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Hogeschool van Amsterdam

University of applied sciences

Aviation Studies

START DOCUMENT LANDING GEAR

Groep 2V Jordi van Delft

Joran Hoogenberg Jordy Houwen

Tolga Inan Rolf Lindenbergh

Victor Ravelli Steven van der Stelt

Marlon Terdu

September 9th 2010

Hogeschool van Amsterdam Domein Techniek

2A2V Start document “Landing Gear” Page|2

Table of contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Problem definition ................................................................................................................................... 2

Objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Delimitation ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 7

List of appendixes .................................................................................................................................... 9



Introduction Amstel Leeuwenburg Airlines (ALA) has been given project group 2A2V, department Engineering, the assignment to research two common malfunctions that can occur in the landing gear and in its systems of a Boeing 737-800NG. Therefore, the design and operations of the landing gear must get analyzed. With the results of this research, ALA’s technical discussions about fleet development for the airline in future are made conceivable. This start document is based on the project Landing Gear, Hogeschool van Amsterdam Aviation Studies’ college year two. In this document the following is described: the problem definition (1), the objective (2) and the content limitations of the report which also includes a description of all chapters and paragraphs, these limitations will be followed to reach a successful result (3). Wentzel’s method and the design method of Van den Kroonenberg have been used to create this start document. A bibliography is added and a list of appendixes. The appendixes include: a pyramid model (appendix II), a planning (appendix III) and information about the project group (appendix IV-VIII).



Problem definition ALA instructs their engineering department to research two common malfunctions that may occur in the landing gear of a Boeing 737-800 NG or its related systems. To analyze the malfunctions of the landing gear, analyses of the landing gear in different flight stages are required. These malfunctions have influence on the airworthiness of the aircraft. If critical components of the landing gear system do not operate, it is against the regulations to use the aircraft. The main purpose of the maintenance plan is to minimize the frequency of the malfunctions. ALA instructs their engineering department to analyze the influence of the standard maintenance procedures on the operational costs. The engineers research the opportunity to reduce the operational costs by adapting the maintenance plan, if necessary. If the new procedures minimize the occurrence of the malfunctions, the costs decrease. The analyze of the maintenance plan and the costs makes it possible for ALA to discuss about fleet expansion.



Objectives On October 14th 2010 the engineering team of ALA must have achieved the following goals: recommending the board of ALA on two common malfunctions of the landing gear and adapting the existing maintenance plan on these two malfunctions, with its financial analysis. The engineering team will complete this analysis in three phases:

1. Researching and explaining the complete system of a landing gear of a Boeing 737-800 NG aircraft

2. Analyzing the structural mechanical operation of some critical elements of the landing gear 3. Analyzing and describing the prevention of the in phase 2 chosen malfunctions.

Eventually, the engineering team of ALA gives a recommendation to the board on the two above mentioned malfunctions. This investigation will be written in the form of a report, based on Wentzel’s theory of writing a report. The default language is American English and it must be written in 30 to maximum 40 pages, excluding appendixes.



Delimitation

1. Landing gear analysis This chapter describes the main functions of the landing gear of the Boeing 737-800 and the systems that practice these functions. The regulation that has been determined for the landing system is analyzed too. 1.1 Introduction landing gear

1.1.1 Purposes and goals Landing gear purposes: absorbing the landing pulse, maneuver on the ground, safety aircraft operations, NLG and MLG

1.1.2 Lay-out Types of landing gears, position MLG and NLG, door positions. Number of wheels and number of landing ‘legs’. Position of: bogey, shock absorbing, brakes, control mechanisms, two axis which can move differently from each other and a detailed picture in which the parts are marked

1.2 Shock absorbing/damping 1.2.1 Shock strut and torque links

Lay-out, hydraulics, compression, air/oil, cylinder, gas, pressure valves, a lay out of the hydraulic system and different phases

1.2.2 Air/ground logic Input, aircraft state, air, ground, indication, warning, system analysis, output, sensors, PSEU

1.3 Maneuvering on the ground 1.3.1 Wheels and tires

Wheels construction, bogey, number of wheels, fastening, tire pressure, profile, texture of the materials, structure of the tires and characteristics

1.3.2 Nose landing gear steering system Steering mechanism, ground mode, maneuvering on ground, hydraulics, pedals, cables, actuators.

1.3.3 Main landing gear steering system Steering mechanism, hydraulics, ground mode, actuators, tire scrubbing, body gear steering, ground loop

1.4 Extension and retraction 1.4.1 Landing gear control system

Control system lay-out, MLG, NLG, locks. 1.4.2 MLG extension and retraction system

Sensors, hydraulics, actuators, doors, control lever, back-up system, Locks Storage,

1.4.3 NLG extension and retraction system Sensors, hydraulics, actuators, doors, control lever, back-up system, Locks, storage.

1.4.4 LG position indication and warning system Position lights, panel, warnings, sensors, control lever position, hydraulic pressure indication.

1.5 Deceleration 1.5.1 Hydraulic brake system

Hydraulics, disk brake, wheel axis, perforated disks, compression, deceleration.



1.5.2 Auto brake system Sensor, touchdown, rejected take off (RTO), automatic pressure supplies, functions (1,2,3 and MAX).

1.5.3 Antiskid system Brake system control, prevents skidding, sensor, adapts wheel deceleration, feedback, indicators.

1.5.4 Parking brake system Switch, hydraulic system, parking lights, valves, indication, ground mode.

1.6 Regulation 1.6.1 Boeing’s operational requirements

System warnings (parking break, etc.), required systems and back-up systems.

1.6.2 Authority’s requirements EASA regulations, ICAO, IVW. Minimums set to the landing gear.

1.6.3 MMEL Boeing 737-800 required systems on board, obliged landing gear components.

2. Forces and moments Mechanical analysis of the landing gear and calculations of forces, moments and stresses in the landing gear (aircraft in different flight stages). 2.1 Landing gear’s free body diagram and geometry

Free body diagram of the aircraft, forces exercising on the aircraft, weight, gravity, normal forces.

2.2 Design and materials 2.2.1 Design

Construction methods, landing gear components, steel 2.2.2 Materials

Landing gear critical components, aluminum, rubber, carbon, titanium, characteristics, maximum allowed stress, safety, durability, sustainability, safety factor

2.3 Forces and moments 2.3.1 Taxi (turn)

Forces, moments, weight (MTOW), centrifugal forces, tire pressure 2.3.2 Take-off

Forces, moments, crosswind, no crosswind, V rotate, center of gravity, acceleration forces

2.3.3 Landing Forces, moments, crosswind, no crosswind, V landing, weight after flight 2.4 Constructional stress

2.4.1 Shock strut N force, V force, stress, safety factor, crosswind, no crosswind.

2.4.2 Side strut N force, V force, stress, safety factor, crosswind, no crosswind.

2.4.3 Wheel axes N force, V force, stress, safety factor, crosswind, no crosswind. 2.5 Recommendations

Declaration of the used materials, strength, durability.

3. Malfunctions and finances 3.1 Boeing’s current maintenance plan

Description of the maintenance and the preventive checks that are used to maintain the landing gear.



3.2 Malfunction 1 Extension and retraction system 3.2.1 Failure

Technical description of the failure in the landing chassis or in the sub systems of the landing gear

3.2.2 Influence on airworthiness Failing systems, components, MMEL, requirements, regulations

3.2.3 Solutions Solutions that can simply solve the malfunction in the landing gear, new maintenance plan, regulations

3.2.4 Prevention Prevention in future, approach new maintenance plan

3.3 Malfunction 2 Wheel failure 3.3.1 Failure

Technical description of the failure in the landing chassis or in the sub systems of the landing gear.

3.3.2 Influence on airworthiness Failing systems, components, MMEL, requirements, regulations.

3.3.3 Solutions Solutions that can simply solve the malfunction in the landing gear, new maintenance plan, regulations

3.3.4 Prevention Description of precautions that can prevent landing gear failures, approach new maintenance plan

3.4 Financial analysis 3.4.1 Costs

Malfunction components, needed materials for repair. 3.4.1a Material 3.4.1b Operational

3.4.2 Benefits Aircraft on ground, personal costs, aircraft delay, passenger costs. 3.4.2a Material 3.4.2b Operational

3.5 Recommendations Short summary, influence of the maintenance plan and regular use on the operational costs, recommendations about the efficiency of the maintenance plan.



Bibliography Books Burton, Mike Professional Pilot Study Guides vol. 9 – Undercarriages Airlife publishing, Shrewsbury, 1993 Currey, Norman S. Aircraft landing gear design: principles and practices American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1988 Hibbeler, Russel C. Sterkteleer voor technici; Statica Pearson Education, Amsterdam, 2006. Hibbeler, Russel C. Sterkteleer voor technici; Dynamica Pearson Education, Amsterdam, 2006. Langedijk, C.J.A., J.G.W. van Ruitenbeek en J.M. Nieuwenhuijse Vliegtuigen voor B1 en B3 Deel A t/m E Schiphol, 1998 Oxford Aviation Training Aircraft General Knowledge I, Airframes - Systems 4th edition, OAT Media Oxford, 2008 Stinton, Darrol The Anatomy of the Airplane Oxford press, 1966/1998 Callister, William D., Rethwisch, David G. Materials science and engeneering 8th edition, SI version, 2010 Wentzel, Tilly Opbouw projectverslag Amsterdam, 2009 Hogeschool van Amsterdam, Domein Techniek Aviation Safety Network Websites Webpage: http://www.boeing737.org.uk/landinggear.htm Date of last update: August 25, 2010 Date of last consult: September 10, 2010

http://www.boeing737.org.uk/landinggear.htm



Webpage: http://boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/737.pdf Date of last update: September 3, 2010 Date of last consult: September 10, 2010 Webpage: http://www.tpub.com/air/11-7.htm Date of last update: July 17, 2010 Date of last consult: September 7, 2010 Webpage:http://ww.bib.hva.nl/hva-dm-techniek/aviationstudies.cfm/60d172d2-b0b0-45a5-be70bc0c83706ea6 Date of last update: August 18, 2010 Date of last consult: September 9, 2010 Webpage: http://aviation-safety.net Date of last update: February 9, 2010 Date of last consult: September 10, 2010 Webpage: http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/boeing/B737/systems/0021/ Date of last update: November 16, 2009 Date of last consult: September 1, 2010 E-books Aircraft landing gear design: principles and practices Knovel Databank B737NG Aircraft Maintenance Manual KLM Part I SDS, rev 36 32 Landing gear Smartcockpit.com B_NG-Landing_Gear

http://boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/737.pdf

http://www.tpub.com/air/11-7.htm

http://ww.bib.hva.nl/hva-dm-techniek/aviationstudies.cfm/60d172d2-b0b0-45a5-be70bc0c83706ea6

http://ww.bib.hva.nl/hva-dm-techniek/aviationstudies.cfm/60d172d2-b0b0-45a5-be70bc0c83706ea6

http://aviation-safety.net/

http://www.smartcockpit.com/pdf/plane/boeing/B737/systems/0021/



List of appendixes I Project definition………………………………………………………………………………………….1 II Pyramid………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 III Project planning……………………………………………………………………………………………4 IV Contact list……………………………………………………………………………………………………6 V Chairman-minutes secretary list…………………………………………………………………..7 VI Group agreements……………………………………………………………………………………….8 VII Lay-out agreements……………………………………………………………………………………..9 VIII Improvement points previous projects………………………………………………………..11



Appendix I Project assignment



Appendix II Pyramid model



Appendix III Project planning



Appendix IV Contact list

Jordi van Delft Zilverstein 54 2342 BM Oegstgeest Phone number: 06-36189853 E-mail: [email protected]

Joran Hoogenberg Lansiersveld 9 7327 GH Apeldoorn Phone number: 06-21677404 E-mail: [email protected]

Jordy Houwen Scherpenzeelstraat 56 1107 HZ Amsterdam Phone number: 06-81055797 E-mail: [email protected]

Tolga Inan Gaasterlandlaan 35 2548 NG Den Haag Phone number: 06-42232110 E-mail: [email protected]

Rolf Lindenbergh Cornelis Aarnoutsstraat 175 1106 ZE Amsterdam Phone number: 06-28252108 E-mail: [email protected]

Victor Ravelli Camperstraat 20K 1091 AE Amsterdam Phone number: 06-45960407 E-mail: [email protected]

Steven van der Stelt Pieter Johan Tijkenstraat 27 3176 VG Poortugaal Phone number: 06-14730666 E-mail: [email protected]

Marlon Terdu Charlotte Ruyslaan 11 1902 NL Castricum Phone number: 06-34051243 E-mail: [email protected]



Appendix V Chairman-minutes secretary list

Project week Chairman Minutes secretary

1 Jordi van Delft Joran Hoogenberg

2 Joran Hoogenberg Jordy Houwen

3 Jordy Houwen Tolga Inan

4 Tolga Inan Rolf Lindenbergh

5 Rolf Lindenbergh Victor Ravelli

6 Victor Ravelli Steven van der Stelt

7 Steven van der Stelt Marlon Terdu

Take-off for presentation Marlon Terdu Jordi van Delft



Appendix VI Group agreements Too late

A member is too late when he is more than 10 minutes too late for a meeting

A member must sign out at the president of the meeting

A member who knows he is coming too late, must sign out 15 minutes before the meeting starts

A member who is too late without a valid reason, gets a warning

Valid reasons are considered by the group.

When a member gets his third warning, the project group can consider to kick him out of the group.

Meetings

The president has to arrange the meeting location.

Meetings are on Monday 3rd and 4th hour, Thursday the 3rd hour (control hour) and on Friday the 3rd and 4th hour project meeting.

Mobile phone on silence. Project tasks

A member has to report when he is not going to make it before the deadline. When a member does not report it, he gets an official warning

You have check the buddy’s task of the project BSCW

Everyone work with ‘versiebeheer’ on BSCW.

Word 2007 will be used for writhing the project parts. Buddy system

There are always two people who checking each other’s work. This is before the information is presented for the group.

The buddies are divided as follows: Was signed by every member

Jordy Tolga

Jordi Victor

Joran Rolf

Steven Marlon



Appendix VII Lay-out agreements The template for this report is made by Steven van der Stelt and has been published for every member of the project group. The lay-out agreements can be subdivided as follows:

1. Text 2. Illustrations 3. Tables 4. Formulas 5. Header and footer 6. References.

ad1 Text The standard font is Calibri 11, color: black. Chapters in Calibri 18, color: dark blue, bold. Section 1.1 in Calibri 16, color: normal blue, bold. Section 1.1.1 in Calibri 14, color: normal blue, bold. Section 1.1.1a in Calibri 12, color: normal blue, bold. Ad’s in Calibri 11, color: normal blue, bold. Lists must be made as follows:

1. Text 2. Text 3. Text.

(The dot must be placed after the last text!) ad2 Illustrations Illustrations must be placed in a normal table. For a normal table press invoegen, tabel, choose the number of columns and rows. Standard is one column and two rows. Then go to ontwerpen, randen, press geen randen and press rasterlijnen weergeven. The illustrations must be placed in the table. The red lines must be set in the picture with MS Paint. The color red must be selected and the line have the second thickness. To add a bijschrift, simply click on the picture/figure and press bijschrift invoegen. Add a new name: Figure and press OK. Then type after figure… the name of the picture! IN THE MAIN TEXT ALWAYS REFER TO THE PICTURE YOU USE!

Figure 1 Landing gear of a Boeing 777

Legend: 1. Door 2. Main gear 3. Wheel



ad3 Tables Add a bijschrift just like you do with a picture. Go to the little square at the left upper corner and press your right mouse. Then add bijschrift. Also type the name of the table. IN THE MAIN TEXT ALWAYS REFER TO THE TABLE YOU USE!

Wheel Main gear

Rubber Titanium

Table 1 Landing gear

ad4 Formulas You can add formulas as well in the main text as apart from the text. To add a formula, go to invoegen, vergelijking invoegen. Example: Newton’s binomium law is very important (formula 1). The formula is:

Formula 1 Newton’s binomium law

Or: Basely it can be said that the Bernoulli’s principle consist of two pieces. There is the static pressure which is always around. The static pressure is expressed in . Besides the static pressure

there is the dynamic pressure, this is expressed in

. The static and dynamic pressure

together is called the total pressure. ad5 Header and footer The header only has the name of the school and the education department. The footer respectively consist of the class name, the name or aim of the project and the page number. ad6 References Always refer to a upcoming section at the end of the sentence. Examples: “… are not dependent on the mentioned activities (3.2.1a).” “… are not dependent on the mentioned activities (figure 3).” “… are not dependent on the mentioned activities (table 5).” “… are not dependent on the mentioned activities (formula 1).”



Appendix VIII Competences group 2A2V The project is not only studying on technical information of the landing gear, it is necessary also to collect competence, so the new project is going to be the correct way. These essential competence must ensure that the teamwork and control is perform at the correct way. A few of these (obviously) competence that project Group V want to accomplish are:

1. Making a clear and tight planning 2. Clear agreements and follow these agreements 3. Clear deadlines and follow these deadlines 4. Group Arrangements comply without exception 5. Perfect maintain cooperation with the group.

ad1 By making a clear and tight scheduling the work can be done in less time. This creates a clear view of the work to be done, when all deadlines are done correctly the whole project will go smoothly. When all the competence are done well, than there are less problems in the future and brings great benefit in future projects. ad2 By making clear arrangements the project can be better implemented. If everyone follows these competence than the project runs smoothly and (with almost) no delay, resulting in a higher quality report can be put down. A better quality report is equivalent to the skills of technical knowledge to study, interpret and present the final product. ad3 If there are clear deadlines, everyone is aware when he should be ready for the work to be done. If these deadlines are held, the project will remain under control and the project remains on schedule. If not then the project (experience large) delay, making the end product of the project at great time risk. Deadlines are necessary in any kind of exercise. ad4 The group arrangements are the basic principle of the project and serve as the commitments and deadlines. As long as they are respected there is no problem. By you as a group this group may have rules to keep a positive atmosphere and good cooperation which results in a professional way of things. ad5 A perfect partnership is the key to success. If there is a serious, yet relaxed business atmosphere in the group can be performed effectively and qualitatively and a final product (high) level is returned.

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