STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.
-
Upload
rosemary-robertson -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.
![Page 1: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
STATES OF MATTER
Four StatesSolidLiquidGasPlasma
![Page 2: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Based upon particle arrangement Based upon energy of particles Based upon distance between
particles
STATES OF MATTER
![Page 3: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.
![Page 4: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
KINETIC THEORY
Kinetic Theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion.– Kinetic refers to motion
– Helps you understand the behavior of solid, liquid, and gas atoms/molecules as well as the physical properties
– Provides a model behavior based off three principals
![Page 5: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
KINETIC THEORY
3 Principles of Kinetic Theory– All matter is made of tiny particles
– These particles are in constant motion
– When particles collide with each other or the container, the collisions are perfectly elastic (no energy is lost)
![Page 6: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
STATES OF MATTER
4 States of Matter– Solid– Liquid– Gas– Plasma
![Page 7: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS
Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat
![Page 8: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SOLIDS
Particles are tightly packed and close together
Particles do move but not very much Definite shape and definite volume
(because particles are packed closely and do not move)
Most solids are crystals Crystals are made of unit cells (repeating
patterns)– The shape of a crystal reflects the
arrangement of the particles within the solid
![Page 9: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SOLIDS
Unit cells put together make a crystal lattice (skeleton for the crystal)
Unit cell crystal lattice solid
![Page 10: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
SOLIDSAmorphous Solid:
– A solid with no defined shape (not a crystal)
– A solid that lacks an ordered internal structure
– Examples: Clay, PlayDoh, Rubber, Glass, Plastic, Asphalt
![Page 11: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SOLIDSAllotropes:
– Solids (elements or compounds) that appear in more than one form
– 2 or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state (have different properties)
– Example: Carbon Powder = Graphite Pencil “lead” = graphite Hard solid = diamond
![Page 12: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SOLIDS
![Page 13: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SOLIDS Allotropes of Carbon:
a) diamond
b) graphite
c) lonsdaleite
d) buckminsterfullerene (buckyball)
e) C540
f) C70
g) amorphous carbon
h) single-walled (buckytube)
![Page 14: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
STATES OF MATTERLIQUIDParticles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.
Heat
![Page 15: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LIQUIDS
Particles are spread apart Particles move slowly through a container No definite shape but do have a definite
volume Flow from one container to another Viscosity – resistance of a liquid to flowing
– Honey – high viscosity– Water – low viscosity
![Page 16: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
STATES OF MATTERGASParticles of gases are
very far apart and move freely.
Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
Heat
![Page 17: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GASES
Particles are very far apart Particles move very fast No definite shape and No definite
volume
![Page 18: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement DuringPhase Change
Solid to liquid
MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.
Liquid to solid
FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.
A Phase is another way of saying a State (of Matter)
![Page 19: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change
Term for Phase Change
Heat Movement During Phase Change
Liquid to gas
Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation
Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid
CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.
![Page 20: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?
![Page 21: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
STATES OF MATTERPLASMAA plasma is an
ionized gas.A plasma is a very
good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
Plasma is the common state of matter
Ions = charged particles
![Page 22: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in a regular
patternVibrate, but do not move from place to place
Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move
about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement.Vibrate and
move freely at high speeds
Has no definite volume or shape
and is composed of electrical charged
particles
![Page 23: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PLASMA Particles are extremely far apart Particles move extremely fast Only exists above 3000 degrees
Celsius Basically, plasma is a hot gas When particles collide, they break
apart into protons, neutrons, and electrons
Occurs naturally on the sun and stars
![Page 24: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Some places where plasmas are found…
Flames
![Page 25: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lightning
![Page 26: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Aurora (Northern Lights)
![Page 27: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state
![Page 28: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A graph showing the heating curve for a substance.
![Page 31: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
A phase diagram showing the relationships of the states for a substance at different temperatures and pressures.
![Page 32: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the material is a physical property.
In a physical change, the physical properties of a substance change, but the identity of the substance does not change.
A chemical property is any characteristic that gives a substance the ability to undergo a change that results in a new substance.
A chemical change is a change in the identity of a substance due to the chemical properties of that substance.
![Page 33: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pure SubstancesPure substances contain only one sort of particle. Many substances that in everyday language we call pure are really mixtures.
A pure substance can only be an element or a compound.
For example, a bottle of pure mineral water has, according to the label, the following contents :
•Calcium•Magnesium•Sodium•Potassium•Bicarbonate•Chloride•Sulphate•Fluoride!
If it was really pure water, in the scientific meaning of the word, it would contain only water particles, H20.
![Page 34: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Elements, Molecules and Compounds
Some elements, such as the noble gases, exist as individual atoms.
Often, elements consist of two or more atoms joined together. We call these molecules.
If more than one type of atom is in a molecule, we call it a compound.
![Page 35: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
By asking these questions scientists can classify matter into:
Mixtures – two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and can be separated by physical means. The substances in a mixture retain their individual properties.– Solutions – a special kind of mixture where one
substance dissolves in another.
Elements – simplest form of pure substance. They cannot be broken into anything else by physical or chemical means.
Compounds – pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.
![Page 36: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Is it uniform throughout?
If the answer is no, the matter is a heterogeneous mixture.– Considered the “least mixed.”– Does not appear to be the same
throughout.– Particles are large enough to be
seen and to be separated from the mixture.
![Page 38: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Examples of heterogeneous mixtures
Sand and pebbles Oil and water Powdered iron and powdered
sulfur
![Page 39: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Granite is a heterogeneous mixture.
![Page 40: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Matter
Heterogeneous mixture
Is it uniform throughout
Homogeneous mixture
Pure substance
Solution
Can it be separated by
physical means
Mixture
Colloid
Can it be decomposed into other substances by chemical processes
Element Compound
SolventSolute
contains
Dissolved down to atomic or molecular
level
yesno
yesno
yes no
no yes
![Page 41: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Is it uniform throughout?If the answer is yes, the matter is a
homogeneous mixture (looks the same throughout).
A mixture that appears to be the same throughout.
It is “well mixed.”
The particles that make up the mixture are very small and not easily recognizable.
![Page 42: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Colloids
Particles are mixed together but not dissolved.
The particles are relatively large and are kept permanently suspended.
However, the particles are larger than individual atoms or molecules.
0
20
40
60
80
100
1st
Qtr
2nd
Qtr
3rd
Qtr
4th
Qtr
East
West
North
![Page 43: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Colloids
A colloid will not separate upon standing.
The particles are constantly colliding, and this allows a colloid to scatter light – thus colloids often seem cloudy.
![Page 44: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Solutions If the particles in a homogeneous mixture are
at an atomic or molecular level (breaks down to individual atoms or molecules) – it is a solution.
A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another.
It is the best mixed of all mixtures. A solution always has a substance that is
dissolved and a substance that does the dissolving.
The substance that is dissolved is the solute and the substance that does the dissolving is the solvent.
![Page 45: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Ocean water is a solution
![Page 46: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The universal solvent: Water
![Page 47: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Water as a solvent
Many liquid solutions contain water as the solvent.
Ocean water is basically a water solution that contains many salts.
Body fluids are also water solutions.
![Page 48: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Types of solutions
Gas Gas Air (oxygen in nitrogen)
Gas Liquid Soda water (carbon dioxide in water)
Solid Liquid Ocean water (salt in water)
Solute Solvent Example
Solid Solid Gold jewelry (copper in gold)
Metals dissolved in metals are called
alloys.
![Page 49: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Air is a solution of oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen
![Page 50: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Alloys
Brass is an alloy of copperand zinc.
Stainless steel is a mixtureof iron and chromium.
![Page 51: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Can it be separated by physical means?
If the answer is no, the matter is a pure substance.– An element– Or a compound
![Page 53: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Elements Elements are the simplest pure substance.
– An element can not be changed into a simpler substance by heating or any chemical process.
The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is called an atom.– An atom is the basic building block of matter.
There are more than one hundred known elements in the universe listed on the periodic table of elements.– These elements combine in such a way to
create millions of compounds.
![Page 54: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Elements
All elements are made of atoms.
Atoms of the same element are alike.
Atoms of different elements are different.
![Page 55: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Elements
In 1813, a system of representing elements with symbols was introduced.
– Each symbol consists of one or two letters.
– Two letters are needed for a chemical symbol when the first letter of that element’s name has already been used.
![Page 56: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Common Elements
Aluminum Al
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Carbon C
Gold Au
Helium He
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
![Page 57: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Compounds
Compounds are also pure substances.
But compounds are made from more than one element.
Water is a compound. Water can be broken
down into simpler substances – hydrogen and oxygen.
![Page 58: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions, or chemical changes, happen when the atoms in one or more chemicals split up and join together in new ways.
For example, hydrogen can react with oxygen :
hydrogen + oxygen → water
![Page 60: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Chemical Reactions
hydrogen + oxygen → water
Before the reaction the oxygen atoms go round in pairs, and the hydrogen atoms go round in pairs. When they react we get two new molecules, of the compound water.
Each of these molecules has three atoms, two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom.We can write this as H2O.
![Page 61: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Types of Reaction
There are several different groups that we can put reactions into. These include :
combustiondisplacementneutralizationoxidationprecipitationthermal decomposition
The reaction of sugar with concentrated sulphuric acid.
![Page 62: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Types of Reaction
When a reaction takes place, things happen. There may be a gas given off, a colour change or a solid material appearing. There could also be changes we can’t see, such as a temperature change.
One important thing to remember about chemical reactions is that the mass of the reactants (the chemicals we start with) is always the same as the mass of the products (the chemicals we end with).
This is the Law of Conservation of Matter
![Page 63: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Combustion
This is the name we give to reactions when things burn in air. Combustion is a special sort of oxidation reaction. It happens quickly and a flame is produced which heats the surroundings.
As we have already seen, hydrogen will react with oxygen – it burns to form water.
Most fuels burn in air to form water and carbon dioxide :
methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water
![Page 64: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Oxidation
In oxidation reactions, oxygen combines with a substance to make an oxide.
For example iron will go rusty :
iron + oxygen iron oxide
Adding pure oxygen makes reactions go faster than they would in air. Here is a picture of a biscuit burning!
![Page 65: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Thermal Decomposition
In this type of reaction, a substance breaks down into simpler parts when it is heated.
For example, copper carbonate will decompose when heated :
copper carbonateheat
copper oxide + carbon dioxide
If we measure the mass of copper carbonate before the reaction, and then the mass of copper oxide left after the reaction, the mass of the copper oxide will be lower.The mass has not disappeared. The missing mass is that of the carbon dioxide gas which has escaped into the air.
![Page 66: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Displacement
In a displacement reaction, one metal ‘kicks out’ a less reactive one.
For example, when iron filings are added to copper sulphate solution, copper metal starts to appear.
iron + copper sulphate copper + iron sulphate
![Page 67: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Displacement
iron + copper sulphate copper + iron sulphate
The iron wants to be with the sulphate more than the copper does. We say that iron is more reactive than copper.
When the iron atoms are mixed with the copper sulphate atoms, the iron atoms ‘kick out’ the copper atoms and join on to the sulphate ions (particles).
We see the red / brown copper metal start to appear in place of the grey iron, and the solution changes colour from blue to green, as copper sulphate is blue but iron sulphate is green.
![Page 68: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Displacement
If an insoluble product is formed in a reaction, it suddenly appears. We say it precipitates, and the solid is called the precipitate.
This reaction happens if we blow into lime water (calcium oxide solution). The carbon dioxide from our breath joins up with the calcium oxide to form calcium carbonate, which is a white, insoluble material.
![Page 69: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
neutralization
Neutralization (or acid/base) occurs when an acid combines with a base to produce a salt and water
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl + H2O
![Page 70: STATES OF MATTER Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e365503460f94b25ef5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Precipitation
If an insoluble product (a solid in the liquid solution) is formed in a reaction, it suddenly appears. We say it precipitates, and the solid is called the precipitate.
This reaction happens if we blow into lime water (calcium oxide solution). The carbon dioxide from our breath joins up with the calcium oxide to form calcium carbonate, which is a white, insoluble material.
calcium oxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate