Status of Aquatic Biodiversity in the Mekong
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Status of Aquatic Status of Aquatic Biodiversity in the Biodiversity in the
MekongMekong
The Second Module of the BDP/MDBC Training The Second Module of the BDP/MDBC Training CourseCourse
2121stst May 2003 May 2003
The Mekong River Commission Secretariat The Mekong River Commission Secretariat AnnexesAnnexes
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“..the Mekong River Basin and
the related natural resources and environment are natural assets
of immense value…”
1995 Mekong Agreement
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Upper Mekong Basin (UMB)
• China• Myanmar
- 18% of total flow
Lower Mekong Basin (LMB)
• Laos• Thailand• Cambodia• Viet Nam
- 82% of total flow
Mekong Mekong River BasinRiver Basin
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• Mountains of the north and east
Main geographic Main geographic regions of LMBregions of LMB
2200 - 28001800 - 22001400 - 18001100 - 1400800 - 1100500 - 800200 - 500100 - 2000 - 100
Elevation in meter
River (water body)
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• Mountains of the north and east
• Isan (Korat) Plateau
Main geographic Main geographic regionsregions
2200 - 28001800 - 22001400 - 18001100 - 1400800 - 1100500 - 800200 - 500100 - 2000 - 100
Elevation in meter
River (water body)
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• Mountains of the north and east
• Isan (Korat) Plateau
• Great Lake and Cambodian plains
Main geographic Main geographic regionsregions
2200 - 28001800 - 22001400 - 18001100 - 1400800 - 1100500 - 800200 - 500100 - 2000 - 100
Elevation in meter
River (water body)
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• Mountains of the north and east
• I-san (Korat) Plateau
• Great Lake and Cambodian plains
• Delta
Main geographic Main geographic regionsregions
2200 - 28001800 - 22001400 - 18001100 - 1400800 - 1100500 - 800200 - 500100 - 2000 - 100
Elevation in meter
River (water body)
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JulyOctober
JanuaryAprilJuly
Highly seasonal vegetation
Vegetation index shows vegetation greening and dry-
off.
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Diverse Diverse ecosystemsecosystems
• tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, dry woodland, grassland, wetland, mangroves
• wetlands of Great Lake and floodplains
• Biodiversity
•>1200 species of fish
•Abundant water birds
•Rare species Irrawaddy dolphin, Javan rhinoceros
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Working with Fisheries Working with Fisheries AgenciesAgencies
CambodiaDepartment of Fisheries
Lao PDR NAFRI ( LARReC)
Thailand Department of Fisheries
(Inland Fisheries R&D Bureau)
Viet NamMinistry of Fisheries( RIA.2 and RIA.3)
Phnom Penh Vientiane
Udon Thani Ban Me ThuotHCM City
TAB
CNMC LNMC
TNMC VNMC
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Fisheries in the LMBFisheries in the LMBsome datasome data
Fisheries in the LMBFisheries in the LMBsome datasome data
- 1200 - 2000 fish species – possibly 2nd richest river system in the World
- 80% of people involved (full- and part-time)
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Fisheries in the LMBFisheries in the LMBsome datasome data
Fisheries in the LMBFisheries in the LMBsome datasome data
- Catch is about 2% of total world capture fishery, marine and freshwater
- Value about US$1,400 million direct value only
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Fish Production Fish Production EstimatesEstimates
Fish Production Fish Production EstimatesEstimates
Total inland fish & OAAs 2.0 million tonnes Capture Fisheries 1.75 Mt Aquaculture 0.25 Mt
Estimation methods
1. Consumption studies(above figures)
2. Wetland productivity( 150 kg/ha/yr)
3. Landing surveys(difficult)
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Fish Production Fish Production EstimatesEstimates
CountryConsumption per person (kgs)
Total consumption (‘000 tonnes)
Cambodia 47 (10-89) 508
Lao PDR 26 (17-36) 133
Thailand 35 (20-41) 795
Viet Nam 33 (15-60) 597
Total 36 2,033
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Inadequate Information on Inadequate Information on Aquatic ResourcesAquatic Resources
Inadequate Information on Inadequate Information on Aquatic ResourcesAquatic Resources
• Single ecosystem• Trans-boundary• Dynamic nature• Overlooked in the
past • Conventional
methodologies give limited results
• Lack of communication
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ThreatsThreats on Aquatic Resources on Aquatic ResourcesThreatsThreats on Aquatic Resources on Aquatic Resources
• Growing population ~ 2%
• ~ 2025…~ 90 millions
• Natural change of habitats
• Human interventions: fishing pressure, development of water management schemes, pollution, etc.
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Threats to the Fisheries Sector:General: Habitat Destruction
Constraints to migration
Pollution (in future)
Exotic fish species
Local: High Fishing Effort
Illegal fishing methods
Mitigation:Cross-sectoral: Integrated water use planning
Information on resources
Fisheries Sector:Regional management
National protection
Local co-management
Indigenous fish aquaculture
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Flood PulseFlood PulseFlood PulseFlood Pulse
River fishes depend upon flooding for their production and diversity, because flooding creates a productive habitat, and provides nutrient-rich silt.
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Migration to
floodplain
Migration from
floodplain
White fish migrates and spawns within river channels
Black fish spawning
Feeding
&
Growth
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AMFC/DoF Songkhram
Habitat availability (wetlands) in RED – from radar
Villages as blue dots size = number of active fishing households
Mekong River
Songkhram River
Wetlands
Villages
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Number of species reported to use deep pools at each station
Kratie
Loei
Chiang Khong
Khone
Falls
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Mekong Flood Plains give the high fish production
Deep PoolsProvide dry season shelter
Mainstream and Riverside Wetlands
Provide the spawning areas
Fish MigrationsOver 500-1000 km or more bring fish
- from the spawning areas upstream into the flood plains during the rainy season;
-Back up into the deep pools in the mainstream when the rain stops and the flood plains dry out;
- Out to spawn in the mainstream and the riverside wetlands when the rain starts again
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Migration patterns for Helicophagus waandersii
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Capture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlook
Opportunities: The Mekong aquatic ecosystems and
fisheries are in good shape The fisheries are (locally) under stress,
but no indication that maximum yield has been attained
The knowledge base for informed manage-ment is coming in place at all levels
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Opportunities: Increased recognition by politicians of
inland fisheries importance and awareness of problems
Enabling institutional frameworks for joint management, co-management and integrated management in place
Enhanced fisheries (stocking) feasible through co-management initiatives
Capture fisheries Capture fisheries outlookoutlook
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Capture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlook
Threats from within the sector: Use of habitat destructive fishing
methods Unsustainable fishing practices:
- fishing in sensitive areas- fishing at sensitive times- targetting juveniles
Badly considered species introductions
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Capture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlookCapture fisheries outlook
Threats from outside the sector: Habitat alterations Physical barriers to fish migration Changes in quality and quantity of water
in sensitive habitats (pollution/flooding) The fisheries ”message” does not get
across to planners in more powerful sectors
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WMD Impacts and WMD Impacts and MitigationMitigation
WMD Impacts and WMD Impacts and MitigationMitigation
Direct impacts on fish passage, barrier effect Fishways, or other fish passage measures
Water quality effects due to stratification, toxicity and reduced productivity Destratification or multi-level offtakes
Hydrological impacts, impacts on fish behaviour, habitat etc. Riparian flows, regulating ponds
Trapping of nutrients, organic material and sediment, loss of productivity Not mitigated at present, Research Needed
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MITIGATION OF EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT ON FISHERIES
Structures: Dams, dikes, weirs, reservoirs
Problems for fisheries:Dams: Hindrance to fish migrations, Reservoirs: Still water body, anoxic bottom conditions,
rapidly changing water levelDownstream: Anoxic water outlet, changed water
temperature, lack of sediment, etc.Potential Effect:
Loss of income, employment and food security, biodiversity.
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AIR BUBBLING SYSTEM
(Champagne Method)
Destratification of reservoirs
North Pine Reservoir
Area: 22 Km2,
Depth: 35 meter
MITIGATION METHODS:Downstream effects: Changed water intake to turbines;In-reservoir: Bubbling systems
Improved management of water level, etc.Passing the dam: Fishways
Diffusers
Pump house
Dam
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Convention on Biological Convention on Biological DiversityDiversity
Convention on Biological Convention on Biological DiversityDiversity
“Prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species” (article 8 h)
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FAO - Responsible FisheriesFAO - Responsible FisheriesFAO - Responsible FisheriesFAO - Responsible Fisherieso Precautionary approacho Impacts of introductions often
irreversible and unpredictableo “…the introduction of aquatic organisms
for aquaculture should be considered as a purposeful introduction into the wild…”
o Minimise risk of environmental effects
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Present StatusPresent StatusPresent StatusPresent Status
o Valid ecosystem concernso Adequate legal instruments,
policies and recommendations
o Incomplete implementationo Need to enhance
implementation and monitoring
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Present StatusPresent StatusPresent StatusPresent Status
o Existing knowledge needs to be consolidated
o Capacity to implement is asymmetric
o Implementation of policies needs support and monitoring
o Institutional cooperation through Networking
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Issues for BDPIssues for BDP
• Achieving sustainability will require Achieving sustainability will require an integrated approach to managing an integrated approach to managing water, land, and ecosystemswater, land, and ecosystems
• Protecting ecosystems requires Protecting ecosystems requires integrating biodiversity conservation integrating biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management into local and ecosystem management into local and national economiesand national economies
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Issues for BDPIssues for BDP
• Participatory ecosystem-based Participatory ecosystem-based catchment management is a catchment management is a fundamentally new approach to using, fundamentally new approach to using, developing, and conserving water developing, and conserving water resourcesresources
• Allowing ecosystems to perform their Allowing ecosystems to perform their functions requires that users let certain functions requires that users let certain amounts of water stay within the amounts of water stay within the ecosystemsecosystems
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MITIGATION
Passing the dam: Fishways
Vertical slot fishway, 7m
5,000 per 24 hrs
Fish lift, 15 m
3,800 fish per 24 hrs
Tonle Sap River
50,000 fish per minute
*********
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Chumnarn PongsriChumnarn Pongsri
Mekong River Commission SecretariatMekong River Commission Secretariat