State Wise Production and Distribution of Non-Metallic Minerals in India

2/2/2015 StatewiseProductionandDistributionofNonMetallicMineralsinIndia

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StatewiseProductionandDistributionofNonMetallicMineralsinIndiabySmritiChandMinerals

StatewiseproductionanddistributionofNonMetallicmineralsinIndia:

Indiaalsoproducesalargenumberofnonmetallicmineralsalthoughonlyafewofthemhaveassumedasmuchindustrialandeconomicimportanceasisdonebythemetallicminerals.



ImageCourtesy:img.hisupplier.com/var/userImages/old/s416346.jpg

However,theyareusedinalargevarietyofindustriesthemajorindustriesbeingcement,fertilizers,electricals,etc.

Mica:

MicahasbeenusedinIndiasinceancienttimesasamedicinaliteminAyurvedaandisknownasabhrak.Withthedevelopmentofelectricalindustry,micafoundnewvistasofuse.Itsinsulatingpropertieshavemadeitavaluablemineralinelectricalandelectronicsindustry.Itcanwithstandhighvoltageandhaslowpowerlossfactor.

ThethreemajortypesofmicafoundinIndiaare:muscovite,phlogopiteandbiotite.ImportantmicabearingpegmatiteoccursinAndhraPradesh,Jharkhand,BiharandRajasthan.Thetotalinsitureservesofmicaareplacedat59,065tonnes.TheinsitureservesofmicainAndhraPradeshare42,626thousandtonnes,Jharkhand1,496tonnesandinRajasthan2,007tonnes.

ProductionandDistribution:

Indiahasanearmonopolyintheproductionofmica,producingabout60percentofworldstotal



production.Productionwasjust772tonnesin194748whichincreasedtoabouttenthousandtonneswithinthreeyears.Theproductionincreasedatarapidpaceupto196061andtherewasarecordproductionof28,347tonnesinthatyear.Butafterwardsitshowedadecliningtrendandtheproductioncamedownto1,217tonnesin200203(seeTable25.15).

Table25.15ProductionofMica(Crude)inIndia:

Year 1950

51

1960

61

1970

71

1980

81

1985

86

1990

91

1996

97

1997

98

1998

99

1999

00

2000

01

2001

02

2002

03

Productionintonnes

9905 28,34715,0998,534 4,746 3,806 1,954 1,697 1,484 1,807 1,154 2,026 1,217

ValueinRs.crore

29 24 21 35 27 28 2.7 2.4 2.3 3.5 2.6 4.9 3.1

About95percentofIndiasmicaisfoundinjustthreestatesofAndhraPradesh,RajasthanandJharkhand.SomemicaisproducedinBiharalso(Table25.16).

Table25.16DistributionofMicainIndia(200203):

State Production(Tonnes)

PercentageofallIndia

ValueinRs.millions

1.AndhraPradesh

883 72.56 256.50

2.Rajasthan

190 15.61 21.46

3.Jharkhand

133 10.93 29.95

4.Bihar 11 0.90 0.92India 1,217 100.00 308.831.AndhraPradesh:

AndhraPradeshisthelargestmicaproducingstateofIndia.In200203,thisstateproduced883tonnesofmicawhichwasmorethan72percentofallIndiaproduction.Intherecentyears,shareofAndhraPradeshhasincreasedinrespecttomicaproduction.ThemicabeltliesinNelloredistrictandis100kmlongand25kmwide.

Nelloremicaisgenerallylightgreenincolouritisgenerallystainedandspotted.TheotherdistrictswithworkablemicadepositsareVishakhapatnam,WestGodavari,Krishna(Tiruvur)andKhammam(Kallur).ShahmineinGudurtalukaisthedeepestwithminingbeingdoneat300mdepth.



2.Rajasthan:

AlthoughoccupyingthesecondpositionamongthemicaproducingstatesofIndia,RajasthanisnotasimportantaproducerasAndhraPradeshis.Thisstateproduced190thousandtonnesor15.61percentofIndiain200203.

ThemainmicabeltextendsfromJaipurtoUdaipur.Thisis322kmlongwithanaveragewidthof96km.ThisbeltbroadensaroundKumbhalgarhandBhilwara.ThemainproducingdistrictsareBhilwara,Jaipur,Tonk,Sikar,DungarpurandAjmer.

3.JharkhandandBihar:

Earlier,BiharwasaveryimportantproducerofmicainIndiabutithaslostmuchofitsimportancemainlyduetoformationofnewstateofJharkhandandpartlyduetoincreasedproductioninotherpartsofthecountry.JharkhandisthethirdlargestproducerofmicainIndia.

In200203,thisstateproduced133tonnes(orabout11percent)ofmica.Biharhasbeenrelegatedtoapositionofaninsignificantproducer(Table25.16).Micainthesetwostatesisfoundinabeltextendingforabout150kminlengthand32kminwidthfromeasternpartofGayadistrictacrossHazaribagh,GirdihandMungertoBhagalpurdistrict.

Thisbeltcontainstherichestdepositsofhighqualityrubymica.ThemaincentresofmicaproductioninthisbeltareKodarma,Dhorhakola,Domchanch,Dhab,Gawan,Tisri,ChakaiandChakapathal.Outsidethemainmicabelt,micaoccursinDhanbad,Palamu,RanchiandSinghbumdistricts.

Otherproducers:

TheotherareaswithsmalldepositsofmicaareGujarat(Banaskantha,Vadodara,Sabarkantha),Kerala(AlleppeyandKollam),TamilNadu(Nilgiri,Coimbatore,SalemandTiruchirapalli),MadhyaPradesh(BalaghatandChhindwara),Chhattisgarh(Bilaspur,BastarandSurguja)andUttarPradesh(Mirzapur).SomedepositshavealsobeenreportedfromOrissa,Haryana,HimachalPradeshandWestBengal.

Exports:

Indiaisnotonlythelargestproducerbutalsothelargestexporterofmicaintheworld.Inspiteofthethreatfromsyntheticmica,certaingradesofIndianmicawillremainvitaltotheworldselectricalindustries.

MostoftheexportsareroutedthroughtheportsofKolkataandVishakhapatnam.Japan(19%),theUSA(17%),U.K.(7%),Norway(7%),Russia,Poland,Germany,CzechRepublic,Slovakia,Hungary,France,theNetherlands,etc.arethemainbuyerspurchasingabout80percentthetotalmicaexportedbyIndia.However,trendsinexportsofmicafromIndiaarequitefluctuating(seeTable25.17).



Table25.17ExportofMicafromIndia:

Year 196061

197071

198081

199091

199596

200001

200102

200203

200304

Exportinthousandtonnes

284 267 167 420 33.4 63.2 57.7 33.8

ValueinRupeescrore

16 18 35 27 64 56 61 106

Limestone:

Limestoneisassociatedwithrockscomposedofeithercalciumcarbonate,thedoublecarbonateofcalciumandmagnesium,ormixtureofthesetwoconstituents.Inadditiontothemainconstituentsofcalciumandmagnesiumcarbonates,limestonealsocontainssmallquantitiesofsilica,alumina,ironoxides,phosphorusandsulphur.

LimestonedepositsareofsedimentaryoriginandexistinalmostallthegeologicalsequencesfromPrecambriantoRecentexceptinGondwana.Thetotalinsitureservesoflimestoneofallcategoriesandgradesareplacedat1,69,941milliontonnes.

Limestoneisusedforalargevarietyofpurposes.Ofthetotalconsumption,75percentisusedincementindustry,16percentinironandsteelindustryand4percentinthechemicalindustries.Restofthelimestoneisusedinpaper,sugar,fertilizers,glass,rubberandferromanganeseindustries.

Rapidpaceofindustrialisationinthecountryhasresultedinanacceleratedrateofproductionoflimestone.Ithasincreasedfromamere29.65lakhtonnesin1951to1,455.52lakhtonnesin200203.Thevalueoflimestoneproducedhasalsoshotupfromanegligibleofrupeesonecrorein1951toareallylargeamountofRs.1,524.9crorein200203.

Table25.18ProductionofLimestoneinIndia:

Year 1951196119711981199091

199495

199697

199798

199899

199900

200001

200102

200203

Productioninlakhtonnes

2965

14755

15079

32441

683.76932.071,027.231,104.171,109.681,287.621,273.381,309.361,455.52

ValueinRupeescrore

1 74 246884 308.4 736.2 895.9 1036.7 1107.7 1261.1 1347.4 1384.4 1524.9

AlthoughalmostallthestatesofIndiaproduces6mequantityoflimestone,overthreefourthsofthetotallimestoneofIndiaisproducedbysixstatesofMadhyaPradesh,Rajasthan,AndhraPradesh,



Gujarat,ChhattisgarhandTamilNadu(seeTable25.19).

Table25.19DistributionofLimestoneinIndia(200203):

State Productioninlakhtonnes

PercentageofallIndiaproduction

ValueinRs.lakh

1.MadhyaPradesh

237.58 16.32 26,266.95

2.Rajasthan 236.24 16.23 24,886.263.AndhraPradesh

232.80 15.99 21,962.51

4.Gujarat 157.40 10.81 14,134.935.Chhattisgarh

136.67 9.39 16,812.91

6.TamilNadu

127.18 8.74 8,688.58

7.Karnataka 121.81 8.37 14,800.018.Maharashtra

88.90 6.11 8,478.48

9.HimachalPradesh

66.98 4.60 5,326.85

10.Orissa 23.62 1.61 5,202.16Others 26.70 1.83 AllIndia 1,455.52 100.00 1,52,494361.MadhyaPradesh:

MadhyaPradeshisthelargestproduceroflimestoneandaccountsforover16percentofthetotallimestoneproductionofIndia.LargedepositsoccurinthedistrictsofJabalpur,Satna,Betul,Sagar,DamohandRewa.Thetotalreservesofallgradesoflimestoneareestimatedtobeover1,500milliontonnes.

2.Rajasthan:

Rajasthanhasabout6percentofthereservesandproducesover16percentofthetotallimestoneofIndia.Jhunjhunu,Banswara,Jodhpur,Sirohi,Bundi,Ajmer,Bikaner,Dungarpur,Kota,Tonk,Alwar,SawaiMadhopur,Chittaurgarh,Nagaur,UdaipurandPaliarethemainproducingdistricts.

3.AndhraPradesh:

AndhraPradeshpossessesaboutonethirdofthetotalreservesofthecementgradelimestoneinthecountry.ExtensivedepositsoccurinCuddapah,Kumool,Guntur,Krishna,Nalgonda,Adilabad,Warangal,MahabubnagarandKarimnagar.

4.Gujarat:



Gujarathasabout13percentofthereservesbutproducesonlyabout11percentofthetotallimestoneofIndia.HighgradelimestonedepositsoccurinBanaskanthadistrict.TheotherimportantproducingdistrictsareAmreli,Kachchh,Surat,Junagadh,KhedaandPanchmahals.

5.Chhattisgarh:

ChhattisgarhaccountsformorethanninepercentoftotallimestoneofIndia.DepositsoflimestoneoccurinBastar,Bilaspur,Raigarh,RaipurandDurgdistricts.

6.TamilNadu:

LargescalereservesinRamnathapuram,Tirunelveli,Tiruchchirappalli,Salem,Coimbatore,Madurai,andThanjavurdistrictsenableTamilNadutoprovidemorethaneightpercentlimestoneofthecountry.Mostofthedeposits,exceptthoseofSalemdistrict,areofcementgradelimestone.

7.Karnataka:

Gulbarga,BijapurandShimogadistrictsofKarnatakapossessaboutonethirdofcementgradelimestoneofIndia.Currently,thisstateproducesalittlelessthanonetenthofthetotallimestoneofIndia.ThemainproducingdistrictsofallgradesoflimestoneareGulbarga,Chitradurg,Tumkur,Belgaum,Bijapur,MysoreandShimoga.

Others:

Apartfromtheabovementionedmajorproducers,limestoneisalsoproducedinSikkim,Maharashtra(Yavatmal,Chandrapur,NandedandAhmednagar),Orissa(Sundargarh,SambalpurandKalahandi),Jharkhand(Palamu,Hazaribagh,RanchiandSinghbhum),HimachalPradesh(Bilaspur,KangraandChamba),Haryana(MahendragarhandAmbala),Assam(NagaonandSibsagar),Meghalaya(Garo,KhasiandJaintiahills),UttarPradesh(Mirzapur,LucknowandUnnao),Uttaranchal(DehraDunandMussoorie),WestBengal(DarjeelingandJalpaiguri)andJammuandKashmir(AnantnagandJammu).

Dolomite:

Limestonewithmorethan10percentofmagnesiumiscalleddolomitewhenthepercentagerisesto45,itistruedolomite.Theeconomicusesofdolomitearechieflymetallurgicalasrefractorys,asblastfurnacefluxasasourceofmagnesiumsaltsandinfertilizerandglassindustries.

IronandSteelindustryisthechiefconsumerofdolomiteaccountingforover90percentconsumptionfollowedbyfertilizer(4%),ferroalloysandglass(2%each),alloysteel(1%)andothers(1%).Dolomiteiswidelydistributedintheallpartsofthecountry.

Thetotalinsitureservesofallgradesofdolomiteare7,349milliontonnes.Themajorshareofabout90percentreservesisdistributedinthestatesofMadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgarh,Orissa,Gujarat,Karnataka,WestBengal,UttarPradeshandMaharashtra.



Productionofdolomitehasalsoshowntremendousincreaselikethatoflimestone.Fromameagre14thousandtonnesin1951theproductionhasincreased3,329thousandtonnesin200203.(SeeTable25.20).ThetotalreservesofallgradesofdolomiteinIndiaareplacedat4,608milliontonnes.

Table25.20ProductionofDolomiteinIndia:

Year 195119611971 1981 199091

199697

199798

199899

199900

200001

200102

200203

Productioninthousandtonnes

14 729 1,3202,0682,648 3,469 2,991 2,922 2,842 3,032 3,201 3329

Value(Rs.lakhs)

0.7 78.6 233.5954.42,786.77,041.967,211.347,171.976,841.427,443.067,579.928,572.99

Orissa,Chhattisgarh,AndhraPradesh,Jharkhand,RajasthanandKarnatakaarethemainproducingstatesandcontributemorethan90percentofthetotalproductionofIndia.OrissaandChhattisgarhtogetheraccountforabout57percentdolomiteofIndia,(seeTable25.21).

Table25.21DistributionofDolomiteinIndia(200203):

State Production(000tonnes)


ValueinRs.lakh

1.Orissa 959 28.81 2,378.862.Chhattisgarh

935 28.09 2,361.87

3.AndhraPradesh

618 18.56 1,404.98

4.Jharkhand

258 7.76 1,725.68

5.Rajasthan 183 5.49 192.316.Karnataka167 5.01 225.93Others 209 6.28 AllIndia 3,329 100.00 8,572.991.Orissa:

Orissaisthelargestproducerofdolomiteandaccountsforabout29percentofthetotalproductionofdolomiteinIndia.Thetotalreservesofrecoverabledolomiteofallgradesareoftheorderof562.6milliontonnesoutofwhich256milliontonnesareinBirmitrapurlocalityalone.ThemaindepositsoccurinSundargarh,SambalpurandKoraputdistricts.InGangapurarea,theyoccurnearSukraandextendforatotallengthofabout100km.

2.Chhattisgarh:



CloselyfollowingOrissaisthestateofChhattisgarhwhichproducesabout28percentdolomiteofIndia.Therecoverablereservesofallgradesofdolomiteareestimatedtobe1,638milliontonnes.ThemaindepositsoccurinBastar,Bilaspur,DurgandRaigarhdistricts.

3.Jharkhand:

DolomiteoccursinbandstothenorthofChaibasainSinghbhumdistrict.SomedolomitealsooccursinPalamudistrict.

4.Rajasthan:

Rajasthanproduces5.49percentofIndiasdolomite.Ajmer,Alwar,Bhilwara,Jaipur,Jaisalmer,Jhunjhunu,Jodhpur,Nagaur,Pali,SawaiMadhopur,SikarandUdaipurarethemainproducingdistricts.

5.Karnataka:

KarnatakaproducesslightlymorethanfivepercentdolomiteofIndia.Belgaum,Bijapur,Chitradurga,Mysore,UttarKannadaandTumkurcontributemajorpartofthestatesproduction.

Others:

AmongtheotherproducersarewestBengal(Jalpaiguri),UttarPradesh(BandaandMirzapur),Uttaranchal(DehraDun,NainitalandTehriGarhwal),AndhraPradesh(Anantapur,KumoolandKhammam),ArunachalPradesh(Kamang),Haryana(Mahendragarh),HimachalPradesh(Shimla,SolanandMandi),Maharashtra(Nagpur,ChandrapurandYavatmal)andTamilNadu(SalemandTriunelveli).

Asbestos:

Twoquitedifferentmineralsareincludedunderthisnameone,avarietyofamphibole,resemblingtremoliteandtheother,moreimportant,afibrousvarietyofserpentine(chrysotile).Chrysotileismoreimportantvarietyandaccountsfor80percentoftheasbestosofcommercialuse.

Asbestoshasfoundgreatcommercialvalueduetoitsfibrousstructure,itscapabilitytobereadilyseparatedintofilamentsofhightensilestrengthanditsgreatresistancetofire.Itiswidelyusedformakingfireproofcloth,rope,paper,millboard,sheeting,belt,paint,etc.andformanufacturingfireproofsafes,insulators,felts,etc.

Itisalsousedinmakingaprons,gloves,curtains,brakeliningsinautomobilesandinsulatingmats.Asbestoscementproductslikesheets,slates,pipesandtilesareusedforbuildingpurposes.Whenasbestosisbrittle,itismadeintofilterpadsforfilteringacids,organicliquidsandotherchemicals.Mixedwithmagnesia,itisusedformakingmagnesiabricksusedforheatinsulation.

Reservesofallcategoriesandvarietiesofasbestosareplacedatabout1.046milliontonnes.Theproductionwasatlowkeytill1971butpickedupafterthat.Fromarecordproductionof42,699



tonnesin199394,itfelldrasticallyto27,180tonnesin199697andfurtherto11,148tonnesin200102.However,thedecreasingtrendwasreservedin200203andtheproductionincreasedto14,340tonnesin200203(seeTable25.22).

Table25.22ProductionofAsbestosinIndia:

Year 1950

51

1960

61

1970

71

1980

81

1990

91

1996

97

1997

98

1998

99

1999

00

2000

01

2001

02

2002

03

Productionintonnes

527 1,473 11,13927,52133,29627,18026,03420,11118,55015,397 11,148 14,340

TwostatesofRajasthanandAndhraPradeshproducealmostthewholeofasbestosofIndia.Rajasthanisthelargestproducer.Thisstateproduced13,539tonnesofasbestosin200203whichwasover94percentofthetotalproductionofIndia.ImportantoccurrencesareknowninUdaipur,Dungarpur,Alwar,AjmerandPalidistricts.

InAndhraPradesh,asbestosoffinequalityoccursinPulivendlatalukofCuddapahdistrict.ThereareseveraloccurrencesbetweenChitravatiandPapaghanirivers.The15kmlongzonebetweenLopatanuthulaandBrahamnapalleismostpromising.InKarnataka,themaindepositsoccurinHassan,Mandya,Shimoga,MysoreandChikmaglurdistricts.

Inadditiontotheabovementionedmajorproducers,someasbestosisproducedinJharkhand,MadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgarh,TamilNadu,Gujarat,UttaranchalandNagalandalso.

Magnesite:

Itisanalterationproductofdunites(peridotite)andotherbasicmagnesianrocks.Itisprimarilyusedformanufacturingrefractorybricks.Itisalsousedasabondinabrasivesandinthemanufactureofspecialtypeofcementforartificialstone,tiles,fireproofflooringsandforextractionofthemetalmagnesium.Steelindustryalsousesmagnesite.

Thetotalinsitureservesofmagnesiteareabout415milliontonnesofwhich76milliontonnesareintheprovedcategory.MajordepositsofmagnesitearefoundinUttaranchal,TamilNaduandRajasthanwhileminoroccurrencesareinJammu&Kashmir,Karnataka,HimachalPradeshandKerala.

Table25.23ProductionofMagnesiteinIndia:

Year 1951196119711981 1990

91

1996

97

1997

98

1998

99

1999

00

2000

01

2001

02

2002

03

Production(Lakh

1.19 2.09 2.95 4.62 5.28 3.78 3.73 3.49 3.26 3.18 2.83 2.73



tonnes)Value(Rs.million)

1.86 3.47 11.87114.34298.28348.95379.98386.13377.83380.17 346.99318.44

Productionofmagnesiterecordedmorethanfourfoldincreaseinfortyyearsfrom1.19lakhtonnesin1951to5.28lakhtonnesin199091afterwhichproductionregularlydeclinedandstoodat2.73lakhtonnesin200203.

TamilNadu,Uttaranchal,KarnatakaandRajasthanproducealmosttheentiremagnesiteofIndia(seeTable25.24).

Table25.24DistributionofMagnesiteinIndia(200203):

State Production(tonnes)


Value(Rs.000)

1.TamilNadu

2,02,171 74.12 2,63,795

2.Uttaranchal

53,175 19.49 36,440

3.Kamataka

17,179 6.29 17,747

4.Rajasthan

273 0.10 457

AllIndia 2,72,798 100.00 3,18,439TamilNaduisthelargestproducerofmagnesiteinIndia.In200203,thisstateproducedalmostthreefourthmagnesiteofIndia.TamilNaduhasoneofthelargestdepositsofmagnesiteintheworldandthelargestinIndiaarefoundatChalkHillsnearSalemtown.

SomeotherdepositsoccurinCoimbatore,Dharmapuri,Nilgiri,NorthArcotAmbedkar,PeriyarandTirunelveli.InUttaranchal,Almoradistrictwithestimatedreservesof250lakhtonneshasa3.2kmlongand6to9metrethickbeltbetweenAgarandChahana.

Chamolidistrictisalsoreportedtohavesomedepositsofmagnesite.InKarnataka,magnesiteveinsarefoundinHassan,MysoreandKodagudistricts.Ajmer,UdaipurandPalidistrictsinRajasthan,ChambainHimachalPradeshandUdhampurinJammuandKashmiralsoproducesomemagnesite.

Kyanite:

Kyaniteoccursinmetamorphicaluminousrocksandisprimarilyusedinmetallurgical,ceramic,refractory,electrical,glass,cementandanumberofotherindustriesduetoitsabilitytostandhightemperatures.Itisalsousedinmakingsparkingplugsinautomobiles.

Indiahasthelargestdepositsofkyaniteintheworld.Allthethreegradesofkyanitearefoundhere.Thefirstgradehasaluminiumcontentfrom62to64percent,thesecondgradefrom58to62per



centandthethirdgradefrom54to58percent.

Thetotalinsitureservesofkyaniteareestimatedat8.1milliontonnes.Besides,conditionalresourcesof95.3milliontonnesofkyanitearealsoestimated.KyanitedepositsarelocatedinMaharashtra,Karnataka,Jharkhand,RajasthanandAndhraPradesh.

Theproductionofkyanitehasbeenfluctuatingsince1951buttherehasbeenfallingtrendsince199091.Thefallinproductionandvalueofkyaniteafter199091hasbeensteepindeed.However,theproductionpickedupslightlyin200203andstoodat5,305tonnesinthatyear(seeTable25.25).Jharkhand,MaharashtraandKarnatakaproducepracticallythewholeofkyaniteofIndia.

Table25.25ProductionofKyaniteinIndia:

Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 199091

199697

199798

199899

199900

200001

200102

200203

Productionintonnes

43,18227,15563,49536,58336,4216,996 6,0686,134 6,191 4,865 4,225 5305

Value(Rs.lakh)

58.57 54.98 149.30130.85371.4333.73 32.0840.81 47.46 35.78 31.46 41.80

1.Jharkhandisthelargestproducerofkyanite:

Thisstateproduced4,239tonnesofkyanitein200203whichwasaboutfourfifthsofthetotalkyaniteproducedinIndia.Oreswithhighdegreeofpuritywithpercentagesofaluminiumsilicatereaching95to97arefoundintheSinghbhumdistrict.HerekyaniteoccursmainlyaskyanitequartzrockandasmassivekyaniterockinbedsofconsiderablesizeintheArchaeanschists.

Thisrockformsabednearly130kminlengthstretchingfromLapsaBurntoKharsawaninSaraikela.Thishasbeenthelargestintheworldandalsothebestinqualitybutnowitisnearlyexahusted.TheotherdepositsinthisdistrictoccurnearGhagidih,Badia,Bakra,Mohanpur,Jagnathpur,Bhakar,Hatiland,Singpura,Daontauri,PadampurandShirbai.SmalldepositsarereportedfromDhanbadandRanchidistrictsalso.

2.Maharashtra:

Maharashtraproduced769tonnesor14.5percentofthetotalkyaniteproducedinIndiain200203andoccupiedadistantsecondpositionamongthemajorproducingstatesofthecountry.MostofthereservesareinthedistrictsofBhandaraandNagpurwherethetotalreservesofallgradesareestimatedat70,652tonnes.

3.Karnataka:

AlthoughKarnatakaisthethirdlargestproducer,thecontributionofthisstatewasonly297tonnesor5.6percentin200203.Commercially,workabledepositsoccurinHassandistrictwherecorundumkyaniterocknearMakavallicontains63to65percentalumina.Kyanitealsooccursinthe



districtsofChickmaglur,Chitradurga,Mandya,Mysore,DakshinKannadandShimoga.Reservesofallgradeshavebeenestimatedat6,31,177tonnes.

Others:

SomedepositsofkyanitearealsoreportedfromOrissa(Dhenkanal,SundargarhandMayurbhanj),Rajasthan(Udaipur,BhilwaraandDungarpur),TamilNadu(Kanniyakumari,NellaiKattabomman,Tiruchirapalli)andAndhraPradesh(KhammanandNellore).

Sillimanite:

Theoccurrenceandusesofsillimanitearealmostthesameasthoseofkyanite.Thetotalinsitureservesofsillimaniteareestimatedtobeoftheorderof58.8milliontonnes.Besides,conditionalresourcesareestimatedtobe5.9milliontonnes.

ThemainconcentrationofSillimaniteisfoundinTamilNadu,Orissa,Kerala,AndhraPradeshandWestBengalwithminoroccurrencesinAssam,Jharkhand,Karnataka,MadhyaPradesh,Maharashtra,MeghalayaandRajasthan.Itsproductionincreasedfrom4,114tonnesin1951toarecordof22,207tonnesin198889.

Thereafter,ithasbeendecreasinggenerallyandincreasinglyoccasionally.Therewasasteepfallinproductionfrom13,045tonnesin199091to8,528tonnesin199697.Afterthatproductionincreasedgraduallyupto200001afterwhichtheproductionagainstarteddecreasing.In200203,13,674tonnesofSillimaniteworthRs.473lakhwasproduced(seeTable25.26).

Table25.26ProductionofSillimaniteinIndia:

Year 195119611971 1981 199091

199697

199798

199899

199900

200001

200102

200203

Productionintonnes

4,1148,1134,32612,27313,0458,528 12,45812,123 14,93815,498 14,72013,674

Value(Rs.lakhs)

1.98 3.64 5.65 60.69 244.18290.01448.75480.89563.06586.88543.19473.01

Orissa,Kerala,MaharashtraandRajasthanproducepracticallythewholeofsillimaniteofthecountry(seeTable25.27).

Table25.27DistributionofSillimaniteinIndia(200203)

State Productionintonnes


Value(Rs.000)

1.Orissa 7,640 55.87 28,9322.Kerala 4,405 32.21 17,239



3.Maharashtra

1,600 11.70 1,101

4.Rajasthan 29 0.22 29AllIndia 13,674 100.00 47,301OrissaisthelargestproducerofsillimaniteinIndia.Intheyear200203,thisstateproducedasmuchas55.87percentsillimaniteofIndia.About16.48milliontonnesofsillimanitereserveshavebeenreportedmainlyfromGanjamdistrict.

KeralaisthesecondlargestproducingstatewhichcontributedaboutonethirdofIndiassillimanite.ThebeachsandsofKeralacontain5to6percentofsillimanite.Kozhikod,Palakkad,ErnakulamandKottayamdistrictsaremajorproducers.InMaharashtraallgradesofsillimanitehavebeenreportedfromtheBhandaradistrict,wherethereservesarereportedtobeoftheorderof232,055tonnes.

SmallquantityofsillimaniteisproducedinRajasthanalso.Udaipuristhemainproducingdistrict.Karnatakahasabout85thousandtonnesreservesofsillimanitemainlyinHassan,MysoreandDakshinKannad.

TherecoverablereservesinMeghalayaareestimatedtobe77,246tonnesofallgradesmainlyconfinedtotheKhasihills.InotherareaswithsomesillimanitereservesareAssam(KarbiAnglong),MadhyaPradesh(Sidhi),WestBengal(Darjeeling,BankuraandPurulia)andTamilNadu(Kanniyakuman,Tirunelveli,andTiruchchirappalli).

Gypsum:

Gypsumisahydratedsulphateofcalciumwhichoccursaswhiteopaqueortransparentmineralinbedsorbandsinsedimentaryformationssuchaslimestones,sandstonesandshales.Insomecasesitoccursastransparentcrystalsassociatedwithclays.Itismainlyusedinmakingammoniasulphatefertilizerandincementindustry.

Itisanessentialconstituentofcement,thoughitsproportionisonly45percent.ItisalsousedinmakingplasterofParis,mouldsinceramicindustry,nitrogenchalk,partitionblocks,sheets,tiles,plastics,etc.Itisconvenientlyappliedassurfaceplasterinagricultureforconservingmoistureinthesoilandforaidingnitrogenabsorption.

Theinsitureservesofgypsumareestimatedat383milliontonnes.Outofthistwomilliontonnesareofsurgical/plastergrade,92milliontonnesoffertilizer/potterygrade,76milliontonnesofcement/paintgrade,13milliontonnesofsoilreclamationgradeandtherestisunclassified.

Table25.28showsthattherehavebeenwidetemporalvariationsintheproductionofgypsuminIndia.Theproductionincreasedrapidlyfrom207thousandtonnesin1951to2,210thousandtonnesin199697,therebyrecordingabout11timesincreasein46years.Theproductionreachedanalltimehighof3,247thousandtonnesin19992000,afterwhichvaryingtrendshavebeenobserved.

Table25.28ProductionofGypsuminIndia:



Year 195119611971 1981199091

199697

199798

199899

199900

200001

200102

200203

Production

in000

tonnes

207 866 1,089957 15,89 2,210 2,195 2,267 3,247 2,667 2,859 2,842

Value(Rs.millions)

1.26 5.36 12.16 35.19144.61296.98313.09338.25512.04440.71 401.45394.04

RajasthanisbyfarthelargestproducerofgypsuminIndia.Thisstateproduced2,815thousandtonnesoutofthetotalproductionof2,842thousandtonnesin200203.Thiscameoutto99percentofthetotalproductionofIndia.ThetotalrecoverablereservesofallgradesofgypsuminRajasthanareoftheorderof105.5milliontonnes.

ThemaindepositsoccurintheTertiaryclaysandshalesofJodhpur,NagaurandBikaner.Jaisalmer,Barmer,Chum,PaliandGanganagaralsohavesomegypsumbearingrocks.TheremaininggypsumisproducedbyTamilNadu,JammuandKashmir,GujaratandUttarPradeshinorderofproduction.

TamilNaduhasmostofitsdepositsinTiruchirapallidistrictbetweenChittaliinthenorthandTappayandPeriyakurukhaiinthesouth.SomegypsumisalsoreportedfromCoimbatoredistrict.MinoroccurrencesarefoundalongthecoastandinsomesaltpansinNellaiKattabomman,Ramanathapuram,SouthArcotVallalarandChingleputdistricts.

Therecoverabledepositsareestimatedtobe16.35milliontonnes.JammuandKashmirhasestimatedreservesof112.9milliontonnes.ThemaindepositsoccurinBaramulaandDodadistrictsandinUri.Gujarathastotalreservesof10.3milliontonnesmainlyconfinedtoBhavnagar,Junagadh,JamnagarandKuchchhdistricts.MinordepositsoccurinKhedaandSurendranagardistricts.InUttaranchal,themaindepositsofgypsumarefoundinTehriGarhwal,DehraDunandMusoorie.

SomegypsumisalsoproducedinAndhraPradesh,(Nellore,Guntur,Prakasam),HimachalPradesh(Spiti,Sirmur,Chamba),Karnataka(Gulbarga)andMadhyaPradesh(Shahdol).

Inadditiontomineralgypsum,waterandphosphoricacidplantsareimportantsourcesofbyproductgypsum.MarinegypsumisrecoveredfromsaltpansduringtheprocessingforcommonsaltincoastalregionsparticularlyofGujaratandTamilNadu.

Phosphogypsumisobtainedasabyproductwhilemanufacturingphosphoricacidwhereasflurogypsumisobtainedwhilemanufacturingaluminiumflourideandhydrofluoricacid.Similarly,borogypsumisthebyproductofrefiningcalciumborates.Itisworthmentioningthattherecoveryofbyproductphosphogypsum,fluorogypsum,andmarinegypsumtogetherishigherthanmineralgypsum.



Diamonds:

Diamondshavebeenhighlyvaluedandcherishedthroughouttheagesbecauseoftheirbrilliance,adamantine,luster,transparencyandhardness.Theyarewidelyusedforornamentsandforpolishingthesurfacemetals,mineralsandgemcutting.Themostimportantindustrialuseofdiamondsisincuttingedgesofdrillsusedforexplorationandminingofminerals.

Theproductionofdiamondshadincreasedfrom1,674caratsvaluedatRs.5.34lakhin1950to84,407caratsvaluedatRs.39.63crorein200203.ThemaindiamondbearingareasarePannabeltinMadhyaPradeshWajrakarurKimberlitepipeinAnantapurdistrictandthegravelsoftheKrishnariverbasininAndhraPradesh.

ReserveshavebeenestimatedonlyinPannabeltandKrishnaGravelsinAndhraPradesh.Thetotalinsitureservesareabout26,43,824carats.Thereareconditionalresourcesof19,36,512carat.ThenewkimberlitefieldsarediscoveredrecentlyinRaichurGulbargadistrictsofKarnataka.FurtherinvestigationsfordiamondsarebeingcarriedoutinAndhraPradesh,MadhyaPradeshandKarnataka.

ReservesofdiamondsinIndiaarenotyetexhaustedandmodernmethodsarebeingappliedforintensiveprospectingandmininginPanna,Kurnool,BellaryandsomeotherselectedplacesincentralIndia.

Indiandiamondsareingreatdemandintheinternationalmarket,especiallyforjewellery.CuttingandpolishingofdiamondsisdonebymodemtechniquesatimportantcentreslikeSurat,Navasari,Ahmedabad,Palampur,BhavnagarandMumbai.Khambhat,Jaipur,TrichurandinGoastatearecomparativelynewcentres.

AtomicMinerals:

UraniumandThoriumarethemainatomicmineralstowhichmanybeaddedi.e.,beryllium,lithiumandzirconium.UraniumdepositsoccurinSinghbhumandHazaribaghdistrictsofJharkhand,GayadistrictofBihar,andinthesedimentaryrocksinSaharanpurdistrictofUttarPradesh.Butthelargestsourceofuraniumcomprisethemonazitesands,bothbeachandalluvial.

AlthoughmonazitesandsoccuroneastandwestcoastsandinsomeplacesinBihar,thelargestconcentrationofmonazitesandisontheKeralacoast.Over15,200tonnesofuraniumisestimatedtobecontainedinmonazite.

SomeuraniumisfoundinthecopperminesofUdaipurinRajasthan.Indiaproducesabout2percentofworldsuranium.Thetotalreservesofuranium,asestimatedbytheDepartmentofAtomicEnergy,GovernmentofIndia,are30,480tonnes.

Thoriumisalsoderivedfrommonozitewhichcontains10percentthoriaand0.3percenturania.Theothermineralcarryingthoriumisthorianite.TheknownreservesofthoriuminIndiaareestimatedtobebetween457,000and508,000tonnes.Kerala,Jharkhand,Bihar,TamilNaduandRajasthanare



themainproducers.

Berylliumoxideisusedasamoderatorinnuclearreactorsforatomicpowergeneration.Indiahassufficientreservesofberylliumtomeetherrequirementofatomicpowergeneration.

Lithiumisalightmetalwhichisfoundinlepidoliteandspodumene.LepidoliteiswidelydistributedinthemicabeltsofJharkhand,MadhyaPradeshandRajasthanaswellasinBastarregionofChhattisgarh,ZirconiumisfoundalongtheKeralacoastandinalluvialrocksofRanchiandHazaribaghdistrictsofJharkhand.

Salt:

Itisanimportantmineralwhichisusedinchemicalindustry.Sodiumchloride,knownascommonsalt,isusedasafooditem.Saltisobtainedfromseawater,brinesprings,wellsandsaltpansinlakesandfromrocks.RocksaltistakenoutinMandidistrictofHimachalPradeshandinGujarat.Itislessthan1percentofthetotalsaltproducedinIndia.

SambharLakeinRajasthanproducesabout10percentofourannualproduction.SeabrineisthesourceofsaltinGujarat,MaharashtraandTamilNadu.Gujaratcoastproducesnearlyhalfofoursalt.ProductionofsaltinIndiaincreasedfrom30lakhtonnesin1951to80lakhtonnesin1990.In200203,1.621tonnesrocksaltworthRs.20.72lakhwasproduced.

ConservationofMineralResources:

Conservingthemineralresourcesisthemostseriousproblembecausetheyareexhaustibleresources.Oncetakenoutofthemines,mineralsareusedforever.Thisisthereasonthatminingisoftencalledtherobberindustry.

Themineralresourcesarebeingexploitedatanacceleratedrateduetoadvancementinminingtechnology.Indiaexportsalargenumberofmineralstoearnthemuchneededforeignexchange.Butitwillbemuchbetterifweexportgoodsmanufacturedfromthemineralsratherthanexportingmineralsintheirrawform.

Mineralscanbeconservedbybringinginefficiencyinminingtechnologyaswellasinthetechnologyofbeneficiation.Therearemanycyclicmineralssuchasiron,aluminium,copper,brass,tin,etc.Recyclingofthesemineralscanhelpinreducingthewaste.Japan,Britain,Italy,etc.aresomeofthecountrieswhichareusingscrapirononalargescaleforironandsteelindustry.

Scarcemineralsmaybesavedbysubstitutingthembythosemineralswhicharecheaperandarefoundinabundance.Thebestexampleisthatofaluminiumwhichisnowextensivelyusedinelectricalindustryinplaceofcopper.



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State Wise Production and Distribution of Non-Metallic Minerals in India

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