Status and prediction of Nitrogen Dioxide as an air...

1POLLUTION ATMOSPHÉRIQUE N° 225 - AVRIL - JUIN 2015

Résumé

La qualité de l’air dans la ville d’Ahvaz, située au sud de l’Iran, est présentée à travers l’analyse du dioxyde d’azote (NO2), à partir de mesurages effectués dans deux sites urbains différents en 2009 et 2010, de manière à présenter des valeurs moyennes. Des relations statistiques ont été établies avec différents paramètres météorologiques à partir des valeurs quotidiennes : la mesure du vent (vitesse et direction), l’humidité relative, la température, la durée de l’insolation, l’évaporation et les précipitations considérées comme des variables indépendantes. À l’aide du logiciel de calcul SPSS, le niveau de relation entre la concentration du polluant et les paramètres météorologiques est indiqué par des régressions linéaires multiples. Le test RMSE indique que, parmi les différents modèles de prévision, le modèle pas à pas présente la meilleure option. Les concentrations moyennes de ce polluant urbain ont été calculées pour chaque jour, chaque mois et chaque saison. Les résultats indiquent que les concentrations de dioxyde d’azote les plus élevées surviennent au début de la nuit, tandis que les concentrations les plus faibles sont observées au début de la matinée. C’est en décembre qu’on observe les concentrations moyennes mensuelles les plus élevées, tandis qu’en septembre, les valeurs sont les plus basses. C’est en automne que les valeurs saisonnières sont les plus élevées.

Mots-clésdioxyde d’azote, pollution de l’air, paramètres météorologiques, modèle de régression.

Abstract

In the current research air quality analyses for Ahvaz, a city in the south of Iran, are conducted for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), with the measurements taken from 2009 and 2010. Measurements were taken from two different locations in the city to make average data for the city. Some relations between the air pollutant and some meteorological parameters have been found statistically by using the daily average data. The wind data (velocity, direction), relative humidity, temperature, sunshine hours, evaporation and rainfall are considered as independent variables. The level relationships between concentration of pollutant and meteorological parameters are expressed by multiple linear and nonlinear regression equations for both annual and seasonal conditions using the software of SPSS. RMSE test shows that among different prediction models, stepwise model is the best option. Then the concentration averages were calculated for every 24 hours, each month and each season for the city. Results show the highest concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide occurs generally in the beginning of night time while the least concentration occurs in the beginning of morning. Monthly concentrations of the Nitrogen Dioxide show highest value in December and the least value in September. The seasonal concentrations show the highest amounts in the autumn.

Keywordsnitrogen dioxide, air pollution, meteorological parameters, regression model

Masoud Masoudi1, Elmira Asadifard2

(1) Associate Professor of Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Agricultural College, Shiraz University, Iran. [email protected] (2) Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Agricultural College, Shiraz University, Iran

Status and prediction of Nitrogen Dioxide as an air pollutant in Ahvaz City, IranLe dioxyde d’azote dans la ville d’Ahvaz en Iran

POLLUTION ATMOSPHÉRIQUE N° 225 - AVRIL - JUIN 20152

ARTICLES - Recherches

1. Introduction

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the seven Conventional (criteria) pollutants (SO2, CO, partic-ulates, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, O3 and lead). These pollutants produce the highest volume of pollutants in the air and the most serious threat for human health and welfare. Concentration on these pollutants, especially in cities, has been regulated by Clean Air Act since 1970 (W.P. Cunningham and M.A. Cunningham, 2002).

Some properties of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are: red-dish brown gas, formed as fuel burnt in car, strong ox-idizing agent and forms Nitric acid in air. Its sources are divided to two parts: 1) natural emissions including forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil, lightening, etc. 2) anthropogenic activity including motor vehicle emis-sions and power generation. Fuel combustion increas-es NO2 production. Half of emission of HC and NOx in cities is by motor vehicles. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) include different forms of oxides of nitrogen. NO2 gen-erally derives from emissions of NO (in high tempera-ture). About 95% of Nitrogen oxides are emitted as NO and 5% as NO2. Other oxides are N2O, N2O3 and N2O5 which are not so important in air pollution. Among NOx, NO2 lead to respiratory problems and therefore NO2 is the most important of the oxides of nitrogen. The presence of pollutants in the atmosphere causes a lot of problems, thus the study of pollutant’s behav-ior is necessary. Some of main health effects of NO2 are such as: lung and heart problems, NO2 poisoning, asthma, lowered resistance to infection. Other effects are damages on plants and material like: damages of leaves, retard photosynthesis activity, cause chlorosis, damages on various textile fibers, multiplying the pho-tochemical smog problems and damages of acid rain.

Status of pollutants concentration and effect of me-teorological and atmospheric parameters on it is the base of such studies as follows: Ho and Lin (1994) studied semi-statistical model for evaluating the NOx concentration by considering source emissions and meteorological effects. In a study, the relationship be-tween monitored air pollutants and meteorological fac-tors is statistically analyzed, using SPSS. According to the results obtained through multiple linear regression analysis, for some months there is a moderate and weak relationship between the air pollutants like NO2 level and the meteorological factors in Trabzon city (Cuhadaroglu and Demirci, 1997).

Statistical modeling of ambient air pollutants in Delhi has been studied by Chelani et al. (2001). Abdul-Wahab and Al-Alawi (2002) developed a neural net-work model to predict the tropospheric (surface or ground) ozone concentrations as a function of mete-orological conditions and various air quality parame-ters. The observed behavior of pollution concentra-tions to the prevailing meteorological conditions has

been studied for the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (Sánchez-Ccoyllo and Andrade, 2002). Results show low concentrations associated with intense ventilation, precipitation and high relative humidity. While high val-ues of concentrations prevailed due to weak ventila-tion, absence of precipitation and low relative humidity for some pollutants.

Elminir (2005) mentioned dependence of air pol-lutants on meteorology over Cairo in Egypt. The re-sults hint that, wind direction was found to have an influence not only on pollutant concentrations but also on the correlation between pollutants. At higher wind speeds, dust and sand from the surrounding desert was entrained by the wind, thus contributing to am-bient particulate matter levels. It was also found that the highest average concentration for NO2 and O3 oc-curred at humidity ≤ 40% indicative for strong vertical mixing. In another research, data on the concentra-tions of seven air pollutants (CH4, NMHC, CO, CO2, NO, NO2 and SO2) and meteorological variables (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation) were used to predict the concen-tration of ozone in the atmosphere using both multiple linear and principal component regression methods (Abdul-Wahab et al., 2005). Asrari et al. (2007) studied effect of meteorological factors for predicting CO. Also variations of concentration CO in different time have been shown in this study.

Li et al. (2014) presented the spatial and temporal variation of Air Pollution Index (API) and examined the relationships between API and meteorological factors during 2001–2011 in Guangzhou, China. Relationships were found between API and a variety of meteorolog-ical factors. Temperature, relative humidity, precipita-tion and wind speed were negatively correlated with API, while diurnal temperature range and atmospher-ic pressure were positively correlated with API in the annual condition. Yoo et al. (2014) mentioned that all of the pollutants show significant negative correlations between their concentrations and rain intensity due to washout or convection.

The paper presents diurnal, monthly and season-al variations of concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide and also a statistical model that is able to predict amount of Nitrogen Dioxide. This is based on linear regression technique. Linear Regression estimates the coeffi-cients of the linear equation, involving one or more in-dependent variables that best predict the value of the dependent variable which is Nitrogen Dioxide amount. For this purpose a large statistical and graphical soft-ware package (SPSS, Software Package of Social Sciences, V. 20), that is one of the best known statisti-cal packages has been used (Kinnear, 2002).

3POLLUTION ATMOSPHÉRIQUE N° 225 - AVRIL-JUIN 2015


2. Material and Method

The research area, Ahvaz, capital of Khuzestan Province, is the biggest city in the south-western part of Iran (figure 1) which is located around 31° 19’ N and 48° 40’ E and the elevation is about 20 m above the mean sea level. Annual precipitation of Ahvaz is about 213.4 mm that almost 45% of total precipitation oc-curs in December and January. It has arid climate and residential population in 2006 was 1,425,000. Ahvaz is consistently one of the hottest cities on the planet during the summer, with summer temperatures regu-larly at least 45 degrees Celsius, sometimes exceed-ing 50 degrees Celsius (the highest monthly maximum average of temperature is 46.3ºC in July) with many sandstorms and dust storms common during the summer period while in winters the monthly minimum average of temperature could fall 7.2 degrees Celsius in January. Also annual average of wind speed mea-sured by the synoptic station (located at 31° 20’ N and 48º 40’ E) is 5 knot which is higher in warm months compared to cold months (maximum and minimum of average of wind speed are observed in June and December).

Ahvaz is built on the banks of the Karun River and is situated in the middle of Khuzestan Province. Iraq attempted to annex Khuzestan and Ahvaz in 1980, re-sulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahvaz was close to the front lines and suffered badly during the war. There are a lot of cars in city and many facto-ries and industrial places around the city. Because of these problems Ahvaz is one of the most polluted cities in Iran. Hence a need was felt to carry out an ambient air quality analysis in this city.

Figure 1. Location of Ahvaz city in Iran La situation de la ville d’Ahvaz en Iran

Currently Ahvaz is introduced as the worst polluted city of the world according to a survey by the World Health Organization in 2011 because of high concen-tration of dust during year (Guinness World Records, 2013). Increasing of dust (figure 2) causes different impacts and problems like occurring and increasing of related illness to this pollution such as cancer and lung damages during recent years which have been recorded by Health offices of region. High amounts of PM10 are observed more during recent years in west-ern and southern parts of Iran. The main source of this pollution is arid lands of western neighbors especially in Iraq. Especially after wars of USA with this coun-try the number of critical zones for detachment of soil particles in wind erosion process have been increased because of mismanagements and forgetfulness of do-ing remedial measures and conservation against wind erosion. Especially in the end of spring and summer that precipitation is very low and wind speed and evaporation are high, therefore soil is very dry allowing for wind erosion and carrying soil suspended particles to long distances.

Figure 2. Two photos from a location in Ahvaz city showing bad situation of dust

pollution during recent years Deux photos indiquant l’importance

des poussières au cours de ces dernières années



Two available sampling stations of city namely, Administration and Naderi, belong to Environmental Organization of Iran were selected to represent differ-ent traffic volumes and activities (figure 3).

Figure 3. The traffic near one station La circulation automobile à proximité

d’une station de mesure

The sampling was done every 30 minutes ev-eryday for each pollutant in 2009 and 2010. Among measured data in two stations Nitrogen Dioxide was chosen. Then the averages were calculated for every hour, each month and each season for both stations in Excel. Finally averages of data of two stations were used to show air pollution situation as diurnal, month-ly and seasonal graphs of concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the city.

NOX is monitored using a chemiluminescent gas analyzer. Sample air is drawn through a molycon con-verter that converts NO2 to NO. The sample air is then mixed with a defined concentration of ozone that is provided by an internal ozone generator. The chemi-luminescent reaction between the NO and the ozone is measured to obtain the NO concentration. The process is repeated without the sample air passing through the molycon converter. The difference in the measured concentrations can be calculated to deter-mine the NO2 concentration. Two models of devices

namely, Ecotec and Enviro-Tech, have been used for measuring of air pollution in the stations.

Studying correlation of Nitrogen Dioxide and metro-logical parameters of synoptic station of city was next step. The metrological parameters studied include: temperature (min & max), humidity (min & max), pre-cipitation, sunshine, wind direction, wind speed and evaporation.

In the next step, average of data of two stations in 2010 for everyday for which represents the air pollution of city has been considered as dependent variable for statistical analysis while daily data of meteorological parameters during this year have been selected as independent variables. Software of SPSS has been used for this purpose and the linear regression equa-tion shows that the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide depends on which meteorological parameters and also gives an idea about the levels of this relation. The relationship between the dependent variable and each independent variable should be linear. The significant values in output are based on fitting a single model. Also linear regression equation has been made for dif-ferent seasons maybe show those relationships which are not observed using annual data.

Some options are available in this software; these options apply when the ‘enter’, ‘forward’, ‘backward’, or ‘stepwise’ variable selection method has been speci-fied. Method selection allows you to specify how inde-pendent variables are entered into the analysis. Using different methods, you can construct a variety of re-gression models from the same set of variables. The model for predicting Nitrogen Dioxide was determined by using two multiple regression modeling procedures of ‘enter method’ and ‘stepwise method’. In ‘enter meth-od’ all independent variables selected are added to a single regression model. In ‘stepwise’ which is better, all variables can be entered or removed from the mod-el depending on the significance. Therefore only those variables which have more influence on dependent variable are observed in a regression model.

3. Results and Discussion

In figures 4, 5 and 6, the diurnal, monthly and sea-sonal variations of concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide have been presented. As can be seen in figure 4 the high concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide occurs in the beginning of night time while the least concentration occurs in the beginning of morning. High traffic during these times may be responsible for this high concen-tration. Monthly concentration of the NOx shows the highest values in December and the least amounts in September (figure 5). Seasonal concentration of the NOx shows the highest values in fall and the least amounts in summer (figure 6). Unfortunately,



it is derived that the concentration levels of the Nitrogen Dioxide during critical times like the begin-ning of night and in the cold months are upper than Primary Standards of Nitrogen dioxide recommended by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of Iran (0.021 ppm), protecting human health. These

results are almost in good agreement with other re-

sults regarding Nitrogen Dioxide assessment in other

Iranian cities like Shiraz (Ordibeheshti and Rajai poor,

2014), Esfahan (Gerami, 2014) and Tehran (Behzadi

and Sakhaei, 2014).

Figure 4. Diurnal variation of concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ahvaz (2009-2010)Variations de la concentration diurne de dioxyde d’azote à Ahvaz (2009-2010)

Figure 5. Monthly variation of concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ahvaz (2009-2010)Variations de la concentration mensuelle de dioxyde d’azote à Ahvaz (2009-2010)



Table 1 shows the relationships between Nitrogen Dioxide and other air pollutants. For example the concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide shows negative correlation with PM10, while it shows positive correla-tion with NOx, O3 and SO2. NO2 like most of pollut-ants is increased when traffic and industrial activity are increased while PM10 in this city, its main source is detached soils from western neighbors like Iraq. Correlation coefficients signifi cant at the 0.05 level are identifi ed with a single asterisk (signifi cant), and those signifi cant at 0.01 level are identifi ed with two asterisks (highly signifi cant).

Table of analysis of variance (table 2) show both re-

gressions of ‘enter’ and ‘stepwise’ methods for annual

condition are highly signifi cant indicating a signifi cant

relation between the different variables.

In table 3 the coefficients of Nitrogen Dioxide pol-

lution model and regression lines for both enter and

stepwise methods for annual condition are presented.

Regression coefficients, standard errors, standardized

coefficient beta, t values, and two-tailed signifi cance

level of t have been shown in the Tables.

Figure 6. Seasonal variation of concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in Ahvaz (2009-2010)Variations de la concentration saisonnière de dioxyde d’azote à Ahvaz (2009-2010)

Table 1. Correlation between air pollutants and Nitrogen Dioxide.Coefficients de correlation entre les polluants atmosphériques et le dioxide d’azote.

Model CO NOx O3 PM10 SO2

Pearson Correlation -.070 .888** .335** -.155** .443**

Sig. (2-tailed) .240 .000 .000 .009 .000

N 286 286 286 286 286

Analysis of variance (a)



Predictors: (Constant), Rain, Wind direction (max), Wind speed (max), Temperature (max), Temperature (min), Sunshine Hours, Ratio of Humidity (min), Ratio of Humidity (max) (max), Ratio Humidity (avg), Evaporation.

Dependent Variable: Nitrogen Dioxide

Coefficients (a)

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 15.308 5.481 2.793 .006

Temperature (max) .036 .182 .045 .198 .843

Temperature (min) -.236 .207 -.227 -1.140 .255

Ratio of Humidity (max) .377 .770 1.187 .490 .625

Ratio of Humidity (min) .267 .765 .574 .349 .727

Ratio of Humidity (mean) -.641 1.538 -1.633 -.417 .677

Rain .048 .194 .012 .246 .805

Sunshine Hours .068 .150 .030 .455 .650

Evaporation -.547 .167 -.390 -3.272** .001

Wind direction (max) -.002 .006 -.019 -.344 .731

Wind speed (max) -.161 .128 -.061 -1.256 .210

Predictors: (Constant), Wind speed (max), Temperature (min), Evaporation.

Coefficients (b)

Dependent Variable: Nitrogen Dioxide

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 21.186 1.298 16.318 .000

Evaporation -.689 .134 -.451 -5.156** .000

Wind speed (max) -.315 .126 -.109 -2.507* .013

Temperature (min) -.230 .101 -.202 -2.289* .023

Analysis of variance (a)

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 11943.684 10 1194.368 26.053** .000

Residual 15678.872 342 45.845

Total 27622.556 352Dependent Variable: NO2

Analysis of variance (b)

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 11890.517 3 3963.506 87.927** .000

Residual 15732.039 349 45.077

Total 27622.556 352Dependent Variable: NO2

Table 2. Tables of analysis of variance for both regressions of ‘enter’ (a) and ‘stepwise’ (b) methods for annual condition. Table de l’analyse de la variance et des méthodes de regressions “directe” et “pas à pas” au pas de temps annuel.

Table 3. Coefficients of Nitrogen Dioxide pollution model and regression lines for both enter (a) and stepwise (b) methods for annual condition.

Coefficients des modèles de pollution au dioxyde d’azote et méthodes de regression linéaire “directe” (a) et “pas à pas” (b) au pas de temps annuel.



The linear regression equations show that the Nitrogen Dioxide pollution depends on the meteoro-logical parameters and also give an idea about the levels of relations. The linear model equations after using ‘enter method’ and ‘stepwise method’ for annual condition are:

Nitrogen Dioxide amount (ppb) using ‘enter method’ for annual condition = 15.308+

(0.236-) Temperature(min) + (0.036) Temperature(max)

+ (0.267) Ratio of Humidity (min) + (0.377) Ratio of Humidity(max) + (-0.641) Ratio of Humidity(avg) + 0.048)) Rain + (0.068) Sunshine Hours + 0.002-) ( Wind di-rection(max) + (0.161-) Wind speed(max) + )-0.547) Evaporation R= 0.652 (significant at 0.01)

Nitrogen Dioxide amount (ppb) using ‘stepwise method’ for annual condition = 21.186 + (-0.689) Evaporation + (0.315-) Wind speed(max) + (0.230-) Temperature(min) R= 0.678 (significant at 0.05)

Results of linear regression model show Wind speed(max), Evaporation and Temperature(min) have re-verse effect on concentration of NO2, when these pa-rameters increase, the concentration of NO2 decreas-es. Other meteorological parameters show different effects on NO2 amounts although they are not signif-icant results. For example Sunshine Hours has posi-tive effect on concentration of NO2 (Table 3a). These results are almost in good agreement with other re-sults regarding NO2 assessment in other Iranian cit-ies like Tehran (Behzadi and Sakhaei, 2014), Esfahan (Gerami, 2014) and Shiraz (Ordibeheshti and Rajai poor, 2014) and other regions (Elminir, 2005; Li et al., 2014). Actually some of these events happen in real condition. Increasing in rainfall, wind speed and temperature (inversion happens in low temperatures) usually decrease most of air pollutants (Asrari et al., 2007).

The values and significance of R (multiple cor-relation coefficient) in both equations show capability of them in predicting Nitrogen Dioxide amount. The amount of Adjusted R2 in enter model is 0.405 and in stepwise model is 0.455 showing different param-eters used can calculate almost 40-45% variability of Nitrogen Dioxide. This result indicates for predicting most of air pollutants like Nitrogen Dioxide, we should take into consideration consumption of fossil fuel es-pecially motor vehicles. Half of emission of (VOC) Hydrocarbons and NOx in cities is by motor vehicles. The automobile exhaust produces 75% of total air pol-lution. Release poisonous gases of CO (77%), NOx (8%) and Hydrocarbons (14%) (Sharma, 2001). On the other hand, R in enter method (0.65) is equaled to stepwise method (0.68), showing no difference. Therefore, second equation based on stepwise meth-od can be used to predict Nitrogen Dioxide in the city instead of using first equation which needs more data. On the other hand, no difference between the two R

values indicates that the excluded variables in second equation have less effect on measuring of Nitrogen Dioxide in the city.

Beta in Table 3 shows those independent variables (meteorological parameters) which have more effect on dependent variable (Nitrogen Dioxide). The beta in the both Table 3 shows a highly significant effect of some variables like Evaporation and Temperature compared to other meteorological parameters for measuring the Nitrogen Dioxide which is close to the results of Tehran (Behzadi and Sakhaei, 2014), Esfahan (Gerami, 2014) and Shiraz (Ordibeheshti and Rajai poor, 2014). Parameter Sig (P-value) from Table 3 shows amount of relation between Nitrogen Dioxide and meteorological parameters. For example, Table 3a shows wind speed has higher effect than wind direc-tion on Nitrogen Dioxide.

On the other hand, in Table 4 the linear regression equations of Nitrogen Dioxide amount for both enter and stepwise methods for different seasonal condi-tion are presented. Almost all of the models except summer model of enter and spring model of stepwise methods are significant which is close to the results of Masoudi et al. (2014). Stepwise methods show those meteorological parameters which are most important during these seasons for estimating the pollution. Again those parameters showing important in annual model like temperature and wind speed are observed as the most important among the others. Among the models, autumn and spring models have the high-er R while the R of summer models shows the least which these results for different seasonal condition differ a little from the results of Tehran (Behzadi and Sakhaei, 2014), Esfahan (Gerami, 2014) and Shiraz (Ordibeheshti and Rajai poor, 2014).

Also the nonlinear multiple regression equation of Nitrogen Dioxide amount using parameters of linear stepwise method for annual condition is calculated which is significant:

Nitrogen Dioxide amount (ppb) using nonlinear re-gression for annual condition = 58902.611 Evaporation (-7.988E-005) + 2574.623 e (-153.362) Temperature(min) + - 58875.773+ (-3.384)Wind speed+ (0.272) Wind speed 2 + (-0.004) Wind speed 3 R2= 0. 469 (significant at 0.01)

To test which annual model is better to use, RMSE (Root Mean Square of Error) is calculated for differ-ent linear models of enter and stepwise and nonlinear model. Predicted amounts using the different annual models for 30 days during 2009 are calculated and compared with observed data during those days using RMSE equation:

Oobs: observed NO2 value OPre: predicted NO2 value using model



The values of RMSE in both linear models of enter (32.61) and stepwise (5.17) show capability of them in predicting Nitrogen Dioxide amount compared to nonlinear model value (74.18). This result which is the same as the results of Masoudi et al. (2014) indi-cates for predicting most of air pollutants like Nitrogen Dioxide, we may take into consideration only linear models of stepwise which need less data compared to enter model and also its calculation is easier than nonlinear model.

4. Conclusions

In the current research air quality analyses for Ahvaz, a city in the south of Iran, were conducted for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Ahvaz is one of the most polluted cities in Iran and also world. Hence a need was felt to carry out an ambient air quality analysis in this city. Results showed there were significant relationships between NO2 and some meteorological parameters. Based on these relations, different multiple linear and nonlinear regression equations for NO2 for annual and season-al conditions were prepared. Results showed among different prediction models, stepwise model was the best option. Also different variations in concentration during day, months and seasons were observed. Unfortunately, it is derived that the concentration lev-els of the NO2 during critical times like the beginning of night and in the cold months are upper than primary standards of NO2 showing unhealthy condition.

season enter method R stepwise method R

Spring

= 2.946 + (-0.126) Temperature(min)+ (0.111) Temperature(avg) + (-0.010) Ratio of Humidity (min) + (-0.002) Ratio of Humidity(avg)

+ (-0.046) Rain + (-0.16) Sunshine Hours + (-0.000) Wind direction(max) + (-0.044) Wind speed(max) + (-0.041) Evaporation

0. 570 (significant at 0.01)

= 2.056 +(-0.041) Wind speed(max) + (-0.141) Temperature(min)+ (0.121) Temperature(avg)

0.510 (not significant)

Summer

= 4.362 + (-0.089) Temperature(min)+ (-0.018) Temperature(max) + (-0.091) Ratio of Humidity

(min) + (0.007) Ratio of Humidity(avg) + (-0.101) Sunshine Hours + (-0.001) Wind direction(max) + (-0.029) Wind speed(max) + (-0.100) Evaporation

0.324

(not significant)

= 4.190 +(0.129) Sunshine Hours

0.214

(significant at 0.05)

Autumn

= 67.658 + (-0.102) Temperature(min)+ (-0.929) Temperature(max) + (-0.235) Ratio of Humidity (min) + (-0.108) Ratio of Humidity(avg)

+ (-0.072) Rain + (0.292) Sunshine Hours + (0.001) Wind direction(max) + (-0.077) Wind speed(max) + (-1.049) Evaporation

0.562 (significant at 0.01)

= 49.841 + (1.206)Temperature(avg)+ (-0.177) Ratio of Humidity (min)


Winter

= 16.614 + (0.180) Temperature(min)+ (0.034) Temperature(max) + (0.145) Ratio of Humidity (min) + (-0.102) Ratio of Humidity(avg)

+ (0. 438) Rain + (0.079) Sunshine Hours + (-0.006) Wind direction(max) + (-1.450) Wind speed(max) + (-0.852) Evaporation


= 20.155 + (-1.597) Wind speed(max)


Table 4. Nitrogen Dioxide amount (ppb) using two methods of enter and stepwise for different seasonal condition. Les niveaux de dioxide d’azote évalués selon deux méthodes de

regression pour différentes conditions saisonnières.



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