Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input ......ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor...

Public Input No. 4-NFPA 556-2017 [ Global Input ]

Type your content here ...

Throughout the entire text of the document (excludng the title), change the word "guide"to "document".

This wll provide consistency as both terms are used now. As "guide" is included in thetitle, it seems redundant to keep stating it. Also, if this document is changed from aguide to a standard in the futurie, it will facilitate editorial canges needed.

Statement of Problem and Substantiation for Public Input

The proposed change will provide consistency and facilitate future editorial changes, if needed.

Submitter Information Verification

Submitter Full Name: Richard Davis

Organization: FM Global

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Wed Jun 21 14:13:12 EDT 2017

Committee Statement

Resolution: FR-7-NFPA 556-2017

Statement: The proposed change will provide consistency and facilitate future editorial changes, ifneeded. This wll provide consistency as both terms are used now. As "guide" is includedin the title, it seems redundant to keep stating it. Also, if this document is changed from aguide to a standard in the futurie, it will facilitate editorial canges needed.

National Fire Protection Association Report http://submittals.nfpa.org/TerraViewWeb/ContentFetcher?commentPara...

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Public Input No. 1-NFPA 556-2016 [ Chapter 2 ]

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General.

The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this guide andshould be considered part of the recommendations of this document.

2.2 NFPA Publications.

National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 253, Standard Method of Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source, 2015 edition.

NFPA 257, Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies, 2012 edition.

NFPA 260, Standard Methods of Tests and Classification System for Cigarette IgnitionResistance of Components of Upholstered Furniture, 2013 edition.

NFPA 261, Standard Method of Test for Determining Resistance of Mock-Up UpholsteredFurniture Material Assemblies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes, 2013 edition.

NFPA 270, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, 2013 edition.

NFPA 289, Standard Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Packages, 2013 edition.

SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection, 2nd edition.

2.3 Other Publications.


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2.3.1 ASTM Publications.


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ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA,19428-2959.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile FloorCovering Materials, 2006 (2011) 2016 .

ASTM D3675, Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2014 2016 .

ASTM D6113, Standard Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fire Cables,2011.

ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,2012a 2016a .

ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at750°C, 2012 2016 .

ASTM E162, Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant HeatEnergy Source, 2013 2015b .

ASTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments, 2013.

ASTM E648, Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source, 2014c 2015 .

ASTM E662, Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by SolidMaterials, 2014 2015a .

ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, 2013a.

ASTM E1321, Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame SpreadProperties, 2013.

ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materialsand Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2014 2016a .

ASTM E1474, Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of UpholsteredFurniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter, 2014.

ASTM E1529, Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fireson Structural Members and Assemblies, 2013 2014a .

ASTM E1546, Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards, 2009a2015 .

ASTM E1623, Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters ofMaterials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL), 20112016 .

ASTM E1995, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally,2012.

ASTM E2061, Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles, 2012 2015 .

ASTM E2067, Standard Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests,2012 2015 .

ASTM E2102, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability forScreening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater, 2014 2015 .

ASTM E2280, Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered SeatingFurniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities, 2013.


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ASTM E2574/E2574M, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies,2012a.

ASTM E2652, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750°C, 2012 2016 .

2.3.2 ISO Publications.

International Organization for Standardization, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 7, CP 401,1214 Vernier, Geneva Switzerland .

ISO 3795, Road Vehicles, and Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and Forestry —Determination of Burning Behaviour of Interior Materials, 1989.

ISO TS 17431, Fire Tests — Reduced Scale Model Box Test, 2006.

2.3.3 Society of Automotive Manufacturers SAE Publications.

SAE World Headquarters, 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.

ANSI/SAE Z26.1, American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing MotorVehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways - Safety Standard, 1996.

SAE J2464, Electric and Hybrid Electric Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) Safetyand Abuse Testing, 2009.

2.3.4 UL Publications.

Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.

UL 9, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Window Assemblies, 2009, revised 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 2011, revised 2011 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, 2003, revised 2010 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 1685, Standard for Safety Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test forElectrical and Optical-Fiber Cables, 2007, revised 2010 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials for Structural Steel,2011.

ANSI/ UL 2556, Wire and Cable Test Methods, 2013 2015 .

2.3.5 U.S. Government Publications.

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, U.S. Department of Transportation/National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590.

49 CFR 571.302/FMVSS 302, “Flammability of Interior Materials,”2013.


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2.3.6 List of Publications.


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(1.) “Traffic Safety Facts 2006.” National Center for Statistics and Analysis, National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration.

(2.) Blincoe, L.J., et al. “The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes 2000.” DOT HS 809446, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, May2002.

(3.) Digges, K.H. and Stephenson, R.R. “A Research Program to Study Impact Related FireSafety.” Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute (MVFRI) Paper Number 050448.

(4.) Ahrens, M., “U.S. Vehicle Fire Trends and Patterns,” National Fire Protection Association,Quincy, MA, July 2008.

(5.) “Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures 2006,” Alliance of the Automobile Manufacturers, Ward’s,Southfield, MI, 2006.

(6.) Committee on Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials. 1979. “Fire Safety Aspects ofPolymeric Materials, Volume 8, Land Transportation Vehicles.” Washington, DC: NationalMaterials Advisory Board, National Academy of Sciences, Publication NMAB 318-8: 158.[Original Reference is Ward's Automotive Yearbook, 1975.]

(7.) Abu-Isa, I. A., D. R. Cummings, D. E. LaDue, and A. Tewarson. June 1–4, 1998. “ThermalProperties and Flammability Behavior of Automotive Polymers,” Paper No. 98-54-P-17, 16thInternational Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor, Canada.[References Automotive Plastics Newsletter, April 1996, Market Search, Inc.]

(8.) Tewarson, A. October 1997. “A Study of the Flammability of Plastics in Vehicle Componentsand Parts.” Factory Mutual Research Corp. Technical Report FMRC J.I. 0B1R7.RC, on GeneralMotors Corp. Research Project.

(9.) “Recommendations for testing the flammability and smoke emission characteristics oftransit bus and van materials such as seating, panels, flooring, insulation, and miscellaneous.”October 20, 1993. Federal Register, Vol 58. No. 201.

(10.) “Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 302, Flammability of Materials — Passenger Cars,Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles, Trucks and Buses.” Washington, DC: National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration. [Code of Federal Regulations § 571.302, originally FederalRegister 34, No. 229, pp. 20434–20436 (December 31, 1969).]

(11.) Storrs, C. D. and O. H. Lindemann. July 1972. “Federal Flammability Standards forInteriors of Motor Vehicles.” Fire Journal, pp. 34–44.

(12.) Hirschler, M. M. 1999. “Use of Heat Release Rate to Predict Whether IndividualFurnishings Would Cause Self Propagating Fires.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 32, 273–296.

(13.) Janssens, M. L., S. E Dillon, and M. M Hirschler. 2001. “Using the Cone Calorimeter as aScreening Tool for the NFPA 265 and NFPA 286 Room Test Procedures.” Fire and Materials2001 Conference, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 22-24, 2001. London: InterscienceCommunications, 529–540.

(14.) Karlsson, B. 1994. “Models for Calculating Flame Spread on Wall Lining Materials and theResulting Heat Release Rate in a Room.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, 365–386.

(15.) Hirschler, M. M. 1998. “How to Assess the Effect of an Individual Product on the FireHazard in a Real Occupancy, Based on Heat Release Rate.” Flame Retardants '98, February3–4, 1998, London. London: Interscience Communications, 225–240.

(16.) Janssens, M.L. and Huczek, J.P, “Comparison of Fire Properties of Automotive Materials”,in Business Communications Company Fourteenth Ann. Conference on Recent Advances inFlame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, June 2-4, 2003, Stamford, CT, Ed. M. Lewin,Norwalk, CT, 2003.

(17.) Peacock, R. D., W. W Jones, R. W. Bukowski, and C. L. Forney. 1991. “TechnicalReference Guide for the HAZARD I Fire Hazard Assessment Method, Version 1.1.” In NIST


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Handbook 146, Vol. II. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

(18.) Peacock, R. D., W. W Jones, G. P. Forney, R. W. Portier, P. A. Reneke, R. W. Bukowski,and J. H. Klote. 1994. “An Update Guide for HAZARD I, Version 1.2.” NISTIR 5410.Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

(19.) Battipaglia, K., J. Huczek, M.L. Janssens, and G. Miller. 2004. “Development of a Methodto Assess the Fire Hazard of Automotive Materials.” Proceedings Interflam 2004. InterscienceCommunications Ltd.

(20.) Santrock J., August 2002. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation,Part 7: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel Drive PassengerCar.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-178, General Motors Corporation.

(21.) Shields, L., R. Scheibe, and T. Angelos. November 17, 1998. “Motor-Vehicle Collision —Fire Analysis Methods and Results.” Washington State Transportation Center, 1–18.

(22.) Ahrens, M. February 2004. “U.S. Vehicle Fire Trends and Patterns.” Quincy, MA: NationalFire Protection Association.

(23.) Karter, M. J. September/October 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,1999, 2000, 2001. “U.S. Fire Loss.” NFPA Journal.

(24.) “Traffic Safety Facts,” Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS). 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,1998, 1999, 2000, 2001. Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Transportation, NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration.

(25.) Cole, L. S. 1992. Investigation of Motor Vehicle Fires, Novato, CA: Lee Books, 27–63.

(26.) Trisko, E. March 1975. “Results of the 1973 National Survey of Motor Vehicle Fires.” FireJournal, 19–27.

(27.) “Ontario Fire Losses by Property Class — 1990 to 1999.” Office of the Ontario ProvinceFire Marshal.

2.3.7 Other Publications.

BS EN 13823, Reaction to fire tests for building products. Building products excluding flooringsexposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item, British Standards Institution, London,United Kingdom 2010, amendment 1, 2014 .

ECE R34, Annex 5, Fire Risks — European Economic Community Regulation — Fire safety ofplastic fuel tanks for automobiles (ECE R34, Annex 5, RREG 70/221/EWG, 2000/8/EG).

JIS D 1201, Road Vehicles, and Tractors and Machinery for Agriculture and Forestry —Determination of Burning Behaviour of Interior Materials, Japanese Standards Association,Tokyo, Japan, 1998.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., Springfield MA,2003.

National School Transportation Specifications & Procedures, Adopted by the Fifteenth NationalCongress on School Transportation, 2010 revised edition.


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2.4 References for Extracts in Advisory Sections.

NFPA 268, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignitability of Exterior Wall Assemblies Usinga Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2012 edition.



NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities, 2015 edition.

NFPA 555, Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential for Room Flashover, 2013 edition.

NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2014 edition.


Referenced current SDO names, addresses, standard names, numbers, and editions.

Related Public Inputs for This Document

Related Input Relationship

Public Input No. 2-NFPA 556-2016 [Chapter C]


Submitter Full Name: Aaron Adamczyk

Organization: [ Not Specified ]

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Sun Sep 18 18:59:20 EDT 2016

Committee Statement

Resolution: Sections of Chapter 2 were updated individually. See associated first revisions (10-17) forupdates.


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Public Input No. 10-NFPA 556-2017 [ Section No. 2.3.1 ]


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2.3.1 ASTM Publications.


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ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA,19428-2959.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile FloorCovering Materials, 2006 (2011) 2016 .

ASTM D3675, Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2014 2016 .

ASTM D6113, Standard Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fire Cables,2011 2016 .

ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials,2017.

ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,2012a 2017 .

ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at750°C, 2012 2016a .

ASTM E162, Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant HeatEnergy Source, 2013 2016 .

ASTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments, 2013 2017 .


ASTM E662, Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by SolidMaterials, 2014 2017 .

ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, 2013a(2017) .


ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materialsand Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2014 2017 .


ASTM E1529, Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fireson Structural Members and Assemblies, 2013 2016 .

ASTM E1546, Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards,2009a 2015 .

ASTM E1623, Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters ofMaterials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL), 2011 2017 .

ASTM E1995, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally,2012 2016 .

ASTM E2061, Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles, 2012.




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ASTM E2280, Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered SeatingFurniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities, 2013 2017 .

ASTM E2574/E2574M, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies,2012a 2017 .

ASTM E2652, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750°C, 2012 2016 .

ASTM E2965, Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate forMaterials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2017.


date updates - the addition of ASTM E2965 is associated with the public inputs to chapters 10 and 12 where the standard is being referenced. The addition of ASTM E84 is associated with the public input to provide a definition of limited-combustible material.



Public Input No. 12-NFPA 556-2017 [Section No. 10.1]

Public Input No. 13-NFPA 556-2017 [Section No. 12.3.5]

Public Input No. 23-NFPA 556-2017 [New Section after 5.4]


Submitter Full Name: Marcelo Hirschler

Organization: GBH International

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Fri Jun 23 22:16:55 EDT 2017

Committee Statement


Statement: Update references to latest publication and added ASTM E84 and ASTM E2965.


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UL 9, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Window Assemblies, 2009.

ANSI/UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, revised 2011.

ANSI/UL 723, Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, 2008,Revised 2010.

ANSI/ UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, 2003, revised 2010.

ANSI/UL 1685, Standard for Safety Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test forElectrical and Optical-Fiber Cables, 2007, revised 2010.

ANSI/UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials for Structural Steel,2011.

ANSI/ UL 2556, Wire and Cable Test Methods, 2013.


The addition of UL 723 is associated with the proposed addition of the criteria for limited-combustible material.







Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: Update references to latest publication and add ANSI/UL 723.


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UL 9, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Window Assemblies, 2009 2015 .

ANSI/UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, revised 2011 2015 .

ANSI/UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, 2003, revised 2010 2015 .

ANSI/UL 1685, Standard for Safety Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test forElectrical and Optical-Fiber Cables, 2007, revised 2010 2015 .

ANSI/UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials for Structural Steel,2011 2017 .



Update Standards



Public Input No. 6-NFPA 556-2017 [Section No. C.1.2.4]


Submitter Full Name: Kelly Nicolello

Organization: UL LLC

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Thu Jun 22 15:17:56 EDT 2017

Committee Statement


Statement: Update references to latest publication and add ANSI/UL 723.


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2.3.5 U.S. Government Publications.

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, U.S. Department of Transportation/National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh Street, SW, Washington, DC 20590.

49 CFR 571.302/FMVSS 302, “Flammability of Interior Materials,”2013 ” October 1, 2011 .


The reference to FMVSS 302 by the US Government Publishing Office, in 49 CFR 571.302 refers to the latest revision of the standard, which was dated October 1, 2011.




Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: Update references to latest publication.


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Public Input No. 26-NFPA 556-2017 [ Section No. 2.4 ]

2.4 References for Extracts in Advisory Sections.

NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, 2018 edition.

NFPA 268, Standard Test Method for Determining Ignitability of Exterior Wall Assemblies Usinga Radiant Heat Energy Source, 2012 edition.



NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities, 2015 edition.

NFPA 555, Guide on Methods for Evaluating Potential for Room Flashover, 2013 edition.



This is associated with the extract proposed for new section 5.5. Dates for other extract standards need to be updated also.







Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: Update references to latest publication and added NFPA 5000.


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Public Input No. 24-NFPA 556-2017 [ New Section after 3.3.30 ]

3.3.31 Limited-combustible material (see 5.5)


This places an indicator in the definitions section to a term "limited-combustible material" that is proposed to be added into chapter 5.







Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: This places an indicator in the definitions section to a term "limited-combustible material"that is proposed to be added into chapter 5.


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5.2.2

One factor affecting the severity of passenger road vehicle fire incidents is the fire performanceof the materials used in constructing the vehicles. Other factors include collision or noncollisionand the presence of ignitable liquids and gases. The principal properties of materials that affectfire severity are susceptibility of ignition, heat release rate once ignited, and the rate of flamespread over the surface. Additional characteristics include smoke production, effects of materialorientation on burning rate, and melting and production of flaming droplets. Strategies forproviding an adequate level of fire safety in passenger road vehicles include the use ofprescriptive material requirements or performance-based analysis and design. A prescriptiveapproach would require that individual materials or component assemblies meet specifiedpass/fail criteria based on one or more fire tests. A performance-based approach would requirethat the complete vehicle meet certain performance objectives.

5.2.2.1 If materials undergo melting and also generate flaming droplets such materials aretypically deemed to present fire safety concerns because the burning material can possiblygenerate flames that spread to a nearby substrate/target, and, thus, cause the fire to movebeyond the object of origin. This phenomenon has been discussed in research at NIST (10,11)which showed that flaming melt flow can reach the floor or spread on a surface and causeradiant ignition of remote objects. Therefore, the fire hazard associated with materials thatundergo rapid melting but generate no flaming droplets may be different from that of materialsthat both melt and generate flaming droplets.

(Note: renumber references starting at reference number 9)


Recent research has identified that the issue of flaming droplets may present an unusual fire hazard phenomenon beyond the standard issues of heat release, ignitability and so on, because of the potential for spreading flame along the floor surface. References are being added in PI 21.








Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:



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Committee Statement


Statement: Recent research has identified that the issue of flaming droplets may present an unusualfire hazard phenomenon beyond the standard issues of heat release, ignitability and soon, because of the potential for spreading flame along the floor surface. References arebeing added. Removed the word rapid from the proposal to eliminate ambiguity. Added"depending on several variables" to acknowledge other factors play a role.


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Public Input No. 23-NFPA 556-2017 [ New Section after 5.4 ]

5.5 * Limited-combustible material [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14] A material shall be considered alimited-combustible material where one of the following is met:

(1) The conditions of 5.5.1 and 5.5.2 , and the conditions of either 5.5.3 or5.5.4 , shall be met.

(2) The conditions of 5.5.5 shall be met.

5.5.1 [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14.1]

The material shall not comply with the requirements for noncombustible material inaccordance with 5.4 .

5.5.2 [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14.2]

The material, in the form in which it is used, shall exhibit a potential heat value notexceeding 3500 Btu/lb (8141 kJ/kg) where tested in accordance with NFPA 259 .

5.5.3 [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14.3]

The material shall have the structural base of a noncombustible material with a surfacing

not exceeding a thickness of 1 ⁄ 8 in. (3.2 mm) where the surfacing exhibits a flamespread index not greater than 50 when tested in accordance with ASTM E84, StandardTest Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials , or ANSI/UL 723,Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials .

5.5.4 [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14.3]

The material shall be composed of materials that, in the form and thickness used, neitherexhibit a flame spread index greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressivecombustion when tested in accordance with ASTM E84, Standard Test Method forSurface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723, Standard forTest for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, and shall be of suchcomposition that all surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the material onany plane would neither exhibit a flame spread index greater than 25 nor exhibitevidence of continued progressive combustion when tested in accordance with ASTME84 or ANSI/UL 723.

5.5.5 [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14.4]

Materials shall be considered limited-combustible materials where tested inaccordance with ASTM E2965, Standard Test Method for Determination of LowLevels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen

Consumption Calorimeter , at an incident heat flux of 75 kW/m 2 for a 20-minuteexposure and both of the following conditions are met:

(1) The peak heat release rate shall not exceed 150 kW/m 2 for longer than 10seconds.

(2) The total heat released shall not exceed 8 MJ/m 2 .


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5.5.6 [NFPA 101, 2018, 4.6.14.5]

Where the term limited-combustible is used in this Guide , it shall also include the termnoncombustible .


This public input adds an extract from NFPA 101 relating to limited combustible materials, which are materials that are not non-combustible but release very little heat and are of low fire hazard characteristics.





Public Input No. 24-NFPA 556-2017 [New Section after 3.3.30]



Public Input No. 27-NFPA 556-2017 [New Section after A.5.4(1)]




Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: The committee agrees that the requirements for a limited-combustible material should beadded. However, the committee decided to extract from 5000 instead of 101 because therequirements were vetted through the 5000 committee. The annex material was alsoadded but extracted from 5000.


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6.2.1

The performance-based approach employs a systematic analysis as depicted schematically inFigure 6.2.1. This approach is applicable to both new and existing designs. See the SFPEEngineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection: Analysis of Buildings and Design .The process begins with the establishment of fire performance design criteria that establish thelimiting hazard levels for the desired fire safety (see Chapter 7). Next, the candidate design forthe passenger road vehicle components or systems to be evaluated is established. The relevantfire scenario for the specific analysis is selected, including the scenario elements in Figure6.2.1. Some generic scenarios are described in Chapter 11.

Figure 6.2.1 Flow Chart for the Performance-Based Approach to Be Used in This Guide.


Title change as a result of the publishing of the 2nd edition of the SFPE Guide.


Submitter Full Name: Chris Jelenewicz

Organization: SFPE

Street Address:

City:


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State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: Title change as a result of the publishing of the 2nd edition of the SFPE Guide.


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Public Input No. 17-NFPA 556-2017 [ New Section after 7.2.4 ]

TITLE OF NEW CONTENT

A large number of post collision fires originate outside of the passenger compartment. The timerequired for fire propagation into the passenger compartment can be a function on of thenumber and size of the openings in the bulkheads. Seals should be provided for openings inthe passenger compartment bulkheads to resist fire propagation, and these seals should bedesigned to maintain their integrity during a collision.


Seals in crash tests and real world crashes can be compromised by collision forces and deformation. This can allow for easier propagation of post-collision fires.


Submitter Full Name: Brian Herbst

Organization: SAFE Research

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement

Resolution: There is no supporting data for this proposal. Specifically for frontal crashes, there issome research that shows other avenues of flame spread may be more significant. Withregard to the type of seal there is no recommendation for a specific test of the integrity ofthe seal during a collision with pass/fail criteria that could be conducted.


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Public Input No. 12-NFPA 556-2017 [ Section No. 10.1 ]


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10.1 General.


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Several evaluation methods and tools might be suitable for assessing the fire behavior ofpassenger road vehicle components, when associated with any of the fire scenarios discussedin this guide. FMVSS 302 and other similar tests using different designations are used as theregulatory standard for the evaluation of passenger road vehicle components in the UnitedStates and some other countries. Table 10.1 identifies several, but not all, potential fire tests forconsideration in assessing the fire performance of various components that could be involved inpassenger road vehicle fires.

Table 10.1 Relevant Test Methods and Evaluation Tools

Passenger RoadVehicle

Component Evaluation Tool Comments

Bulk of materialsASTM E1354

ASTM E2965

Cone calorimeter

Very low heat releasecalorimeter

ASTM E1321 LIFT apparatus

Interior materials FMVSS 302 Regulatory test

Seat materials ASTM E1474 Cone calorimeter

Seat materials (schoolbuses)

ASTM E2574/E2574MFull-scale flamespread seat test

Carpets/floorcoverings

ASTM D2859 Pill test

NFPA 253 (ASTME648)

Critical radiant flux

Wire and cableANSI/UL 1685 andANSI/UL 2556

Cable and wire firetest

ASTM D6113 Cone calorimeter

Fire resistance —Fuel spill fromunderneath

ANSI/UL 263 (ASTME119) orANSI/UL 1709 (ASTME1529)

Time –temperaturetests

Firestops in theundercarriage

ASTM E814(ANSI/UL 1479)

Foams and fabrics(smoldering)

NFPA 260Cigarette ignition —component test

NFPA 261Cigarette ignition —composite test

Windshields (fireresistance)

NFPA 257(ANSI/UL 9)

Fire-protection ratingof glazing (excludinghose stream test)

Windshields (flamespread)

ANSI/SAE Z-26.1(See Sections 5.18and 5.19)

Flame spread ofglazing


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Passenger RoadVehicle

Component Evaluation Tool Comments

Individual fuelpackages

NFPA 289

Engine compartmentand passengercompartment furniturecalorimeter

Flat materials ISO TS 17431

Transmission throughthe bulkhead (dashpanel) and thewindshield

ASTM E1354 orASTM E 1623 or EN13823 (SBI)

Cone or intermediatescale calorimeter(ICAL) or singleburning item

Plastic fuel tanks ECE R34.01, Annex 5Full scale fire test oftanks

Batteries SAE J2464

Guidance ASTM E603Guidance for large-scale tests only

ASTM E2061

Guidance for fire hazardassessment intransportation vehiclesonly (based on railvehicles)

ASTM E2067Guidance for conductinglarge-scale heat releasetests only

ASTM E2280Guidance for fire hazardassessment in acompartment only

ASTM E1546Guidance for fire hazardassessment only

Other EvaluationMethods

Bulk of materials ASTM E2102Screening test forcone — mass losscone

Carpets/floorcoverings

ASTM E1995, ASTME662, or NFPA 270

Smoke chamber tests


This public input just recommends adding a new tool that was very recently developed by ASTM committee E05 on fire standards. ASTM E2965 is a test method that is similar to the cone calorimeter but uses a much larger test specimen (15 cm x 15 cm instead of 10 cm by 10 cm) and a much larger radiant cone heater as well as a lower air flow rate. This is intended to allow the precise assessment of very low levels of heat release. This can be used when there is a need to use materials in areas where fire safety concerns are particularly high. This public input is associated with recommendations to add further information into chapter 12 regarding the new test method. Of course, the information being added does not introduce any requirements.


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Public Input No. 14-NFPA 556-2017 [Sections A.10.2, A.11.1.2]




Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: This public input just recommends adding a new tool that was very recently developed byASTM committee E05 on fire standards. ASTM E2965 is a test method that is similar tothe cone calorimeter but uses a much larger test specimen (15 cm x 15 cm instead of 10cm by 10 cm) and a much larger radiant cone heater as well as a lower air flow rate. Thisis intended to allow the precise assessment of very low levels of heat release. This canbe used when there is a need to use materials in areas where fire safety concerns areparticularly high. This public input is associated with recommendations to add furtherinformation into chapter 12 regarding the new test method. Of course, the informationbeing added does not introduce any requirements.


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During the process of developing a new vehicle design numerous full scale crash tests must berun to simulate a multitude of crash modes. These crash test vehicles could provide valuabledata on post-collision fire resistance with minimal expense. The integrity of the passengercompartment bulkheads and seals should be assessed as part of the crash test documentation. Vehicles that have already been crash tested would also be ideal for subsequent full scale burntesting to evaluate post-collision fire resistance.


Full scale testing is expensive. Conducting these assessments and subsequent tests would provide valuable data and insight with minimal expense.




Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement

Resolution: Vehicles are disassembled post-crash for engineering analysis meaning there is no fullvehicle to conduct a fire test on. If the fire test was conducted prior to the mechanicalanalysis it would alter the material properties. More clarification is needed related to theevaluation of bulkheads and seals. Crash test vehicles are often prototype vehicles thatcontain proprietary information and may not be vehicles that are actually ever produced.Differences in production of prototype vehicles and production vehicle may impactperformance in post-crash fire test.


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Component level testing methodologies should be developed to evaluate the ability of seals foropenings in the passenger compartment bulkheads to maintain their integrity in the event of acollision. Such testing methodologies should evaluate whether seals will be displaced fromcompartment bulkhead openings during a collision, and whether seals will be compromised bylocalized deformation of the passenger compartment bulkhead opening.


Developing component test methods would allow a less expensive way to investigate vehicle designs with respect to fire resistance.




Street Address:

City:

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Committee Statement

Resolution: Concern is legitimate but proposal asks for a test standard to be developed which isoutside the scope of this document. Proponent should contact Insurance Institute forHighway Safety or the Department of Transportation for consideration in a federal motorvehicle safety standard.


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12.3.5 Heat release

12.3.5.1 The cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354) is a suitable tool for choosing materials withdesired fire performance properties, especially because the test method is capable of assessingnot just heat release but also most, if not all, of the properties deemed to be most critical in thesame test. [12 – 15]

12.3.5.2 If there is a need to assess accurately very low levels of heat release, ASTME2965,Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate forMaterials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, provides such information.This test method can be used to assess whether a material is a limited-combustible material.

12.3.5.3 Once again, NFPA 555 contains guidance on predictive methods.


This should be tied in to the addition of ASTM E2965 into the table in Chapter 10. Note also that ASTM E2965 has been adopted by NFPA codes as a means of assessing whether a material is a limited combustible material.









Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: This should be tied in to the addition of ASTM E2965 into the table in Chapter 10. Notealso that ASTM E2965 has been adopted by NFPA codes as a means of assessingwhether a material is a limited combustible material.


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Public Input No. 27-NFPA 556-2017 [ New Section after A.5.4(1) ]

A.5.5 Materials subject to increase in combustibility or flame spread index beyond the limitsherein established through the effects of age, moisture, or other atmospheric condition areconsidered

combustible. (See NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, andNFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction.) [NFPA 101, 2018, A.4.6.14]


Extract from NFPA 101 associated with limited combustible materials.




Public Input No. 28-NFPA 556-2017 [Section No. C.1.1]




Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: The committee agrees that the requirements for a limited-combustible material should beadded. However, the committee decided to extract from 5000 instead of 101 because therequirements were vetted through the 5000 committee. The annex material was alsoadded but extracted from 5000.


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Public Input No. 8-NFPA 556-2017 [ New Section after A.6.4 ]

A.7.2

Data and methods that can assist the designer in establihing design criteria can be found in theSFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

, 5th edition, 2016.


The SFPE is a good reference source for data and methods that can assist the design engineer with establishing design criteria.


Submitter Full Name: Chris Jelenewicz

Organization: SFPE

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: The SFPE Handbook is a good reference source for data and methods that can assistthe design engineer with establishing design criteria.


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Public Input No. 14-NFPA 556-2017 [ Sections A.10.2, A.11.1.2 ]

Sections A.10.2, A.11.1.2


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A.10.2


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Information on Test Methods and Guides in Table 10.1.

ASTM E1354, known as the cone calorimeter, is a test method that measures the response ofmaterials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external igniter. Itcan be used to assess the ignitability, heat release rate, mass loss rates, effective heat ofcombustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products. It tests the specimen inthe horizontal orientation. It provides measurements of the behavior of material and productspecimens under a specified radiant heat exposure in terms of the heat release rate, effectiveheat of combustion, mass loss rate, time to ignition, and smoke production. The heat releaserate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of theoxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaustproduct stream (exhaust duct). Data are reported in units for convenient use in fire models andin fire hazard and fire risk assessment.

ASTM E2965, known as the very low heat release level calorimeter is a test method thatprovides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heatrelease when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating. It differs from the conecalorimeter, ASTM E1354, in several aspects, in terms of equiment, test specimen size andprocedure. ASTM E2965 uses a much larger test specimen size (15 cm by 15 cm instead of 10cm by 10 cm), and the associated specimen holder. The radiant heater is much larger than thatin ASTM E1354 and there is a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of thecone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases. In terms ofprocedure, ASTM E2965 prescribes a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygenconsumption calorimetry than does ASTM E1354. It is intended for use on materials andproducts that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components such as

test specimens that yield a peak heat release of <200 kW/m 2 and total heat release of <15

MJ/m 2 . The rate of heat release is determined by oxygen consumption calorimetry. Testspecimens are exposed horizontally to heat fluxes generated by a large conical radiant heater,with external ignition, when used, by electric spark.

ASTM E1321, known as the lateral ignition and flame spread test (or LIFT), is a test methodthat determines material properties related to piloted ignition of a vertically oriented sampleunder a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateral flame spread on a vertical surface due toan externally applied radiant heat flux. The results of this test method provide a minimumsurface flux and temperature necessary for ignition and for lateral flame spread, an effectivematerial thermal inertia value, and a flame-heating parameter pertinent to lateral flame spread.The results of this test method are potentially useful to predict the time to ignition and the lateralflame spread rate on a vertical surface under a specified external flux without forced lateralairflow. Data are reported in units for convenient use in fire models and in fire hazard and firerisk assessment.

FMVSS 302 is a regulatory test method used for assessing the flammability of materials used inthe interior of passenger road vehicles. This test method exposes a sample of material in ahorizontal orientation to a Bunsen burner flame at one end. The horizontal rate of flame spreadaway from the burner flame is measured. In order to be acceptable, the flame spread ratecannot exceed 102 mm/min (4 in./min).

ASTM E1474 is an application of the cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354) to use with upholstered

seating composites or components. The test uses a specific incident heat flux of 35 kW/m2.Data are reported in units for convenient use in fire models and in fire hazard and fire riskassessment.

ASTM E2574/E2574M is a flame spread test in which a propane gas burner is applied to the topor the bottom of a school bus seat assembly. The top of the seat burner (a square gas burner)is essentially the same burner as is used in the full-scale seat test ASTM E1537 (except for thearm) and it applies the flame to the seat assembly from above. Underneath the seat burner isthe same burner as is used in NFPA 286 (room-corner test). Both burners are used at apropane gas flow rate of 19.5 L/min for a total of 120 sec. The test specimens are full school


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bus seat assemblies and the test method measures mass loss and flame spread from seat toseat. It can also optionally be used to measure heat and smoke release. The test method is aderivation of the “paper bag fire test” (school bus seat upholstery fire block test, approved bythe National Conference on School Transportation as part of the National Standards for SchoolBuses and National Standards for School Bus Operations; National Safety Council), byreplacing the paper bag with a more repeatable gas burner.

ASTM D2859, known as the methenamine pill test, is a test method for the determination of theflammability of textile materials when exposed to an ignition source (a methenamine pill). Thistest procedure is part of the standards for the surface flammability of carpets and rugs used bythe U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The acceptance criterion in this test methodrequires that at least seven out of eight individual specimens of a given textile material havepassed the test; that is, the charred portion of a tested specimen does not extend to within25.4 mm (1.0 in.) of the edge of the hole in the flattening frame at any point.

ASTM E648, known as the flooring radiant panel test, presents fire test methods for measuringthe critical radiant flux of horizontally mounted textile materials exposed to a flaming ignitionsource in a graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. The radiant panelexposing the sample generates a radiant energy flux distribution ranging along the 1 m length of

the test specimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2 to a minimum of 0.1 W/cm2. The testis initiated by open-flame ignition from a pilot burner. The test specimen is mounted in a typicaland representative way. The test measures the critical radiant flux at flameout and provides abasis for estimating one aspect of fire exposure behavior for textiles.

ANSI/UL 1685 (ASTM D5537) is a cable tray fire test that exposes 2.4 m high vertical samplesof bunched cables. The test method provides a means to measure the flame spread, heatrelease, and smoke obscuration resulting from burning electrical or optical fiber cables when thecable specimens are subjected to a 20 kW flaming ignition source and burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the cablesfor a 20-minute test duration. The test method is commonly used to expose cables. Data arereported in units for convenient use in fire models and in fire hazard and fire risk assessment.

ASTM D6113 is an application of the cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354) to use with electrical oroptical fiber cables or other electrical materials. Data are reported in units for convenient use infire models and in fire hazard and fire risk assessment.

UL VW-1 (contained within ANSI/UL 2556) is a small vertical wire fire test that provides ameans to measure the propensity of a wire, cable, or cord either to spread flame vertically alongits length or to spread flame to combustible materials in its vicinity. This test method provides aprotocol for exposing vertical wires, cables, or cords to an ignition source flame nominally125 mm (5 in.) high, or nominally 500 W (1700 BTU/hr), for five 15-second applications, withperiods of 15 seconds or longer between successive flame applications. The test method iscommonly used to expose wires.

ASTM E119(ANSI/UL 263) is a fire test method that provides means to assess the fire-resistiveproperties of assemblies. The test method describes ways to evaluate the duration for which theassembly is capable of containing a fire and/or retaining its structural integrity after exposure toa standard time-temperature curve. The fire resistance rating assessed is representative of thetime period during which transmission of heat, flames, smoke, or fire gases is prevented orinhibited.

ASTM E1529 (ANSI/UL 1709) is also a fire test method that provides means to assess the fire-resistive properties of assemblies. In this case, the time-temperature curve used isrepresentative of an exposure to hydrocarbon fuel (e.g., gasoline) fires.

ASTM E814 (ANSI/UL 1479) is also a fire test method that provides means to assess fire-resistive properties using a standard time-temperature curve. The materials being tested in thiscase are fire stops, and the test is intended to evaluate whether the fire stop material is able toprevent or inhibit transmission of heat, flames, smoke, or fire gases through a penetration in afire-resistive assembly that has been treated with an appropriate material.


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NFPA 260 contains a series of fire test methods designed to evaluate the ignition resistance ofupholstered seating components when exposed to smoldering cigarettes. These test methodsalso establish a classification system for determining smoldering ignition resistance.

NFPA 261 is a test method that applies to upholstered seating mock-ups. Mock-up testing isused in assessing the relative resistance to continuing combustion of individual materials usedin upholstered seating in realistic combinations and in an idealized geometric arrangement ofseating items. It is the intent of this test method to determine whether upholstered seatingassemblies are relatively resistant to ignition by smoldering cigarettes. In addition, the testmethods establish a classification system for determining smoldering ignition resistance.

NFPA 257, or ANSI/UL 9, presents fire test methods that provide means to assess fire-resistiveproperties using a standard time-temperature curve. The materials being tested in this case areglazing materials contained in windows.

NFPA 289 is a fire test method for determining the contribution of individual fuel packages toheat and smoke release when exposed to various ignition sources. It measures the extent offire growth, the heat release rate, the total heat released, the smoke obscuration, the mass loss,and the production of toxic gases. The heat release rate is determined by the principle ofoxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determinedby the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). Thetest is suitable for assessing large sections of transportation vehicles or of decorative materialsor systems. Data are reported in units for convenient use in fire models and in fire hazard andfire risk assessment.

ISO TS 17431, also known as the reduced-scale model box fire test, is an intermediate-scalefire test method that simulates a fire that under well-ventilated conditions starts in a corner of asmall room with a single doorway and can develop until the room is fully involved in the fire.

ASTM E1623, also known as the intermediate-scale calorimeter (ICAL), is a fire test methodthat assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels ofradiant heat exposure with or without an external igniter. The properties determined by this testmethod include ignitability, heat release rate, mass loss rate, smoke obscuration, gas release,and flaming drips, under well-ventilated conditions. This test method is also suitable fordetermining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models,including effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, andemissivity. The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumptioncalorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). Specimens are

exposed to a constant heating flux in the range of 0 to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hotwires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen during the ignition and heatrelease tests. Data are reported in units for convenient use in fire models and in fire hazard andfire risk assessment.

EN 13823, also known as the single burning item (SBI) fire test, is a method that assesses theresponse of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure toa test specimen that forms a corner, with two vertical specimens. The properties determined bythis test method include ignitability, heat release rate, mass loss rate, smoke obscuration, gasrelease, and flaming drips. The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygenconsumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by theoxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). Specimensare exposed to a constant heat source of 30 kW in a vertical orientation. Data are reported inunits for convenient use in fire models and in fire hazard and fire risk assessment.

ECE R34.01 Annex 5, is a test used for assessing the fire performance of fuel tanks. This firetest method requires the plastic tank to withstand a pool fire for 2 minutes without leaking. Inthis test, the tank is mounted on the actual vehicle and filled with gasoline to 50 percent ofcapacity. For 1 minute, the vehicle and tank are subjected to the full intensity of a fuel-fed poolfire positioned directly beneath the tank. For the second minute, the intensity of the fire is


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mitigated by covering the fire pan with a screen. If the tank survives for 2 minutes, it is said to“pass.”

SAE J2464 involves several tests on electrical vehicle batteries. They include a penetration test,a crush test, a radiant heat test, and a short circuit test.

ASTM E603 is a guidance document that addresses means of conducting full-scale fireexperiments that evaluate the fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, orassemblies. The guide is intended to aid in the design of the experiments and the interpretationand use of results. The guide is also useful for establishing laboratory conditions that simulate agiven set of fire conditions to the greatest extent possible. The guide allows users to obtain fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies, which are useful data fordescribing or appraising their fire performance under actual fire conditions and can also be usedfor input into fire models and for assessing fire hazard and fire risk.

ASTM E2061 is a guide to assessing fire hazard in a transportation vehicle environment. Itexplains the issues to be considered and the detailed procedure to be used when assessing firehazard in a rail transportation vehicle, as an application of the methods contained in ASTME1546 to a specific vehicle.

ASTM E2067 is a practice that deals with methods to construct, calibrate, and use full-scaleoxygen consumption calorimeters to help minimize testing result discrepancies betweenlaboratories. The methodology described is used in a number of fire test methods and thepractice facilitates coordination of generic requirements, which are not specific to the item undertest. The principal fire properties obtained from the test methods using this technique are thoseassociated with heat release from the specimens tested, as a function of time, but many otherfire properties can also be determined. This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria.

ASTM E2280 is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniturewithin healthcare occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safetyengineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment for a specific product, applying thegeneral principles contained in ASTM E1546.

ASTM E1546 is a guide intended for use to develop fire hazard assessments. As a guide, thisdocument provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard. Thegeneral concepts in NFPA 556 are intended to follow the model of this guide.

ASTM E2102, also known as the mass loss cone, is a screening fire test method that providesmeasurements of mass loss and ignitability, and potentially heat release, by using the same fireexposure design as the cone calorimeter. It has been shown that the results of this test methodcan correlate with those of the cone calorimeter.

ASTM E662 is a fire test method that assesses the specific optical density of smoke generatedby solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to andincluding 1 in. (25.4 mm), inside a closed chamber. The materials are exposed to a radiant

heater at 25 kW/m2, in the presence or absence of a flaming ignition source. Measurement ismade of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles)accumulating within the chamber due to nonflaming or flaming combustion. Results areexpressed in terms of specific optical density, which is derived from a geometrical factor and themeasured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke. This testmethod is often required for assessing the smoke emitted by textiles, including floor coveringmaterials.

NFPA 270(ASTM E1995) is a fire test method that builds on the procedures used in ASTME662. It replaces the radiant heater in the former test method, which can only exposespecimens in a vertical orientation, with a conical radiant heater, which can expose horizontalsamples, thus improving on the assessment of melting materials. The materials are exposed to

a conical radiant heater at 25 or 50 kW/m2, in the presence or absence of a flaming ignitionsource. The principal fire property obtained from this test method is the specific optical densityof smoke, but an additional optional fire property measurable with this test method is the mass


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optical density, because mass loss can be obtained continuously throughout the test.

A.11.1.2

Table A.11.1.2 includes fire test data for some passenger road vehicle instrument panelmaterials tested horizontally at end-use thickness.

Table A.11.1.2 Cone Calorimeter Data for Car and Van Instrument Panel Materials at Heat FluxIndicated [4–6]

Material

tig

(sec)

PHRRa

(kW/m2)

THRa

(MJ/m2)

FPI

(sec

m2/kW)

HRR180 sec

(kW/m2)

HRRa,

avg

(kW/m2)

Hc, eff(MJ/kg)

SEA

(m2/kg)

MassLoss(%) TS

At

25 kW/m2

# 1 82 565 103 0.15 494 397 27.6

# 2 154 230 107 0.67 124 111 21.2 839 75.5 42

# 3 72 384 91 0.19 313 206 35.3 1342 85.0 45

# 4 103 649 110 0.16 470 414 31.6 1053 94.0 30

# 5 64 344 95 0.18 305 104 30.5 477 75.5 12

# 6 53 363 150 0.15 280 125 39.5 783 67.5 29

# 7 Dashup

37 253 136 0.15 163 105 25.3 766 73.9 36

# 7 Dashdown

65 393 135 0.16 217 103 26.2 777 77.9 39

# 7 Dashframe up

97 668 80 0.15 441 487 28.4 1234 96.8 35

# 7 Dashframedown

91 702 82 0.13 444 402 28.9 1201 96.7 33

# 8 38 219 179 0.17 156 — 25.9 948 79.5 65

# 9 Dash 162 672 95.1 0.24 435 — 27.2 926 78.5 32

# 9 Upperdashcover

154 508 91 0.30 326 — 25.7 833 77.9 29

At

40 kW/m2

# 1 26 645 127 0.04 575 465 27.5

# 2 26 214 115 0.12 161 125 20.6 808 84.7 41

# 3 36 469 93 0.08 364 276 26.3 1332 86.0 43

# 4 28 666 74 0.04 400 417 27.9 1121 95.0 29

# 8 16 275 185 0.06 189 — 25.5 1067 90.8 77

# 9 Dash 64 613 102 0.10 464 — 26.2 847 89.0 33

# 9 Upperdashcover

44 590 108 0.08 419 — 25.9 774 89.3 32


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This is associated with the proposed addition of ASTM E2965 into Table 10.1.No changes are proposed to section A.11.1.2.









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City:

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Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: This is associated with the proposed addition of ASTM E2965 into Table 10.1. Minorchanges were made to the public input to provide clarity.


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Public Input No. 2-NFPA 556-2016 [ Chapter C ]

Annex C Informational References

C.1 Referenced Publications.

The documents or portions thereof listed in this annex are referenced within the informationalsections of this guide and are not advisory in nature unless also listed in Chapter 2 for otherreasons.

C.1.1 NFPA Publications.


NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2015 edition.







C.1.2 Other Publications.


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C.1.2.1 ASTM Publications.

ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile FloorCovering Materials, 2011 2016 .

ASTM D5537, Standard Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, Smoke Obscuration,and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration, 2010 2014 .

ASTM D6113, Standard Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fire Cables,2011.

ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,2012a 2016a .

ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at750°C,2012 2016 .

ASTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments, 2012.


ASTM E662, Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by SolidMaterials, 2014 2015a .

ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, 2013a.


ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materialsand Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2014 2016a .


ASTM E1529, Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fireson Structural Members and Assemblies, 2013 2014a .

ASTM E1546, Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards, 2009a2015 .

ASTM E1623, Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters ofMaterials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL), 20112016 .

ASTM E1995, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally,2012.

ASTM E2061, Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles, 2012 2015 .





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C.1.2.2 ISO Publications.

International Organization for Standardization, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56,CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin deBlanndonnet 7, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva Switzerland .

ISO/TS 17431, Fire tests. Reduced-Scale Model Box Test, 2006.

C.1.2.3 Society of Automotive Manufacturers Publications SAE Publications .

SAE World Headquarters, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.

SAE J2464, Electric and Hybrid Electric Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) Safetyand Abuse Testing, 2009.

C.1.2.4 UL Publications.


ANSI/ UL 9, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Window Assemblies, 2009, revised 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 94, Standard for Safety — Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts,Devices, and Appliances, 2013, revised 2014 2016 .

ANSI/ UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 2003 2011 , revised 20112015 .

ANSI/ UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, 2003, revised 2011 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 1685, Standard for Safety Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test forElectrical and Optical-Fiber Cables, 2010 2015 .

ANSI/ UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials for Structural Steel,2005, revised 2011.


C.1.2.5 U.S. Government Publications.

U.S. Department of Transportation/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 SeventhStreet, SW, Washington, DC 20590.

FMVSS 302, Flammability of Interior Materials, 1988 2013 .


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C.1.2.6 Other Publications.

Andersson, P., M. Simonsen, C. Tullin, H. Stripple, J.O. Sundqvist, and T. Paloposki. 2004 “Fire-LGA Guidelines, NICe Project 04053.” SP Fire Technology, SP Report 2004, p. 43.

BS EN 13823 Reaction to fire tests for building products. Building products excluding flooringsexposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item, 2002 2010, amendment 1, 2014 .

ECE Regulation 34, Amending Series 34.01, Jan 13, 1979.

FMVSS 302, Flammability of Materials – Passenger Cars, Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles,Trucks and Buses. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Blundell, C., and L. Tange, “Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Upholstered Furniturethrough the use of LCA,” Fire Retardant Chemicals Association Conference, New Orleans, LA,March 9-12, 2003, pp. 101–103.

Drohmann, D., and N. Westrop. “Release and Exposure of Flame Retardants Used inUpholstered Furniture Materials,” Fire Retardant Chemicals Association Conference, NewOrleans, LA, March 9-12, 2003, pp. 93–99.

Simonsen, M., P. Andersson, and M. van den Berg. “Cost Benefit Analysis Model for FireSafety; Methodology and TV (DecaBDE) Case Study,” SP Fire Technology, SP Report 2006, p.28.

Stevens, G. C., and A. H. Mann. “Risks and Benefits in the Use of Flame Retardants inConsumer Products: A Report for the UK Department of Trade and Industry”, University ofSurrey, Polymer Research Center Report, January 1999.

Tange, L., Drohmann, D., “End-of-Life Options of Plastics Containing Brominated FlameRetardants,” Fire and Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 5, 2004, pp. 403–410.


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C.1.2.7 Lists of Publications.


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(1) ASTM D1692, Standard Method of Test for Rate of Burning or Extent and Time of Burningof Cellular Plastics Using a Specimen Horizontal (withdrawn 1976 without replacement,later replaced by ASTM D5132).

(2) U.S. Federal Trade Commission Complaint and Consent Decree against the Society of thePlastics Industry, American Society for Testing and Materials et al., associated with testingand offering for sale some plastic products (1972–1973).

(3) Hirschler, M. M. “New NFPA Proposed Guide for Identification and Development ofMitigation Strategies for Fire Hazard to Occupants of Road Vehicles.” Fire and Materials2005, San Francisco, CA, January 31–February 1, 2005, 457–468.

(4) Hirschler, M. M. “Fire Hazard of Automotive Interiors.” In Fire Risk & Hazard AssessmentSymposium, National Fire Protection Research Foundation, June 24–26, 1998, SanFrancisco, CA, 164–195.

(5) Grayson, S. J. and M. M. Hirschler, “Fire Performance of Plastics in Car Interiors”,Proceedings from Flame Retardants 2002, Interscience Communications London, Feb.5–6, 2002. London: Interscience Communications, 197–207.

(6) Hirschler, M. M., D. J. Hoffmann, J. M. Hoffmann, and E. C. Kroll. 2002. “Rate of HeatRelease of Plastic Materials From Car Interiors.” Business Communications CompanyConference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, June 3–5,2002, Stamford, CT. Ed. M. Lewin, Norwalk, CT.

(7) Bundy, M. “Fire Performance of Flame Retarded Polymers Used in Consumer Electronics”,Fire and Materials 2005, Interscience Communications. U.K. 85–97.

(8) Shields, L., R. Scheibe and T. Angelos. November 17, 1998. “Motor-Vehicle Collision-FireAnalysis Methods and Results,” Washington State Transportation Center, Prepared forNFPA Fall Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 1–18.

(9) Santrock, J. 2003a. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 12:Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1998 Front-Wheel Drive PassengerVehicle.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-201. General Motors Corporation.

(10) Santrock, J., A. Tewarson, and P. K. S. Wu. November 18-20, 2002. “Flammability Testingof Automotive Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Modules Made from PolymersContaining Flame Retardant Chemicals.” International Truck and Bus Meeting andExhibition, Detroit, Michigan. SAE International, Document # 2002-01-3091.

(11) Santrock, J., A. Tewarson, and P. K. S. Wu. 2002. “Flammability Testing of AutomotiveHeating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Modules Made from Polymers Containing FlameRetardant Chemicals.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-180. General Motors Corporation.

(12) Jenson, J. L., and J. Santrock. May 1998. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation, Vehicle Crash and Fire Propagation Test Program.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-38, General Motors Corporation, ESV Paper Number 98-S4-O-04.

(13) Santrock, J. August 2002. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and PropagationPart 7: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel DrivePassenger Car.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-178, General Motors Corporation.

(14) Santrock, J. August 2001. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and PropagationPart 3: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1996 Van Passenger.” Docket #NHTSA-1998-3588-119, General Motors Corporation.

(15) Santrock, J. November 2003. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and PropagationPart 13: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1998 Front-Wheel DrivePassenger Vehicle.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-203, General Motors Corporation.

(16) Jenson, J. L., and J. Santrock, June 2002. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation 6: Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel


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Drive Passenger Car.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-158, General Motors Corporation.


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C.2 Informational References.


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The following documents or portions thereof are listed here as informational resources only.They are not directly referenced in this guide.

Abu-Isa, I. A. 1999. “Thermal Properties of Automotive Polymers II. Thermal Conductivity ofParts Selected from a Dodge Caravan.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-39, General MotorsCorporation..

Abu-Isa, I. A. and S. Jodeh. 1999. “Thermal Properties of Automotive Polymers III. ThermalCharacteristics and Flammability of Fire Retardant Polymers.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588.84.

Abu-Isa, I. A. and S. Jodeh. 2001. “Thermal Properties of Automotive Polymers V. FlammabilityTest for Fire Retardant Polymers.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-130.

Abu-Isa, I. A., S. Jodeh, and D. LaDue. 2001. “Thermal Properties of Automotive Polymers IV.Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Selected Parts from aChevrolet Camaro.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-104.

Ahrens, M. May 2000. “U.S. Vehicle Fire Trends and Patterns.” Quincy, MA: National FireProtection Association.

Ahrens, M. 2005. “An Overview of the U.S. Highway Vehicle Fire Problem.” SAE International,Document # 2005-01-1420.

Ahrens, M. August 2005. “U.S. Vehicle Fire Trends and Patterns.” Quincy, MA: National FireProtection Association.

Ahrens, M. July 2008. “U.S. Vehicle Fire Trends and Patterns.” Quincy, MA: National FireProtection Association.

Allen, K., K. Bett, D. L. Danchuk, A. Devins, R. J. Hrynchuk, G. W. Kilert, D. K. Lischynski, D. K.Matheson, B. Mitchell, A. P. Patel, D. R. Phillips, J. V. Schick, J. Tash, and D. W. Woloschuk.January 1983. “A Study of Vehicle Fires of Known Ignition Source.” Alberta, Canada Chapter:International Association of Arson Investigators.

Andreatta, D., G. J. Heydinger, R. Bixel, J. Park, and S. W. Jorgensen. 2001. “Evaluation of theIgnition Hazard Posed by Onboard Refueling Vapor Recovery Canisters.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-176, Society of Automotive Engineers, Document # 2001-01-0731.

Babrauskas, V. 1992. “The Effects of FR Agents on Polymer Performance.” Chapter 12: In HeatRelease in Fires. London: Elsevier.

Babrauskas, V., R. H. Harris, R. G. Gann, B. C. Levin, B. T. Lee, R. D. Peacock, M. Paabo, W.Twilley, M. F. Yoklavich, and H. M. Clark. 1988. “Fire Hazard Comparison of Fire-Retarded andNon-Fire-Retarded Products.” NBS Special Publication 749. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureauof Standards.

Bahouth, J., and A. Kuznetsov. January 2005. “Automotive and Fire Safety Research.” GeorgeWashington University: FHWA/NHTSA National Crash Analysis Center, for Motor Vehicle FireResearch Institute, Charlottesville, VA.

Battipaglia, K. C., A. L. Griffith, J. P. Huczek, M. L. Janssens, M. A. Miller, and K. R. Willson.October 2003. “Comparison of Fire Properties of Automotive Materials and Evaluation ofPerformance Levels.” San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, for Department ofTransportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Battipaglia, K., J. Huczek, M. Miller, and K. Willson. 2004. “Fire Properties of ExteriorAutomotive Materials.” Flame Retardants 2004.

Bennett, J. M. May 15, 1998. “Survey of Fire Intervention Technologies for Their PotentialApplication in Motor Vehicles.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588.31.

Bennett, J. M. 2005. “Principles, Testing and In-Field Experience for the FIRE Panel Fuel TankProtection Device.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1790.

Bertoni, J. December 1995. “Vehicle Fires: Meeting the Challenge of the Modern Vehicle.” Fire


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and Arson Investigator, pp. 27–30.

Birnbaum, Linda S.: Staskal, Daniele F. Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for Concern?Environ Health Perspect 112: 9-17 (2004).

Braun, B., J. H. Klote, S. Davis, B. C. Levin, M. Paabo, and R. G. Gann. 1990. “An AssessmentMethodology for the Fire Performance of School Bus Interior Components.” Fire Safety Science– Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, pp. 855–864.

Brodsky, H., and S. Hakkert. 1983. “Highway Fatal Accidents and Accessibility of EmergencyMedical Services.” Soc. Sci. Med., Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 731–740, Great Britain: Pergamon.

Bundy, M. “Fire Performance of Flame Retarded Polymers Used in Consumer Electronic and ITEquipment.” 2005. In Proceedings Fire and Materials. UK: Interscience Communications.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999. Ecological Screening Assessment Report onPolybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs). Environment Canada. June 2006.

Carpenter, K., J. Huczek, M. Janssens, and M. Miller. 2005. “Development of a Method toAssess the Hazard of Plastic Components to Passengers Trapped in Post-Collision MotorVehicles Fires.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1556.

Carpenter, K., M. Janssens, and A. Sauceda. 2005. “Using the Cone Calorimeter to PredictFMVSS 302 Performance of Automotive Materials.” SAE International, Document #2005-01-1557.

Champion, H. R., J. S. Augenstein, B. Cushing, K. H. Digges, R. Hunt, R. Larkin, A. C. Malliaris,W. J. Sacco, and J. H. Siegel. 1999. “Reducing Highway Deaths and Disabilities with AutomaticWireless Transmission of Serious Injury Probability Ratings from Crash Recorders toEmergency Medical Services Providers.” National Transportation Safety Board Symposia.

Cooley, P. February 23–27, 1981. “Motor Vehicle Non-Crash Fires,” SAE Technical PaperSeries No. 810012. International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan.

Davies, B. T., and L. I. Griffin, III. January 2002. “A Clinical Evaluation of the DeathInvestigations for 206 Decedents Who Died in Passenger Vehicles that Experienced Post-CrashFires.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-170. [Funded by GM pursuant to agreement between GM andthe U.S. Department of Transportation.]

Dierker, J. B., R. H. Thompson, P. H. Wierenga, and M. A. Schneider. 2005. “Development ofFord Fire Suppression System.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1791.

Digges, K. H., and R. R. Stephenson. 2005. “A Research Program to Study Impact Related FireSafety.” Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute, Paper No. 05-0448.

Digges, K. H., R. R. Stephenson, and P. G. Bedewi. 2003. “Fire Safety Performance of MotorVehicles in Crashes.” Paper No. 422.

Digges, K. H., R. R. Stephenson, and P. G. Bedewi. 2004. “A Research Program in Crash-Induced Fire Safety.” SAE International, Document # 2004-01-0475.

Digges, K. H., R. R. Stephenson, and P. G. Bedewi. 2005. “Research Programs in Crash-Induced Fire Safety.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1425.

Egelhaff, M., and F. A. Berg. 2005. “Post-Collision Vehicle Fires – Causes and Room forImprovement.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1422.

“Fire Hazard Associated with Passenger Cars and Vans,” M. M. Hirschler, D. J. Hoffmann, J. M.Hoffmann and E. C. Kroll, Fire and Materials Conference San Francisco, CA, Jan. 27–28, 2003,Interscience Communications, London, UK, pp. 307–319.

“Fire Hazard of Automotive Interiors,” M. M. Hirschler, Fire Risk & Hazard AssessmentSymposium, National Fire Protection Research Foundation, June 24–26, 1998, San Francisco,CA, pp. 164–195.

“Fire Performance of Plastics in Car Interiors,” S. J. Grayson and M. M. Hirschler, Flame


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Retardants 2002, February 5-6, 2002, London, pp.197–207, Interscience Communications,London, UK, 2002.

Flora, J. D. May–June 1983. “Automobile Fires in Traffic Crashes.” The UMTRI ResearchReview, Vol. 13, No. 6, ed. J. Haney. Michigan: University of Michigan.

Fordyce, T. A., W. Van Selow, and H. T. Le-Resnick. 2006. “Crashes Accompanied by Fire:What Do the Accident Data Tell Us?” SAE International, Document # 2006-01-0790.

Fournier, E., September 7, 2004. “Under Hood Temperature Measurements of Four Vehicles.”Biokinetics and Associates Report No. R04-13 b, for Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute.

Fournier, E,. and J. Kot. February 9, 2004. “Summary Report: Expansion of the Vehicle FuelSystem Database and Overview of Pickup Truck History.” Biokinetics and Associates ReportNo. R04-02, for Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute.

Fournier, E., and J. Kot. July 26, 2004. “Comparisons of Internal Tank Components – 20 FuelSystems.” Biokinetics and Associates Report No. R04-06 c, for Motor Vehicle Fire ResearchInstitute.

Fournier, E. and M. Keown. April 19, 2002. “Survey of the State-of-the-art In Fuel System FireSafety – Phase I.” Biokinetics and Associates Report No. R02-04, for Motor Vehicle FireResearch Institute.

Fournier, E., and T. Bayne. August 23, 2005. “Cone Calorimeter Testing of Under HoodInsulation.” Biokinetics and Associates Report No. R05-13 b, for Motor Vehicle Fire ResearchInstitute.

Fournier, E., T. Bayne, and J. Kot. May 12, 2003. “Review of the State-of-the-art In Fuel TankSystems – Phase II.” Biokinetics and Associates Report No. R03-01, for Motor Vehicle FireResearch Institute.

Friedman, K., E. Holloway, and T. A. Kenney. 2005. “Impact Induced Fires: Statistical Analysisof FARS and State Data Files (1978–2001).” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1421.

Friedman, K., T. Kenney, and E. Holloway. October 15, 2003a. “Impact Induced Fires & FuelLeakage: Statistical Analysis of FARS and State Data Files (1978–2001), Final Report, VolumeI: Research.” For Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute.

Friedman, K., T. Kenney, and E. Holloway. October 15, 2003b. “Impact Induced Fires & FuelLeakage: Statistical Analysis of FARS and State Data Files (1978–2001), Final Report, VolumeII: Appendices.” For Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute.

Gatlin, C. I. March 1970. “Prevention of Electrical Systems Ignition of Automotive Crash Fire.”DOT HS 800 392. NTIS PB197616.

Gilman, J. W., S. J. Ritchie, T. Kashiwagi, and S. M. Lomakin. June 1997. “Fire RetardantAdditives for Polymeric Materials – I. Char Formation from Silica Gel – Potassium Carbonate.”Thirteenth Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Fire Research and Safety, Vol. 2, March 13–20, 1996.ed. K. A. Beall. NISTIR 6030.

Grayson, S. J., and M. M. Hirschler. “Fire Performance of Plastics in Car Interiors.” Proceedingsfrom Flame Retardants 2002, Interscience Communications London, February 5–6, 2002.London: Interscience Communications, pp. 197–207.

Griffin, L. I. November 1997. “An Assessment of the Reliability and Validity of the Information onVehicle Fires Contained in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS).” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-40.

Griffin, L. I. April 2001. “Comparisons of Crash-Involved Passenger Vehicles [Containing One orMore Fatally-Injured Occupants] that Did or Did Not Experience Fires (FARS 1994–1996).”Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-165.

Griffin, L. I., and R. J. Flowers. April 2001. “An Evaluation of Fatal and Incapacitating Injuries toDrivers of Passenger Vehicles that Experienced Post-Crash Fires in North Carolina


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(1991–1996).” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-145.

Griffin, L. I., B. T. Davies, and R. J. Flowers. January 2002. “Studying Passenger Vehicle Fireswith Existing Databases.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-169.

Griffith, A. L., M. L. Janssens, and K. R. Willson. 2005. “Evaluation of Smoke Toxicity ofAutomotive Materials According to Standard Small-Scale Test Procedures.” SAE International,Document # 2005-01-1558.

Guenther, D. A., L. G. Goodwin, and R. N. Thaman. 1982. “Forensic Analysis of AutomobileFires.” Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Document # 81001.

Haley, G. September 1976. “Development of Fire Resistant, Nontoxic Aircraft Interior Materials.”Lockheed-California Co., Burbank. NTIS N7714205.

Hamins, A. April 1998. “Evaluation of Intumescent Body Panel Coatings in Simulated Post-Accident Vehicle Fires.” Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology,NISTIR 6157.

Hamins, A. November 2000. “Evaluation of Active Suppression in Simulated Post-CollisionVehicle Fires.” Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR 6379.

Hamsten, B. 1983. “A Method of Fire Testing Cars.” Int. J. of Vehicle Design, Vol. 4, No. 2. U.K.:Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Hastings, J. K., J. C. Zuercher, and E. Hetzmannseder. 2004. “Electrical Arcing and MaterialIgnition Levels.” SAE International, Document # 2004-01-1565.

Heydinger, G. J., D. A. Andreatta, and R. A. Bixel. March 2000. “ORVR Vapor Canister Testingand Evaluation.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-91.

Hirschler, M. M. 1992. “Heat Release from Plastic Materials,” Chapter 12A: In Heat Release inFires, ed. V. Babrauskas and S. J. Grayson, pp. 375–422. London: Elsevier.

Hirschler, M. M. January 26–27, 1994. “Fire Retardance, Smoke Toxicity and Fire Hazard.”Proceedings from Flame Retardants ‘94, British Plastics Federation Editor. London:Interscience Communications, pp. 225–237.

Hirschler, M. M. July 27-28, 1995. “Use of Heat Release Calorimetry in Standards.” FireCalorimetry, ed. M. M. Hirschler and R. E. Lyons. Gaithersburg, MD: Federal AviationAdministration, pp. 69–80.

Hirschler, M. M. March 16-19, 1997. “Use of Fire Hazard Assessment as a Code ComplianceTool.” New Developments and Future Trends in Fire Safety on a Global Basis – InternationalConference. San Francisco, CA: Fire Retardant Chemicals Association, pp. 157–170.

Hirschler, M. M. 1998. “Fire Hazard Assessment: Roadblock or Opportunity?” Fire Technology,Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 177–187.

Hirschler, M. M. “Fire Hazard of Automotive Interiors.” Fire Risk & Hazard AssessmentSymposium, National Fire Protection Research Foundation, June 24–26, 1998, San Francisco,CA, pp.164–195.

Hirschler, M. M. February 5–6, 2002. “How to Decide if a Material is Suitable for an Applicationwhere Fire Safety is Required.” Proceedings from Flame Retardants ’02, British PlasticsFederation Editor. London: Interscience Communications, pp. 45–56.

Hirschler, M. M. January 27–28, 2004. “Fire Safety of Cars, Trains, Ships and Airplanes. Whathas been Happening Recently in the USA.” Proceedings from Flame Retardants ’04, BritishFederation Editor. London: Interscience Communications, pp. 241–252.

Hirschler, M. M., D. J. Hoffman, and J. M. Hoffman. 2001. “Determining the Fire Safety of aMaterial via Fire Hazard Assessment.” Twelfth Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy.Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co. ed. M. Lewin, pp. 332–354.

Hooper, Kim: She, Jianwen. Lessions from the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs):


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Precautionary Principle, Primary Prevention, and the Value of Community-Based Body-BurdenMonitoring Using Breast Milk. Environ Health Perspect 111: 109-114 (2003).

“Human Survivability in Motor Vehicle Fires,” K. H. Digges, R. G. Gann, S. J. Grayson, M. M.Hirschler, R.E . Lyon, D. A. Purser, J. G. Quintiere, R. R. Stephenson and A. Tewarson, Fire andMaterials, 32, 249–258, 2008.

Ierardi, J. A., and J. R. Barnett. December 1998. “Computer Model of Fire Spread from Engineto Passenger Compartments in Vehicle Fires.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-206.

Ierardi, J. A., R. D. Pehrson, and J. R. Barnett. 1999. “Applications of the Finite VolumeRadiation Model to Predict Fire Behavior in Occupied Spaces.” Conference of theComputational Fluid Dynamics Society of Canada. Docket # NHTSA-98-3588.

Ierardi, J. A., P. D. Sullivan, and J. R. Barnett. 2005. “Design Fire Development for AutomotiveVehicle Applications: An Overview.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1424.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. 1997. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation Part 1: Vehicle Crash and Fire Propagation Test Program.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-30, General Motors Corporation.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. 1998. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation Part 2: Crash Tests on a Passenger Van.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-30, GeneralMotors Corporation.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. 1999. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Initiation and Propagation,Vehicle Crash and Fire Propagation Test Program.” General Motors Corporation, Paper No. 98-S4-O-05.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. 2001a. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation Part 5: Crash Tests on a Rear Wheel Drive Passenger Car.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-131, General Motors Corporation.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. 2001b. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation Part 8: Crash Tests on a Sport-Utility-Vehicle.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-139,General Motors Corporation.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. 2001c. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation Part 11: Crash Tests on a Front-Wheel Drive Passenger Vehicle.” Docket #NHTSA-98-3588-179, General Motors Corporation.

Jensen, J. L., and J. Santrock. June 2002. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation 6: Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel DrivePassenger Car.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-158, General Motors Corporation.

Johnson, M. C. December 1982. “Full Scale Fire Tests on Van Interiors.” Journal of ConsumerProduct Flammability, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 184–194, Technomic Publishing.

Karter, M. J. September 2005. “Fire Loss in the United States During 2004.” Quincy, MA:National Fire Protection Association.

Lavelle, J. P., D. W. Kononen, and J. R. Nelander. 1998. “Field Data Improvements for FireSafety Research.” General Motors Corporation. Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-29.

Long, R. T., J. D. Colwell, R. Ray, H. L. Grossman, B. Thomas, and R. Strassburger. 2008.

“Passenger Vehicle Fires.” Section 21, Chapter 1: In Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition.Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.

Malliaris, A. C. August 30, 1990. “Impact-Induced Care Fires – A Comprehensive Investigation.”Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 287–273, Great Britain: Pergamon, 1991.

Mangs, J., and O. Keski-Rahkonen. March 3, 1994a. “Characterization of the Fire Behaviour ofa Burning Passenger Car. Part I: Car Fire Experiments.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.17–35. England: Elsevier, 1994.


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Mangs, J., and O. Keski-Rahkonen. March 3, 1994b. “Characterization of the Fire Behaviour ofa Burning Passenger Car. Part II: Parameterization of Measured Rate of Heat Release Curves.”Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 37–49. England: Elsevier, 1994.

McCarthy, R. L., L. W. Anderson, and A. C. Donelson. 1993. “An Examination of the 1977Model Year FMVSS 301 Effect on Subcompact Car Rear-Impact Fire Risk.” Safety Engineeringand Risk Analysis.

McMasters, R. L., and I. S. Wichman. 2002. “Compound Material Thermal Parameters for aLayered Material Resembling an Automobile Firewall.” Heat Transfer Engineering, Vol. 23,No. 4, pp. 44–56, Taylor & Francis. Docket # NHTSA-98-3585-585.

Miller, M. A., R. A. Page, and T. M. Hanson. September 2001. “Inspection of Aging Vehicles andTesting of Components.” San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, for General MotorsCorporation.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration South Central Region, “Fatality AnalysisReporting System Data Improvement Workshop.” Albuquerque, NM, July 12-13, 2004.

National Fire Protection Association Fire Research Council. October 2004. “Fire andTransportation Vehicles—State of the Art: Regulatory Requirements and Guidelines, A WhitePaper.” Research Advisory Council, Fire Protection Research Foundation, NFPA.

“New NFPA Proposed Guide for Identification and Development of Mitigation Strategies for FireHazard to Occupants of Road Vehicles,” M. M. Hirschler, Fire and Materials Conference, SanFrancisco, CA, Jan. 31–Feb. 1, 2005, Interscience Communications, London, UK, pp. 457–468.

“Notice of Termination of Proposed Rulemaking – Flammability of Interior Materials in SchoolBuses.” Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. [Federal Register, Vol.68, No. 142. July 24, 2003.]

Ohlemiller, T. J., March 1998. “Aspects of the Motor Vehicle Fire Threat from Flammable LiquidSpills on a Road Surface.” Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.NTIS PB98144454.

Ohlemiller, T. J. June 2002. “Influence of Flame-Retarded Resins on the Burning Behavior of aHeating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Unit from a Sports Coupe.” NISTIR 6748.Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-185.

Ohlemiller, T. J., and J. R. Shields. August 1998. “Burning Behavior of Selected AutomotiveParts from a Minivan.” NISTIR 6143. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards andTechnology.

Ohlemiller, T. J., and J. R. Shields. 2001. “Burning Behavior of Selected Automotive Parts froma Sports Coupe.” NISTIR 6316. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards andTechnology.

Ohlemiller, T. J., and J. R. Shields. June 2002. “The Effect of Polymer Resin Substitution on theFlammability of a Standardized Automotive Component in Laboratory Tests.” NISTIR 6745.Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-184.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Flame Retardants. Report to the Oregon Legislature.Submitted to the House Interim Committee on Energy and the Environment. OregonDepartment of Human Services. July 29, 2008.

Ragland, C. L., and H. S. Hsia. 1998. “A Case Study of 214 Fatal Crashes Involving Fire.” 16th

International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Paper No. 98-S4-O-08.

“Rate of Heat Release of Plastic Materials from Car Interiors,” M. M. Hirschler, D. J. Hoffmann,J. M. Hoffmann and E. C. Kroll, Business Communications Company Eleventh Ann. Conferenceon Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, June 3–5, 2002, Stamford,


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CT, Ed. M. Lewin, pp. 370–394, Norwalk, CT, 2002.

Ray, R. M., and M. Ahrens. 2007. “Vehicle Fire Data: Different Sources, Different Goals,Different Conclusions?” SAE International, Document # 2007-01-0877.

A Report to the General Assembly and the Governor In Response to Public Act 94-100.“DecaBDE Study: A review of Available Scientific Research” Illinois Environmental ProtectionAgency. January 2006.

Santrock, J. 2000. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 3:Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1996 Passenger Van.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-119. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2001a. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 4:Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1996 Passenger Van.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-143. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2001b. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 6:Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel Drive Passenger Car.”Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-158. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2002a. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 9:Propagation of a Rear-Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1998 Sport Utility Vehicle.” Docket #NHTSA-98-3588-188. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2002b. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fires Initiation and Propagation, Part 7.Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel Drive Passenger Car.”Warren, MI: General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2002d. “Determination of Mol-% Ethylene in Propylene/Ethylene CopolymerSamples by Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Analysis.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-183. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2002d. “Flammability Properties of Engine Compartment Fluids Other thanGasoline; Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy Analysis.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-199.General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2002e. “Identification of the Base Polymers in Selected Components and Partsfrom a 1997 Chevrolet Camaro by Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy.” Docket# NHTSA-98-3588-181. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2002f. “Identification of the Base Polymers in Selected Components and Parts froma 1997 Ford Explorer by Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy and AttenuatedTotal Reflectance/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-182.General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J., 2002g. “Part 1: Full Scale Vehicle Fire Tests of a Control Vehicle and a TestVehicle Containing an HVAC Module Made from Polymers Containing Flame RetardantChemicals.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-190. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2003a. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 12:Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1998 Front-Wheel Drive PassengerVehicle.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-201. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J. 2003b. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 13:Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1998 Front-Wheel Drive Passenger Vehicle.”Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-203. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J., and D. E. LaDue. 2003. “Part 3: Full Scale Vehicle Fire Tests of a Control Vehicleand a Test Vehicle Containing and Intumescent Paint on its Underbody.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-204. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J., and D. W. Kononen. 2002. “Flammability Properties of Engine Compartment FluidsOther than Gasoline; AutoIgnition Characteristics of Non-Gasoline Motor Vehicle Fluids on


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Heated Surfaces.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-193. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J., and S. E. Hodges. 2003a. “Part 2A: Evaluation of Fire Suppression Systems in aFull Scale Vehicle Fire Test and Static Vehicle Fire Tests.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-202.General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J., and S. E. Hodges. 2003b. “Part 2B: Evaluation of a Fire Suppression System in aFull Scale Vehicle Crash Test and Static Vehicle Fire Tests – Underbody Gasoline Fires.”Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-205. General Motors Corporation.

Santrock, J., and S. E. Hodges. 2005. “Evaluation of Automatic Fire Suppression Systems inFull Scale Vehicle Fire Tests and Static Vehicle Fire Tests.” SAE International, Document #2005-01-1788.

Santrock, J., A., Tewarson, and P. K. S. Wu. November 18-20, 2002. “Flammability Testing ofAutomotive Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Modules Made from Polymers ContainingFlame Retardant Chemicals.” International Truck and Bus Meeting and Exhibition, DetroitMichigan. SAE International, Document # 2002-01-3091.

Santrock, J., A. Tewarson, and P. K. S. Wu. 2002. “Flammability Testing of Automotive HeatingVentilation and Air Conditioning Modules Made from Polymers Containing Flame RetardantChemicals.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-180. General Motors Corporation.

Scheibe, R. R., L. E. Shields, and T. E. Angelos. 1999. “Field Investigation of Motor VehicleCollision-Fires.” Society of Automotive Engineers, Document # 1999-01-0088.

Shields, L. E., R. R. Scheibe, and M. El-Sharkawi. 2005. “Spark Ignition of Underhood Fluids.”SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1559.

Shields, L. E., R. R. Scheibe, T. E. Angelos, and R. Mann. January 2001. “Case Studies ofMotor Vehicle Fires.” Seattle, WA: Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC). Docket #NHTSA-98-3588-164.

Siegel, D. August 1984. “Flame-retardant PP for Engineering Applications.” PlasticsEngineering, pp. 25–27.

Silvus, H. S., and R. E. White. March 4-7, 2002. “Inductances of Automotive ElectromagneticDevices.” SAE 2002 World Congress, Detroit, Michigan. Document # 2002-01-0143.

Stevens, G. January 1999. “Risks and Benefits in the Use of Flame Retardants in ConsumerProducts.” In Report to Department of Trade and Industry, U.K., ed. G. C. Stevens and A. H.Mann. DTI Reference URN 98/1026. Guildford, U.K.: University of Surrey.

Strom, K. A., A. J. Hamer, and R. B. Karlsson. May 31, 2000. “Burn Hazard Assessment Model:Software for Characterization of the Hazards Posed by Heat and Exposure to Toxic AgentsAssociated with Fire.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-118. GM/DOT Project F.3.

Suefert, F. J. June 1995. “Automobile Engine Fires.” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol. 45, No. 1,pp. 23-26.

Suefert, F. J. September 1995. “Automobile Engine Fires (part 2).” Fire and Arson Investigator,Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 23-26.

Sutherland, D., and K. Byers. March 1998. “Vehicle Test Burns.” Fire and Arson Investigator,Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 23-25.

Tessmer, J. December 1994. “Analysis of Fires in Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, and Vans.”Washington, DC: National Center for Statistics and Analysis. NTIS PB95199261.

Tessmer, J. August 1996. “Rural and Urban Crashes: A Comparative Analysis.” DOT HS 808450, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. NTIS PB96210901.

Tewarson, A., I. A. Abu-Isa, D. R. Cummings, and D. E. LaDue. July 5-9, 1999.“Characterization of the Ignition Behavior of Polymers Commonly Used in the AutomotiveIndustry.” Sixth International Symposium of Fire Safety Science, University of Poitiers, France.


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Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-71.

Tewarson, A., J. G. Quintiere, and D. Purser. 2005. “Fire Behavior of Materials in Vehicle CrashFires and Survivability of the Passengers.” SAE International, Document # 2005-01-1555.

“Thermal Decomposition of Polymers,” C. L. Beyler and Marcelo M. Hirschler, in SFPEHandbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd ed., Editor-in-chief: P. J. DiNenno, pp.1/110-1/131, NFPA, Quincy, MA, 2002.

Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals, 2000, Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies andToxicology, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000.

U.K. Government Consumer Safety Research, “Effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings(Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988.” June 2000. Consumer Affairs Directorate, Dept. Trade andIndustry, London, U.K. [Research conducted by Professor Gary Stevens, University of Surrey,Guildford, U.K.]

U.S. Fire Administration. March 2002. “Highway Vehicle Fires,” Topical Fire Research Series,Vol. 2, Issue 4.

“U.S. Children Heavily Exposed to Flame-Retardant Chemicals,” Consumer Affairs, September8, 2008.

U.S. Fire Administration/National Fire Data Center. October 2004. “Fire in the United States1992-2001,” Thirteenth edition, FEMA.

Wagner, R. December 15, 2003. “Properties of Plastic Materials for Use in AutomotiveApplications, Study of Arc Track Properties of Plastic Materials when Subjected to DC VoltagesRanging from 12 V DC – 150 V DC, Final Report.” Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

Wagner, R. October 15, 2004. “Properties of Plastic Materials for Use in AutomotiveApplications, Study of Arc Track Properties of Plastic Materials when Subjected to DC VoltagesRanging from 12 V DC – 150 V DC, Addendum Report.” Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

Warner, C. Y., M. B. James, and R. L. Woolley. 1985. “A Perspective on Automobile CrashFires.” SAE International, Document # 850092.

Watson, L. 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999. “Fire Statistics — United Kingdom.” The Office of theDeputy Prime Minister. London, U.K.: www.odgm.gov.uk/rds/fire1.html.

Weyandt, N. February 2005. “Analysis of Induced Catastrophic Failure of a 5000 psig Type IVHydrogen Cylinder.” San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, for Motor Vehicle FireResearch Institute.

Weyandt, N. May 2005. “Comparative Abuse Testing of 36V and 12V Battery Designs inGeneral Accordance with SAE J2464.” San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, forMotor Vehicle Fire Research Institute.

White, R. E., N. C. Weyandt, H. S. Silvus, M. L. Janssens, and M. A. Miller. March 2004.“Experimental Determination of Electrical and Physical Conditions for Ignition During ElectricalArcing.” San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, for General Motors Corporation.Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-207.

Wichman, I. S. 2001. “Theoretical and Experimental Study of Thermal Barriers SeparatingAutomobile Engine and Passenger Compartments.” East Lansing, MI: Michigan StateUniversity. Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-105.

Wichman, I. S. 2002. “A Review of the Literature of Material Flammability, Combustion andToxicity Related to Transportation.” East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. Docket #NHTSA-98-3588-142.

Wittasek, N. B., R. D. Pehrson, and J. R. Barnett. May 1997. “Computational Fluid DynamicsModeling of Post-Crash Vehicle Fires.” GM/DOT Project F.3(b). Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-209.


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C.3 References for Extracts in Informational Sections.



Referenced current SDO names, addresses, standard names, numbers, and editions.



Public Input No. 1-NFPA556-2016 [Chapter 2]

Referenced current SDO names, addresses, standardnames, numbers, and editions.


Submitter Full Name: Aaron Adamczyk

Organization: [ Not Specified ]

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Sun Sep 18 21:12:11 EDT 2016

Committee Statement

Resolution: Updates made with First Revisions to each section. See first revision 18-25 for changes.


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Public Input No. 28-NFPA 556-2017 [ Section No. C.1.1 ]

C.1.1 NFPA Publications.


NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, 2015 2018 edition.

NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction, 2018 edition.



NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, xx edition.






Two NFPA standards are proposed to be added by an annex note extracted from NFPA 101.



Public Input No. 27-NFPA 556-2017 [New Section after A.5.4(1)]




Street Address:

City:

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Zip:


Committee Statement



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Statement: Update references to latest publication and added 220 & 259.


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Public Input No. 11-NFPA 556-2017 [ Section No. C.1.2.1 ]


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C.1.2.1 ASTM Publications.


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ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959.

ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile FloorCovering Materials, 2011.

ASTM D5537, Standard Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, Smoke Obscuration,and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration, 2010 2014 .

ASTM D6113, Standard Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fire Cables,2011 2016 .

ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,2012a 2017 .

ASTM E136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at750°C,2012 2016a .

ASTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments, 2012 2017 .


ASTM E662, Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by SolidMaterials, 2014 2017 .

ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems, 2013a(2017) .


ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materialsand Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2014 2017 .


ASTM E1529, Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fireson Structural Members and Assemblies, 2013 2016 .

ASTM E1546, Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards,2009a 2015 .

ASTM E1623, Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters ofMaterials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL), 2011 2017 .

ASTM E1995, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a ConicalRadiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally,2012 2016 .

ASTM E2061, Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles, 2012.




ASTM E2965, Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate forMaterials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2017.


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Date updates - also ASTM E2965 has been added, to correlate with the proposed addition of the standard into Table 10.1 and the associated annex section.









Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: Date updates - also ASTM E2965 has been added, to correlate with the proposedaddition of the standard into Table 10.1 and the associated annex section.


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C.1.2.4 UL Publications.


ANSI/UL 9, Standard for Safety Fire Tests of Window Assemblies, 2009 2015 .

ANSI/UL 94, Standard for Safety — Test for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts, Devices,and Appliances, 2013, revised 2014 2016 .

ANSI/UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 2003, revised 2011 2015 .

ANSI/UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, 2003, revised 2011 2015 .

ANSI/UL 1685, Standard for Safety Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-Release Test forElectrical and Optical-Fiber Cables, 2010 2015 .

ANSI/UL 1709, Standard for Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials for Structural Steel,2005, revised 2011 2017 .

ANSI/UL 2556, Wire and Cable Test Methods, 2013 2015 .


Update Standards





Submitter Full Name: Kelly Nicolello

Organization: UL LLC

Street Address:

City:

State:

Zip:

Submittal Date: Thu Jun 22 15:21:07 EDT 2017

Committee Statement


Statement: Update Standards and add 723


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C.1.2.5 U.S. Government Publications.

U.S. Department of Transportation/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 SeventhStreet, SW, Washington, DC 20590.

FMVSS 302, Flammability of Interior Materials, 1988 October 1, 2011 .


date update




Street Address:

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Committee Statement


Statement: Update references to latest publication.


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C.1.2.7 Lists of Publications.


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(1) ASTM D1692, Standard Method of Test for Rate of Burning or Extent and Time of Burningof Cellular Plastics Using a Specimen Horizontal (withdrawn 1976 without replacement,later replaced by ASTM D5132).

(2) U.S. Federal Trade Commission Complaint and Consent Decree against the Society of thePlastics Industry, American Society for Testing and Materials et al., associated with testingand offering for sale some plastic products (1972–1973).

(3) Hirschler, M. M. “New NFPA Proposed Guide for Identification and Development ofMitigation Strategies for Fire Hazard to Occupants of Road Vehicles.” Fire and Materials2005, San Francisco, CA, January 31–February 1, 2005, 457–468.

(4) Hirschler, M. M. “Fire Hazard of Automotive Interiors.” In Fire Risk & Hazard AssessmentSymposium, National Fire Protection Research Foundation, June 24–26, 1998, SanFrancisco, CA, 164–195.

(5) Grayson, S. J. and M. M. Hirschler, “Fire Performance of Plastics in Car Interiors”,Proceedings from Flame Retardants 2002, Interscience Communications London, Feb.5–6, 2002. London: Interscience Communications, 197–207.

(6) Hirschler, M. M., D. J. Hoffmann, J. M. Hoffmann, and E. C. Kroll. 2002. “Rate of HeatRelease of Plastic Materials From Car Interiors.” Business Communications CompanyConference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, June 3–5,2002, Stamford, CT. Ed. M. Lewin, Norwalk, CT.

(7) Bundy, M. “Fire Performance of Flame Retarded Polymers Used in Consumer Electronics”,Fire and Materials 2005, Interscience Communications. U.K. 85–97.

(8) Shields, L., R. Scheibe and T. Angelos. November 17, 1998. “Motor-Vehicle Collision-FireAnalysis Methods and Results,” Washington State Transportation Center, Prepared forNFPA Fall Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 1–18.

(9) Bundy, M., and Ohlemiller, T. J., "Bench-Scale Flammability Measures for ElectronicEquipment, NISTIR-7031", NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2003.

(10) Bundy, M. and Ohlemiller, T. J., "Full-Scale Flammability Measures for ElectronicEquipment, NIST Technical Note 1461", NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2004.

(11) Santrock, J. 2003a. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation Part 12:Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1998 Front-Wheel Drive PassengerVehicle.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-201. General Motors Corporation.

(12) Santrock, J., A. Tewarson, and P. K. S. Wu. November 18-20, 2002. “Flammability Testingof Automotive Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Modules Made from PolymersContaining Flame Retardant Chemicals.” International Truck and Bus Meeting andExhibition, Detroit, Michigan. SAE International, Document # 2002-01-3091.

(13) Santrock, J., A. Tewarson, and P. K. S. Wu. 2002. “Flammability Testing of AutomotiveHeating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Modules Made from Polymers Containing FlameRetardant Chemicals.” Docket # NHTSA-98-3588-180. General Motors Corporation.

(14) Jenson, J. L., and J. Santrock. May 1998. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation, Vehicle Crash and Fire Propagation Test Program.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-38, General Motors Corporation, ESV Paper Number 98-S4-O-04.

(15) Santrock, J. August 2002. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and PropagationPart 7: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1997 Rear Wheel DrivePassenger Car.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-178, General Motors Corporation.

(16) Santrock, J. August 2001. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and PropagationPart 3: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1996 Van Passenger.” Docket #NHTSA-1998-3588-119, General Motors Corporation.

(17) Santrock, J. November 2003. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation and Propagation


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Part 13: Propagation of an Engine Compartment Fire in a 1998 Front-Wheel DrivePassenger Vehicle.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-203, General Motors Corporation.

(18) Jenson, J. L., and J. Santrock, June 2002. “Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Fire Initiation andPropagation 6: Propagation of an Underbody Gasoline Pool Fire in a 1997 Rear WheelDrive Passenger Car.” Docket # NHTSA-1998-3588-158, General Motors Corporation.


These aded references are related to the new section proposed in an associated public input.







Street Address:

City:

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Zip:


Committee Statement


Statement: Reference occurs in the body of the text so the reference needs to be added to Chapter 2not Annex E.


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