Starter: COPY THIS CHARTThe Union vs. The

Confederate States of America

The Union (USA)• The North• Blue• President: Abraham

Lincoln• Capital: Washington, DC• Commander(s): George McClellan; Ulysses S. Grant* GOAL: preserve the Union

The Confederate States of America (The Confederacy)• The South• Grey• President:

Jefferson Davis•Capital:

Richmond, Va.•Commander:

Robert E. Lee•GOAL: preserve states’

rights

Goal 3

The Civil War

1861-1865

The Union vs. The Confederate States of

AmericaThe Union (USA)• The North• Blue• President: Abraham

Lincoln• Capital: Washington, DC• Commander(s): George McClellan; Ulysses S. Grant* GOAL: preserve the Union

The Confederate States of America (The Confederacy)• The South• Grey• President:

Jefferson Davis•Capital:

Richmond, Va.•Commander:

Robert E. Lee•GOAL: preserve states’

rights

AdvantagesSouthern Advantages

Confederate• Profits from “King

Cotton” provided money for the war effort.

• Great military leaders & a strong military tradition

• Fight a defensive was on familiar grounds

• Soldiers fighting for a “cause” who were highly motivated (survival)

Northern AdvantagesUnion

• Larger population so more fighting power (22 million)

• Resources such as coal and iron

• Manufactures and labor to produce war goods

• More food production• Establish Navy• Extensive railroad system to

transport goods and troops• Lincoln was a skilled leader.

Anaconda PlanThe Union (General Winfield Scott)

devised a three part plan to conquer the South:

1. Blockade Southern ports so the South could not export or import;

2. Control the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half;

3. Sought to isolate and divide the Confederacy to capture the capital at Richmond, Va.

Major Battles

• Ft. Sumter – considered the spark of the Civil War

• First Bull Run – considered the first “official” battle of the Civil War

• Shiloh- proved the war would be a long one• Antietam – bloodiest single-day battle of the war• Gettysburg – considered the turning point of the

war• Vicksburg- effectively cut the Confederacy in two• Appomattox – site of the surrender of Lee to

Grant

Fort Sumter

• It was considered a Southern victory

• Lincoln called for volunteers to fight in the war

• The Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, SC on April 12-13, 1861

• These were the first shots fired of the Civil War

Battle of Bull Run• The Battle of Bull Run

was fought on July 21, 1861 in Virginia

• Aka ‘First Manassas’• Confederacy led by

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (he stood firm against the Union like a “stone wall”)

• The South won!• This was a major morale

boost • Lincoln responded

called in more troops, replace General McDowell with George B. McClellan

Shiloh• The Battle of Shiloh was fought on April 7,

1862 in Tennessee (considered a “western” battle)

• It is significant because it showed the importance of sending out scouts, digging trenches, and building forts• The battle was a draw, but is considered a Confederate loss.•Two day battle killing 25,000 soldiers•North and South horrified

Antietam

• The Battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862 in Antietam, Maryland.

• Gen. McClellan aware of Gen. Lee’s plan;• It was the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S.

History. (more than 23,000 men)• Northern victory• Lincoln fired General George McClellan because

he was too cautious.– Lee’s army slipped away to fight another day.

Gettysburg

• The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 1-3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

• This is considered the turning point of the war. After this defeat, the South never attempted a northern invasion again.

• 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, or missing this was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.

• Four months later, the Gettysburg Address was delivered by President Lincoln to honor all those who fought and died on this battlefield.

The Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

Gettysburg Address Con’t

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

Gettysburg Address Con’t

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Vicksburg

• The Battle of Vicksburg was fought on July 4, 1863. It was actually a siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

• Union victory

• The Union successfully carved the Confederacy in two as a result of this victory. (Anaconda Plan)

Map of Siege of Vicksburg

Appomattox Courthouse

• On April 9, 1865, Southern General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.

• This effectively ended the Civil War

Slavery as a War Aim

• Slavery did not become a war aim until 1863. • The Union feared that Britain would join on the

side of the South if they did not include abolition as a war aim.

• The Emancipation Proclamation was issued as a military decree freeing all slaves in rebelling territories. No slave was emancipated, however, until the end of the war with the passage of the 13th Amendment.– Abolished slavery in the United States

54th Massachusetts Regiment

• An all-African American regiment that was formed in Massachusetts

• Served in the Union Military• This regiment is famous for its attack on Fort Wagner

during the war. The commander Robert G. Shaw led his men into battle in Charleston harbor.

• Shaw and many were killed, however, the 54th earned respect for its discipline and courage in battle.– Congressional Metal of Honor

• This battle was the subject of the movie Glory.

William T. Sherman

• May – December, 1864• “March to the Sea”• Union commander that believed in total war• Tennessee –Georgia • Marched through the South destroying

everything in his path in an effort to break the will of the South– Railroad tracks, buildings, bridges, private

homes

Map of Sherman’s March to the Sea

Effects of the Civil War

•Industrial boom in the North that established the United States as a global economic power

•African Americans migrated in western and northern territories

•Greater unity among the nation’s regions

•Assertion of federal authority

Civil War: Important Points• Causes of the Civil War (the

expansion of slavery was a KEY issue)

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin significance

• Underground RR & Harriet Tubman

• Dred Scott case significance• Significance of Kansas-

Nebraska Act• Southern reaction to

Lincoln’s election• Southern

advantages/Northern advantages

• Robert’s E. Lee’s choice to lead the South

• Anaconda Plan• Why McClellan was fired• Significance of ALL the

battles• Goal of Lincoln in the Civil

War• Purpose of the Gettysburg

Address• Purpose of the Emancipation

Proclamation• General William T. Sherman• Effects of the Civil War

Life During the Civil War: North

• To help meet the costs of war, the Union government added an income tax of 3% on all income per $800 per year.

• The tax was increased over time.• The Union also raised tariffs.• The largest source of funds for the war came from

government bonds.• Legal Tender Act of 1862 (government could print

greenbacks-paper money)’• Homestead Act, 1862- encouraged settlement of

western lands by granting land at a very low cost to those who would farm it.

Life During the Civil War: North• 1863,to meet the unending demand for

new troops, the North passed a conscription law (draft).

• To avoid the draft, a white man (ages25-45) could pay $300 and hire a replacement. This led to the phrase, “a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”.

• Anger over the draft, riots broke out in protest. The New York Draft Riot of 1863 lasted for 4 days.

Life During the Civil War: North

• Copperheads, or Peace Democrats, formed opposing Lincoln’s handling of the war and demanding an end to the war.

• President Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus (can’t be held in jail without a formal charge). Lincoln gave the military the right to arrest people suspected of disloyalty to the Union, criticized the President, and those who participated in draft riots.

Lincoln and the Copperheads

Life During the Civil War: South

• South lacked the resources to meet the economic demands of war.

• Blockade Runners (swift ships) tried to break the blockade of the southern coast in an effort to survive.

• President Jefferson Davis authorized the printing of paper money with nothing backing it except the government’s promise to pay.

• Inflation and a shortage of food led to rioting in the South.

Life During the Civil War: South

• Mary Boykin Chestnut of South Carolina kept a diary that has become a famous record of one experience of the war in the South.

• The Confederate government enacted conscription laws, seized private property to help raise troops, and suspended habeas corpus.

• Southerns responded called for Davis’s impeachment.

Women in the War

• Many took over family businesses, farms, or plantations.

• By the end of the war, women led the role of teaching

• Some join the spouse in war to cook and laundry

• Most notable military role: nursing• Clara Barton worked as a nurse in the war.

This led to the formation of the Red Cross.

Clara Barton

Election of 1864

Impact of the War

• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments• The assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes

Booth• Mathew Brady- war photographer• Land Grant College Act- gave money from the sale of

public lands to states for the establishment of universities that taught agriculture

• Tariff passed to protect industrialization• Southern landscape was shattered.• Migration west• Freedmen’s Bureau- federal relief agency – providing

clothing, medical attention, meals, education, land to freed blacks and poor whites

Mathew Brady’s Photographs