STATESSTATES

Political units with sovereigntyPolitical units with sovereignty(not nations)(not nations)

Exercise of powerover people and territory.

Boundaries recognizedby other states.

Sovereignty

State territorialityState territoriality(“patriotism”)

Place identity based on political unit

“I am an American.” “I am a Nigerian.”(Civil wars)

NATIONNATION

A cultural group with a territorial identity: a sense of a “homeland”

Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot allbecome states, yetmany are large enough to survive(larger than some states).

Basques in Spain/France Québecois in Canada

Ethnic territorialityEthnic territoriality(“nationalism”)

Place identity based on ethnicity

NATION-STATE

State with one nation(none “pure” but some close)

Nearly all states multiethnic(more than one nation)

Nation-States and Multiethnic States

National Congruence

Desire for stateboundaries to matchethnic boundaries

* If majority does not want minority

* If minority wants self-determination

Boundaries of Albaniain different eras

Religious TerritorialityReligious Territoriality

States defined by religion

IranIran

VaticanCity

IsraelIsrael

SaudiSaudiArabiaArabia

VaticanVaticanCityCity

Racial TerritorialityRacial Territoriality

States defined by race

South Africa’s Whiteand Black areas under

Apartheid (racial separation)

White supremacist map for a racial partition of the U.S.

Core group

States are constructed around a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group

English in U.K.Whites in U.S.

Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia

Majority nationalism Equating “patriotism” with “nationalism”

German skinheadsattack TurksKKK rally against immigrants, 1925

Hindu mobs attack IndianMuslim neighborhood

State usually representscore group, but also needs

loyal minorities

English attack immigrants

Minority nationalism

For “self-determination”(ability to rule own lands)

Reaction to majority nationalism?

LithuaniaEast Timor

PuertoRico

Irredentism

Joining ethnic minority with acountry where they are majority

Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938

SecessionSeparation from state (independence)

French-speakers are minorityin Canada, but majority in Quebec.

Failed secession of Quebec

Most French-speakers (blue)voted for independence

of Quebec from Canada, 1995.

Quebec minorities (English-speakers, Native peoples, and

immigrants) voted “No”

Cree

Inuit

English

State response: Coercion

Ethnocide(forced assimilation)

Hungarian sign defacedin Romania.

Turks forced toChange names in Bulgaria.

Genocide(extermination)

800,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, 1994.

Also can be in Core (Germany 1940s)

South African Apartheid (racial separation), 1948-94

South African Black Homelands

76% of populationgiven 13%of land;deniedcitizenshipin rest(ethnocide)

“Bantustans” forced on Blacks

State response: Unitary system

Central government holds power;No autonomy for ethnic minorities

State response: Autonomy

Ethnic minoritiescan rule themselves in special regionswithin the state

Autonomousregions of Spain.Flag of Catalonia

alongside Spainand EU flags

China settlingethnic Chinese in

“autonomous”regions

Indian Reservations (autonomy)

Inuit (Eskimo) territory of Nunavut

Canada

1999

State response: Ethnic Federalism

Territorial unitsrepresent differentethnic groups

Other large multiethnicfederations have failed(Yugoslavia, USSR)

Languages and states of India

Confederalism

Devolution (transfer)of most power from centralgovernment to regions

Confederacydeclared, 1861.“States’ Rights” after Civil Warended in 1865.

Bosnia after civil war ended in 1995,

dividedinto strong Serb and

Muslim-Croat regions

Six republics of Yugoslavia, 1945-1991Croatia, Slovenia(Catholic)

Serbia, Montenegro,Macedonia(Orthodox)

Bosnia(Muslim)

Kosovo(Muslim partof Serbia)

Yugoslavia break-up, 1990s

Ethnic Serbs(outside Serbia)for irredentism

Bosnians,Kosovarsfor secession

Ethnic cleansingForced removal of

an ethnic group

Serbs expelledfrom Krajina(Croatia), 1995

Albaniansexpelled

from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999

To make area ethnically “pure”

Former Yugoslavia TodaySlovenia 1990

Croatia 1991

Bosnia 1992

Macedonia 1992

Serbia & Montenegro(remained “Yugoslavia”until 2003)

Kosovo 1999(officially part of Serbia)

Soviet Union (USSR) ethnic groups

Dominant (titular)groups in 15

Soviet republics

All had minorities

14 republics outsideRussia had

Russian minority

Breakup of Soviet Union into 15 states, 1991

Ethnic Russians left outside Russia

Fears that Russianirredentismwould leadto war

But ethnicterritorialitynot so strong

Ethnic minority regions in the new Russia

Russians fear one secessionwould spread to all

Ethnic groupsin SouthernRussia andthe Caucasus

Chechens fightfor secessionfrom Russia

Armenians fight Azerbaijan(irredentism)

Russians flatten Grozny, capital of Chechnya, 2000

Russia attacks Chechen Muslims(state territoriality)

Why ethnic conflict?Why ethnic conflict?

Because differencenaturally causeconflict?

But difference doesnot always causeconflict Conflicts also eruptbetween similarpeoples

Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants)

Same race, language

Different religion(and ethnic group? class?)

Protestant majorityfor staying in U.K.Catholic minorityfor joining Ireland.

Loyalist(Protestant)

and Republican(Catholic) murals

in Belfast

Rwanda(Hutus vs. Tutsis)

Same race, language,religion

Different ethnic group;one favored by colonialists

Genocide againstTutsi minority, 1994

Bosnia(Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)

Same race, spoken language

Different religion,script, “ethnic” group

Intermarried, cooperated,1950s-80s; At war 1990s

Muslim andSerb refugeesFrom Sarajevo

Somalia

Same race, language,religion, and ethnic group !

Yet 1990s civil warbetween clan militias

Contending theories

Ethnic hatred isalways there; politics can keep a “lid” on it

Croatian and Serbian leadersstoke ethnic hatred after 1989

Ethnic hatred is a toolused for political and

economic power

Communism collapses inEastern Europe, 1989

Bosniapartition plan

Ethnic conflictEthnic conflictas a tool to…as a tool to…

Mask economic hierarchy.Mask economic hierarchy.

Divert majority citizens Divert majority citizens from economic crisis.from economic crisis.

Prevent poor of different Prevent poor of different ethnic groups from uniting.ethnic groups from uniting.