Stefano Schiavon Research Overview 2014
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World population Lee, R. 2011 The Outlook for Population Growth. Science 333, 569-573
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The slides are a summary of my research. Building Energy Efficiency; Indoor Environment Quality; Thermal Comfort; Indoor Air Quality; Personal Environmental Control System; Underfloor Air Distribution; Radiant System; Occupant Satisfaction; Post-Occupancy Evaluation.
Transcript of Stefano Schiavon Research Overview 2014
World population
Lee, R. 2011 The Outlook for Population Growth. Science 333, 569-573
World population and energy
PR Ehrlich et al 2012 Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization. Nature 486, 68-73
History of the relative mix of the main source of energy used in the United States
Chu, S. & Majumdar A 2012 Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 488, 294-303
Where should we focus our efforts?
Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers
US DOE Quadrennial Technology Review, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/ReportOnTheFirstQTR.pdf
Pyongyang, North Korea. Photo at night by Epa/Damir Sagolj
• S.O. Henssen. 2000. Economics vs. Indoor climate. The economics of indoor climate. RCN, Oslo. Norway
Environmental impact of buildings• 72% of total U.S. electricity consumption • 38.9% of total U.S. primary energy use• 39% of total U.S. CO2 emissions• 40% of landfill material in the U.S. • 13% of potable water in the U.S.
www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/gbstats.pdf
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)• We spend 85-95% of our time indoor• Indoor environment affects our health, well
being and productivity• Indoor environmental quality include
– Indoor air quality– Acoustical quality– Thermal comfort– Lighting quality
Earthrise William Anders, NASA, 1968
Net Zero Energy Buildings – Setting priorities
Source: Two Degrees, Chap 6, McGregor, Roberts & Cousins
Arch 140 (& more)
Courtesy, Peter Rumsey
Air vs radiant
Image credit: Caroline Karmann
Backgrounds: Air systems vs. Radiant systems
Air systems• Ventilation + space
conditioning• Design to meet a single
peak cooling load value• Remove heat using
convectionRadiant systems• Decoupled ventilation and
space conditioning• Allow pre-conditioning the
radiant layer• Remove heat using
convection + radiation
Cooling load radiant vs air systems
Feng J, Schiavon S et al 2013 Radiant vs air systems Energy and Buildings http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.06.009
Then?
Feng J, Schiavon S et al 2013 Radiant vs air systems Energy and Buildings http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.06.009
Differences between Heat gain and cooling load
Thermal mass effect for convection based (air) system (source: ASHRAE Fundamental 2013)
Lab tests
J. Feng, F. Bauman, S. Schiavon, Experimental comparison. Energy and Buildings. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dq6p2j7
Experimental results: Instantaneous cooling rate
Radiant system has a higher cooling rate than the air system
• 18% higher during hour 6 (peak cooling load)
Measured vs. Prediction based on HB method EnergyPlus v8.0 model was developed to apply the HB
method
Match well with air system cooling load
Radiant system cooling load: heat removed by the radiant ceiling panels
Measured vs. Prediction based on RTS method
RTS method cannot predict cooling load correctly for the test chamber configuration
Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China. Steven Holl. Sustainability: Transsolar
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD)
Traditional mixing overhead system
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD)
Personal control
Flexibility
Aesthetic
UFAD examples
Right: New York Times Building, US, by Renzo Piano BW. Left: Ray and Maria Stata Center by Frank Gehry
UFAD cooling load profile
Schiavon S, Bauman F et al. 2010. Simplified calculation method for UFAD. Energy and Buildings
Influence of raised floor on cooling load
Schiavon S, Lee KH et al. 2010. Influence of raised. Energy and Buildings
http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/ufad-designtool/online.htm
Thermal decay
Lee KH, Schiavon S, et al 2011. Impact of the thermal decay. Applied Energy, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.09.011
Thermal decay
Bauman F, Schiavon S et al. 2010. Cooling Load Design Tool for UFAD. ASHRAE J. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9d8430v3
Thermal decay
Comprehensive energy simulations (4 climates, 3 internal loads, 3 WWRs, 3 supply air temperature,s 3 plenum configurations)
Thermal decay= 3.7 K [2.4 - 4.7 K]Depend on: Climate, season, floor elevationIndependent from: Orientation, internal load
and WWR
Lee KH, Schiavon S, et al 2011. Impact of the thermal decay. Applied Energy. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tn9246f
Thermal decay
Lee KH, Schiavon S, et al 2011. Impact of the thermal decay. Applied Energy. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tn9246f
Theoretical model
Liu QA, and Linden PL. 2006. The fluid mechanics of underfloor air distribution, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 554, 323-341
Lab testing
Airfixture test lab, Kansas City, US. Schiavon et al 2014 Stratification prediction model
Lab test
Schiavon et al 2014 Stratification prediction model
Γ= 𝑄∙cos𝜃ሺ𝑛∙𝐴𝑑ሻ∙ሺ0.0281∙𝑊𝐿ሻ1/3
Plenums air distribution
Pasut 2011 Using ductwork to improve supply plenum temperature distribution in underfloor air distribution
Displacement ventilation and chilled ceilings
R: Manitoba Hydro Building, Canada, by KPMB. L:David Brower Center, US, by Solomon/WRT
Displacement ventilation and chilled ceilingsLaboratory experiments for typical U.S. interior zone office to investigate how:
1. Ratio of cooling load removed by CC over the total cooling load
2. Percentage of active
ceiling area (radiant surface temperature)
affect3. Air stratification 4. Air change
effectiveness
Schiavon S Bauman F et al 2012. DV+CC HVAC&R Research http://escholarship.org/uc/item/980931rf
Displacement ventilation and chilled ceilings
What about increasing the heat load?
From 34.7 W/m2 (3.2 W/ft2)to 91.0 W/m2 (8.5 W/ft2)
Table
Measuring station
Manikin
Tower PC
Screen
Desk lamp
Screen
Table
Manikin
Tower PC
Screen
Desk lamp
Screen
Table
Manikin
Tower PC
Screen
Desk lamp
Screen
Table
Manikin
Tower PC
Screen
Desk lamp
Screen
Overhead light
Overhead light
Globe tempera
ture
CO2 tree
DV diffuser
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
What about increasing the heat load?
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
What about increasing the height of the heat sources?
Tower PCs (50% of the total load) are moved from under the desk (Case 1) to a shelve above the screens at 5 ft (Case 2)
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
Case 1 Case 2
Heat sources at the floor
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
Heat sources at 5 feet
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
Comparison for the same thermal comfort conditions
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
Design model
Schiavon S Bauman et al 2013 High cooling load Energy and Buildings http://escholarship.org/uc/item/58m8302p
Indoor air quality
by A. Melikov
Human body thermal plume | Schlieren photography | http://www.me.psu.edu/psgdl/
Personalized ventilation
• Increase occupant satisfaction
• Improve inhaled air quality
• Improve occupants’ performance
• Decrease risk of spread of infectious diseases
by Exhausto and Techinical University of Denmark
Saxo Bank HQ, Denmark, by 3XN ArchitectsSaxo Bank HQ, Denmark, by 3XN Architects
Saxo Bank HQ, Denmark, by 3XN ArchitectsSaxo Bank HQ, Denmark, by 3XN Architects
Energy analysis
• Less outdoor air• Expanding room
temperature• Demand ventilation • Personalized ventilation
may reduce the energy consumption substantially (up to 51%) in hot and humid climate
Schiavon S. and Melikov, A. 2009. Energy-saving strategies with PV in cold climates. Energy and Buildings
Schiavon S., Melikov A. and Sekhar C. 2010. Energy saving strategies with PVin tropics. Energy and Buildings
Air movement
Schiavon S., and Melikov, A. 2008. Energy saving and improved comfort by increasing air movement. Energy and Buildings
Comfort at 81 F
Air velocity =100 fpm
Comfort at 77 F
Air velocity <40 fpm
Cooling fan efficiency index
Schiavon S. and Melikov A. 2009. Introduction of a Cooling Fan Efficiency Index. HVAC&R Research
Cooling fan efficiency index
Schiavon S. and Melikov A. 2009. Introduction of a Cooling Fan Efficiency Index. HVAC&R Research
CBE personal comfort prototypes
Kresge Foundation HQ, US, by Valerio Dewalt Train Associates
Photo by S. Schiavon
We should design indoor environments that are better than the best environment found in nature — Ole Fanger
Unveiling the built environment
Building occupant satisfaction
Frontczak M, Schiavon S, et al. 2011. Indoor Air Journal
CBE survey on 351 bldg. and 52,980 occupants
Building occupant satisfaction
Frontczak M, Schiavon S, et al. 2011. Indoor Air Journal
CBE survey on 351 bldg. and 52,980 occupants
Occupant satisfaction and design features
Frontczak M, Schiavon S el al 2011. Occupant satisfaction and IEQ. Indoor Air
Amount of space, noise level and visual privacy are the parameters that affect the most occupant satisfaction
Occupant satisfaction and design features
Frontczak M, Schiavon S el al 2011. Occupant satisfaction and IEQ. Indoor Air
Occupant self-estimated productivity
Wargocki P, Frontczak M, Schiavon S, et al. 2012. Satisfaction and self-estimated. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/451326fk
Acoustic quality and thermal comfort were indicated by the occupants to interfere with their ability to get the job done
Self-reported productivity
• The most important parameters are:
• Temperature, air quality and noise level
• 15% increase in satisfaction with the temperature would increase productivity by about 1%
Please estimate how your productivity is increased or decreased by the environmental conditions in this building?
Self-reported productivity and design features
LEED vs non-LEED
Altomonte S, Schiavon S. 2013. LEED vs non-LEED. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.008
LEED vs non-LEED: Non environmental factors
Schiavon S, Altomonte S. 2014. Non environmental factor. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.028
Significance Difference vs Effect size
• Statistical difference tests tell you if there is a difference
• Effect size calculations tells how big is this difference
Measurement vs survey: Indoor air quality
Indoor Air Quality – better to measure
Measurement vs survey: Acoustics
Acoustics – better to ask people
Performance Measurement Protocols (PMP)• 3 levels of measurement complexity
– Level 1: Basic – Indicative: Gather characteristics and operation
information, occupant survey, spot measurements
– Level 2: Intermediate – Diagnostics: Additional measurements
– Level 3: Advanced – Investigative: Research level, detailed methods
• Measurement categories– Energy, Water– IEQ: thermal comfort, lighting, acoustics, IAQ
• Problem: Easy-to-use tools to support the PMP are not available
(Developed by ASHRAE, USGBC, CIBSE)
How we measure• Desktop-based measurement station
– Leverage existing Indoor Climate Assessment Monitor (ICAM) hardware
– Add wireless mote connection and additional sensors
– Sensors• Room dry bulb temp• Mean radiant temp• Air velocity• Relative humidity• Water flow• Noise level• Illuminance• Electric power
Wireless BPE toolkit components
IEQ monitoring - indoor climate monitor (ICM)
Web-based analysis and reporting
Open source web
application
Metadata
Wireless sensor data BMS data
BPE analysis and visualization features
User interface for BPE toolkit uses sMAP protocol developed at UC Berkeley
IEQ scorecard method
Heinzerling et al. 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.027
Predictive clothing insulation model
Schiavon S Lee KH 2013 Dynamic clothing insulation Building and Environment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024
Predictive clothing insulation model
Schiavon S Lee KH 2013 Dynamic clothing insulation Building and Environment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024
Predictive clothing insulation model
Schiavon S Lee KH 2013 Dynamic clothing insulation Building and Environment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024
Predictive clothing insulation model
Schiavon S Lee KH 2013 Dynamic clothing insulation Building and Environment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024
Plug load energy use in U.S.
Office equipment, computers, "other" comprise 12% of total electricity in commercial buildings in U.S. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
Other sectors:
28%
Literature: measured plug load energy use
Fuertes G, Schiavon S. 2013. Plug load energy analysis http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8fs0k03g
Jewish Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany by Daniel Libeskind
Jewish Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany by Daniel Libeskind
The Copenhagen Opera, Copenhagen, Denmark by Henning Larsen
The Copenhagen Opera, Copenhagen, Denmark by Henning Larsen
The Copenhagen Opera, Copenhagen, Denmark by Henning Larsen
Sino Italy Environment and Energy Building, China, Mario Cucinella Architects
IDeAs Z2 Design Facility, San Jose, CA by David Kaneda
IDeAs Z2 Design Facility For more information, see: http://www.z2building.com
Photo by S. Schiavon
Radiant system San Francesco Church of Bassano del Grappa Italy
California Academy of Science by RPBW
David Brower Center, Berkeley Solomon E.T.C - WRT
Bangkok International Airport
Hearst Tower, NY, US
Dominus Winery, Napa, CA, Herzog & de Meuron
London Bridge Tower by RPBW
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, by Louis Kahn
Horizon as hero
The Apple Store in New York by Bohlin, Cywinski, Jackson (2006)
• Source: Loisos + Ubbelohde
Indoor Air Quality | Source: Nancy Rica Schiff http://www.nancyricaschiff.com/
Daniele Del Nero. 2012. After Effects
Parco della Musica by RPBW
HVAC. Source: Google data center
cbe.berkeley.edu/comforttool
Hoyt Tyler & Schiavon Stefano. 2012, CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55. http://cbe.berkeley.edu/comforttool/
cbe.berkeley.edu/comforttool
Hoyt Tyler & Schiavon Stefano. 2012, CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE-55 http://cbe.berkeley.edu/comforttool/
Theory and practice of ventilation
Raisa V, Schiavon S, Zecchin R. 2010. Theory and practice of ventilation. Editoriale Delfino
Center for the Built Environment
• Building science lab founded at UC Berkeley in 1980
• CBE established in 1997 with NSF• Industry Advisory Board sponsors and
guides the research agenda• Semi-annual meetings
www.cbe.berkeley.edu
CBE Industry Advisory Board
Architects
EHDD Architecture
Perkins+Will
YGHZGF Architects
Architects/Engineers
Aditazz
Cannon Design
DIALOG
HGA Architects and Engineers
HOK
KlingStubbins
LPA Inc.
RTKL Associates
SOM
ContractorsDPR ConstructionSwinerton BuildersWebcor Builders
EngineersAffiliated Engineers Inc.ArupBuro HappoldCadmus GroupCharles M. Salter Assoc.CPPGuttmann & BlaevoetIntegral GroupInterface EngineeringM.E. GroupP2S EngineeringSouthland IndustriesSyska Hennessy GroupTaylor EngineeringWSP Flack + Kurtz
Government AgenciesDepartment of DefenseCalifornia Energy
Commission
ManufacturersArmstrongBig Ass FansBASF CorporationGooglePrice IndustriesREHAUUtilitiesPacific Gas & ElectricSan Diego Gas & ElectricSouthern California
Edison
Workplace ConsultantsMary Davidge Associates
CBE research teamFacultyEdward ArensGail BragerStefano Schiavon
Research StaffFred BaumanDarryl DickerhoffMark FountainTyler HoytPaul RafteryTom WebsterTiefeng YuYongchao ZhaiHui Zhang
Partner Relations: David LehrerProgram Administrator: Jessica Uhl
Center for the Built Environment (CBE) cbe.berkeley.edu
Saving energy with a wider dead band Wider dead band
reduces HVAC energy 7-15% per degree C.
Comfort solutions include personal comfort systems (PCS) and fans
Provide comfort in less controlled or slowly responding systems, such as:• Mixed-mode and natural
ventilation• Radiant cooling
Personal comfort system
Foot warmer
