavy boxes

Warm weather

Commonly, adjective of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as un, in, or dis.

Clear—unclear, Happy ---> unhappy

Fair---> unfair

Friendly ---> unfriendly

Important ---> unimportant

Pleasant ---> unpleasant

Popular ---> unpopular

Correct – incorrect, complete – incomplete, expensive – inexpensive.

When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order:

Size / shape + age + color + origin + material.

A big brown house

A small old English desk

A beautiful black Italian leather purse.

Delicious Chinese food

The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.

The old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, etc.

The popular TV show is loved by the old one.



Start9: Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Start

Comparative adjectives mean compare two things. Superlative adjectives mean compare more

than two things.

Commonly, adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in ‗y‘ use ‗er‘ to form comparatives

and ‗est‘ to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in y, change ‗y‘ to ‗i‘ before adding the ‗er‘ or

‗est‘.

Old- older- oldest

Young- younger- youngest

Pretty- prettier- prettiest

Long- longer- longest

Short- short- shorter- shortest

Adjective with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form comparatives

and most to form superlatives.

Respectable- more respectable- most respectable

Beautiful- more beautiful- most beautiful

Preferable- more preferable- most preferable

Hardworking- more hardworking- most hardworking

Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives.

Good- better- best

Bad- worse- worst

Little- less- least

Much (many)- more- most

Far- further- furthest

The word than typically appears comparative sentences.

Amy is smarter than Betty.

Chad is stronger than Dan.

Greg is more diligent than his brother.

I have more apples than he.

She likes him more than me.

Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word the.

Tom is the oldest man in town.

Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood.

That shade of blue is the most beautiful color.

This is the longest song that I have ever heard.



I’m

“I‟m” is an abbreviation from the word „I AM‟. It is used in combination with other words to tell someone

about yourself or to describe something you are doing.

Here are some examples:

“I‟m so tired”

“I‟m confused”

“I‟m happy”

“I‟m twenty three years old”

“I‟m so hungry”

“I‟m so excited”

“I‟m thirsty”

You can also add descriptive words I’m such as:

“I‟m extremely tired.”

“I‟m very happy.”

“I‟m terribly hungry”

“I‟m supper excited”

“I‟m very nervous”

I’m good at

Again, „I‟m‟ is used here as „I am‟. „Good at‟ informs someone what you excel at and are comfortable

doing.


“I‟m good at swimming.”

“I‟m good at driving.”

“I‟m good at reading.”

“I‟m good at writing.”

“I‟m good at math.”

“I‟m good at dancing.”

“I‟m good at video game.”



I’m trying + (verb)

„I am trying‟ informs someone that you are attempting to accomplish something using bodily, mental, or

spiritual strength. By adding a verb to „I‟m trying‟ you are pointing out exactly what it is you are attempting

do.


„I‟m trying to get a job.‟

„I‟m trying to call my family.‟

„I‟m trying to enjoy my dinner.‟

„I‟m trying new food.‟

„I‟m trying to understand.‟

I’m have + (noun)

By using the words „I have’ you are informing someone of something you have possession of or have

acquired.


„I have a car.‟

„I have a house.‟

„I have a computer.‟

„I have phones.‟

I used to + (verb)

“Used to” expresses something that was done in past, and is not usually done now.


„I used to develop websites.‟

„I used to smoke.‟

„I used to live in California.‟

„I used to start work at 6 o‟clock.‟

I have to + (verb)

The word „have to‟ describe something that needs to take place soon. It expresses certainty, necessity, or

obligation.

Here some examples:

„I have to use the telephone.‟



„I have to go.‟

„I have to leave.‟

„I have study.‟

You can also add the word ‘don’t’ to suggest that someone is not required to do something.

„I don‟t have to use the telephone.‟

„I don‟t have to leave.‟

„I don‟t have to go.‟

I would like to + (verb)

This sentence lets someone know what you would be interested in doing. This can be a physical, mental or

verbal action.


„I would like to answer that question.‟

„I would like to explain you.‟

„I would like to say.‟

„I would like to think you.‟

„I would like to practice.‟

I plan to + (verb)

„Plan to‟ describes something that you would like to do in the near future.


„I plan to find a new apartment.‟

„I plan to relax on vacation.‟

„I plan to surprise my parents.‟

„I plan to wish my motorbike.‟

„I plan to save more money.‟

„I plan to marry you.‟

„I plan to learn new things.‟



I’ve decided to + (verb)

„I‟ve‟ is short for „I have‟ and including the word „decided‟ you are stating that you have made a decision or

come to conclusion.


„I‟ve decided to accept the job.‟

„I‟ve decided to complete my degree.‟

„I‟ve decided to change my bad habits.‟

„I‟ve decided to interview for the job.‟

„I‟ve decided to help you move.‟

I didn’t mean to + (verb)

The word „didn‟t‟ is contraction of the verb „did not‟. When using it in sentence with the words „mean to‟

you informing someone that you did something you regret or are sorry for. This could have been a physical,

mental or verbal action.


„I didn‟t mean to hurt your feelings.‟

„I didn‟t mean to call you so late.‟

„I didn‟t mean to lie about what happened.‟

„I didn‟t mean to make you confused.‟

„I did not mean to leave you out.‟

I don’t have time to + (verb)

When adding „have time to‟ you are simply stating that you have other obligations and all other things

considered must wait.


„I don‟t have time to explain.‟

„I don‟t have time to eat.‟

„I don‟t have time to talk.‟

„I don‟t have time to watch my favorite TV show.‟

You can also use the phrase ‘I don’t’ to express things you do not like, things you do not understand,

or things you do not do.


„I don‟t eat meat.‟



„I don‟t like you.‟

„I don‟t understand.‟

„I do not like sport.‟

I promise not to + (verb)

When using the word „promise‟ is you are giving your word that what you are saying is true. You might

also be assuring someone a guarantee that you will follow thru on what are you saying to them.

When using „promise not to‟ you stating you will not do a particular thing.


„I promise not to tell.‟

„I promise not to be so late.‟

„I promise not to wake you up.‟

„I promise not to hurt your feeling.‟

You can also just use the word ‘promise’ to assure someone of your intentions.


„I promise I am telling the truth.‟

„I promise to practice my math.‟

„I promise to call you.‟

„I promise I will come to your party.‟

„I promise I will love only you Tari.‟

I’d rather + (verb)

I‟d is a contraction of the words ‘I had’ or I would.’

When using with the word ‘rather’ you are suggesting you would like to do or prefer one thing more than

another.


„I‟d rather talk about this later.‟

„I‟d rather ski than snowboard.‟

„I‟d like to eat at home than go get fast food.‟

„I would rather exercise than sit on the couch all day.‟

„I would rather know the answer.‟



I can’t help + (verb-ing)

I can‟t help + (verb-ing) refer to communicating something you are unable to control or having a hard time

gaining a grasp for. This can be a physical or mental action.


„I can‟t help thinking about it.‟

„I cannot help shopping so much.‟

„I can‟t help working all the time.‟

„I can‟t help smiling when I see her.‟

„I can‟t help living you.‟

I was busy + (verb-ing)

When using the „was‟, referring to something in the past tense, or something that happened before.

Combining it with the word „busy‟ you can express something that was occupying you in the past time.


„I was busy thinking English.‟

„I was busy eating dinner.‟

„I was busy working.‟

„I was busy cleaning the house.‟

„I was busy learning English.

I’m not used to + (verb-ing)

We are using „not used to‟ to inform someone that you are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with the topic at

hand.


„I‟m not used to talking English.‟

„I‟m not used to studying so much.‟

„I‟m not used to having so much stress.‟

„I am not used to drinking so much.‟

„I‟m not used to working early.‟



I want you to + (verb)

„I want you to‟ is telling someone that you have a desire or would like for them to do something.


„I want you to clean the house.‟

„I want you to educate me.‟

„I want you to come here.‟

„I want you to study hard.‟

By using the word „need‟ instead of „want‟ you to expressing something that in required or wanted.


„I need you to study harder in school.‟

„I need you to introduce me to your family.‟

„I need you to request a refund.‟

„I need you to listen to her.‟

I’m here to + (verb)

You are informing someone that you are at a particular place to accomplish something.


„I‟m here to apply for the job.‟

„I‟m here to receive my gift.‟

„I‟m here to start the job.‟

„I‟m here to pick up you.‟

„I‟m here to take a test.‟

I have something + (verb)

When using the expression „I have something‟ to communicating that you possess something or need to do

something or need to do something that is unspecified or undetermined.


„I have something to complete.‟

„I have something to share with you.‟

„I have something important to tell you.‟

„I have something to explain to you.‟



I’m looking forward to (doing sth)

When you tell someone that you are „looking forward to‟ you are saying that you are waiting or hoping for

something, especially with pleasure.


„I‟m looking forward to meeting you.‟

„I‟m looking toward to talking with you.‟

„I‟m looking toward to going on vocation.‟

„I‟m looking toward to having a family.‟

„I‟m looking forward to graduating college.‟

I’m calling to + (verb)

When you using the words „I‟m calling‟ to stating that you are actually using the phone to call and relay

information.


„I‟m calling to tell you about my girl.‟

„I‟m calling to accept your invitation.‟

„I‟m calling to thank you.‟

„I‟m calling to support your decision.‟

„I‟m calling to book a reservation at your restaurant.‟

I’m sorry to + (verb)

Saying you are „sorry to‟ expresses a feeling of sympathy or regret.


„I‟m sorry to be so late.‟

„I‟m sorry to hear about your sick mother.‟

„I‟m sorry to make you feel so sad.‟

„I‟m sorry to call so late.‟‟

„I‟m sorry to waste your time.‟

„I‟m sorry to end this relationship.‟



I’ll help you + (verb)

This lets you inform someone that you are willing to provide assistance. This could refer to something

physical or mental, like helping someone to „think‟ or „remember‟ something.


„I‟ll help you cook dinner tonight.‟

„I‟ll help you move to your new house.‟

„I‟ll help you stop smoking.‟

„I‟ll help you park your car.‟

„I‟ll help you realize your potential.‟

I’m dying to + (verb)

When using the word „dying‟ in this manner you are referring to wanting or desiring something greatly.


„I‟m dying to relax on the beach.‟

„I‟m dying to pick up some fresh fruit.‟

„I‟m dying to find out if I got the job.‟

„I‟m dying to learn more about you.

It’s my turn to + (verb)

The word „it‟s‟ is a contraction of the words „it is‟. When stating „my turn‟ mean you telling someone that it

is time to change position or position focuses on you.


„It‟s my turn to do laundry.‟

„It‟s my turn to do play.‟

„It‟s my turn to pay for dinner.‟

„It‟s my turn to choose where we eat.‟

„It‟s my turn to attempt solving the problem.‟

„It is my turn to answer the question.‟

„It is my turn to kiss you.‟



It’s hard for me to + (verb)

When saying that something is „hard for me‟ you are informing someone that what you are talking about is

difficult or challenging for you.‟


„It‟s hard for me to love you.‟

„It‟s hard for me to accept what you are telling me.‟

„It‟s hard for me to explain my action.‟

„It‟s hard for me to decide where to go tonight.‟

„It‟s hard for me to depend on you.

I’ve heard that + (subject + verb)

You are letting someone know that you are aware of something or that you have been informed of

something that is taking place. This could be something that has already happened or something happening

in the near future. „I‟ve is a contraction of the words „I have‟.


„I‟ve heard that you have boyfriend.‟

„I‟ve heard that you want to understand right.‟

„I‟ve heard that you like him.‟

„I‟ve heard that you got a new job.‟

„I‟ve heard that your wife is a yoga instructor.‟

„I‟ve heard that you like shopping.‟

Let me + (verb)

„Let me‟ is suggesting that you are asking for permission or an opportunity to do something.


„Let me make my own decisions.‟

„Let me offer to help you.‟

„Let me kiss you.‟

„Let me open the door for you.‟

„Let me go first.‟

„Let me answer now.‟

„Let me make suggestion.‟



Thank you for + (V ing)

Saying „Thank‟ is telling someone you appreciation what they have done. This can either be something they

did for you for you or for something else.


„Thank you for inviting me.‟

„Thank you for loving me.‟

„Thank you for saving her.‟

„Thank you for studying hard.‟

„Thank you for helping me.‟

Can I + (verb)

When ending a sentence with a question mark (?) you are asking the person or people you are talking to a

question for which you would like an answer. Here you are asking permission to do a particular action.


„Can I answer your question?‟

„Can I call you tomorrow?‟

„Can I love you?‟

„Can I do presentation?‟

„Can I complete this later?‟

„Can I eat it?‟

„Can I help you with your homework?‟

„Can I include you in our plan?‟

I’m not sure if (subject + verb)

„I‟m not sure‟ expresses a feeling or uncertainty or lack of confidence on a particular matter.


„I am not sure if they will offer me the job.‟

„I‟m not sure if I can do.‟

„I‟m not sure if it will happen.‟

„I‟m not sure if will mater.‟

„I‟m not sure if we can go out tonight.‟

„I‟m not sure if they let us go.‟



Do you mind if I + (verb)

You are asking someone in the present tense of they object to something you are asking.


„Do you mind if I take a nap?‟

„Do you mind if we leave early?‟

„Do you mind if I love you?‟

„Do you mind if I ask your mom?

You could also use the word ‘would’


„Would you mind if we go out?‟

„Would you mind if they change document?‟

„Would you mind if I tell you?‟

I don’t know what to + (verb)

You are letting someone know that you are not sure about what is being asked. You may also have no

knowledge or opinion on a topic.


„I don‟t know what to eat for dinner.‟

„I don‟t know what to do.‟

„I don‟t know what to say.‟

„I don‟t know what to do for vocation.‟

„I don‟t know what to think.‟

„I do not know what to order.‟

I should have + (past participle)

When using the words „should have‟ you are talking about something in the past that you „ought to‟ or

„might have‟ done.


„I should have gone with you.‟

„I should have studied more for my test.‟

„I should have read the direction before starting.‟

„I should have done homework.‟



I wish I could + (verb)

You are expressing a desire to do something.


„I wish I could sing better.‟

„I wish I could do it next time.‟

„I wish I could remember his name.‟

„I wish I could play outside.‟

„I wish I could be good student.‟

You’re supposed to + (verb)

„You‟re‟ from the words „you are‟ when using „You‟re‟ with the words „supposed to‟ you are making a

suggestion that something you strongly believe ought to happen.


„You‟re supposed to keep that secret.‟

„You‟re supposed to let me know when you leave.‟

„You‟re supposed to remain calm.‟

„You‟re supposed to invite all your friends.‟

„You‟re supposed to stop when at a red light.‟

You’d better + (verb)

„You‟d‟ is a contraction of „you had‟ or „you would‟. You are making a suggestion to someone for a

particular action.


„You‟d better exercise.‟

„You‟d better help out.‟

„You‟d better listen to your parents.‟

„You had better change your attitude.‟

„You would be good at teaching.‟

„You would do well at math.‟



Are you trying to + (verb)

You are asking about someone if they are attempting to do something. This can be something mentally or

physically.


„Are you trying to ignore me?‟

„Are you trying to love me?‟

„Are you trying to offer your help?‟

„Are you trying to remember her name?‟

„Are you trying to manage your money?‟

Please + (verb)

„Please‟ is generally used in a polite request when asking someone to do something.


„Please pass me salt.‟

„Please stand back.‟

„Please wait outside.‟

„Please do it now.‟

„Please study hard.‟

„Please come early.‟

The word ‘Please’ can also mean to give enjoyment or satisfaction to.

Here some examples:

„May it please the court to admit this into evidence?‟

„You cannot please everyone all the time.‟

„She was pleased with the dress.‟

„He every happy together please don‟t go now.‟

What do you think about (verb-ing)

This question asked someone their opinion about a topic.


„What do you think about having a cup of tea with me?‟

„What do you think about loving me now?



„What do you think about studying tomorrow?‟

„What do you think about waiting in line for tickets?

„What do you think about planning for vocation?‟

„What do you think about sailing?‟‟

„What do you think about living in a new city?‟

Why don’t we + (verb)

When we use „why‟ you are asking a question that involves yourself and the person you are talking to.


„Why don‟t we go now?‟

„Why don‟t we play a game of chess?‟

„Why don‟t we save more money?‟

„Why don‟t we try and do it again?‟

„Why don‟t we earn more money?‟

It’s too bad that

„Too bad‟ means regrettable or unfortunate. When using in it sentence you are expressing a concern or

regret for what has taken place. This topic being discussed could have happened to you, the person you are

talking to, or someone or something else.


„It‟s too bad that she lost her job.‟

„It‟s too bad that you have to go.‟

„It‟s too bad that she got hurt.‟

„It‟s too bad that you do not understand.

„It‟s too bad that I found out about it.‟

That’s why + (subject + verb)

Here you are telling someone „because of this‟ or therefore.‟


„That‟s why people admire you.‟

„That‟s why she loves you.‟

„That‟s why she appears so happy.‟

„That‟s why you fail to understand.‟



It’s time to + (verb)

You are let someone know that something is required to be done at the present time.


„It‟s time to say goodbye.‟

„It‟s time to ask for raise.‟

„It‟s time to enjoy ourselves.‟

„It‟s time to collect our money.‟

„It‟s time to leave here.‟

„It is time to study English.‟

The point is that + (subject + verb)

By stating „the point is‟ you are stating in your opinion the meaning about what is actually happing.


„The point is that if you study will do well in school.‟

„The point is that she does not understand.‟

„The point is that we should help.‟

„The point is that we need to work together.‟

„The point is that she needs to be more responsible.‟

How much does it cost to + (verb)

You are simply asking how much you would need to pay to do something.


„How much does it cost to fly to Europe?‟

„How much does it cost to play a round of golf?‟

„How much does it cost to join a gym?‟

„How much does it cost to go by bus?‟

„How much does it cost to repair my car?‟

„How much would it cost to wash my car?‟

„How much would it cost to rent a house?‟

How come + (subject + verb)

When using „how come‟ you are asking why a particular thing has or had to take place.




„How come parents worry so much?‟

„How come he will not call you?‟

„How come people carpool to work?‟

„How come you are so upset?‟

„How come you go so fast?‟

„How come you stay so late?‟

„How come you cannot make a decision?‟

What are the chances of + (verb-ing)

By asking „what are the chances of‟ you are wondering how often or in what case would a particular thing

happen.


„What are the chances of getting tickets?‟

„What are the chances of winning the lottery?‟

„What are the chances of that happening?‟

When replacing the word ‘the’ with ‘your’ or ‘our’ you can ask what the chances ‘personally’ that

the topic will happen.


„What are the chances of you staying home today?‟

„What are your chances of improving?‟

„What are our chances of staying together?‟

„What are our chances of going together?‟

„What are the chances of you to leaving now?‟

Let’s not + (verb)

The word „let‟s‟ is formed from the words „let us‟. Here you are requesting that something not take place at

this moment or that what is happening needs to be contained or lessened.


„Let‟s not discuss this now.‟

„Let‟s not stay here too long.‟

„Let‟s not stop anywhere on the way.‟



„Let‟s not get too excited.‟

„Let us not interrupt them when they are talking.‟

„Let us help you.‟

„Let us get that for you.‟

There’s (is) no need to + (verb)

When expressing „no need‟ you are stating that the action does not need to take place.


„There‟s no need to worry.‟

„There‟s no need to go.‟

„There‟s no need to love.‟

„There‟s no need to be upset.‟

„There‟s no need to rush off.‟

„There‟s no need to talk now.‟

„There is no need to call this late.‟

It takes + (time) + to + (verb)

You are letting someone know how long it will take to do a particular thing.

„It takes one hour to get there.‟

„It takes forty-five minutes for me to get ready.‟

„It takes years to learn to play guitar.‟

„It takes 15 minutes to get to downtown.‟

„It takes 7 seconds for my car to go 60 miles per hour.‟

„It takes one hour to cook.‟

Please make sure that + (subject + verb)

You are asking someone to make sure that a particular thing happens or takes place.


„Please make sure that she wakes up on time.‟

„Please make sure that she gets to school.

„Please make sure that dinner is ready when we get home.‟

„Please make sure that we leave on time.‟



There’s no way + (subject + verb)

There‟s‟ is contraction of the words „there is‟. By stating „there‟s no way‟ you are relaying a thought of

doubt about an event taking place now or in the future.


„There‟s no way you finish on time.‟

„There‟s no way she loves you.‟

„There‟s no way he can fix it.‟

„There is no way we can go.‟

„There is no way that horse jumps it.‟

It’s very kind of you to + (verb)

When you say it is „kind of you‟ you are saying that what someone has done or said was very appreciated or

welcomed.


„It‟s very kind of you to listen to me.‟

„It‟s very kind of you to love me.‟

„It‟s very kind of you to help her.‟

„It‟s very kind of you to pay for our party.‟

„It is very kind of you to join us.‟

„It is very kind of you to inform us what happened.‟

„It is very kind of you to tell me.‟

„It is very kind of you to invite us.‟



Words start from (Don’t = Do not)



The structure use to ask ‘How so you sleep?’

1. To sleep well

Did you sleep well last night?

2. To be awake all night = To have insomnia

I‟m a bit tired today because I had insomnia last night.

3. To take a siesta

Some people usually take a siesta after their lunch time.

4. To sleep profoundly

He always sleeps profoundly when he works late.

5. To get out of bed = To get up

What time do you usually get up?

6. To wake someone up

Don‟t forget to wake me up at 6:30 because I have a meeting at 7:30 AM in the morning.

7. To go to bed = To go to sleep

What time do you always go to bed?

8. To go to bed late

If you go to bed late, you will get sick when you get up.

9. To go to bed early

If you don‟t want to miss the bus tomorrow, you have to bed early tonight.

10. To sleep with legs stretched out



He likes sleeping with legs stretched out.

11. To dream about somebody = To dream of somebody

Don‟t forget to dream of me tonight!

Full meaning of words:

FAMILY means: Father And Mother I Love You.

Why does a man want to live a wife?

Because WIFE means:

1. Washing

2. Ironing

3. Food

4. Entertainment

Why does a woman want to have a husband?

Because Husband means:

1. Housing

2. Understanding

3. Sharing

4. Buying

5. And

6. Never

7. Demanding

Do you know that simple ‘HELLO’ can be a simple sweet one?

The word ‘HELLO’ means:

H = How are you?

E = Everything all right?

L = Like to hear from you.

L = Love to see you soon.

O = Obviously, I miss you ……………………..so!

Don’t forget to send these sweet messages to the ones you really love

and care!

REGULAR / IRREGULAR VERBS



The English language uses both regular and irregular verbs. When forming the past tense or the

present/past perfect tense of these verbs, we use different methods.

To form the past tense of a regular verb ending with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), add a d to the word. To form the

present/past perfect tense, add a d plus a helping verb (have, had, or has).

For example, the verb share ends with the vowel e. share = present tense shared (share + d) =

past tense had shared (had + share + d) = past perfect tense (have is the helping verb).

If the regular verb ends with a consonant, add ed for the past tense. Add ed plus a helping verb for the

present/past perfect tense.

For example, the verb pour ends with the consonant r. pour = present tense poured (pour + ed)

= past tense have poured (have + pour + ed) = present perfect tense

(If you need help understanding tense, please ask a CWC instructor for a handout on definition of tense.)

Unlike regular verbs, irregular verbs do not follow a pattern. You must memorize them.

Unlike regular verbs, irregular verbs do not follow a pattern. You must memorize them.

For example, the irregular verb see has three principal parts: see, saw, seen.

I see the stars= present tense

I saw the stars= past tense

I have seen the stars= present perfect tense



V1

Base Form

V2

Past Simple

V3

Past Participle

awake awoke awoken

be was, were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bid bid bid

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burned or burnt burned or burnt

buy bought bought

catch caught caught



choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed or dreamt dreamed or dreamt

drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven



freeze froze frozen

get got got (sometimes gotten)

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

learn learned or learnt learned or learnt

leave left left



lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

sell sold sold

send sent sent



show showed showed or shown

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent

stand stood stood

swim swam swum

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

understand understood understood

wake woke woken

wear wore worn



Let’s sing songs together combining with Khmer words

How do I live without you?

Oh! My god អ ើយ meet គនា អៅអ ើយ

Why បរែជាឃលា ត អតើ you know អេ

My heart ចអអៀត because you ឃលា ត

ចាកឆងា យ from me!

This life រាថនា love បតចរណៃ

I មនែ វ beside អនេះអេ

គសមបត one that រែមាសអម

Come រែរមអសា with me until មរណា

អតើ every day you know អេណលា ថន I សសណម see បតភតរតា

ដកជាែកា eyes រជាែ full កាយយា

Please tell មកណា ថន you love me

This word is ពត I មនរែឌត

Speak ភតភរអ ើយ if you ានល

Please អមតា អាើយ don't អៅកអនាើយ

Make me ឈណា។

win won won

write wrote written



Conversation

skill



Sector: Business

Career of teaching English language!

អាជពនៃការបងរៀៃភាសាអរងលេស!

Sopha: I have heard that to be a teacher of English language is a good job? Right?

Kosal: Of course, however you need some other special skills.

Sopha: What skill do they need to have?

Kosal: They must be 1) PATIENT, 2) WELL-SPEAKING, 3) POLITE, 4) and

ENTHUSIASTIC.

Sopha: Is that all you want to say: manner, character, habit, behavior, move, & nature?

Kosal: They must also be 1) CLEVER. 2) FLEXIBLE. 3) MODEST. 4) and EDUCATION.

Sopha: Do they need some management, marketing or commercial skills?

Kosal: They must know how to do a1) FAIR COMPETITION. 2) GOOD

ADVERTISEMENT. 3) ORAL or LEAFLET PROPAGANDA. 4) PULLING POPULARITY.

5) MARKET RESARCH.

Sopha: Do they need to have a high knowledge of English language?

Kosal: Exactly, they need to speak English ―FLUENTLY‖ explain grammar ―CLEARLY‖

know over ―10,000 WORDS‖ as vocabulary, write ―PERFECTLY‖ & have long-term

―EXPERIENCE‖.

Sopha: What else do they need to have?

Kosal: They must have a ―GOOD PLACE‖ to teach and ―GOOD PRICE‖ for learning

free.

Sopha: Don‘t they need to look old in order to attract students?

Kosal: Of course, they also need to do something to look like an aged man, so that he

will have many students.

Sopha: It means that when a teacher of English language looks young, he will have

many students to come and learn with him. Right?

Kosal: Exactly! And these private teachers could earn from about $20 averagely a day.

Sopha: Some people say they can earn US$100 or US$200 a day. Is that right?



Kosal: Well, some teachers like teacher Peng Ly near CAO DAI area can earn about $500

a day, Dareth can earn over $200 a day, Dara and Johnson can earn about $100 a day, but

Savon can earn $30 a day.

Sopha: Do you think that they are all famous, long-term, and good teachers?

Kosal: Yes, they are old teachers, and when they have taught English long, they become

famous but they are not really better than the other new teachers who have high

diplomas.

Sopha: But Khmer students do not care the teachers who have many diplomas. Right?

Kosal: That is why they have spent so many years to have good knowledge of English

skill.

Sopha: This also depends on the good fate of these teachers too… I have heard!



Sector: Business

What do Working Manners mean?

អតើចរតលកខៃៈការងារមាននយដចអមាច?

Bopha: Are working Manners the factory of success in our job?

Kosal: Yes, they are like ―BODY &BREATH‖ or human beings.

Bopha: What do working Manners include?

Kosal: They include: 1) STYLE OF WORK. & 2) ATTITUDE OF WORK.

Bopha: What do they affect our daily work?

Kosal: They can stabilize or develop our daily work.

Bopha: What is the first method or WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: First of all. You must ―RESPECT DISCIPLINE OF THE COMPANY‖.

Bopha: What is the second method of WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: Second, you must ―WEAR CLEAN IN FORMAL STYLE‖.

Bopha: What is the third method of WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: Third, you must ―TRY TO WORK FOR DEVELOPMENT, BUT MUST BE

MODEST‖

Bopha: What is the fourth method of WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: Fourth, you must ―INCREASE PROFESSIONAL SKILLS & FIND OUT

SECRET.‖

Bopha: What is the fifth method of WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: Fifth, you must have ―HUMOROUS OR JOKING CHARACTER &FUNNY

MIND.‖

Bopha: What is the sixth method of WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: Sixth, you must have POLITE, SELF-RESPECTFUL, CIVILIZED & CLEAN.

Bopha: What is the seventh method of WORKING MANNERS?

Kosal: Seventh, you must be ―CALM, MODERATE, ACTIVE, & ENTHUSIASTIC.‖



Bopha: Are they all I need to learn in the WORKING MANNERS

Kosal: Yes, these are seven golden method for you bright working future.

Bopha: Thank you for your explanation.

Sector: Business

Are overseas Khmer rich or poor? ង ើខមែរងៅងៅបងេសមាៃឬរ?

Bopha: How many overseas Cambodians are there in the world?

Kosal: According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there are about ONE MILLION

overseas Khmer.

Bopha: What countries are they living now?

Kosal: They are mostly living at the USA, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand,

Japan, etc. About 20 nations in the world.

Bopha: Are their living conditions there rich or poor?

Kosal: OK! They are fair and I can say that most of them are poor.

Bopha: What kind of jobs do they work in these countries?

Kosal: They work as servants, cleaners, workers, and mechanics. Do small businesses,

etc.

Bopha: Are they working very hard to get their salaries?

Kosal: Yes, they work like slaves. They must work about 10 to 14 hours a day. Go at 6

come at 5 Pm.

Bohpa: How much money do they send their families in Cambodia each year?

Kosal: The latest statics have to show that they send yearly to their families about

US$60 million.

Bopha: How many overseas Khmers still maintain their Cambodia nationality?

Kosal: About 40 percent of them and only around 17 percent of them are intellectuals.

Bopha: What is their total income yearly?

Kosal: Their total income yearly in G-7 countries is about US$ 2 billion.

Bopha: In 1993 till now, how many of them have come back to Cambodians have

returned to visit Cambodia?



Kosal: About 437,000 overseas Cambodians have during the past 7 years after the 1993

election.

Bopha: In each Khmer New Year, how many of them have come back to Cambodia?

Kosal: In 1999 Khmer New Year, about 10,000 have come back to pass their happy

days.

Bopha: What percentages of them are successful in their lives abroad?

Kosal: Only 2 percent are successful. The remaining is living in fair, poor & difficult

condition.

Bopha: Are there respected by the original people?

Kosal: No, they are looked down & considered as mostly lazy people in the world.

Bopha: Why so? Can you explain more detail?

Kosal: Because most of them take social welfare allowance, and don‘t like to work so

much.

Bopha: This show that the overseas lives are not ―A GOLDEN PLACE‖ at all.

Sector: Business

Why do you fail in the interview?

ង ើងេ អវបាៃជាអនរបរាជយរនរការសភាសៃ?

Bopha: What does the interviewer need from the applications?

Kosal: They need you to show clearly the qualification they are looking for.

Bopha: Why does he need to do like this?

Kosal: Because sometimes the requirement of job is beyond your knowledge, skills, &

education.

Bopha: Can we go for the interview without knowing anything about the company?

Kosal: No, if you don‘t know anything about the company, it means that you don‘t

care about the company you will work for.

Bopha: What do we do then?



Kosal: We need to do a small research about the company you will go for an interview

such as about LOCATION, NAME OF COMPANY, REPUTATION, MARKET

OF FIRM, etc.

Bopha: It means that before getting ―MARRIED‖ we need to know well about your

lover!?

Kosal: Right, that is why you cannot ignore all these factors before you give your

future & cause to them.

Bopha: If the interviewer is the representative of ―CALTEX‖ can we say that we

always in buy ―TOTAL‖ gasoline?

Kosal: No, you not must show out something which is the product of the enemy

to the interviewer‘s.

Bopha: Can the applicant say that ―I CAN DO EVERYTHING YOU GIVE ME?‖

Kosal: No, saying like it means that you have no clear and firm standpoint and too

easy to do your job ―USELESS‖.

Bopha: In the interview, can we ask back some questions to the interviewer?

Kosal: Yes, you must do like this to show that you care about your interests &

intention with responsibility.

Bopha: What should we ask them about?

Kosal: We should ask them about working hours, OT problem, salary, allowances,

leave, etc.

Bopha: Does the interviewer check us by questions?

Kosal: Sure, they can test you by your ―ANSWER, SPEECHES, MOVES &

APPEARANCES‖.

Bopha: What else do they ask us?

Kosal: One in a while, they ask us about ―REFERENCES or FRIENDS.‖

Bopha: Why do they ask us about our friends?

Kosal: Because if your friends is good. You are also ―GOOD‖ they can judge you

by your ―FRIENDS‖

Bopha: So they also want to know about our ―HOBBY, RECREATION, INTEREST,

and MOVE …‖



Kosal: And you ATTITUDE, POSSIBILITY, KNOWLEDGE, EDUCATION, SKILL,

MANNER.

Sector: Education

Learning is never too old! ការងរៀៃមៃខែលល ពអាយងេ!

Bopha: Which do you have in your own home, cooker, refrigerator, computer or video?

Kosal: I have computer and refrigerator at home. But I do n0t have cooker or video.

Bopha: Which one do you think that it is very important for your life?

Kosal: I think that cooker and computer.

Bopha: Why do you think that cooker and computer are important?

Kosal: Because cooker is for food and computer is for education.

Bopha: Why is education so important in Cambodia?

Kosal: Because no education means no jobs.n0 jobs means no money.no money means

death.

Bopha: At what age do they start to work?

Kosal: Cambodians start working at the age of 20 and they work very hard at 25 or30.

Bopha: What do you do in class?

Kosal: I learn all subjects and listen to the explanation of my teachers.

Bopha: What do you do in the evening?

Kosal: I go to private class of English language. I go home at 7: 30pm.

Bopha: Do Cambodians people have along holiday?

Kosal: No they have a short holiday but have a short holiday very often.

Bopha: Does Cambodia have many festivals every year?

Kosal: Yeah, it seems Cambodia has two or three festivals a month throughout a year.

Bopha: How do they spend their weekend‘s 0r holiday?



Kosal: They stay together to take a visit here or there and eat together outside.

Bopha: Are Cambodian people like school or pagodas?

Kosal: Yes, children like schools, adults like offices ,and the elderly like pagodas.

Bopha: What do robbers like in Cambodia?

Kosal: They like girls, gambling‟s, money, and death.

Bopha: How about prostitutes?

Kosal: They like money, love, fucking, HIV, and die.

Sector: Education

FOR YOUR BETTER FUTURE _SPEAKING!

សរាបអនាល ខែលលអ បងសើររបសអនរ_ការៃយាយ

Bopha: Does Cambodia have marts or supermarket?

Kosal: No, Cambodia has only markets or small supermarket. However, It has some

shops.

Bopha: Cambodian people take a bath in their bathroom or in the rice fields?

Kosal: City people do in bathroom and province people in ridge field.

Bopha: Are Cambodian people clean or dirty?

Kosal: Most of Cambodian people are clean, but some are ―DIRTY‖.

Bopha: Do Cambodian people drink boiled water, pure water, or faucet water?

Kosal: They drink boiled water and pure water.

Bopha: Do Cambodian people clean their ―SHIT‖ by water or by hand-tissues?

Kosol: They mostly clean their shit by hand-tissues or ‗‘HAND and WATER‘‘

Bopha: Do Cambodians like reading books?

Kosal: No they like watching TV or listen to the radio.

Bopha: Are Cambodian people good businessmen?

Kosal: No, they are very bad in doing business, but very good in working.

Bopha: What do foreign tourists like to do in Cambodia?

Kosal: They like to see the ancient temples in Siem Reap and Cambodian food.



Bopha: Do they look for ―KHMER GIRLS ANDGAMBLING‖ too?

Kosal: Some of them like Khmer girls and very few like gambling.

Bopha: Where do they go to in Cambodia?

Kosal: They like going to the beach at Sihanouvill and seeing the Temples in Siem

Reap.

Bopha: What do they like doing?

Kosal: They like swimming, hiking, leaning, eating, and playing.

Bopha: What is the difference between Cambodia a foreign countries?

Kosal: Cambodia has everything pure and natural while the other countries are fake

and artificial.

Bopha: Thank for your explanation, Kosal.

Sector Business

People, Life, Earth, and Everything!

បជាជៃ ជវ ខែៃែ ងេើយអវៗទរអស!

Bopha: Do Cambodians get married or live together or live together without marriage?

Kosal: Cambodians get marriage before living together. They could not be against the

rule of traditional.

Bopha: Do they get a lot of divorce?

Kosal: No, they don‘t get a divorce. But they get more CONCUBINES.

Bopha: Do they spend money by cash or credit cards?

Kosal: They spend their money by cash, no credit cards at all.

Bopha: When Cambodians have a lot money, what do they do?

Kosal: They keep at home. Most of them don‘t trust the banks.

Bopha: Do Cambodians spend a lot money of save a lot?

Kosal: They save a lot. But very few spend their money because earning money is very

important here.

Bopha: Do they like buying BRAND-NEW or SECOND-HAND clothes?



Kosal: They like buying second hand clothes.

Bopha: Which one do you like a car or motorbike?

Kosal: I like a care because I have a motorbike ready.

Bopha: Are you happy to live with your parents and your sibling?

Kosal: Yes, because I can study a lot.

Kosal: Do you feel sorry when you do something wrong?

Kosal: Of course, I always say to myself that I IWILL NOT DO THAT AGAIN AT ALL.

Bopha: Have you got a good education and a good teacher?

Kosal: Yes, I am very proud of these things.

Bopha: Do Cambodians women have freedom?

Kosal: They can do everything they like until they get marriage.

Bopha: Why can‘t they do anything free when they are married?

Kosal: Because they must listen to their husbands to protect happiness in their

families.

Bopha: At what age do Cambodian children go to school?

Kosal: When they are six years old. Before this time, they are in kindergartens.

Bopha: Does Cambodia have child-houses?

Kosal: Yes, but very few, not over 20 ones across the n

Bopha: How to work scientifically & communication?

Bopha: Can you tell how to work scientifically and organize my work in order?

Kosal: Yes, you should try to look before ―A JOB‖ to do, ―DON‘T WHAT‖ for job or

your boss to tell you.

Bopha: What is the second way?

Kosal: On Mondays, you should ―PLAN‖ on your ―CALENDAR‖ for your whole-

week. Avoiding the confusion that don‘t know what you should do first and

what you do later.

Bopha: What is the third method?



Kosal: When your boss give you a ―WORK‖ you should write on your small notebook

carefully & clearly.

Bopha: What is the fourth style?

Kosal: Don‘t try to work any kinds of work which is beyond/over ―RESPONSIBILITY‖

although you can that work, except the assignment made by your direct

supervisor or your boss.

Bopha: What is the last method?

Kosal: You must not learnt, but always show your flexibility in your assigned work.

When you don‘t understand your work, you can ―ASK‖ your boss again clearly

to avoid doing wrong work.

Bopha: Do you know how to make communications with colleagues?

Kosal: Yeah! First of all you must be ―HAPPY, EQUAL, WARM‖ with colleagues in

medium level.

Bopha: What is the second way?

Kosal: You must not ―ACT HIGH &MIGHTY‖, boast so much yourself and look down

everybody else.

Bopha: What is the third method?

Kosal: You must know how to ―LISTEN TO‖ the idea or opinions of your colleagues.

Bopha: What is the fourth style?

Kosal: Don‘t be today to your boss/supervisor/superior, but don‘t forget to follow their

―GOOD‖ points.

Bopha: What‘s the fifth manner?

Kosal: You must wear clean and polite clothes, fast-flexible and clever working

manner.

Bopha: Right! You are perfect in your daily work?

Kosal: I will tell you more and more about your future work.



Reading, Speaking andListening skills

Taught by: Mr. Sreng Kua (Bed, TEFL)

Reading Statements



1. The 21st century has begun

The 21st century has begun. What changes do you think this new century

will bring? Use examples and details in your answer. Man, through the

ages, has undergone many changes from the time when he depicted a herd

of mammoths on the walls of his cave to these days when he can create

beautiful pictures and even make coffee by use of computer technologies

without leaving his favorite chair. The 20th century made huge steps in

developing computer technologies and reached many goals that made our

life much easier. What should we expect in the 21st century?

First of all, I think that the pace of our life will speed up: we will move faster

from one place to another, from one continent to another using high speed

jet airplanes. Second of all, I believe that we will be able to do many things

that take much time now without leaving our house. Computers will be

everywhere including out clothes. Many people will have chips and mini

computers inserted in their heads to hold huge amount of information and

have a quick access to it.

But what will be the most amazing thing in the 21st century is the flights to

the outer space and Mars that will be available to all people. Scientists say

that Mars has many things similar to the Earth's. Moreover, they say that

with the help of modern technology people can artificially create conditions

that will allow people to live there on the constant basis. To sum up, I am

sure that many amazing changes will be brought by the 21st century.

Furthermore, I think that with the help of the contemporary technologies

people can do many things that were even difficult to imagine a century ago.

So, nowadays it is rather difficult and even impossible to imagine all

changes that will happen in the next decades.



2. Advertising encourages

Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do

not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that

may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific

reasons and examples to support your answer. I think that everyone can

divide all advertising products and services into useless ones and useful

ones. It is like looking through an information desk when you pay

attention to those messages that interest you. Take me for example.

I do not like jewelry. It does not mean I do not have it at all, I have a couple

of inexpensive rings as gifts from my parents. I just think, people pay too

much attention to this stuff. I believe it is the result of mass advertising.

Every day when I am watching TV, listening to the radio or reading the

paper I notice many ads about getting an expensive ring, chain, necklace or

ear-rings. From my point of view these kinds of advertising contaminate

people's minds. In this case you are encouraged to buy things you do not

really need. They make you believe you need such products in order to

succeed or be happy.

From the other side, I think that advertisements of the new detergents with

up-to-date formulas to help you maintain your cloth in perfect conditions,

the new cars with some extra futures that make your traveling more

comfortable and sports goods that make your life healthier may help you to

improve your life.

Recently my husband and I saw an ad on the Internet about a very

interesting and inexpensive vocation to Japan for a week. Is not it awesome?

We like traveling. So now we are planning to find out more about it and,

may be, make reservations. I belief that without advertisements we would be

unaware about plenty of opportunities that may make your life happier,

easier and less stressful.

My point is that every person has his own scale of values. So if he is

vegetarian he will consider an ad about meat products useless for him.



3. Statement about a country

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can

tell you a lot about a country. Use specific reasons and examples to

support your answer. Every country has its own culture and traditions.

There is no doubt that an advertising campaign conducted in Russia will

not have the same affect here in the United States. Let us take for

example advertisement of food and restaurants.

A huge amount of fast food stands suggest their services for breakfast,

lunch, dinner and supper here in Houston. The competition is very strong.

Every week you get in your mail-box an envelope with different types of

discounts in exchange for visiting them or ordering pizza. Watching TV you

are also from time to time invited to visit a restaurant in order to taste some

delicious food. It is not because it is easy to make money cooking but

because the demand for such service is high. First of all, people like to go out

sometimes to have dinner with friends. Second of all, it is often impossible to

drive home for lunch. It can be time consuming.

As for Russia, it is a great tradition to have dinner at home with the family

and go to the restaurant for big holidays. Additionally fast food is not

popular in Russia. So you will see advertisements of yogurts, coffee, dairy

products and juice instead of restaurants and fast food stands.

In conclusion I would like to add that in order to succeed in advertising

campaign especially on the international market company must know

traditions, language and history of the country.



4. A gifts

A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a

child’s development. What gift would you give to help a child develop?

Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice. People

learn and develop throughout their entire lives. I think that in our modern

world it is very essential to be familiar with computer technology. So, if I

had a chance to give a child a gift it would be a computer. I think that

computers play an essential role in our lives and they bring many benefits

to our society. Moreover, children can learn by use of computers. In the

following paragraphs I will give my reasons to support my answer.

First of all, by use of computers children can play many games, which help

to improve children's ability to think logically, think about their next step,

etc. Moreover, playing games develop many important qualities such as

attention, patience, persistent, etc. Second of all, computers help children to

learn more about anything by use of Internet. They can find new friends

even from another country. Children will improve their communication

skills, gain more knowledge and experience. Also, children have a great

opportunity to learn more about other countries, their history, traditions and

customs. Finally, computer skills can help a child to find his or her first job.

A child can find an ad in the Internet about a job offer or he or she can make

a resume and place it in the Internet. Personally, I think it is a great

experience and big step forward towards a future career.

In addition to those practical benefits, computer technology helps children to

do their homework faster. They can type their data into the computer, easily

check the grammar, correct mistakes and then print it out. Moreover, there

are plenty different kinds of educational programs that can help children

learn how to read, write, draw and even how to behave and speak a foreign

language.

To sum up, I believe that children should learn how to use computer because

this knowledge will help them in the future to be more self-confident and

enterprising. Furthermore, computers can greatly improve and simplify their

lives if children know how to use them.



5. Live in a traditional house or in a

modern apartment

Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a modern apartment

building? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice. If I was

asked where I would I prefer to live in a traditional house or in a modern

apartment building, I think, I would hesitate to answer. This question,

from my point of view, is a controversial one. In the following paragraphs

I will analyze both these options and present my view.

From the one side, living in a modern apartment building brings many

benefits. First of all, it is cheaper then living in a traditional house and

paying different kinds of fees I am not familiar with. For instance, my friend,

who recently bought a new house for his family, said me that it is much

easier to live in an apartment and I tend to believe him when I see his bills.

So, living in an apartment will definitely help me to save some money.

Second of all, since I live alone I do not need a big house with many rooms. I

just need a bedroom and a living room where I can take my guests and have

my work place. Another important benefit of living in an apartment is that I

will not have to buy much cumbersome furniture in order to furnish all

rooms.

However, living in a modern apartment building can have a few

disadvantages too. Firstly, it can be noisy and, secondly, I will not have any

privacy outside my apartment, for example, in a pool or gym.

From the other side, living in a traditional house have some advantages too.

For example, I can have my own pool, gym and a garden where I can relax

and be alone. However, living in a house is usually more expensive and

requires more time to maintain a house. For instance, I will most likely have

to hire someone to mow my lawn and clean my pool not to mention all

household tasks inside the house.

In conclusion, I think at this moment I would prefer to live in an apartment.

It can help me save some money and allows me to spend more time

studying because I will not have to do many household tasks.



6.The opportunity to study

If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to

study, what would you choose? Explain your choice, using specific reasons

and details. If I would have the opportunity to study a subject I do not

know yet I would choose to study the outer space. I have a Bachelor

degree in Management and I like to have the possibilities to work in this

field. However, I was always interested in the space exploration.

I think, it is a very interesting and challenging job to work on a space ship,

gathering different kinds of information, probes and specimens. Many

people think that these kinds of experiments are a waste of money and time.

Nevertheless, I believe that humankind is making steps forward by

domesticating space. We need to know what is beyond our solar system. We

need to know what is beyond our universe.

Another important aspect of studding the space is that scientists are always

about to make new discoveries there and they do them. I think it is a great

feeling to give people new knowledge, opportunities and experience.

Scientists often find and study new constellations, they launch satellites and

monitor them from land.

When I was a child I collected stamps and cards with a space subject and I

dreamed that someday I would be able to make a flight into an outer space.

However, my plans changed but my dream has not vanished. I believe that

in a few years people will be able to visit the space just like they go to a

museum now.

To sum up, I think that studding a space would give me self-realization,

more opportunities to grow and more goals to achieve.



7.Not everything that is learned

It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.”

Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge

gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important?

Why? People are learning and practicing through their entire life. I

believe that life experience and practice are the basic reasons of the

humankind's evolution. However, in my opinion, knowledge gained from

books plays a very important role in the modern life.

The most obviously important advantage of books is that they hold all

knowledge gained by previous generations. People write books about their

discoveries and inventions, which are gained through practice and

experience. This knowledge is accumulated in books that are passed from

generation to generation. So, basically, people get all knowledge about the

previous achievements from books, analyze it and then, according to their

experience and new data, write new books. In this case, books are the

holders of humankind's experience.

For example, at old times people thought that the Earth was flat. It was

concluded from observations and studying. However, the next generations,

using the experience of their ancestors, proved that the Earth was round.

Personally, I think that books are very important because they are able to

give people the basic and fundamental knowledge. Books store history, the

important events and discoveries. Without them it is difficult and sometimes

impossible to move forward, make new discoveries and inventions.

To summarize, I think a person should take basic knowledge from books

because it will help him to make his own inventions, conclusions and

discoveries. Only using both books and one‘s experience one can move

forward.



8.The qualities are important

What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use

specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.

Many people have to work under somebody's supervision. In most cases

an employee does not choose his or her boss, unless a supervisor is

elected. In the following paragraphs I will list the most important

qualities of my "ideal boss".

First of all, he must be impartial. I believe that it is very important to make a

technical decision, think about somebody's promotion, etc. impartially. For

instance, my friend is a supervisor on a dairy mill. It is his family's business

so a lot of his relatives work there. But he never promotes someone because

he or she is his family. I think it is a good quality for a boss.

Second of all, my "ideal boss" must be honest, patient and attentive. He

should pay attention to people's feelings, encourage them by increasing their

salary, listen to their suggestions about improving labor conditions and

productivity. For instance, if he does not satisfied with the result he should

understand the origin of the problem and explain people how to fix it. In

addition, he must know how to solve conflicts that can arise between

employees.

Another important quality of a boss is the ability to choose the right

decisions and to learn on somebody's mistakes.

Finally, I think a good boss must value his or her employees because the

profit directly depends on the people who work there.

In conclusion, I think a good boss should be able to make his people enjoy

the work they are doing and encourage their diligence.



9.Advantages and disadvantages of establishing

a new university

The government has announced that it plans to build a new university.

Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the

university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a

new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion. I

think it is a great idea to build a new university in my community. However,

I think it is a controversial question whether the building of a new university

will bring only benefits to our community. In this essay I will analyze

advantages and disadvantages of this issue and present my view in favor of

establishing a new university in my community.

From the one side, establishing a new university in my community brings

many benefits. First of all, a new construction means more job opportunities.

I think it would be good for my community because many people have to

spend much time driving to their work day in and day out because they

could not find a job in our neighborhood. Second of all, a new university is a

good chance to meet new people and I like this opportunity. Many students

will live in our community. Finally, if a new university is built in my

community there is a big chance that I will be willing to enroll in it. I think it

is great because it is not far from my place and I do not have to move to

another part of the city. Another important aspect of this is that people from

my community will have a chance to use new libraries and facilities of a new

university. For example some people can take courses and classes there.

From the other side, building a new university can bring some

disadvantages. A new construction means noise, traffic jams and different

kinds of pollution. In addition to these disadvantages, many young people

in our community can cause more noise especially in the evenings.

To sum up, I think that I would support the decision of the government of

establishing a new university in my community despite a few disadvantages

that could follow this construction. I believe that a new university will

increase a chance of many young people to get a higher education, gain

more knowledge and experience, which will help them to succeed in today‘s

world.



10.Education for children

Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a

very early age and should spend most of their time on school studies.

Others believe that young children should spend most of their time playing.

Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Why? People

learn through their entire lives. Curiosity was always the basic characteristic

of a human being. We always want to break limits and learn more. At this

point some people think that children should begin their formal education at

a very early age and spend most of their time on school studies. This will

help them to succeed in the future. However, for several reasons, which I

will explain bellow, I think that children should not study at a very early

age.

Of cause, children who begin to study at a very early age have more chances

to succeed in the future. They gain more knowledge and experience which

are priceless and valuable. In addition, studying more now they will give

them the opportunity to perfect their knowledge in the future and become

better professionals.

However, I think that every child must have his or her childhood. Children

should learn through playing and communication with their friends and

parents. I think that such basic qualities as kindness, self- confidence and just

a good sense of humor can not be gained from studying. Children should

more time spend with their family, playing and learning with their parents.

Imagine that a child instead of playing with his friends does his homework

and feel exhausted and tired. Another important aspect of this is that

children at their early ages need more exercise because at this age the

development of their body is a very essential aspect. Children first of all

must be healthy.

To sum up, I think that children should have their careless childhood with

no responsibilities. Moreover, I am sure that playing helps them develop not

only their bones and muscles but their ability to make decisions, analyze

things, make conclusions, which is very good for their future.



11.Watching television

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching

television is bad for children. Use specific details and examples to support

your answer. Some parents believe that watching television is bad for

their children. So, they try to restrict their children from watching TV.

However, other parents think that there is nothing bad in watching TV.

Personally, I think that watching TV brings children only benefits unless

they spend in front of TV set less then a couple of hours daily. For the

following reasons, which I will mention bellow, I believe that television

plays an essential role in child's development.

First of all, television helps a child to extent his or her range of interests.

Children can find out many new things and make many exiting discoveries

for themselves. In addition to these practical benefits television improves

children's vocabulary, their memory and gives them the opportunity to gain

more knowledge. I think it is very essential for a child. Of cause, someone

can say that there are plenty of different recourses of information such as

books and teachers. But, I think, in our modern world children must learn

faster and use all contemporary technology in order to succeed. Second of

all, watching cognitive programs helps children to learn more about wild

life, our environment and about the importance of preserving our forest and

wild animals that live there.

Scientists say that a child should not watch TV more then 40 minutes

successively. For example, my mother always made us have a break after

watching TV more then half an hour and let our eyes rest for several minutes

before turning on the TV again. I think it is the best solution.

To sum up, I believe that television gives children and all people the

opportunity to learn what can not be learn from books. Television and

movies in particular allow people to feel the reality and see what they will

most likely not be able to see in their lives. Personally, when I was a child I

liked to watch cognitive programs about wild animals. Unfortunately, my

family had only one TV, but these programs were the only ones we all

wanted to watch. So, we gathered in our living room and watched them in

complete silence and I always remember those moments with a smile on my

face.



12.learning a foreign language

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should

begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school. Use specific

reasons and examples to support your position. Language is the best

means of communication. In the modern globalization era it is not enough

to be able to speak one language to communicate with the outside world. I

strongly support the idea that children should begin learning a foreign

language as soon as they start school. They faster become familiar with a

strange language, improve their hearing ability to understand new words

as time goes by and learn new words. In the following paragraphs I will

list some reasons to support my position.

First of all, if one wants to see outcome soon, one must start sooner. So, the

early children begin to learn new language the better will be the result.

Scientists say that a child does not confuse two different languages but

learns them more effectively.

Second of all, adults are often afraid to make mistakes when they are

speaking in a new language. This fear is one of the biggest barriers for a

person in his efforts to speak freely. Otherwise, children do not afraid of

making grammatical mistakes because basically they just repeat words and

sentences in the way they hear them. Also, children have a better chance to

get rid of an accent. They faster get used to the right pronunciation and

better feel the melody of a language.

To sum up, I think that it is very essential for children to begin learning a

foreign language in their early ages. It is brings many benefits such as great

pronunciation. Also, it help a child develop and gain more knowledge which

is good for a long run.

Step1 It's a book of cover that post

Education

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