Mobile ERP A literature review on the concept of Mobile ERP systems

Paper within Informatics

Author: Diana Andreea Căilean, Kobra Sharifi

Tutor: Christina Keller, Daniela Mihăilescu

Jönköping December 2013

Master’s Thesis in Informatics

Title: Mobile ERP: A literature review on the concept of Mobile ERP systems

Authors: Diana Andreea Căilean, Kobra Sharifi

Tutor: Christina Keller, Daniela Mihăilescu

Date: 2013-12-10 Subject terms: ERP, mobile ERP, mobility, enterprise systems, mobile computing

Abstract Mobile Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is still a very young topic which is in the pro-cess of developing in practice and research. Reviews of the topic of mobile ERP are lack-ing. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the concept of “Mobile ERP” has evolved by reviewing scientific articles on the topic from 1998 until June 2013. The total amount of articles we found when using the search term “Mobile ERP” was 246 articles and we could access 129 articles. These are the articles used for the literature review. We found, based on a framework used in previous studies for ERP that there are nine topic categories in which the articles can be divided and each category has a different evolution-ary level compared to the research area of “non-mobile ERP”. Mobile ERP has a signifi-cantly smaller number of results compared to ERP which had 886 articles in Schlichter & Kraemmergaard (2010).

The nine topic categories are the following: Implementation of Mobile ERP, Management and Mobile ERP issues, Mobile ERP and Supply Chain Management, Optimisation of Mo-bile ERP, Mobile ERP and education, Studying Mobile ERP, The mobile ERP Market and Industry, The Mobile ERP Tool and Other.

The topic with the most articles is “The Mobile ERP tool” followed by the topic “Other”, in which we have included both articles that have no relevance and articles that are very general and which cannot be categorized in only one category clearly. In third place comes “Optimisation of Mobile ERP” followed by “Implementation of Mobile ERP”, “Manage-ment and Mobile ERP issues”, “The Mobile ERP market and industry”, “Mobile ERP and supply chain management”, “Studying Mobile ERP” and last comes “Mobile ERP and ed-ucation” which is the only topic in which we did not manage to categorize any articles.

Table of Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem ......................................................................................... 2 1.3 Purpose ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research question ........................................................................ 3 1.5 Definitions ..................................................................................... 3 1.6 Delimitations .................................................................................. 4

2 Theoretical framework ......................................................... 5 2.1 ERP - Enterprise resource planning .............................................. 5

2.1.1 Evolution of the field of ERP ............................................... 5 2.1.2 ERP in research .................................................................. 8 2.1.3 What ERPs do for companies ............................................. 9

2.2 Mobility ........................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Mobility in research ........................................................... 10 2.2.2 What Mobility does for companies .................................... 11

2.3 ERP mobility ................................................................................ 11 2.3.1 ERP mobility in research .................................................. 11 2.3.2 What ERP Mobility does for companies ............................ 11

3 Methods............................................................................... 16 3.1 Research design ......................................................................... 16 3.2 To design a literature review ....................................................... 17 3.3 Framework for the literature review ............................................. 19 3.4 Research methods used for data collection ................................ 21

4 Findings and analysis ........................................................ 26 4.1 Results of data collection ............................................................ 26 4.2 Analysis of found research publication ........................................ 27 4.3 Summary of the analysis topic by topic ....................................... 40

5 Discussion .......................................................................... 47 5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................. 47 5.2 Further research .......................................................................... 52

References ............................................................................... 54

6 Appendix 1 .......................................................................... 65

7 Appendix 2 .......................................................................... 74

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Figure 2-1 Timeline of the evolution of ERP ................................................... 7 Figure 2-2 Architecture for mobile ERP (Jankowska and Kurbel, 2005, p.249)15 Figure 3-1 Research model (Williamson, 2002, p.33 ) ................................. 16 Figure 4-1 Correlation between year of publication and language ............... 30 Figure 4-2 Correlation between year and database ..................................... 31

Table 3-1 Framework Topic classification (an adapted work from Schlichter

and Kraemmergaard, 2010, p. 496)................................................. 20 Table 3-2 Bibliographical databases included and small description ........... 22 Table 4-1 Table of data hits in each database separate by syntax .............. 27 Table 4-2 Research publications found in more than one database. ........... 28 Table 4-3 Research publications in other languages than English ............... 29 Table 4-4 Correlation between type of publication and number of hits ......... 32 Table 4-5 Correlation between database and publication type ................... 32 Table 4-6 Correlation between type of publication and year ........................ 33 Table 4-7 Correlation between topic and year.............................................. 35 Table 4-8 Correlation between Topic and database. .................................... 35 Table 4-9 Correlation between topic and type of publication ........................ 36 Table 4-10 Correlation between year and relevance .................................... 37 Table 4-11 Correlation between database and relevance ............................ 38 Table 4-12 Correlation between type of publication and relevance .............. 39 Table 4-13 Correlation between relevance and topic ................................... 40 Table 5-1 Authors divided by topic ............................................................... 49 Table 5-2 Comparison of number of publications in each topic of the research

framework ........................................................................................ 51

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1 Introduction In this introductory chapter we will present mobile Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and their background, starting with a short description of the evolution of ERP and how the topic evolved into mobile ERP. The research questions, purpose, perspective and delimitations of our thesis will be also described.

1.1 Background In order to further understand what Mobile ERP is we will first present ERP which is the main field and the evolution that has finally led to the development of the .topic of Mobile ERP.

An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is an integrated enterprise information sys-tem to automate the flow of material, information and financial resources within an enter-prise into a common database. ERP systems are meant to replace the old systems usually referred to as “legacy systems” in order to help organizations integrate their information flow and business processes (Abdinnour-Helm et al. 2003).

To understand the evolution of the integrated ERP system, we need a brief overview of the development of information technologies that led to the emergence and progress of inte-grated systems. The birth of ERP’s started in 1940 with the early calculating machines, but the first proper ERP was created in 1960 with the name of Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and with time, it evolved into cloud ERPs in 2009. The history of the concept will be further explained later in the theoretical background section of the thesis.

According to Francoise et al. (2009) in the last two decades the importance of enterprise resource planning systems has increased. These systems have been applied as the best technological solutions for an effective and efficient information management.

Over the years a number of concepts have been associated to ERP as later developments of ERP. Firstly, cloud computing is a model that allows convenient access, on request, to a common core of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, appli-cations and services) that can be provided quickly and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This model is composed of five essential characteris-tics, three service models, and four deployment models (Mell & Grance 2011). Cloud ERP system is one of the big evolutions of ERP systems and it’s the precursor of mobile ERPs. Cloud ERP is an effective approach that most companies implement to improve produc-tivity and performance. It is known as a systematic approach mainly used to organize re-sources and improve the efficiency of business processes and performance. The infor-mation made available through an ERP system provides better visibility of key perfor-mance indicators (KPIs) and reports. Companies can reduce losses and increase profits properly using a cloud resource planning solution (goVirtualOffice, 2010).

Secondly, Business Intelligence (BI), is considered significant because it is the concept that bridges over the leap from computer based ERPs to firstly Cloud ERP and secondly to Mobile ERP which is the latest development in ERP evolution. Business Intelligence (BI) is the generic term for a combination of architectures, tools, databases, analytical tools, appli-cations and methodologies - but can mean different things to different people. A reason for this is the multitude of acronyms and buzzwords that are associated with this term. The purpose of BI is to provide interactive access (even in real time) to data, allowing manipula-tion, providing managers and analysts the ability to perform accurate analysis. The BI in-

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formation is based on the processing data into information, then to decision, and finally to action (Turban, 2011).

Mobile ERP is described in a lot of publications related to ERPs as mobile applications of ERP. The first notice of the term of mobile ERP appeared in 1998 in the article of Ha-gendorf, “Handfuls of solutions”, but the most important notice of the term is Willis (2002) where the author emphasized that the future of ERP is mobile ERP.

The notion of mobile applications has grown exponentially over time. When performing the search for the term “Mobile ERP” Google Scholar sorts according to relevance and a paper by Willis (2002) is the first one to appear. The evolution of ERP started a long time ago and it is an ever evolving field that changes with each new technological breakthrough.

1.2 Problem The topic of Mobile ERP is currently not very developed. It is still a young topic that is in the process of development in practice and research.

Literature reviews provide knowledge of the status of research fields, what concepts and research questions which are focused and what methodologies that are used (Schlichter & Kraemmergard, 2010). According to Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) five major liter-ature reviews on research on ERP systems have been performed from 2001 until 2010. So far, no literature reviews on the topic of mobile ERPs can be found in literature research in academic databases. Thus, there is a knowledge gap that needs to be filled.

We will use 17 correlations or criteria which are significant for the purpose of our paper in order to achieve a clear image of the field at this point in time. Each of these 17 criteria un-covers different aspects about the topic. Why we choose these criteria and what is their purpose can be found in more detail in sub-section 3.4 Research methods used for data collection. The criteria are inspired from criteria used in Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010), Moon (2007) and Esteves and Pastor (2001) and adapted to our topic.

Furthermore, the opportunity that arises from the background of ERP’s and from the re-search background is the solution suggested for further work since 2002 by Willis et al. in the paper “Extending the value of ERP” which refers to ERP mobility as a second phase ex-tension.

“The plethora of hand-held/mobile and wireless devices is allowing the capture and retrieval of data “any-time and anywhere” that is so critical to maximizing the operation of ERP systems.” (Willis et al. 2002, p. 38). Willis, as early as 2002 was arguing that the biggest opportunity in order to solve da-ta capture problem can be the extension of ERP to a mobile ERP.

ERP allows very complex setting, for example for pricing and promotions which is very closely tied to accounting part (invoicing, billing). If the sales staff cannot access the date easily and remotely, the work is less effective. They need to capture in real time the orders, check the inventory and promotions related to the sales objects.

The second example refers that passive systems track automatically movement or activities without the need of human workers interaction. Global positioning system technology is a good opportunity; it can enhance an ERP by tracking assets while they are on the move ei-ther inside the factory or outside (e.g. trucks delivery routes and schedules). RFID (Radio-frequency identification) technology does everything automatically with the “tagged” items

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from recording movement, receiving, shipping, difference inspections and quality assuranc-es and distribution.

1.3 Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the topic of mobile ERP has evolved dur-ing recent years. The purpose is fulfilled through a literature review based on a framework for ERP developed by previous research. By categorizing the found articles according to the framework, we will explore the development of the mobile ERP topic as it is shown in research articles.

1.4 Research question The research question that will be guiding the research is:

What are the core issues, topics or themes and concepts relevant to mobile ERP?

The research question will be answered by categorizing and analysing articles about mobile ERP found by means of the literature review. Furthermore, seventeen different correla-tions will be used to describe the topic. Why we choose each of them and what is their purpose can be found in more detail in sub-chapter 3.2 Research methods used for data collection. Articles will be categorised according to language, year of publication, which da-tabase(s) the article appear in, topic, type of data, and relevance by correlating the seven-teen criteria.

1.5 Definitions In this section we will describe the definitions used in the thesis in order to further under-stand the notions of ERP, mobility and mobile ERP. Further information about these con-cepts will be found in the theoretical background.

The following definitions are the ones we have chosen in order to further illustrate firstly ERP, then mobility and finally Mobile ERP.

According to the definition provided by Singa (2005), ERPs are enterprise resource plan-ning systems that include a wide range of software products supporting the daily business operations and decision making. ERPs are serving a wide range of industries and functional areas in an integrated manner, trying to automate operations, supply chain management, inventory control, production scheduling and manufacturing, sales support, customer rela-tionship management, financial and human resources and most of the data involved in the management. Also, ERP systems are designed to enhance the competitiveness of the or-ganization, increasing the organization’s ability to generate accurate information in a timely manner.

Rochaa, Costab, Moreirab, Rezendeb, Loureirob and Boukerchec (2010) believe that such an environment allows users to be able to get access to a wide-range of applications and services, by the use of a large diversity of mobile devices. Some applications such as voice and video streaming and file transfers are developed for this environment.

Prouty and Castllina (2011) in Aberdeen Group stated that definition of ERP mobility is not about giving ERP access to mobile knowledge for workers outside the four walls: any worker must have access to ERP system, but must be able move around within a facility.

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In our thesis the concept of article means research publication, whether published in jour-nals, as conference publications or as white papers/practice-oriented papers.

In the research questions, the concepts core issues and topics are used. We define core is-sues as the research problems that is handled in the research publications and topics as the category which the research publication will fall into according to the framework of Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010). This categorisation is further described in subsec-tion 3.3 of the thesis.

We will use double quotation marks in order to clarify which are our topic categories or type of publications in order for the categories not to be confused with the normal use of the words.

We have two ways in which we use the word topic in our paper, one referring to the Mo-bile ERP topic and the second one is referring to the nine categories we use in our frame-work which we will call topic categories or category in order not to confuse the two mean-ings.

1.6 Delimitations Our delimitations of this thesis are that we will not use primary data other than the news-paper articles, white papers and conference papers which were found in the selected data-bases which contain scientific papers or papers that are peer reviewed. In order to keep the generality of the thesis we will not use other filters in our search except our fixed syntax of “Mobile ERP” and also we will not restrain the data in any way, neither by the area in which they were published or the language that was used, with the exception of part of the analysis.

We did not use the term Enterprise Systems (ES) in the literature search, because ERP is a type of Enterprise system, according to Hendricks et al. (2007). This makes ES a more ge-neric term.

Our last delimitation is that we did not collect any data after 1st July 2013.

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2 Theoretical framework In this chapter the evolution of ERP solutions will be presented with the help of the theo-ries related to Enterprise systems or ERP, mobility and Mobile ERP. We will divide our work into subsections of ERP, Mobility and Mobile ERP. In all three subsections the re-search domain will be described as well as the added value for companies.

2.1 ERP - Enterprise resource planning

2.1.1 Evolution of the field of ERP

To understand the evolution of the integrated ERP system, we need a brief overview of the development of information technologies that led to the emergence and progress of inte-grated systems. The history of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) started from the early attempts of calculating machines in the 1940s, but the “birth date” of ERPs was in 1960 as Material requirements planning (MRP) (Shaul, 2011).

Inventory control packages and MRP

The end of World War II is considered as the point of onset of information technology. The first computers used in business practices were mainframe computers in 1960. These computers were kept in climate controlled rooms for operational and security purposes. Programs were executed using cards or magnetic tape; it could take hours until the infor-mation was processed by the computer (Shaul, 2011).

In the 1960s, computers became smaller, cheaper and faster. Material requirements plan-ning (MRP) was the first method used to manage manufacturing, and was created to meet the need to manage demand and ordering which grew. The birth of the method also arised because of the need to transfer the management from paper into computers. Even though MRP systems are software-based, it was also possible to conduct MRP paper based (Shaul, 2011). The first Material Requirements Planning (MRP) was developed in 1964, by Joseph Orlicky, as a response to the TOYOTA Manufacturing Program. The software was imple-mented by Black & Decker, with Dick Alban as project leader.

Meanwhile in 1972 in Mannheim, Germany, a new enterprise was born in order to produce market standardized software for integrated business solutions. Four out of five engineers who founded Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung (SAP) came from IBM. With time, SAP evolved and became one of the largest ERP vendors.

In 1975, the company Lawson Software was born because the founders saw an opportunity of other production planning and inventory control systems with pre-packed solutions as an alternative to the customized one existing in the market. In 1977, Jack Thompson, Dan Gregory and Ed McVaney formed JD Edwards. The same year, Larry Ellison launched Or-acle Corporation. In 1978, Jan Baan started The Baan Corporation to provide financial and administrative consulting services. The company began to use UNIX as their main operat-ing system in 1981 and in 1982, delivered its first software product.

MRP II and ERP

In 1981, the MRP developed by Joe Orlicky evolved into Oliver Wight’s manufacturing re-source planning (MRP II). MRP II was developed in order to bring both demand and time phasing into the planning process. In the same period, accounting solutions where gaining importance and were integrated in the MRP to manage the billing of the material, the in-

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ventory and to be able to calculate materials requirements and schedule them. In 1983, Or-acle offered both a VAX mode database as well as a database written entirely in C (for portability). Two years later, in 1985, JD Edwards was recognized as an industry-leading supplier of applications software for the IBM AS/400 computer, a direct descendant of the System/38.

In 1987, PeopleSoft was founded by Dave Duffield and Ken Morris. The company devel-oped its Human Resource Management System in 1988.

In 1990, Baan software was rolled out to thirty-five countries through indirect sales chan-nels. 1990 was also the year the term ERP was coined by Gartner Group. The acronym ERP (enterprise resource planning) was an extension of material requirements planning (MRP). By the mid–1990s, ERP systems addressed all core functions of an enterprise. Be-yond corporations, governments and non–profit organizations also began to employ ERP systems. In 1991, ERP uses multi-module application software for improving the perfor-mance of internal business processes. ERP systems integrate business activities across func-tional departments.

In 1992, SAP released R/3 - a radically re-written client/server version of its ERP suite. Legacy mainframe systems remain active in many companies today, but the market for new manufacturing software systems would become a primarily client/server opportunity (Sin-gleton, 2013).

ERP II: Internet-based solutions

In 2000, most ERP systems enhanced their products to become internet enabled so that customers worldwide could have direct access to suppliers’ ERP systems. Today, ERP re-mains the broadest descriptor of enterprise software applications in manufacturing and be-yond (Singleton, 2013).

In 2000, the introduction of the web browser and the dramatic growth of the Internet led to “Web-Based Computing”. Same year, the enterprise software footprint expanded further as Customer Relationship Management (CRM) emerged as a new class of manufacturing software application (Singleton, 2013).

In December 2000, Microsoft entered the ERP Market, acquiring accounting systems ven-dor Great Plains Software. While Great Plains was targeted at small and medium size com-panies, Microsoft would soon move up market by acquiring another vendor, Navision. To-day, Microsoft is a major player in manufacturing through its rebranded Dynamics product line (Singleton, 2013).

In 2002, most ERP systems enhanced their products and became “Internet Enabled” so that customers worldwide could have direct access to the supplier’s ERP system. In 2004, Services Oriented Architecture (SOA) became a standard that ERP vendors work towards. This software architecture allowed different systems to communicate between one another.

Between 2003 and 2007 the industry consolidation accelerated, starting with PeopleSoft’s friendly acquisition of JD Edwards in 2003. Shortly after that, Oracle made a hostile bid to acquire PeopleSoft (and JD Edwards). The deal closed in 2005 and Oracle has since ac-quired roughly 30 other manufacturing software vendors. Private equity firms also entered the market, "rolling up" scores of vendors - Infor emerging as the dominant example of this strategy. Sage Software also acquired roughly 40 products and companies.

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In 2005, many vendors owned numerous application "code bases" - different programming languages, data models, and user interfaces. Most of the major vendors were engaged in multi-year engineering efforts to merge their acquired products into seamless, manageable code bases. Microsoft had Project Green. Oracle has Fusion. Even relatively in acquisitive SAP was evolving its own "service-oriented architecture".

In 2006 Software as a Service (SaaS) became a reality, and ERP systems began their widely implementation (Singleton, 2013).

In 2007, the market leader in Business Intelligence (BI) software, Business Objects had been acquired by SAP for $6.8 billion. Business Object most interesting feature was the re-porting and analysis tool that allowed companies to analyse the data they collect and man-age in their transactional enterprise systems. Currently, almost all vendors offer a form of BI in order to keep up with the competition. Some are combining operational strategic planning functionality with the BI in order to create a new category of software application referred to as Enterprise Performance Management (EPM) (Singleton, 2013).

Alternative ERP solutions

In 2009 “Cloud Computing” emerged as the next architectural shift in the manufacturing software market. Building on the tenets of a web-based architecture, cloud computing is built on a web-based architecture and the concept refers to the integration and manage-ment of manufacturing software across powerful data centres. The resulted integration and costs of ownership advantages forced manufacturing software vendors to rethink their de-ployment models.

The next step into making their systems easier to use and less expensive to implement and maintain is mobile ERPs which can be used at any time with the help of a gadget.

The reasons behind this solution are firstly because time is important, but also about effi-ciency. In some domains, those can make or break a business. If a company sales team doesn’t upload on time what was ordered, chain problems can appear, from stock to manu-facturing issues, and in that way possibly breaking the business deal. The second reason is that a lot of applications have moved on to mobile application and of course it should be the next step for ERPs, in order to keep their competitive edge. Another aspect of mobile ERP is that even though real-time was not before necessary, it should be a requirement now both for efficiency issues but also for technical issues, this way any problem and solu-tion for it can be check at any moment (Willis, 2002).

Our summary of evolution of ERP is shown in a timeline in figure 2.1

Figure 2-1 Timeline of the evolution of ERP

Inventory control packages MRP MRP II ERP ERP II

Alternative ERP

solutions

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

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2.1.2 ERP in research

In our research in the field we have found the following definitions beside the main one that can be found in section 1.4.

Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP) are systems that integrate specific enterprise data and support for all major functions of the organization - such as accounting, finance, marketing and production requirements of organizations, allowing real-time data streams between functional applications. Also, ERP systems are software applications that support critical organizational functions (Motiwalla & Thompson, 2012).

ERP systems could also be defined as the systems that are the largest, more complex and demanding systems implemented by companies and represent an important development from the individual and departmental information systems used in the past. Their impact is mostly on firms, but many problematic issues remain to be investigated. ERP and related integrated technologies have a strong impact on the accounting profession. Once the na-ture of the business evolves, accounting expertise is required to perform specific tests, such as reporting on non-financial measures, information systems audit, implementation of management measures in information systems, as well as providing management advisory services (Grabski, 2012).

An ERP is an integrated information system that serves all departments within an enter-prise. ERP involves the use of packaged software, rather than proprietary software written by or for a customer. ERP modules are able to interact with the own software of an organ-ization and should be able to be modified using proprietary tools and through proprietary or standard programming languages. An ERP system can include software for manufactur-ing, accounts for payments, general ledger, purchasing, warehousing, transportation and human resources (PC Magazine Encyclopaedia).

Research studies about ERP systems often focus on what it takes to successfully implement an ERP system, if those systems worth the time and effort, how do they influence individ-uals and the organization itself and how well does they address corporate compliance and risk management issues. (Schlichter & Kraemmergard, 2010). The answers were used to develop the major ERP research areas: (1) ERP systems Critical Factors (CSF) (which ex-amines a variety of topics - system implementation, user acceptance, adaptation to domain-specific ERP factors related to country, culture, and industry), (2) ERP organizational im-pact research (includes research focused on business processes, management control, secu-rity, regulatory, and organization change issues), and (3) the economic impact of ERP sys-tems (both external and internal). Each of these areas gave rise to more refined set of re-search topics. The ERP systems CSF literature started to examine specific CSF’s, including the impact of business process reengineering (BPR), education, change management, and user acceptance (Grabski, 2011).

During the past decade, ERP has attracted attention from both academic and industrial communities (Shehab et al. 2004). Several scholars have already argued that research on ERP has reached a certain maturity (Botta-Genoulaz et al. 2005; Møller, 2005) and others have argued that the studies in ERP systems constitute a separate research domain (Møller, 2005).

The body of academic knowledge about ERP systems has reached a certain maturity and several research disciplines have contributed to the field from different points of view us-ing different methods, showing that the ERP research field is very much an interdiscipli-nary field. It demonstrates that the number of ERP publications has decreased and it indi-

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cates that the academic interest in ERP is driven by an interest in an empirical phenome-non rather than that ERP is a new research discipline. Different research topics of interest are identified and used in developing a conceptual framework for “areas of concern” re-garding ERP systems. Finally the usefulness of the framework is confirmed by analysing one specific aspect of ERP research; business process reengineering (BPR) to establish which theories different authors and journals have used in their efforts to explore BPR and ERP (Schlichter & Kraemmergaard, 2010).

During last decade, research has been performed to identify the critical success factors of ERP implementation (Dazdar & Sulaiman, 2009; Umble et al. 2003) which should be given necessary attention in order to get successful implementation (Finney & Corbett 2007). However, it seems that majority of literature has concentrated on critical success factors, with very less or no regard to different stakeholder perspectives (Finney & Corbett, 2007). Although implementation of ERP systems has been concentrated, more study and insights about perspectives of stakeholders are needed (Gyampah, 2007).

The findings of the literature study, the structured methodological framework for compre-hensive literature review and the conceptual framework identifying different areas of con-cern are believed to be useful for other researchers in their effort to obtain an overview of the evolution of the ERP research field and in positioning their own ERP research. (Schlichter & Kraemmergaard, 2010).

2.1.3 What ERPs do for companies

According to Deshmukh (2006), 1990s ERP systems were implemented in multinational companies in order to integrate diverse and complex corporate operations. Nucleus for contemporary ERP systems has been formulated by the early accounting systems. The adoption of ERP systems was motivated by management’s need for timely access to con-sistent information across the diverse functional areas of a company. More general motiva-tions for ERP adoption consist of regulatory compliance, upgrading legacy systems, busi-ness process reengineering, integration of operations and management decision support. Furthermore, ERP systems are integrated cross-functional systems consisting of software modules that can be selected, so that they address a wide-range of operational activities in the firm, such as accounting and finance, human resources, manufacturing, sales, and dis-tribution (Robey et al. 2002).

ERP systems provided clear advantages to corporations that adopted them, as they can in-tegrate business applications by the use real-time information. For that reason, manage-ment can use the ERP systems as means, to be able to respond to the increasing business needs in more effective and efficient ways. As the real-time data sharing across the organi-zation is provided by the ERP systems, they also contribute in the integration and automa-tion of business process (Spathis & Constantinides, 2003).

According to Alshawi et al. (2004) p.454, “What is different about ERP systems is that they inte-grate across functions to create a single, unified system, rather than a group of separate, insular applica-tions”.

There is an increasing need to implement a total business solution which supports major functionalities of a business. Enterprise resource planning software is designed to meet this need (Pang, 2001).

ERP system definition first appeared in articles and reports generated by large IT analysts groups in the technology sector in the early 1980’s which defined an enterprise-wide, or

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company-wide software application that connects and manages information to every de-partment and employee in the organization regardless of business functions, physical loca-tion, or industry sector (Ovalmind, 2012).

ERP is used, first, to denote the planning and management of resources in an enterprise. Second, it denotes a software system that can be used to manage whole business processes, integrating purchasing, inventory, personnel, customer service, shipping, financial man-agement and other aspects of the business. An ERP system typically is based on a common database, various integrated business process application modules and business analysis tools.

Headman (2010), collected different views on ERP as follows “ERP systems constitute one of the most important developments in corporate information systems during the last decade (Davenport 1998; Hitt, Wu and Zhou 2002; Upton and McAfee 2000)” (Headman, 2010, p.2).

The aim of ERP systems is to incorporate business processes as well as ICT into a coordi-nated set of procedures, applications and metrics that can work over the boundaries of firms. Specific critical organizational functions can be performed by ERP systems that are all inclusive applications. It results in smooth and dynamic information flow. The aim is to make the flow of information instant and also eliminate data redundancy, and to add more flexibility. ERP system allows different units of the organization to work in infrastructure. The data integration allowed by the ERP permits the reusing of the data across all the sys-tems (Wier et al. 2007).

It can be argued that another goal of ERP system is to integrate departments and functions across an organization onto a single infrastructure that serves the needs of each depart-ment. An ERP system associates all parts of an organization together into a single, integrat-ed software environment that has a single database to work on, thereby it allows various departments to share information and communicate with each other more easily (Motiwalla & Thompson, 2012).

In a simple sentence, based on Bingi et al. (2002) point of view, ERP systems are very effi-cient in providing a common language and an easy integration within global companies.

ERP implementation has been considered a success story for many companies, and they have gained concrete and abstract benefits from this: for instance, better internal activities and customer service can be kind of its benefits. Among those, strategic achievements have been also associated with ERP implementation. However, according to Dezdar & Sulaiman (2009), there are some problems connected to ERP implementation: for instance the gap between benefit of the system and the organizational targets that could result in failure with devastating results for the organization (Häkkinen & Hilmola, 2008).

2.2 Mobility

2.2.1 Mobility in research

Mobile computing is defined as applying a computer machine while mobile (Cuddy, 2009). It is the capability to use a computing machine that is not plugged in for electricity or an Internet connection and it is transportable. “PC Magazine states that mobile computing implies wireless transmission. However, not all mobile devices have built in wireless Internet connectivity — alt-hough the vast majority does.” (Cuddy, 2009, p. 65). Different types of mobile devices that are currently available in the market are Mobile phones, Digital Audio and / or Video Players, E-book Readers and Personal Gaming Devices (Cuddy, 2009).

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“Mobile Computing systems entail end-user terminals that are easily movable in space, are operable inde-pendent of location, and typically have access to information resources and services. As in conventional in-formation systems, users share data and are able to perform collaborative work, either synchronously or asynchronously, with other users” (Krogstie et al. 2004, p.223)

An older definition is similar: “Mobile computer” is defined “as a computing device which can com-municate through a wireless channel” (Chlamtec & Redi, 1998, p.1).Jing, Helal and Elmagarmid (1999) also stated that research addressing to mobile computing has increased.

Mobility and computing are two areas that are covered by mobile and wireless systems. A definition for what mobile computing is: it means nonstop access to the user, while wire-less supplies interacting and communicating using no wire. “Wireless networking is specifically appropriate for situations wherein installation of physical media is not feasible and which require on-the-spot access to information” (Malladi & Agrawal, 2002, p. 144).

Musolesi, Hailes and Mascolo (2004), claimed that when it comes to accurate mobility models, mobile computing it is one of the most critical and tough features of systems de-signed for mobile environments.

2.2.2 What Mobility does for companies

Advances like mobile computing and wireless data communication have made a new com-puting model, which provide services whenever and wherever for everybody (Rochaa et al. 2010).

Rochaa et al. (2010) believe that such an environment allows users to get access to a wide-range of applications and services, by the use of a large diversity of mobile devices. Some applications such as voice and video streaming and file transfers are developed for this en-vironment.

Kellerman (2011) has divided the mobility types into a category of four: terrestrial, mari-time, aerial, and virtual. Regarding virtual mobility it means PCs, laptops, telephones and mobile phones that are small in size and becoming smaller and smaller. The same is true for the infrastructure that mainly includes wires, exchanges, servers and antennas. Trans-missions using virtual mobility media can be considered as the most powerful in compari-son with the other mobility modes, since it allows immediate intensive and extensive travel or communication sessions at any time. From the mobility systems viewpoint, IT has turned into a monitoring and controlling technology for all categories of mobility.

2.3 ERP mobility

2.3.1 ERP mobility in research

According to Al Bar et al. (2011) mobile ERP is a business solution involving web-based mobile cloud computing technology, favouring the Internet infrastructure to bring the software as a service to a business.

2.3.2 What ERP Mobility does for companies

Nowadays mobility can be considered as a general phenomenon that affects personal lives and the behaviour of the organizations dramatically. Also the requests and expectations of an organization’s partners in the business context that the organization needs to meet are affected by mobility. Obviously, timely access to required information makes the situation

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easier and affects the business by making it more effective (Kurbel, Dabkowski & Jankow-ska, 2003).

ERP systems are considered as the IS backbone in many organizations and mobile inter-faces leaded to remarkable savings and enhancement in the section of customer service, no matter if the size of the organization is large or small (Jankowska & Kurbel, 2005). Mobile ERP systems are also considered as a main enabler of the second phase of ERP implemen-tation, which enables organizations to achieve its full capabilities and profits, making Mo-bile ERP systems conceivably one of the greatest opportunity areas today (Parsons, 2009). It is flexible, offering easy access to information and employees wherever they are. It may include everything from integration of mobile telephones to a corporate telephone system, to vertically oriented solutions that involves rapid delivery of information.

The main aims of enterprises that have previously invested in ERP applications or are in the process of investing is to make the ERP driver on-the-go. All over the world, organiza-tions are investigating millions of dollars in order to make the advances in the middleware, smartphone and tablets space to design applications that lead to taking the ERP and CRM systems out of the physical boundaries of the organization. Due to existing constraints re-garded to wireless transmission speed and also the nature of ERP applications, only a se-lected set of functions can be deployed (Zutshi, 2012).

The main vendors of ERP systems such as SAP or Infor AG have identified the great po-tential of mobile technology and developed their systems with mobile front-ends to be able to meet new requirements (Jankowska & Kurbel, 2005).

There are three major reasons why it would be possible to deploy full suite of mobile ERP/CRM applications by 2014 according to Zutshi (2012):

• Technology advances: by moving beyond 4G would mean that mobile users would be assured to get to the speed of hundreds of Mbps. This takes the network limita-tion out of consideration.

• Light Apps: Moving toward lighter applications creates an opportunity to install the ERP system on mobile devices. Bye shifting from three tier architecture to browser based architecture the ERP vendors can promise lighter applications for mobile de-vices. It is not unexpected to have all ERP functions light enough to be deployable on different mobile devices. At present, this can be considered as the biggest limita-tion in getting ERP mobile. Coupled with the technology advances mentioned ear-lier this will be possible.

• Rich use cases and newer business models: progresses in technology in running of the main businesses areas are confirming that more and more business functions can be accessible through mobile devices. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) just opened a door for mobile managing the warehouse and logistics applications and with the corporate assets like machine monitoring equipment; the use cases for enterprise mobility are just growing.

According to Al Bar et al. (2011) mobile ERP embodies a collection of online interactive applications, which is possible because of popularity of mobile broadband. Cellular net-works equipped with technologies like General packet radio service (GPRS) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) are connected to the Internet via Media Gateways to transfer data. Mobile Enterprise depends on protocols based on High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) tech-

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nology. Like different technologies used in mobile messaging, mobile enterprise supports enterprise mobility.

Business modules, functions and operations are performed using the mobile enterprise in ERP - from sales, supply, prices, shipping, receiving, warehousing, inventory control, order delivery, invoicing, customer service, monitoring and control of production and to basic utilities such as calendar organization’s internal notes and messages(Al Bar et al. 2011).

With the aid of mobile enterprise platform entire businesses can be moved onto the inter-net where the ”databases can be remotely accessed and updated from anywhere in the world, at any time, with any device equipped with a Web Browser and by anyone with permission to access the service”(Al Bar et al. 2011, p.78).

Kurbel et al. (2003) exemplifies the importance of mobility in business life. For instance, a sales representative who is visiting a very important customer needs up-to-date information regarding the order-tracking that has been asked for by the customer. Also, for a logistic manager it is vital to have en-route information in case an unanticipated delay occurred in delivering process - not only to get access to the information, but also to be able to re-spond instantly and, if it is necessary, to partly change the schedule of the supply chain on the company’s information system. Several examples like this can be given.

Prouty and Castellina (2011) formulated their opinion of the ERP mobility context, stating that access to ERP for mobile workers is ta significant means to reduce costs.

Mobility is not only defined as covering access to ERP for workers outside the four walls. It is defined by the fact that every worker should have access to the ERP system, even if it moves within a facility. This is directly related to making timely decisions. Getting infor-mation from the right people, for the right decision is a driving force for mobilizing the workforce. Also, decision makers must be able to react as quickly as possible to the market and customer issues without being tethered to a desktop.

A mobile strategy will be inefficient if employees do not have the required support in order to use these tools. In any organization, there will be issues with technology that can turn to road blocks on the way to efficient and effective work. Many employees may have a tech-nical lack of knowledge on how to make ERP work for them on a mobile device. Because of the wide range of devices that are able to access ERP, there are many different standards and checks that are required to be carried out (Prouty & Castellina, 2011).

In order to assist in strategy execution, ERP systems bring visibility to the decision makers. The information must be as accurate and timely as possible, in order to avoid inappropriate decisions based on obsolete information. When a crisis occurs, decision makers need access to timely and accurate information so that they can react accordingly (Prouty & Castellina, 2011).

Nowadays organizations depend on their information systems; consequently, it is crucial for the core information system to have features to support the mobile behaviour of their employees. One of the main areas of research in information systems became the mobile business solutions that got the attention in the market (Kurbel et al. 2003).

“Emerging multimedia technologies are enhancing mobile devices to such a level that they can serve as front-ed systems in the same way as personal computers”. (Kurbel et al. 2003, p. 76)

Kurbel et al. (2003) claim that it is probable to have the mobile devices with similar user in-terface as desktop monitors in the long run. Therefore, with this improved functionality,

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the mobile devices can be served like laptop, PC or notebook. With this tendency, new challenges appear for business IS and also for ERP systems. The relationship is that the ERP systems are considered as most enterprises’ IS backbone. Mobility can effectively make these systems more effectual in nowadays active environment. The early given in-stances shows that the required information by the enterprise sales representative or the lo-gistic manager is saved in the enterprise’s ERP system. To be able to have flexible and mu-table action and reaction that are required for an enterprise system, mobility can be an ef-fective means to reach this goal. Nowadays the trend toward data processing and telecom-munication is growing together; therefore a long-term view for ERP systems is to have all ERP functionality accessible without dependency to specific fronted devices. The first stage towards this vision is making ERP data accessible and available for mobile users. These data are saved in the ERP system’s databases that are managed by the database man-agement system (DBMS). From the technical perspective, the main prerequisite to have mobile access to an ERP system is the display of the information in numerous formats. Be-cause different media formats are supported by the browsers of mobile and wireless devic-es. Consequently it is required to be able to deliver the information in various types of mark-up languages, for instance mark-up languages like WML, XHTML or HTML. Then, the applied architecture should work in a way that make it simple for adding new formats without the need to modify the current structure.

Kurbel et al. (2003) mentioned an example of a user with a mobile device that is browsing a mobile ERP application and doing the navigation through several menus and makes de-mands on the ERP system using the presented menus by the mobile browser. After making the request, the user expects the ERP system to provide the requested information. Un-doubtedly, the format of this information should be appropriate for the browser and fits it; by way of explanation, the content has to be generated in the exact mark-up language that is supported by that specific browser and also be appropriate for the display of the mobile device. It is clear that the display of the recovered information from the ERP system de-pends on the device’s different specifications like its manufacture, the size of its display, etc.

Kurbel et al. (2003) provides an architecture for mobile application that is based on the browsers and designed for thin client application. By applying this architecture it is possible to get access to the ERP system functionality via a mobile device, so that the ERP system stays without any changes. They claimed that their argument of architecture concentration does not comprise the ERP system architecture rather concentrates on the extra features that are required to do the mobilization on such system. Figure 2.2 illustrates this architec-ture. The architecture is designed with four tiers, ERP system database, Content Access Engine, Content Extraction Engine and User Interface, respectively.

According to Jankowska and Kurbel (2005), it seems that at present the ERP vendors are shifting to Service-Oriented Architectures built on Web Services. Accordingly linking mo-bile devices to such component-based information systems can be a critical issue. All these features are targeting the business agility, which means the organization capability to re-spond quickly and efficiently to the changes. Beside this, more benefits gained of imple-menting Service-Oriented Architectures include quicker time-to-market, reduced costs and risks. In fact, mobile access to an ERP system presents numerous advantages in terms of business agility.

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Figure 2-2 Architecture for mobile ERP (Jankowska and Kurbel, 2005, p.249)

Furthermore whereas there are many mobile ERP systems available in the market few of them can actually assert the advantages of being integrated end to end solutions using a single technology. By applying such an approach, the development of a mobile solution be-comes easier than before. In spite of the most mobile ERP systems that are mainly thin cli-ent architectures, Greentree Mobile can be deployed as either a thin client or smart client solution that provides the flexibility to support any role in the mobile workforce.

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3 Methods

3.1 Research design The point of departure in our research design is a model by Williamson (2002).The model is presented in figure 3.1.

We will make a literature review of the topic of Mobile ERPs. The steps in a qualitative re-search are similar to the ones need for making a literature review. The paper start with a search of a topic which require the first literature review on the main field of ERPs which will be a great help in formulating the research questions, in the background but also in the theoretical framework.

A literature review can be part of research paper as an integrated part but it can also be an individual paper also called by research methodology literature as conceptual paper.

The model in Williamson (2002) as well as the one from Fink (2010) are very similar.

We have chosen to study one specific type of information system and, after choosing our topic of interest, we started an extensive literature review on ERP systems in order to gain further knowledge of the field and formulate research questions. In this initial literature re-view, we found that there is a topic related to ERP which has not been researched very ex-tensively so far the topic or Mobile ERPs.

Figure 3-1 Research model (Williamson, 2002, p.33 )

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After the previous step, the next step was to develop the theoretical framework, which we divided into the following categories: ERP, with its evolution, theoretical research and what it brings to the business environment, theory concerning mobility and the last category is related to theories related to ERP mobility.

We decided to perform two literature reviews, one to create the theoretical background and one for the data collection of the thesis: the search of research publications about mobile ERP. The analysis of the data can be found throughout the paper, not just in the conclud-ing stage. The following stage in the research design is the planning the research, starting with theory about research methodology and the design of the thesis report.

The next stage in the research is the data collection and there after the analysis of the data. The final step in this study was to summarize and analyse the findings from the data collec-tion and, finally, to present conclusions, and suggestions for further research.

3.2 To design a literature review In order to perform the literature review there are seven important steps according to Fink (2010). The first step is to select and define research questions, which in case of this thesis was done after researching a more general field of ERP.

After an extensive research in the field of ERP we found that Willis (2002) suggested Mo-bile ERP to be is a new development of ERP. Taking into account the results of our initial literature review and the fact that mobile applications are evolving exponentially we decid-ed to focus our study on Mobile ERP.

The second step was to choose the sources of data collection. Through the subject guide from Jonkoping University Library we found that for the field of informatics the following databases were the most important ones ABI/Inform, ACM Digital Library, Business Source Premier, Emerald, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink and Web of Science (ISI).

The third step was to select the search terms. After a couple of trials with key words related to our topic such as ERP, mobility, mobile ERP, mobile computing and ERP software we chosen to use the exact syntax of “Mobile ERP” in order to get more specific results.

The following two steps refer both to the practical and methodological screening of the re-sults. In the case of this thesis we retrieved information only through specific databases from 1998 until 1st of July 2013 and also that we collected on research publications, sec-ondary data which are books, book chapters and articles and primary data as white papers, interviews and conference papers.

The sixth step is to conduct the review of the results acquired in the previous steps. After comprehensively screening collected research publications, we decided to use the following criteria in our literature review: year, database, access, language, topic category, type of data and relevance. Furthermore we wrote individual summaries of each article in order to cre-ate a general overview of each of the nine topic categories from the framework used in the literature review (see section 3.3).

“The notion of relevance is a fundamental concept of information science and poses a key problem in infor-mation retrieval (IR) research. The idea of relevance has played a major role in the evaluation of infor-mation retrieval” (Park, 1994, p.135). Mizzaro (1997) also asserted that it is a fundamental, though not fully understood, concept for documentation, information science, and infor-

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mation retrieval. Borlund (2003) stated that Schamber et al. (1990) concluded to the follow-ing three main conclusions from the nature of relevance and its role in information behav-iour:

• “Relevance is a multidimensional cognitive concept whose meaning is largely dependent on users’ perceptions of information and their own information need situations;

• Relevance is a dynamic concept that depends on users’ judgments of quality of the relationship between information and information need at a certain point of time;

• Relevance is a complex but systematic and measurable concept if approached conceptually and operationally from the user’s perspective” (Borlund, 2003, p. 913)

We define relevance through the information from Borlund (2003) as the concept that de-mands the users’ judgement of quality in a complex but systematic and measurable way.

We have created the criteria of relevance with the following scale in order to separate the quality of the information: 1 for irrelevant publications that are not related to our subject or that do not provide any added information, 2 for relevant publications in order to catego-rize that publications that bring some added value to the topic and we have marked with 3 the very relevant publications which bring added value to the topic.

We gathered the information from our data collection as follows. The year factor was regis-tered from the date of publication or the date indicated in the reference of the publication. The database factor was given by where the publication was found. In the case of the same publication found in different databases, we registered it with a separate entry where only the database is changed. In the analysis we took into consideration only one of the entries in order to analyse only individual publications. The relevance of the publications and to the topic of Mobile ERP was done through a scale starting down from not relevant which was given the value 1, relevant which was given the value 2 and very relevant to the topic which was given value 3.In the case of the language for each publication in fulltext, we reg-istered the language it is written in. The topic category was set according to our nine topic categories from the framework and in the case of being possible to fit in more the one top-ic we either determined which is the predominant or in the case of not being clear in which we introduced it into the category “Other”. In the “Other” category we included the publi-cations which are not relevant beside the very general articles or the ones that cannot be categorized in only one of our topic categories. The type of publication we decided to use the type indicated by each database or article in order to show both the variety and to be as accurate as possible.

In order to analyse the data we will have seventeen correlations which are the following:

• a correlation between year of publication and the databases • a correlation between syntax use and the databases • a correlation between accessibility to the data and the databases • a correlation between languages used and databases • a correlation between type of data and number of hits • a correlation between is between topic categories and number of hits • topic development over the years • relevance of the data • a correlation between year and language

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• a correlation between year and relevance • a correlation between year and type of publication • a correlation between database and type of publication • a correlation between database and topic categories • a correlation between database and relevance • a correlation between type of publication and topic categories • a correlation between type of publication and relevance • a correlation between topic categories and relevance

The result of this thesis will be a literature review on “Mobile ERP” and an analysis of the topics’ evolution using nine topic categories selected in our framework which will show the evolution of the topics, core issues and concepts.

The final step was to synthesize the results in which we interpreted and described the re-sults of our review. In our conclusion we included beside a synthesis of our work a section for further studies.

3.3 Framework for the literature review In order to answer the research questions and fulfil the purpose of the thesis we have searched what are the topics, core issues or concepts related to mobile ERP. Since we have not found any literature reviews on mobile ERP, we decided to adapt the nine topic cate-gories from Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) from a review of the general field of ERP.

The nine topic categories found in Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) are the following: “Implementation of ERP”, “Optimisation of ERP”, “Management and ERP issues”, “The ERP tool”, “ERP and supply chain management”, “Studying ERP”, “ERP and education”, “The ERP market and industry” and “Others”, and we use these criteria adapted to the mobile ERP topic by replacing ERP with mobile ERP. The nine categories are further de-scribed in table 3.1.

We consider these topic categories to be relevant for mobile ERP topic as for the general field of ERP, since mobile ERP can be considered an instance of the larger concept of ERP. Other literature reviews on ERP, such as Moon (2007) and Esteves and Pastor (2001) had fewer categories that were not very explicit and there were no reviewed articles on Mobile ERP. As a result, the framework from Schlichter and Kraemmergard was judged to be the most appropriate.

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Table 3-1 Framework Topic classification (an adapted work from Schlichter and Kraemmergaard, 2010, p. 496)

Topics Issues addressed and description

Implementation of Mobile ERP How the Mobile ERP system can be introduced into the organi-zation-including papers concerning selection, the various steps of implementation and related problems, critical success factors, business process alignment during the implementation and or-ganizational diffusion

Optimisation of Mobile ERP How mobile ERP can be used better in the organization-including papers concerning post-implementation, usefulness, achievement of competitive advantage through mobile ERP, mobile ERP users, financial benefits of mobile ERP in an organ-izational context.

Management and Mobile ERP issues How the implementation of mobile ERP affects the manage-ment and the organization-including papers concerning manage-rial issues of implementation, the mobile ERP impact on the or-ganization, organizational changes, mobile ERP and best prac-tices, cultural issues in mobile ERP use and finally papers con-cerning understanding mobile ERP as an phenomenon

The Mobile ERP Tool What are mobile ERP systems and mobile ERP modules and applications? Papers concerning with system architecture, sys-tems language and integration norms, customization, add-ons to mobile ERP systems and mobile ERP as a tool

Mobile ERP and supply chain man-agement

How mobile ERP systems can be used in the context of a group of companies-papers concerning the use of mobile ERP systems in the system integration with other information technologies and systems and mobile ERP contribution to cooperation in supply chains are included in this category

Studying Mobile ERP How mobile ERP systems may be studied-papers concerning how mobile ERP systems can and should be studied, using vari-ous frameworks, and included in this category

Mobile ERP and education How education and training in mobile ERP systems can be in-cluded in university curricula-papers concerning how mobile ERP courses and lessons learned from doing so are included in this category

The Mobile ERP market and indus-try

How the mobile ERP systems market evolves-papers concerning market demands, market share of different vendors, macro dif-fusion of mobile ERP in the particular industries and/or geo-graphic areas are included in this category

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Other Papers that do not fit into any of the above categories or very general articles that do not refer to a specific topic

3.4 Research methods used for data collection There are two types of data collection primary and secondary data sources(Ghauri & Gronhaug, 2010).

The data in our study is primarily secondary data from external resources. External re-sources can be categorized into two different categories, such as published resources and commercial resources. Since our data has been extracted from academic publications and articles

Since we decided to make a literature review of the concept Mobile ERP our data consists of secondary data in the form of peer review scientific publications. The peer review data consisted of articles, books or book chapter, conference papers and other type of research publications.

In order to choose were to collect the data we used the subject guide for Informatics from the University Library of Jonkoping University. This guide underlined that the best data-bases for this purpose were ABI/Inform, ACM Digital Library, Business Source Premier, Emerald, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink and Web of Science (ISI). The databases are further described in table 3.2 (Retrieved March, 2013, from http://libguides.bibl.hj.se/content.php?pid=158510&sid=2783396)

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Table 3-2 Bibliographical databases included and small description

Database Description

ABI/Inform ‘This database is one of the most comprehensive business databases on the market. It includes in-depth coverage for thousands of publications, most of which are available in full text and the lat-est business and financial information for re-searchers at all levels.’

ACM Digital Library The library contains 54,000 online articles from 30 journals and 900 proceedings from the Associa-tion for Computing Machinery

Business Source Premier Full text database mainly in business and econom-ics, but also in informatics.

Emerald Emerald publishes a range of management titles and library and information services titles by any publisher worldwide. The subjects covered include management, HRM, marketing, librarianship, me-chanical engineering, electronic and electrical en-gineering

Google Scholar It is a subject comprehensive database which con-tains scholarly publications within all subject areas

ScienceDirect ScienceDirect is an electronic collection of sci-ence, technology and medicine full text and bibli-ographic information

Scopus Citation database with references to articles in all areas from 1996.

SpringerLink Database containing publications from Springer, including both books and journals. Springer pub-lishes a large amount of conference proceedings in business information systems, and in the database you can search for specific chapters/ articles in these book

Web of Science (ISI) Comprehensive citation database with articles in all areas

We choose to use databases because it gives us access to more journals. We decided to use all the recommended databases in order to acquire more research publications to analyse. We choose to use all hits which were published from 1998 until June 2013. The literature search was revised again in 1 July 2013 in order to increase the accuracy.

In order to map the topic in its current state, we compiled a list of all the research publica-tions we accessed in fulltext, that were analysed in chapter 4, which can be found under the headline Appendix number 1. Appendix number 2 contains a list of the other research publications that we have acquired in our data collection but we could not gain full access to them. The purpose of Appendix number 2 is to provide a complete bibliographic image of all the publications on the topic that could be used by other researchers.

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In order to follow the same steps from Fink (2010) screening the data as mentioned in the framework chapter we limited the last date of retrieval which is 1 July 2013 and we only used data publish in the specified databases.

In order to analyse the data we decided to make the following criteria:

• a correlation between year of publication and the databases: in order to show the evolution in time of the topics’ in each of the databases, and see in which years the data is published and at the same time to see in each year which of the databases has re-turned more article hits.

• a correlation between syntax use and the databases: in order to show how much data is available for the general field of ERP and for mobility and how much data exist specifically having the syntax Mobile ERP

• a correlation between accessibility to the data and the databases: in order to show how much data we analysed and how much is available for the topic in general. Since we did not have access in full text of all the articles that we found, we believe this was im-portant to show

• a correlation between languages used and databases: in order to show which of the publica-tions can be accessed by English speaking only but also in order to show how our search syntax can be found in other languages and also to show in which databases the articles in foreign languages are published

• a correlation between type of research publication and number of hits: in order to show how the data is divided into articles, books, book chapters, conference papers, doctoral thesis, Google book, Google book chapter, journal paper, magazines, master thesis, newspaper article, patent, research paper, thesis, trade journals, university paper, white paper and workshop paper, in order to see which types of data are predomi-nant. We have denoted the type of publication indicated by the database

• a correlation between topic categories and number of hits: in order to see which of the topic categories have been more researched so far, which will be an interesting aspect for further studies

• topic development over the years in order to show how the topic of Mobile ERP has evolved over the period of years since the first hit has returned in 1998 to the cur-rent year 2013

• relevance of the data to the paper and to the topic of Mobile ERP having a scale starting from not relevant (1), relevant(2) and very relevant to the topic(3), the rea-son behind this is that not all the articles have the same level of relevance and this will be useful for other correlations as well.

• a correlation between year and language: in order to show how the repatriation of lan-guages is over the years (clarification only the syntax “mobile ERP” was used we did not specify and search filter to language as we have mentioned before)

• a correlation between year and relevance: in order to show how is the relevance of the publications distributed over the years, it’s important to see if over the years the relevance of the publications has grown or has diminishes

• a correlation between year and type of publication: in order to show how the type of publi-cation is distributed over the years and what are the most common type of publica-tion in each year

• a correlation between database and type of publication: in order to show which types of publications is found in each database

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• a correlation between database and topic: in order to show how the topic categories are distributed among the databases and which are the predominant topic categories in each database

• a correlation between database and relevance: in order to show which of the databases has more relevant data and to show how the relevance is spread in each databases and also see which is the predominant database for each level of relevance.

• a correlation between type of publication and topic categories: in order to show what type of publications can be found in each topic category and which is the predominant type of publication in each topic category and also how the topic categories are spread through the different types of publications

• a correlation between type of publication and relevance: in order to show which if the types of publications had more relevance and how the relevance is divided between the publications

• a correlation between topic categories and relevance: in order to show which topic category is more relevant but also to emphasize in each topic category what publications are relevant and which is not.

We divided the analysis into two different types: a numeric type which will count the num-ber of publications and see how many publications have been published during the years, in which databases or which languages were used. The second type of data is qualitative data in which we analyse what are the predominant type of data, a classification type in which we will divide the publications into the nine categories or topics we have selected in the framework, which in the end will show how the topic has been researched so far.

In order to analyse each publication we created an analysis sheet containing the following data: title of paper, database, type of publication, language, topic category, relevance, year and also we have individual summary of each paper in order to make later on in the analy-sis a summary of each topic category.

The key criteria in which we will analyse the data are the following:

• database: we registered which of the nine databases we found the result in; if we found a paper in more than one database, we made a note of that;

• type of data: we registered if it was book, book chapter, article, conference papers, the-sis, and interviews;

• year: we registered the year of the publication; • relevance: we registered one of the three categories; • topic: we registered if it was one of the nine categories; • language: we registered if the result was in English or other language.

In order to categorize the relevance, we have chosen three categories, irrelevant to the top-ic of mobile ERP, relevant to mobile ERP, very relevant to the topic of mobile ERP. In the irrelevant category are included publications that are not directly referring to Mobile ERP or it just has the term randomly used in it with no added information, the relevant category includes the publications that are relevant to Mobile ERP and the very relevant publica-tions are the ones that are discussion also further improvement are that have very signifi-cant information from our opinion.

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For the topic classification, we used and transformed the ideas of topic classification from Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) in order to match Mobile ERP instead of ERPs.

In the topic analysis we included only the paper in English but in the statistical part of the study all research publications found in the literature search were used.

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4 Findings and analysis

4.1 Results of data collection In our search of databases we chose to use the search syntax “mobile ERP”. We chose this syntax because we wanted to get as many hits related to the topic as possible.

Other syntaxes like “Mobile” and “ERP” separate have more hits than this syntax, but they were not included in the literature review because of the large number and the low rele-vance.

The total amount of hits we found for “Mobile ERP” was 246. 129 of these research publi-cations could be accessed in fulltext and these publication were used in the literature re-view. The results from the literature search are summarized in the following bullet points:

• ABI/INFORM Global database has 21 hits for “Mobile ERP” from which we could access all hits and for the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 3,784.

• ACM Digital Library had three hits for “Mobile ERP” and none of them were ac-cessible and for the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 1,607.

• Business Source Premier had two hits for “Mobile ERP” and 124 results for -“mobile” and “ERP”.

• Emerald had one hit for “Mobile ERP” and for the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 414.

• Google Scholar had 181 hits for “Mobile ERP” and we could access 90 results in fulltext. For the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 55,700.

• ScienceDirect had one hit for the syntax “Mobile ERP” and the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”-returned 2,071 entries.

• Scopus had 15 hits for “Mobile ERP” but we gained access only to five, and for the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 175.

• SpringerLink had hits 16 out of which we could access seven of the publications in fulltext, and four are in German. For the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 2,574.

• Web Of Science (ISI) had six hits for “Mobile ERP” we could access only two of them. For the second syntax -“mobile” and “ERP”- the results were 67.

26

Table 4-1 Table of data hits in each database separate by syntax

Database Search results for ‘Mo-bile ERP’ syntax

Search results for ‘Mo-bile ERP’ syntax that were accessible in full text

Search results for ‘‘Mobile’ and ‘ERP’’ syntax

ABI/INFORM Global database

21 21 3784

ACM Digital Li-brary

3 0 1607

Business Source Premier

2 2 124

Emerald 1 1 414

Google Scholar 181 89 55700

ScienceDirect 1 1 2071

Scopus 15 5 175

SpringerLink 16 7 2574

Web Of Science(ISI 6 2 67

Total number of publications

246 128 66516

4.2 Analysis of found research publication After collecting the data from each database we discovered that some of articles were found in more than one database and also that some publications were doubled in the same database but had slightly different names.

The number of publications found and accessed in fulltext was 128. But fourteen publica-tions were found twice or three times. After removing the repeated publications, 111 indi-vidual publications remained.

Table 4.2 shows which research publications could be found in more than one database. It is obvious from the results that Google Scholar covers most of the publications.

27

Table 4-2 Research publications found in more than one database.

Reference Databases

Basole (2007) Google Scholar and ABI Inform

Dospinescu (2008) Google Scholar and Web of science

Feng (2011) Google Scholar and Scopus

Frank (2012) Google Scholar and Scopus and Springer Link

Hailu (2012) Google Scholar and Scopus

Jankowska (2005) Google Scholar and Scopus

Kurbel (2003) Google Scholar and Springer Link

Kurbel (2005) Google Scholar and Springer Link

Overby ( 2010) Business Premier and ABI Inform

Parsons (2009) Google Scholar

Pousttchi (2006) Google Scholar

Teuteberg (2005) Google Scholar and Springer Link

Uwizeyemungu (2012) Google Scholar and Springer Link and ABI Inform

Willis (2002) Google Scholar and ABI Inform and Emerald

Secondly, we detected that a number of publications were in other languages than English, and since not all databases offer language selection we did not use the language as a filter in the gathering of the data but we will be using their availability to show the whole picture of the published topic. The languages besides English that we have found were firstly German with a number of fourteen publications, Chinese with five publications, Spanish with two publications, Swedish with two publications and French with one paper. This shows that if we would repeat the search in more than one language the number of publications would increase.

We removed the 24 publications that were not in English from the topic analysis leaving us with 87 publications that were divided by topic into the nine categories of the framework (Schlichter & Kraemmergard, 2010).

All the publications that we could access were included for statistical reason in order to see how the topic has evolved over the years and how many research publications that have been published.

28

Table 4-3 Research publications in other languages than English

Reference Database Language Year

Amberg (2011) Google scholar German 2011

Aniento Ponsarnau (2009) Google scholar Spanish 2009

Büllingen, Hillebrand, Stamm & Stetter (2011) Google scholar German 2011

García Trujillo (2013) Google scholar Spanish 2013

Gronau (2010) Google scholar German 2010

Gronau (2011) Google scholar German 2011

Gronau (2013, January) Google scholar German 2013

Gronau (2013, February) Google scholar German 2013

Gronau & Eggert (2013) Google scholar German 2013

Hagedorn (2012) Google scholar German 2012

Hammarström (2011) Google scholar Swedish 2011

Kaminskiy (2012) Google scholar German 2012

Kurbel (2005) Google scholar German 2005

Olsson (2007) Google scholar Swedish 2007

Poveda Hernandez (2012) Google scholar French 2012

Pousttchi & Thurnher (2006) Google scholar German 2006

Pousttchi & Thurnher (2006 Google scholar German 2006

Scholz-Reiter (2013) Google scholar German 2013

Schmeck (2011) Google scholar German 2011

Suzhen, Chengyu, & Shan (2009). In Chinese: 欧阳素珍, 邓成玉, and 刘永山

Google scholar Chinese 2009

Zhang, Feng, Xiaohua & Bole (2003). In Chinese: 张谧, 谢闽峰, 樊小华, and 施伯乐

Google scholar Chinese 2003

Wei & Zhelong (2011). In Chinese: 魏巍, and 王哲龙

Google scholar Chinese 2011

Jixiang (2011). In Chinese: 李吉祥 Google scholar Chinese 2011

Rui (2009). In Chinese: 杜锐 Google scholar Chinese 2009

The reason behind categorizing the research publications also according to language is to see which of the databases have articles in fulltext with the syntax “Mobile ERP” in other languages than English. No other databases than Google Scholar had accessible research publications in fulltext articles in other languages than English. In the literature search it

29

was also evident that there were research publications in other languages. But since we could not access them in fulltext, we choose not to take that into account.

In figure number 4.1, it can be seen how the research publications in other languages have evolved. The first publication is a Chinese paper in 2003, followed by two in 2009 and two more in 2011.

In the French language, there is only one hit in 2012. In Spanish we found two hits; one in 2009 and one in 2013. For Swedish we have also two hits; one in 2007 and one in 2011.

The German language has its first hit in 2005, two hits in 2006, one hit in 2010, four in 2011, two in 2012 and in 2013 four which shows that for this search syntax the publica-tions were constant over the years.

Figure 4.1 represents the way that the language of the research publications are spread from 1998 until 2013.

We can see that the first data appeared in 1998 and it has been slowly growing. The main language found through are syntax is English and secondly is German, but the earliest oth-er language that used that as a key word in there paper was in Chinese.

The most predominate year for data was 2012 followed by 2011 and also with ten data hits 2010 and 2005, all other year having under ten data hits. It is very likely that 2013 will have more than the five that were found until our data acquisition in June.

Figure 4-1 Correlation between year of publication and language 30

1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Chinese 1 2 2English 1 1 2 6 2 6 10 5 7 8 7 10 13 21 5French 1German 1 2 1 4 2 4Spanish 1 1Swedish 1 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

Figure 4.2 shows how the research publications are spread over the year in each databases. The purpose of this is to see how the data is spread, when the first hits appeared and if the data is constantly found in the databases or if there are any gaps between years.

Figure 4-2 Correlation between year and database

The databases with the most constant hits are Google scholar which has hits in every year since 2001 and has the most hits in general for each year and secondly ABI inform has the most complete number of hits since 1998 with only missing data in 1999, 2003 and 2006.

In the other databases the articles are scattered between years and there is no consequent finding of data in them.

Looking into the year in 1998 and 2000 there is only one database found, in 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2009 have two databases that have turn out results, with three database entries is 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2013, only 2005 and 2012 have four databases that have returned hits.

The year 2013 still could have more hits since we only collected data until June 2013 but the general conclusion is that the results are very scattered both in the years and in the da-tabases which show that the topic is still very young and the research is in development.

In table 4.4 the number of dirfferent type of publications which were found in each catego-ry. The tables show that the most of the data is either in “book chapter” or in “article”. We have considered “books” and “Google books” separately to make it clear where the data is also gotten from. We have done this explicit separation in order to show the variety.

31

Table 4-4 Correlation between type of publication and number of hits

Type of pub-lication Article Book

Book chapter

Conference Paper

Doctoral thesis

Google Book

Google Book chap-ter

Journal Paper Magazines

Number of hits 21 1 10 22 4 2 1 5 1

Type of pub-lication

Master Thesis

Newspaper article Patent

Research Pa-per Thesis

Trade journals

University Paper

White Paper

Workshop Paper

Number of hits 4 6 4 1 6 9 1 5 1

In table number 4.5, the correlation between type of publication and database is presented, which show what the major types of publication in each database are. In ABI Inform the most predominant type of data is “trade journals”, in Business Premier which has only two hits we find one “article” and one “newspaper article”, Emerald has one hit which is an “article”, Science direct has one “book chapter”, Scopus has all hits in “conference pa-pers”, Springer Link has as a predominate data type “book chapters” and Web of Science has all hits in “conference papers”.

Table 4-5 Correlation between database and publication type

Publication type

ABI In-form

Business Premier

Emerald Google Scholar

Science Direct

Scopus Springer Link

Web of Science

Article 4 1 1 14 1 Book 1 Book chapter

5 1 4

Conference paper

13 5 2 2

Doctoral thesis

4

Google Book

2

Google Book chapter

1

Journal pa-per

5

Magazines 1 Master Thesis

4

Newspaper article

5 1

Patent 4 Research paper

1

Thesis 2 4

32

Publication type

ABI In-form

Business Premier

Emerald Google Scholar

Science Direct

Scopus Springer Link

Web of Science

Trade journals

9

University paper

1

White pa-per

5

Workshop paper

1

Google Scholar has hits in most of the type of publications except “trade journals”, “maga-zines” and “newspaper articles” and the predominant types of data are “articles” and “con-ference papers” with hits above ten.

It is also noteworthy that “articles”, “book chapters” and “conference papers” are the most common publication types in our selected databases. The results are that the data is very spread between the types of publication, but each type of publication is not that spread be-tween the databases.

Table 4.6 shows the number of hits for each type of publication over the years.

Table 4-6 Correlation between type of publication and year

Publication type

1998

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Article 2 3 1 3 1 1 4 6 Book 1 Book chapter

2 2 4 1 1

Conference paper

3 1 3 2 2 3 7 1

Doctoral thesis

1 1 2

Google Book

1 1

Google Book chapter

1

Journal pa-per

2 1 2

Magazines 1 Master Thesis

1 1 1 1

Newspaper article

1 1 2 1 1

Patent 1 1 2 1 Research paper

1 1

Thesis 3 1 1 2 Trade journals

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

University paper

1 1

White pa- 1 2 1

33

per Workshop paper

1

Since in some years there is only one type of data and is quite obvious which the predomi-nant type of publication is. In 2002, the predominant type of publication was “articles”, in 2004 “book chapters” and “journal papers” and in 2005, “book chapters” and “conference papers”. In 2006, there is no predominant type of publication since all the registered types had the same number of publications.

In 2007, the predominant types of publications were “articles” and “thesis”, in 2008 “con-ference papers”, in 2009 “conference papers” and “white papers”, in 2010 “conference pa-pers”, “newspaper articles” and “patents”. In 2011 there were predominantly published “articles” and “conference papers”, 2012 “conference papers” and “articles”, and in 2013 so far “thesis” are predominant.

In 1998 and 2000 one paper per year was published, in 2001 two publications, in 2002 - six publications appear, in 2003 - two publications appear and in 2004, six. In 2005 we have found ten hits, in 2006 - five hits, in 2007 - seven hits, in 2008 - eight hits and in 2009 - seven hits. In 2010, ten hits appeared, in 2011 - thirteen hits, in 2012 – twenty-one hits and five in the current year. This shows that the topic is growing and that a peak has been reached in 2012. For 2013 we have only found five publications. Considering that only the first six months have been covered by the literature review it is very likely that the number for the whole year will be larger. The hits are growing steadily over the years even though compared to the field of ERP Mobile ERP is still quite a young topic and not very re-searched so far. The data is very scattered between all the types of publication and between the years.

We have found that in our nine topic categories from our framework there are hits in only eight of them.

In “Implementation of Mobile ERP” we have found six hits, in “Optimisation of Mobile ERP” we have found twelve hits, in “Management and Mobile ERP issues” we have found five hits, in “The Mobile ERP Tool” we have found thirty-six hits, in “Mobile ERP and supply chain management” we have two hits, in “Studying Mobile ERP” we have only one hits and no hits in “Mobile ERP and education”. In “The Mobile ERP market and indus-try” we have found four publications and in our last category, called “Other”, we have found nineteen hits. The hits are very scattered between the topics. The topics that have the most results are “The Mobile ERP Tool” which can suggest that what is a Mobile ERP is important for researchers and the “Other” category. The Other category contains both the irrelevant publications and the general ones, that being the reason for being the second biggest topic.

In table 4.7 the distribution of the topics from 1998 to 2013 is presented. The importance of this is that we can see when the first paper in each topic category have appeared and what is the evolution over the years and if the evolution was constant or not.

The most consistent topic category is “The Mobile ERP Tool”, with eleven years out of fif-teen that were included. The topic “Mobile ERP and education” is not included in the table since it has no hit.

34

Table 4-7 Correlation between topic and year

Topic 1998

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Implementation of mobile ERP

3 1 2 1 2 1

Management and mobile ERP issues

1 1 1 1 1

Mobile ERP and supply chain manage-ment

1 1

Optimisation of mobile ERP

1 1 1 2 2 1 7

Other 1 2 5 4 1 1 2 1 4 Studying mo-bile ERP

1

The mobile ERP market and industry

1 1 1

The mobile ERP tool

1 2 6 3 2 5 5 3 8 7 4

In table 4.8 the way that the research publications are spread in each database according to topic categories is presented. In the table we can see that some topic categories can be found in most of the databases while some just in a few of them.

The most complete one is Google Scholar that covers eight of the topic categories out of nine, followed by ABI Inform which covers six out of the nine possible topic categories.

The most topic spread among the database were “Implementation of Mobile ERP” and “The Mobile ERP Tool”, followed by “Management and Mobile ERP issues”, “Optimisa-tion of Mobile ERP” and “Other”. The other topic categories were not that spread among the databases.

Table 4-8 Correlation between Topic and database.

Topic ABI In-form

Business Premier

Emerald Google Scholar

Science Direct

Scopus Springer Link

Web of Science

Implementation of mobile ERP

4 1 1 3 1

Management and mobile ERP issues

1 2 1 1

Mobile ERP and supply chain manage-ment

2

Optimisation of mobile ERP

8 6 1

Other 1 18 2 Studying mo-bile ERP

1

The mobile 2 2

35

ERP market and industry The mobile ERP tool

5 4 31 4 2

Google Scholar is the only database that contains data from each of the eight out of nine topic categories and it is followed by ABI Inform, which has research publications in six topics. The other databases have the data divided between one to three topic categories.

Table 4.9 shows how the types of publications are spread between the topic categories and what type of data do the topic categories contain. The topics “The Mobile ERP Tool” and- “Other” have the most type of publications and they are followed in number by the “Optimisation of Mobile ERP”. The other topic categories have just a few types of type of publications.

Table 4-9 Correlation between topic and type of publication

Type of publi-cation/Topic

Implem

entation of M

obile ER

P

Managem

ent and Mo-

bile ER

P issues

Mobile E

RP and Sup-

ply Chain M

anage-m

ent

Optim

ization of Mo-

bile ER

P

Other

Studying Mobile E

RP

The m

obile ER

P Mar-

ket and Industry

The M

obile ER

P Tool

Article 4 3 6 2 1 5

Book 1

Book chapter 1 4 5 Conference pa-per 2 1 1 2 2 14

Doctoral thesis 2 2

Google Book 1 1 Google Book chapter 1

Journal Paper 1 2 2

Magazines 1

Master Thesis 2 2 Newspaper ar-ticle 4 1 1

Patent 4

Research Paper 1

Thesis 1 1 2 2

Trade journals 1 3 1 4 University Pa-per 1

White Paper 1 4

36

The most spread publication types over the topic categories are “conference papers” and “articles” followed by “theses” and “trade journals”. The most types of publication are categoried in the “The Mobile ERP Tool” category with bigger numbers then the rest: “book chapter”, “conference paper”, ”patent”, “trade journal” and ”white paper”. For “Optimisation of Mobile ERP” the most significant numbers are in “article” type of publication and for “Implementation of Mobile ERP” the most commom type of publication- is “newspaper article”.

Looking into the relevance of the publications, there are twelve publications rated 1, which means that they are irrelevant, and 46 publications that are rated 2 for relevant and 46 that are rated 3, which are relevant. The number of relevant and very relevant data is quite high 92 out of 104 which shows that the data collection and analysis is reliable.

In table 4.10 a correlation between the year of publication and the relevance of the data to the Mobile ERP topic is presented. We will include both relevant and very relevant data when we will refer in the following paragraph to relevent. In 1998 and 2000 the relavant data is one hit out of one. In 2001 two out of two hits is relavant data, in 2002 it increases to six out of six but in 2003 it drops down to two out of two .In 2004 the irelevant data is bigger then the relevant data having four out of six. In 2005 the number of hits grows to ten out of ten. Between 2006 and 2010 the number grows and lowers sligtly in the range from four to eight relevant articles. From 2011 it grows to twelve and seventeen in 2012, for the current year is only five considering only half of the year is analysed. Thus, the relevance of the research publications shows a trendency to increase.

Table 4-10 Correlation between year and relevance

Year Relevance

degree 1 Relevance

degree 2 Relevance

degree 3

1998 0 1 0

2000 0 0 1

2001 0 2 0

2002 0 2 4

2003 0 0 2

2004 4 2 0

2005 0 4 6

2006 1 2 2

2007 0 4 3

2008 0 3 5

2009 0 5 2

2010 2 4 4

2011 1 4 8

2012 4 10 7

2013 0 3 2

Workshop Pa-per 1

37

In table 4.11 we can observe which of the databases has the most relevant publications to the topic, but also which one has the lowest relevance.

In all the databses the level of relavance that is dominat is either relevant or very relavant and only in the case of Google Scholar and SpringerLink we see that there are also articles that are not relevant to the topic. For the category irrelevant the most results are found in Google Scholar which is also having the most results for relevant and very relevant data which is followed by ABI Inform which has the second place for the amount of relevant and very relevant data.

Table 4-11 Correlation between database and relevance

Database Relevance rating 1

Relevance rating 2

Relevance rating 3

ABI Inform 0 11 10

Business Premier 0 2 3

Emerald 0 0 1

Google Scholar 11 30 24

Science direct 0 0 1

Scopus 0 1 1

Springer Link 1 2 4

Web of Science 0 0 2

In table 4.12 we want to see how the relevance of the data divided in the type of publica-tion is. The irrelevant data is very spread between the type of publications but in small numbers. For the relevant type of publication the most common is “Article” followed by “Conference paper” and ”Trade journal”. In the very relevant category the lead is taken by”Conference papers” followed by “Article”. The fact that “Conference paper” has the most relevant hits and it is followed by “Article” shows again that it is a very young topic which is currently in a developing process of research.

38

Table 4-12 Correlation between type of publication and relevance

Type of publication Relevance rating 1

Relevance rating 2

Relevance rat-ing 3

Article 2 10 9

Book 1 0 0

Book chapter 2 3 5

Conference paper 2 7 13

Doctoral thesis 2 1 1

Google Book 0 2 0

Google Book chapter 1 0 0

Journal Paper 1 2 2

Magazines 0 1 0

Master Thesis 0 3 1

Newspaper article 0 0 6

Patent 0 2 2

Research Paper 1 0 0

Thesis 0 5 1

Trade journals 0 6 3

University Paper 0 1 0

White Paper 0 3 2

Workshop Paper 0 0 1

In table 4.13 the level of relevance found in each topic is presented. “The Mobile ERP Tool” category got the highest number of very relevant rated publications. Most of the publications in this category tried to focus on the system architecture and ERP modules, and this shows the importance of this topic for Mobile ERP. This is followed by “Optimi-sation of Mobile ERP” which contains information on how Mobile ERP can be used more efficient in an organization, and the “Other” which contains very general data.

39

Table 4-13 Correlation between relevance and topic

4.3 Summary of the analysis topic by topic In this subsection we have summarized the research publication in each topic of the framework (Schlichter & Krammergard, 2010) in order to further present the topic and its core issues and concepts.

Implementation of Mobile ERP

In this category the main focus is on how the Mobile ERP system can be introduced into the organization. It covers the publications concerning different steps of Mobile ERP im-plementation, related problems, selecting, business process alignment during the implemen-tation and organizational diffusion and critical success factors. According to the reviewed publications, implementation is an important issue related to Mobile ERP systems. The publications are mostly from 2008 and onwards, including some real case studies and a lit-erature review from industrial and academic perspectives on ERP systems.

The publications mostly cover issues related to challenges associated with implementing Mobile ERP, developing mobile solutions around web 2.0, and reasons for implementing Mobile ERP. Furthermore some factors and trends are discussed in how to gain more suc-cess and less failure in implementing of Mobile ERP. Careful exercises in accuracy plan-ning, strategic thinking and cooperating with stakeholders are considered as important needs for implementing Mobile ERP.

The core issues related to the implementation of Mobile ERP topic are:

1. The change that an organization tolerates in transforming from the old system to the new one with the ERP system

2. Actions related to ERP implementation 3. Problems related to ERP implementation 4. Delivery of real-time business management in the Middle East 5. Development of custom functionality for mobile ERP that supports the sale staff

in Latin America 6. Careful exercises for ERP implementation in accuracy planning, strategic thinking

and cooperation with all stakeholders.

The concepts related to the implementation of Mobile ERP topic:

1. Mobile ERP for solving the data capturing problem

40

2. Efficient process management with the option of flexible synchronization of im-plementing the mobile ERP system

Optimisation of Mobile ERP

The publications in this category concern the issues of Mobile ERP usefulness, achieving competitive advantage through applying Mobile ERP in the organization, financial benefits achieved by implementing Mobile ERP and Mobile ERP users.

In total of 14% of the reviewed publications concern this issue and these publications are found in Google Scholar and ABI/INFORM Global database. The earliest paper concern-ing “Optimisation of Mobile ERP” was published in 2000 and the latest one was in 2012. The most research in this context has been conducted in 2012.

The early research discusses the future of Mobile ERP and the possible developments of ERP systems in order to make it more flexible.

The common issues evaluated and discussed are the advantages and potential challenges of adopting a Mobile ERP system in an organization. Some publications focus on speed issue in communication for critical events, for example accessibility of this mobile technology out of office has been mentioned as an advantage that accelerates the decision making pro-cess and improves the employees’ productivity as they can contact the suppliers or the end customers using mobile devices. Besides the increasing of the employee efficiency, some publications concern the requirements of a wireless application that relates to Mobile ERP issue.

The latest research in this category is more related to raising the agility of business process-es by the use of ubiquitous technologies, applying different ERP modules on mobile phones, the rapidness of developing e-business and e-commerce and last, but not least, ex-ploring the share of ERP to the performance of the organization.

The core issues related to the optimisation of Mobile ERP topic are:

1. The role of applications in seamless mobile networks 2. New enterprise software that join real time information in decision making pro-

cesses 3. Requirement issues of wireless application 4. Competitive advantages for an organization and keeping itself separated from its

competitors 5. Adopting ubiquitous technologies in ERP systems 6. Core elements influencing enterprises by adopting mobile ICT 7. Applying a mobile ERP system that performs the full traceability, centralized man-

agement, quality control and so on in food industry 8. Speed issue in current communication framework for users in critical events

The concepts related to the optimisation of Mobile ERP topic:

1. Wireless networks and more efficient applications 2. Various options of optimisation by adopting ERP system 3. The raise of agility of business processes 4. Real-time information for the enterprise sale and field forces 5. Importance of mobile ERP systems in food industry

41

The Mobile ERP Tool

ERP systems are considered as the backbone of enterprises information system and it was interesting to find that the major concern in the reviewed publications was the issue of Mobile ERP tool. This category has the largest number of publications. It comprises more than 40% of the entire research and more than 60% of these publications are from ABI/INFORM Global and Google Scholar database. Except one paper that was published 1998, the rest were conducted from 2005 to present year, 2013 and almost half of them are done in last three years.

This category refers to publications covering the issue of different Mobile ERP modules and applications, system architecture, add-ons to mobile ERP systems and mobile ERP as a tool, systems language and integration norms.

The early study on Mobile ERP tool was about the agreement between three companies -Abora international group, 3COM Corporation and Symbol Technology Inc. - to make mobile access to ERP resources based on 3COMs Palm computing platform. Because Abora international group had relationships with SAP the vendor of ERP system.

Most of the early research stated that because of the emerging multimedia technologies and the enhancement of mobile devices, they will provide the same user interface as desktop monitors. These research studies focused more on the technical requirements for mobile access to the ERP systems as it is possible to present the information in different formats and to have an architecture that simplifies adding new formats without making changes to the current structure. Most of the studies try to propose a browser-based architecture com-prising of four tiers: data, application logic, content extraction engine and different mobile and wireless devices.

Some issues that have been discussed most in the reviewed publications include:

Focusing on developing applications and enterprise mobility services, technology behind the mobile ERP, applying wireless technologies to the core information systems like ERP, providing some considerations regarding the multi-channel architecture for Mobile ERP systems, accessibility to ERP systems with four tier architecture through mobile and wire-less devices without any changes to the ERP system, Service Oriented architecture, sup-porting the communication between mobile devices and ERP systems, shifting ERP ven-dors to SOA built on web services, connection of network Quality of Service (QoS) for modern ERP systems and framework for the preparation of QoS for ERP system and dis-cussing mobile ERP frameworks in detail.

Some of the publications are real cases. For instance, NetSuite that improved the first cloud computing Mobile ERP suite to Apple iPhone and iPad touch. The application deliv-ers on-the-go access to NetSuite’s integrated business management suite including real-time dashboard. Also, Jade-based mobile ERP solution that provides completely integrated mo-bile ERP service using Jade common technical platform that is considered as a powerful platform for enterprise mobility. In one case, the idea was identifying common specifica-tions of mobile ERP applications, the challenges available in developing of these applica-tions and the results are used in developing domain-specific design principles and elements for mobile ERP modelling language.

Some of the more recent studies focused on using the latest theory in system integration with relaxed ACID. It described utilizing the mobile functions as a control in ERP supplier

42

module and also implementing relaxed ACID properties in distributed inharmonious sys-tems.

It is obvious that the trend is toward lighter applications and shifting from three-tier archi-tecture to browser-based architecture leads to lighter applications for mobile devices.

After reviewing this research, it seems that the challenging issue in this category is consid-ered as utilizing more than one ERP system and different modules from different ERP vendors by the organization. Therefore it raises the need for having an integrated system and technical solution that enables the ERP system to communicate. In some cases devel-opments of a Generic Integration layer is presented to make the exchange of data possible for different ERP system.

The core issues related to Mobile ERP tool topic are:

1. The need of having integrated systems and technical solution that enable the differ-ent ERP systems to communicate.

2. The main technical requirement for mobile access to the ERP system is the issue of the presentation of the information in several formats.

3. The service oriented architecture, the potential need to such architecture in today’s information systems.

4. Architectures which protect the communication between mobile devices and ERP systems.

5. Shifting to service oriented architecture built on web services. 6. Challenges along with implementation of ERP systems. 7. Challenges available in developing mobile ERP applications. 8. Architecture for integrating the logistic management systems from different firms

or mobile users. 9. Problems of integrating the Business Intelligence 10. 4-tier architecture for mobile ERP systems. 11. Challenges related to business integration 12. Mobile ERP extension issues

The concepts related to Mobile ERP tool topic:

1. Implementing mobile services in concern with mobile ERP systems 2. Moving towards lighter apps to have the ERP systems on mobile devices 3. Shifting from 3-tier architecture to browser based architecture 4. Developing domain-specific design principles and elements for mobile ERP model-

ling language 5. Managing the logistics by the use of specialized ERP modules and the company da-

tabases. 6. Capturing the advantages of mobility and improving the timeless of decision mak-

ing 7. Supporting the mobile behaviour of the organization users 8. Introducing different modules of ERP systems along with the benefits and the

risks.

Management and Mobile ERP issues

This category is focused on different effects that mobile ERP system has on management and the organization. Publications concerning managerial issues of implementation, the

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impact of mobile ERP on the organization, mobile ERP and best practices, organizational changes, cultural issues related to mobile ERP use and finally publications concerning un-derstanding mobile ERP as a phenomenon belong to this category. This aspect recently be-came an issue of researcher’s interest and most of the publications are conducted in last five years.

In reviewed publications, some has the idea of what mobile ERP brings extra for the or-ganization, also suggesting three options of mobile applications related to ERP as inventory management, on site processing and onsite collaboration. One paper conducted an interest-ing research and concluded that a successful mobile strategy needs firms to assess the working business processes, making the required changes and the issue that how mobile can improve and perform its strategy. It turns to failure if a business tries to rebuild a PC experience on a mobile device, because mobile offers different navigation option, the screen is smaller and some options are not available on a mobile device. The general impact of ICT into business world has been discussed, too.

The core issues related to management and Mobile ERP issues topic are:

1. Assessing the working business processes, the required changes to be made and the issue that how mobile can improve and perform the firms mobile strategy

2. Different navigation options in mobile device in compare with a PC that cause fail-ure if a business tries rebuilding a PC experience on a mobile device and managerial issues its implementation

3. Difficulties in developing the mobile ERP application due to non-standardization in different mobile devices

4. Issues related to organizational changes

The concepts related to management and Mobile ERP issues topic:

1. Maintenance of ERP system and activities related to that

Mobile ERP and supply chain management

The issue of utilizing mobile ERP in the context of a group of companies is considered in this category. Publications attempting to evaluate the use of mobile ERP systems in the sys-tem integration with other information technologies and systems and mobile ERP contri-bution to cooperation in supply chains fit the “Mobile ERP and supply chain management “category.

Few publications found related to this topic and the focus was more on the cooperation of Mobile ERP systems with supply chains.

The core issues related to Mobile ERP and supply chain management topic are:

1. Logistic innovation laboratory that should analysis the supply chain and the ERP system and to test it

2. Mobile ERP and supply chain management are complex applications.

The concepts related to Mobile ERP and supply chain management topic:

1. Making the enterprise more efficient and reliable by mobile information systems. 2. Making the business activities such as logistics activities simpler by the use of mobi-

lization.

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Studying Mobile ERP

Publications concerning how mobile ERP systems can and should be studied by the use of various frameworks fit into this category.

Only little theoretical work has been done to discover what truly constitutes a mobile en-terprise. But one paper was found that addresses this definitional issue by exploring the no-ticeable value propositions that drive the emergence of the mobile enterprise, identifying classes of workers that can advantage from mobile ICT, reviewing what current solutions support the mobile workforce, categorizing the challenges of adopting and implementing these solutions, and providing propositions for future theoretical and empirical research. The interesting part was that it also talks about the category of mobile ERP users both on and off site and what are the current mobile ERP solutions.

The core issues related to studying mobile ERP topic are:

1. Theoretical work on exploring a mobile enterprise 2. Reviewing and identifying the challenges of the current solutions support the mo-

bile workforce

The concept related to studying mobile ERP topic is:

1. Providing suggestions for future theoretical and empirical research.

The Mobile ERP market and industry

How the mobile ERP systems market grows, mostly publications concerning market de-mands, market share of different vendors, macro-dispersal of mobile ERP in the particular industries and/or geographic areas belong to this category.

In the reviewed publications, some real cases are studied that cover this issue. In one case, the global software corporation, SAP, sees the local market of adopting mobile solutions and mobile workforces is growing. It just predicts that the number of mobile ERP users will be a large number very soon. This is a global trend and the Indian market particularly, grows much faster. Also, the general manager of wireless e-business services for the Amer-icans at IBM Global services has stated that solution providers who want to stay competi-tive will require expertise in mobile and wireless technologies context specially the mobile ERP, because the wireless services and even wearable computers for field-force workers will keep growing.

The core issues related to the Mobile ERP market and industry topic are:

1. The increasing need to expertise in mobile and wireless technologies context to stay competitive in the market as it is the global trend that the number of mobile ERP users increase quickly in compare with the standard users (IBM global services)

2. SAP is adopting to the needs of growing mobile workforce and growing SMEs

The concepts related to the Mobile ERP market and industry topic:

1. Growing market of mobile ERP systems globally 2. Much faster market demand for Mobile ERP in India

Other

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Publications that do not fit into any of the above categories or very general publications that do not refer to a specific topic are considered under “Other” category.

Mostly the publications are conducted on mobile applications or general discussion on dif-ferent mobile solutions that help mobile workers and just have mentioned the mobile ERP term as an application belongs to this category of technology and no more details are pro-vided. In other cases, the topics where more about universal mobile telecommunication system network, applying HTML5 as it matches most of the platforms that are supported by most of the mobile devices for information sharing across various platforms, studying wireless e-business applications with a focus on evaluating and developing the processes and proposing a new architecture using XML to support engineering content interchange in mobile computing environment.

In some publications the term ERP stands for something not related to Enterprise Re-source Planning, for instance ERP as Equivalent Radiated Power and ERP as Event Relat-ed Potentials that relates to extracted activity in brain while it is performing a cognitive task.

The core issues related to other topic are:

1. The nature of mobile work and difference between field workers and mobile knowledge workers

2. Architecture using XML to support engineering content exchange in mobile com-puting environment

3. Technologies for designing and implementing voice and mobile user interface for accessing information on an e-marketplace

4. Evaluating and developing processes on wireless e-business applications

The concepts related to other topic:

1. Accessing business applications remotely 2. HTML5 the solution of information sharing across various platforms 3. Conceptual bases and the architecture of an agent-based job e-marketplace sup-

porting mobile negotiations 4. Mobile task model 5. Mobile commerce services 6. Effects of wireless technologies on logistics 7. Different dimensions of wireless applications

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5 Discussion

5.1 Conclusions The purpose of this thesis was to investigate when and how the concept of “Mobile ERP” has evolved. The objective of this thesis was to investigate how the topic of mobile ERP has evolved during recent years. This is done through developing a framework to perform a literature review on mobile ERP using a vast number of publications of a long period of time which is done in chapter “Methodology”. Furthermore we used the framework in or-der to explore the evolution of mobile ERP, by analysing the data collection through the criteria and identify which of the topics, core issues and concepts that have been studied so far which can be found in chapter “Analysis”.

In our search for publications writing on the topic of mobile ERP we have discovered that part of the publications were not accessible through the databases we had access. The total amount available was 128 individual publications out of 246. Another factor in analysing the publications was the language that was used, we selected English as our main language, other languages that appeared but were not taken in account were Swedish, French, Ger-man, Spanish and what we assume to be Chinese and were counted in the end as non-accessible because of the language.

After removing the doubles and the ones non-accessible because of the language we ended up analysing the content of 94 out of 128, but for statistical purpose that didn’t involve the content we have used all the 128 publications.

When it comes to our topics we have discovered that each topic has a different evolution level compared to the others and obviously it’s a completely different from the big field of ERP.

In conclusion after gathering our data and performing the seventeen correlations or criteria on this data it can be noticed the number of articles is quite small and the data is very scat-tered between the databases, years, topics and type of publication with no discernible pat-tern. This is a sign of that this topic is very new and not fully developed or researched.

The lack of access made the amount of data that could be analysed be reduced to more the half the articles we have originally found but the very big amount of relevant data makes this study be reliable with an amount of 92 articles out of 104 being relevant. Most of the data that was relevant was composed of “conference papers” and “articles” which again show that the topic was not so much research. The most researched topics and with the most constant growth are “The Mobile ERP Tool”, “Other”, “Implementation of Mobile ERP”, “Management and Mobile ERP issues” and “Optimisation of Mobile ERP” which also have had the most type of publications. Google Scholar has had both most number of articles as well as the biggest numbers of relevant articles and they have contained the most types of publications.

Most of the hits, 46, fall into our adapted topic of “The Mobile ERP Tool” which shows that most of the studies are still not that much developed but the interest in Mobile ERP as a Tool is very important. The fact that the modules and applications for Mobile ERP are developed already is known in the business world and in the scientifically world it is just emerging and growing a lot faster than all the other topics. The most hits from the tech-nical and architecture part of the hits come from the author Frank Lars and Kurbel Karl.

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An interesting aspect is that the syntax has returned results in other languages which shows that the term is implemented in other languages even though is very likely each language has also a term in their own language. Another interesting aspect is the big number of types of publications.

In the “Other” section we have found a number of twenty-one hits which don’t fall into only one specific category of the other 8 or hits which have no relevant information. Only ten from this category were irrelevant. In some cases it is hard to delimit in which category a paper fits because some are either very general or have so many topics in them that makes it hard to consider it part of only one of the topics.

“Optimisation of Mobile ERP” is ranked the third category with the most hits with fifteen hits classified in it which shows even though the topic is not very developed the further improvement of the topic is important from the beginning.

“Implementation of Mobile ERP” is the forth in ranking with ten publications which show that the “Implementation of Mobile ERP” is researched also by academics not just in companies

“Management and Mobile ERP issues” has five hits on how the implementation affects the management or the organization which show that it has not been studied that much the impact that it has on the business world.

“The Mobile ERP market and industry” has four hits on how the topic has evolved and what are the market demands or the markets needs when it comes to this topic.

“Mobile ERP and supply chain management “has only three publications that look into how this technology can be used in the context of a group of companies.

“Studying Mobile ERP” has only one hit which shows that it has not really been researched how the Mobile ERP topics should be studied.

“Mobile ERP and education” was the only topic in which we did not find any publications that would fit in the topic. We consider that this topic is not developed so far.

Table 5.1 is a comprehensive table that contains the topics and the author references for each topic.

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Table 5-1 Authors divided by topic

1 Reference quoted from the database

2 Reference quoted from the database

Category Authors

Implementation of Mobile ERP

Al Bar, Mohamed, Akhtar, & Abuhashish, 2011; DGAP-News, 2013; Epicor launches mobile ERP solution, 2008; 1 Hailu & Rahman, 2012; Overby, 2010; Willis, Hillman & Willis-Brown, 2002

Optimisation of Mo-bile ERP

Manufacturing Engineering, 2012; Basole, 2007; Burns, 2010; Cohen, 2004; Haili & Xinhua, 2008; Manetti, 2001; Nayeem, 2012; Prasad, 2012; Péter, & Fuzesi, 2008; Shillingford, 2000; Mayank & Pilania, 2012; Uwizeyemungu & Raymond, 2012

Management and Mo-bile ERP issues

Bazhenova, Taratukhin & Becker, 2011; Flinders, 2007; Lopez, 2012; Ng, 2009; Zheng & Ni, 2006

The Mobile ERP Tool Belo, Castela & Fernandes, 2013; Bru ̈llmann, Celebic & Geiser, 2012; Cudzilo, 2010; Dospinescu, Fotache, Munteanu, & Hurbean, 2008; Feng, Peng, Xie & Hou, 2011; Frank & Pedersen, 2012 a & b; Frank & Pedersen, 2013; Frank & Kumar, 2012; Frank, 2008; Hagendorf, 1998; Hartmann, 2006; Homann, 2011; Hussain, 2008; Intelligence, B. 2011; 2 Iqbal, 2013; Jankowska & Kurbel, 2005; Kawalkar, 2011; Kurbel, Jankowska & Dabkowski, 2005; Kurbel, Dabkowski & Jankowska 2003; Tim Shing, 2007; Lo & Jairo Gutiérrez, 2007; Mika, Pieskä, Pitkäaho & Tervonen, 2009; Mika, 2010; Marko, 2013; Parsons, 2009; Payne & Fitch, 2010; Peerless Media, 2009; Read, 2009; Rooney, 2005;.

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We believe since some of the nine topic categories had few if any publications which show that the topic is quite young and only some parts have been developed in comparing to the main topic of ERP in general. If we would have included other type of data that are not very reliable in the research environment the data would have been more wide since even though the topic is quite underdeveloped on paper in the World Wide Web a lot of applica-tions like this appear and quite a lot of them are open source which can show that soon the boom of Mobile ERP software and research will come soon.

If we compare our adapted topics to the ERP topic our topic of Mobile ERP has a signifi-cantly smaller data hits and less developed then the main topic of ERP.

In table 5.2 the differences between the ERP as a topic and the Mobile ERP as a topic are described. We have used out data versus the data from Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) which is the paper which lead to our own topics.

Category Authors

The Mobile ERP Tool, continued

Péter & Fuzesi, 2008;Schimitzek, 2006; Talasila & Kommineni, 2011; Yaptenco, 2006; Zutshi, 2012

Mobile ERP and sup-ply chain management

Hakala, 2010; Le & Zhang, 2009

Studying Mobile ERP Basole, 2007

Mobile ERP and edu-cation

No articles

The Mobile ERP mar-ket and industry

Bečejski-Vujaklija, 2011; Fernandes, 2010; Jayadevan & Mishra, 2011; Kenedy, 2002

Other Alahuhta, Ahola & Hakala, 2005; Chan, Baker & Chevallier, 2006; Chen, 2011; Choi, Kim & Kim, 2001; Hassan, 2004; Karstädt, Möllmann, Pinno & Vollmer, 2004; Mills, Prat, Zangl, Stager, Neville & Werker, 2004; Mitreva, & Filiposki, 2012; Paukkunen, 2012; Rispens & Krikhaar, 2010; Sadeh, 2002; Shao, 2012; Sissonen, 2002; Su, Prabhu, Chu & Gadh, 2005; Teuteberg & Loutchko, 2005; Vaajakallio, 2012; Zhao, Feng, & Yue, 2010; Zheng, 2007; Zola & Barceló, 2004

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Table 5-2 Comparison of number of publications in each topic of the research framework

The number of publications is a lot smaller our numbers are 104 versus the 886 form the Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) paper but the similarities are that as in our paper the most important topics with the most search hits are implementation, optimisation, the Management aspect and the aspect of the tool.

Even though the Schlichter and Kraemmergaard (2010) paper has only the time frame from 2000 to 2009, the field of ERP starts almost at the same time as the computers, in 1960s, having around 50 years to develop and for publications to be written and re written and improved over the years. If we take this into consideration and adapt it to our topic, we can conclude that in a couple of more years, the topic of Mobile ERP will become al-most as big as the main field of ERP.

Taking all this in consideration we can say that we have uncovered the topics or themes that are relevant to the topic of Mobile ERP and also which was the evolution of the topic and the relevant topics. And also in the following paragraph we will resume some of the core issues and concept we found important to the topic of Mobile ERP.

Under the “implementation of mobile ERP” topic, challenges and problems related to mo-bile ERP implementation, actions related to that and success factors are discussed. For the topic of optimisation of mobile ERP, the articles more concern the benefits, advantages and achievements of adopting mobile ERP by an enterprise. In “the mobile ERP tool” top-ic, the articles mostly concern the architecture and the integration of different ERP systems and the challenges related to business integration. The category of “management and mo-bile ERP issues” is more about the managerial issues related to adopting mobile ERP, as well as organizational changes. Maintenance of this system and activities related to that are also considered under this topic. For the issues related to the “studying mobile ERP” topic, theoretical work has been done to explore a mobile enterprise and provided suggestions for further theoretical and empirical research. The topic “mobile ERP and supply chain man-agement” focuses on issues related to logistics such as the importance of mobility in lo-gistic section and the integration of these two systems. The articles under the topic of “mobile ERP and market and industry” more focus on the market demands, different ven-dors of mobile ERP systems and the involving of these vendors in the market and also the

Categories for Mo-bile ERP

Implementation of Mobile ERP

Management and Mobile ERP issues

Mobile ERP and Supply Chain Man-agement

Optimisation of Mobile ERP Other

Mobile ERP and education

Studying Mobile ERP

The mobile ERP Market and In-dustry

The Mobile ERP Tool

Total results

Results for Mo-bile ERPs 10 5 2 15 21 0 1 4 46 104

Categories for ERP

Implementation of ERP

Managing and ERP systems

ERP and Supply Chain Man-agement

Optimisation of ERP Other Education

How to study ERP

ERP market and in-dustry

The ERP Tool

Results for ERP 262 150 61 174 14 30 13 58 124 886

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geographic areas. The last topic, “other”, includes articles that are very general but related to ERP mobility and also articles that are not relevant to the mobile ERP topic. Issues such as different dimensions of wireless applications, mobile task model, the nature of mobile work and so on are considered in this topic category.

5.2 Further research In further studies an analysis of the publications that we didn’t not have access to might change the overall picture of the topic and also if the other languages will be taken into ac-count. In the appendix can be found a list of the publications that we could not gain access which might be important for a future researcher.

Also widening the search to other databases can improve or change the view over topic. In our research we have discovered that when it comes to mobile ERP using just the exact syntax is very restrictive, term can be extended to mobile application for business, or busi-ness applications, CRM application, or other terms that relate to any software that is used in an enterprise system, because what apply for other mobile applications or enterprise software can apply also to mobile ERP and those added information can be useful for both a research but also for developers. Some of the materials that were found for Mobile ERP were quite technical starting with patens but also for quite explicit architecture related pub-lications.

Another suggestion would be including also non peer-review scientific publications because the amount of data is quite a lot bigger than the peer review data.

For the future there can also be added further correlations or criteria’s like the discipline, type of methodology, journals in which the publications were published, authors, etc. but this will become relevant only after the topic fully developed.

For further studies some questions that would be worth to study would be: what are the implications of implementing Mobile ERP software in a business environment? And can Mobile ERP software be used in SMEs? And also what is the current stated of Mobile ERP in the business world in a specific region?

After reviewing the selected publications in early mentioned databases, we found some knowledge gaps that needed to be investigated more as future work in Mobile ERP con-text. We gathered the most important further work needed in this topic as follow:

According to the databases we have used, we found that there is an obvious knowledge gap in studying the “Mobile ERP and education” category, because still no researches are con-ducted in this part. Also in the category of “Studying Mobile ERP”, more work is necessary to be done.

One of the important issues regarding further research in Mobile ERP context is related to the system architecture. As the industry professionals predict the big trend toward wireless applications in near future, organizations require new and effective system architecture to make it possible for users to access the required information on time because mobility ena-bles enterprises to get the strategic business advantage of doing business in real time with diminished latency.

More research on Web Service architecture is required, as a Mobile ERP solution can be based on this architecture. Web Services help to integrate diverse types of systems and are

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able to play the part of a universal Application Programming Interface which does not need any other protocol than the Internet protocols.

The next found issue is related to four-tier architecture that further research in this direc-tion seems to be required. This issue relates to the process of storing the XML documents produced last on an application server in a similar way as in a cache. This way it would be a more efficient solution. Another limitation is related to the Content Extraction Engine, an integration of comprehensive context models is necessary to be further researched. The is-sue is that the context framework encompasses only the basic information transported in the HTTP headers and this is a limitation.

The result of the paper is a literature review of “Mobile ERP” and an analysis of the topics’ evolution using the nine topic categories selected in our framework which will show the evolution of the topic. It also includes some suggestions for further studies that we have gathered from the publications that were analysed but also suggestions of our own since we did not find publications on some subject that we think might be of an interest for future researchers.

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64

Appendices

6 Appendix 1 Appendix number 1 contain all the data hits that we have had access to and which are in-cluded in the analysis. They are listed by the databases in which they were found.

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Chan, P., Baker, K. R. & Chevallier, Ch. (2006). WCDMA (UMTS) Deployment Handbook: Planning and Optimization Aspects. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

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65

Appendices

Choi, S., Kim, J. & Kim, H. (2001). Mobile Internet: Korea. Retrieved October, 2012, from http://www.mobilejava.co.kr/bbs/temp/cldcboard/summary.pdf

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Octavian, D., Fotache, D., Munteanu, B. A. & Hurbean, L. (2008). Mobile enterprise re-source planning: new technology horizons. Communications of the IBIMA, 1(11), 91-97.

Feng, X., Peng, Y., Xie, H. & Hou, Y. (2011). A ubiquitous enterprise performance man-agement model for performance centered business activity, WMSCI 2011 - The 15th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Proceedings, 346-351

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Frank, L. & Pedersen, R. U. (2012b). Integrated distributed/mobile logistics management. In Hameurlain, Abdelkader; Küng, Josef; Wagner, Roland (editors) Transactions on Large-Scale Data-and Knowledge-Centered Systems V. (p. 206-221). Berlin: Spring-er Heidelberg.

Frank, L. & Pedersen, R. U. (2011). Integration Architecture between the Internet of Things and ERP Modules. Retrieved October, 2012, from https://blog.itu.dk/.../production-control-in-internet-of-things-130328

García Trujillo, A. (2013). Rediseño CIS-CRM Sport City. Retrieved March, 2013, from http://hdl.handle.net/2238/2894

Gronau, N. (2010). Software as a service, cloud computing und mobile Technologien. Berlin: GITO mbH Verlag.

Gronau, N. (2011). Wirtschaftliche Geschäftsprozesse durch mobile ERP-Systeme. Berlin: GITO mbH Verlag.

Gronau, N. (2013a). Wirtschaftlichkeit. ERP Management 1/2013, p.47. Gronau, N. (2013b). Big Data. ERP Management 2/2013, p.20. Gronau, N., & Eggert, S. (2013). 123 ERP-Systeme im Vergleich. Berlin: GITO mbH Verlag. Hagedorn, S. (2012). Konzepte für Mehrmandantenfähigkeit von Komplexen iOS-apps. Retrieved

March, 2013, from http://www.rn.inf.tu-

66

Appendices

dres-den.de/uploads/Studentische_Arbeiten/Belegarbeit_Hagedorn_Sebastian.pdf

Li Haili, B. X. (2008). Study of the Models of the Mobile Business Promoting the Business Information-ization Development. Retrieved October, 2012, from http://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload/product/200911/2008qyjjhy10a17.pdf

Hailu, A. & Rahman, S. Sh. (2012). Evaluation of Key Success Factors Influencing ERP Implementation Success. Services (SERVICES), 2012 IEEE Eighth World Con-gress on, 88-91.

Hakala, J. (2010). TAMK Logistics Innovation Laboratory: Project Logivo. Retrieved October, 2012, from https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/24690

Hammarström, R. (2011). Åtkomst till affärssystem i mobila enheter-För-och nackdelar. PhD diss., Mid Sweden University.

Hartmann, C. (2006). Enterprise Resource Planning. Retrieved October, 2012, from http://www.acidum.de/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/enterprise_resource_planning_presentation.pdf

Hassan, F. (2004). Economic Briefing To the Penang State Government. Penang Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute 6(4).

Henke, S., Karstädt, D., Möllmann, K.P., Pinno, F. & Vollmer, M. (2004). Identification and suppression of thermal reflections in infrared thermal imaging. Retrieved October, 2012, from http://www.fh-brandenburg.de/~piweb/mitarbeiter/papers/Inframation_Polarization.pdf

Homann, M. (2011). Modeling mobile ERP applications using a domain-specific language. 11th Workshop on Information Systems and Services Sciences, 125-129.

Hussain, N. (2008). Unwired Enterprise Systems Report/IT University of Göteborg. Report no. 2007:111.

Intelligence, B. (2011). Sage ERP MAS 90 Online. Sage, 800, 854-3415.4

Iqbal, I. (2013). Development of a Generic Integration Layerfor an ERP system. (Student paper). Linköpings universitet.

Jankowska, A. M. & Kurbel, K. (2005). Service-Oriented Architecture Supporting Mobile Access to an ERP System. Wirtschaftsinformatik 2005, 371-390.

Kaminskiy, A. (2012). Financial Supply Chain Management: Aktuelle IT-Lösungen, Optimierungspo-tenziale und Trends. Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur.

Kawalkar, A. N. (2011). Alphanumeric keypad arrangement for handheld devices. U.S. Patent Ap-plication 13/019,356.

Kurbel, K. (2005). Produktionsplanung und-steuerung im Enterprise-Resource-Planning und Supply-Chain-Management. Berlin: Oldenbourg Verlag.

Kurbel, K., Dabkowski, A. & Jankowska, A. M. (2003). A Multi-tier Architecture for Mo-bile Enterprise Resource Planning. Wirtschaftsinformatik (1), 75-94.

4 Reference quoted from the database

67

Appendices

Kurbel, K., Jankowska, A. M. & Dabkowski, A. (2005). Architecture for multi-channel en-terprise resource planning system. Proceeding of 2nd IFIP Working Conference on Mobile Information Systems, 191, 245-259.

Le Chengyi, R. Z. (2009). Research on implementation path and strategies of enterprise's mobile informatization. Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Web In-formation Systems and Applications (WISA'09) Nanchang, PR China, May 22-24, 41-50.

Leung, T. S. (2007). Institutionalisation of ERP extension for collaborative engineering and logistics ser-vices in aircraft maintenance industry. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Lo, T. C. H. & Gutiérrez, J. (2007). Network. Quality. of. Service. for. Enterprise. Re-source. Planning. Systems. Business Data Communications and Networking : A Re-search Perspective, 68-103.

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Mika, L., Pieskä, S., Pitkäaho, T. & Tervonen, J.(2009). Ambient intelligence in mobile field work. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference and Workshop on Ambient Intelli-gence and Embedded Systems.

Mills, D. L., Prat, C., Zangl, R., Stager, C. L., Neville, H. J. & Werker, J. F. (2004). Lan-guage experience and the organization of brain activity to phonetically similar words: ERP evidence from 14-and 20-month-olds. Journal of Cognitive Neurosci-ence 16(8), 1452-1464.

Mitreva, E. & Filiposki, O. (2012). TQM approach in the projection of e-governance in business within the Macedonian governmental institutions. In IV International Scientific Conference, June 2012, Sozopol.

Ng, C. S. P. (2009). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Maintenance Metrics for Man-agement. In Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technolo-gy, Second Edition, (p.1392-1397), Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.

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Payne, G. & Fitch, T. R. (2010). Mobile device having hybrid keypad. U.S. Patent Application 12/693,934.

Pousttchi, K. & Thurnher, B. (2006). Usage of mobile technologies to support business processes. Wireless Communication and Information. 101-120.

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Schmeck, E. (2011). Der Einsatz mobiler Geschäftsprozesse auf mobilen Endgeräten, insbesondere im Hinblick auf den betriebswirtschaftlichen Nutzen. Munchen: GRIN Verlag.

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Uwizeyemungu, S., & Raymond, L. (2012). Impact of an ERP system’s capabilities upon the realisation of its business value: a resource-based perspective. Information Technology and Management, 13(2), 69-90.

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Vaajakallio, K. (2012). Design games as a tool, a mindset and a structure. Retrieved March, 2013, from https://www.taik.fi/kirjakauppa/images/3d992250406635fa332bb836e8c8d0ea.pdf

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Willis-Hillman, T., & Willis-Brown, A. H. (2002). Extending the value of ERP. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 102(1), 35-38.

Yaptenco, E. (2006). Enterprise Integration for Developers. Retrieved October, 2012, from http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/devsummit06/papers/enterprise.pdf

Zhao, L., Feng, J., & Yue, W. T. (2010). Co-development of Software and Community Formation. The Fourth China Summer Workshop on Information Management, 75

Zola, E., & Barceló, F. (2004). Planning the base station layout in UMTS urban scenarios: A simulation approach to coverage and capacity estimation. Telecommunications and Networking-ICT 2004, 932-941.

Zutshi, A. (2012). Future of ERP. Infosys Labs Briefings, 10(1), 61-66. Ouyang, S. Zh., Deng, Ch. Y., & Liu, Y. Sh. (2009) mobile middleware integrated ERP sys-

tem design and implementation initiatives. Application Research of Comput-ers, 26 (12). In Chinese: 欧阳素珍, 邓成玉, and 刘永山. (2009). 移动 ERP 系统中集成中间件的设计与实现倡. 计算机应用研究 26 (12).

Li, Z., Feng, X. M., Xiaohua, F. & Bole, Sh. (2003). study and design of mobile agent ERP Computer Science 10 (10). In Chinese: 张谧, 谢闽峰, 樊小华, and 施伯乐. (2003). ERP 移动代理的研究与设计. 计算机科学10(10).

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Jixiang, L. & Long, W. (2011). Design and implementation of load balancing 3G News Transfer System. In Chinese:李吉祥, and (2011). 王哲龙. 基于负载均衡的 3G 新闻传输系统的设计和实现.

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Science Direct:

Zheng, P. & Ni, L. (2006). Mobile Application Challenges. Smart Phone and Next Generation Mobile Computing. 407-512.

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Business premier

Flinders, K. (2007). Mobile ERP slashes order process time for Rentokil, Computer Weekly, p. 5.

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Scopus

Feng, X., Peng, Y., Xie, H. & Hou, Y. (2011). A ubiquitous enterprise performance man-agement model for performance centered business activity, WMSCI 2011 - The 15th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Proceedings, 346-351

Frank, L. & Pedersen, R.U. 2013, "Implementation of relaxed ACID properties for distrib-uted load management in the electrical power industry", Proceedings of the 7th In-ternational Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, ICUIMC 2013.

Frank, L. & Pedersen, R. U. (2012). Integrated distributed/mobile logistics management. In Hameurlain, Abdelkader; Küng, Josef; Wagner, Roland (editors) Transactions on Large-Scale Data-and Knowledge-Centered Systems V. (p. 206-221). Berlin: Springer Heidelberg.

Frank, L. & Senthil Kumar, A.V. (2012). Architecture for mobile control functions in sup-plier deliveries for distributed integrated ERP modules. Proceedings of the 6th In-ternational Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, ICUIMC'12.

Hailu, A. & Rahman, S. Sh. (2012). Evaluation of Key Success Factors Influencing ERP Implementation Success. Services (SERVICES), 2012 IEEE Eighth World Con-gress on, 88-91.

Springer Link

Kurbel, K., Jankowska, A.M. & Dabkowski, A. (2005). Architecture for multi-channel en-terprise resource planning system. Proceeding of 2nd IFIP Working Conference on Mobile Information Systems, 191, 245-259.

Kurbel, K., Dabkowski, A. & Jankowska, A. M. (2003). A Multi-tier Architecture for Mo-bile Enterprise Resource Planning. Wirtschaftsinformatik, 1, 75-94.

Jankowska, A. M. & Kurbel, K. (2005). Service-Oriented Architecture Supporting Mobile Access to an ERP System. Wirtschaftsinformatik 2005, 371-390.

Frank, L. & Pedersen, R. U. (2012). Integrated distributed/mobile logistics management. In Hameurlain, Abdelkader; Küng, Josef; Wagner, Roland (editors) Transactions on Large-Scale Data-and Knowledge-Centered Systems V. (p. 206-221). Berlin: Springer Heidelberg.

Teuteberg, F. & Loutchko, I. (2005). FuzzyMAN: An Agent-based E-Marketplace with a Voice and Mobile User Interface. In Rainer Unland, Matthias Klusch, Monique Calisti (editors) Software Agent-Based Applications, Platforms and Development Kits, (p. 281-306). Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.

Uwizeyemungu, S. & Raymond, L. (2012). Impact of an ERP system’s capabilities upon the realisation of its business value: a resource-based perspective. Information Tech-nology and Management, 13(2), 69-90.

71

Appendices

Zola, E. & Barceló, F. (2004). Planning the base station layout in UMTS urban scenarios: A simulation approach to coverage and capacity estimation. Telecommunications and Networking-ICT 2004, 932-941.

ABI INFORM

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Uwizeyemungu, S. & Raymond, L. (2012). Impact of an ERP system’s capabilities upon the realisation of its business value: a resource-based perspective. Information Tech-nology and Management, 13(2), 69-90.

Willis Hillman, T. & Willis-Brown, A. H. (2002). Extending the value of ERP. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 102 (1), 35-38.

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Emerald

Willis Hillman, T. & Willis-Brown, A. H. (2002). Extending the value of ERP. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 102 (1), 35-38.

Web of Science

Kurbel, K., Jankowska, A.M. & Dabkowski, A. (2005). Architecture for multi-channel en-terprise resource planning system. Proceeding of 2nd IFIP Working Conference on Mobile Information Systems, 191, 245-259.

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Appendices

7 Appendix 2

In appendix 2, we list the data hits we could not gain access to in fulltext but which are in-cluded in order to give an image of what was not analyzed for future researchers.

List of articles we couldn’t access in Scopus:

Dospinescu, O., Fotache, D., Munteanu, B.A. & Hurbean, L. (2008). ERP trends - Mobile applications and portal, ICEIS 2008 - Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, p. 425.

Feng, X., Peng, Y., Xie, H. & Sha, A. (2012). A value-added business performance man-agement system with adaptive ubiquitous technologies, International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology, 4(14), 26-34.

Frank, L. (2011). Countermeasures against consistency anomalies in distributed integrated databases with relaxed ACID properties, International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology, IIT 2011, (p. 266).

Frank, L. (2010). Architecture for integrated mobile logistics management and control, 2nd International Conference on Information Technology Convergence and Services, ITCS 2010.

Gu, J. N. & Li, G. J. (2011). Study on the Data Stream Mining and its Application Facing the Mobile Environment. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 43, 695-698.

He, T., Lu, H. & Xu, X. (2007). Research on the key technology of mobile ERP, Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (New Series), 14(4), 480-484.

Massoth, M. & Paulus, D. (2008). Mobile acquisition of sales operations based on a Black-Berry infrastructure with connection to an inventory and ERP management system, Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Mobile Ubiquitous Compu-ting, Systems, Services and Technologies, UBICOMM 2008, p. 413.

Tao, J. & Chen, X. (2010). Web service based enterprise mobile information system, Pro-ceedings of 2nd International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Secu-rity, MINES 2010, p. 320.

Xu, X., He, T. & Zhan, D. (2007). Technology and application of mobile enterprise re-source planning, Jisuanji Jicheng Zhizao Xitong/Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, CIMS, 13(10), 1964-1969.

Zhang, M., Wu, A., Shen, Z. & Shi, B. (2004). Design and realization of mobile-ERP agent model, Jisuanji Gongcheng/Computer Engineering, 30(14), 53.

List of articles we couldn’t access in Springer link:

Cho, N. (2013). The use of smart mobile equipment for the innovation in organizational coordination (pp. 1-36). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Dai, Y., Montero, C. S., Kakkonen, T., Nasiri, M., Sutinen, E., Kim, M. & Savolainen, T. (2013). TrustAider–Enhancing Trust in e-Leadership. Business Information Sys-tems, 157. (pp. 26-37). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Fernandes, S. (2010). Business Intelligence and Contribution of Entrepreneurial Infor-mation Architecture. ENTERprise Information Systems (p. 73-82). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

74

Appendices

Hanhart, D. (2008). Mobile Computing und RFID im Facility Management. (p. 133-205) Springer.

Harnisch, S. & Buxmann, P. (2013). Evaluating Cloud Services Using Methods of Supplier Selection. Business Information Systems (p. 1-13). Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Homann, M., Wittges, H. & Krcmar, H. (2013). Towards User Interface Patterns for ERP Applications on Smartphones. Business Information Systems (p. 14-25). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Schwarzer, J. & Rogge, R. (2006). Anwendungen. In W. Lassmann (Ed.). Wirtschaftsinforma-tik: Nachschlagewerk für Studium und Praxis (p. 447-500). Springer.

Schwarzer, J. & Rogge, R. (2006). Anwendungen. In W. Lassmann (Ed.). Wirtschaftsinforma-tik: Nachschlagewerk für Studium und Praxis (p. 447-500). Springer.

Turowski, K. & Pousttchi, D. K. K. (2004). Anwendungsbereiche des MC. Mobile Commerce (p. 177-199). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Turowski, K. & Pousttchi, D. K. K. (2004). Sicherheitsaspekte. Mobile Commerce (p. 99-127). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

List of articles we couldn’t access in Web of science:

Dabkowski, A. & Jankowska, A. M. (2003). Comprehensive framework for mobile ERP system. Proceedings of 14th international workshop on database and expert systems appli-cations, 890-894.

Dospinescu, O., Fotache, D. & Munteanu, B. A. (2008). ERP Trends Mobile Applications and Portal. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on enterprise information sys-tem, VOL DISI: databases and information systems integration, 425-428.

Gu, J. N. & Li, G. J. (2011). Study on the Data Stream Mining and Its Application Facing the Mobile Environment. Advances in Mechatronics Technology, 43, 695-698.

Wan Ping, W., (2009). Mobile OA system research and design based on 3G. Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Distributed computing and applications to business, engi-neering and science, 364-366.

List of articles we couldn’t access ACM Digital Library:

Frank, L. & Kumar, A. V. S. (2012). Architecture for mobile control functions in supplier deliveries for distributed integrated ERP modules. In Proceedings of the 6th Inter-national Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (ICUIMC ‘12). ACM, New York, NY, USA.

Frank, L. & Pedersen, R. U. (2013). Implementation of relaxed ACID properties for dis-tributed load management in the electrical power industry. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (ICUIMC ‘13). ACM, New York, NY, USA.

Kim, J. M., Lee, E., & Oh, M. K. (2009). Evaluation of group communication quality over WiBro for ship building environment. Proceedings of the 2009 International Confer-ence on Hybrid Information Technology (ICHIT ‘09), 594-597. ACM, New York, NY, USA.

75

Appendices

List of articles we couldn’t access Google scholar:

Ahmed, S. N., & Constantinou, P. (1983). A mobile interference model into UHF televi-sion reveivers. Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, 32(2), 206-208.

Anordnung zur Nutzung von ERP-Systemen auf vorzugsweise mobilen Endgeräten. (2006). German Patent DE202005020364.

Assad, A., & Rosa, N. (2008).Device Middleware for Heterogeneous Access to Java Ser-vices. Advanced Information Networking and Applications-Workshops, 2008. AINAW 2008. 22nd International Conference on, 211-216.

Bernroider, E. W. N. & Stix, V. (2004). Enrichment of a Utility Ranking Methods Using Data Envelopment Analysis-A Case Study of an ERP Selection Problem. In Innovations Through Information Technology: Proceedings of the 2004 Information Re-sources Management Association International Conference. New Orleans, LA. USA.

Byanjankar, S., Winoto, P. & Paik, W. (2010). On the SaaS servers and their service-selection strategies. Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management (NCM), 2010 Sixth International Conference on, 440-445.

Capek, C. M., Grossi, G., Newman, A. J., McBurney, S. L., Corina, D., Roeder, B., & Ne-ville, H. J. Brain systems mediating semantic and syntactic processing in deaf native signers: Biological invariance and modality specificity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106.

Cha, S., Du, W. & Kurz, B. J. (2010). Middleware framework for disconnection tolerant mobile application services. Communication Networks and Services Research Confer-ence (CNSR), 2010 Eighth Annual, 334-340.

Chao, P. X. L. L. L. (2003). Research on Integration of Mobile Computing and ERP. Com-puter Engineering and Applications, 24.

Chen, L. T. & Wei, C. C. (2008). Collaborative marketing and procurement planning for decaying items with IFS and SFI retail systems. International Conference on Business and Information.

Cheng-hao, H. U. & Min-yu, Y. (2010). Study and Application Based on BOM of Routing. Coal Technology, 11.

Cho, N. (2013). The use of smart mobile equipment for the innovation in organizational coordination. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Cudzilo, D. H. (2011). Portable data terminal with integrated flashlight. European Patent EP 2397967.

Dabkowski, A. & Jankowska, A. M. (2003). Comprehensive framework for mobile ERP system. Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2003. Proceedings. 14th Interna-tional Workshop on, 890-894.

Dąbkowski, A., Jankowska, A. M. & Jankowska, B. (2003). Content Adaptation and Locali-zation Aspects of Mobile ERP Applications. Prace Naukowe Akademii Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu, 986, 398-407.

76

Appendices

Dai, W., Wang, J., Geng, Z. & Zhang, G. (2003). Method of Using Lightweight Compo-nent to Solve the Performance Problem of Traditional Components. Computer Engineering, 5.

Denton, S. & Zavidniak, P. (2008). Analysis of a right-hand circular polarized conventional antenna system for high altitude airborne cellular base stations. Sensors Applica-tions Symposium, 182-186.

Dougall, R. (2002). EAM: a measure of control. Pharmaceutical Visions, 50-54.

ERP, A. D. O. M. (2004). An Architechural Approach. Innovations Through Information Tech-nology: Proceedings of the 2004 Information Resources Management Association Interna-tional Conference. 1, 324, New Orleans, LA, IGI Global.

Du, R. (2009). Research and Implementation of ERP systems based on J2ME/J2EE move. Science Technology and Engineering. 9(5), 1272-1276. (杜锐. "基于 J2ME/J2EE 移动 ERP 系统的研究与实现." 科学技术与工程 9(5), 1272-1276.)

Fang, X. X. W. (2009). Integration of Heterogeneous Databases Based on XML And B/S Model. Microcomputer Information, 30.

Frank, L. & Kumar, A. V. (2012). Architecture for mobile control functions in supplier de-liveries for distributed integrated ERP modules. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication.

Frank, L. & Pedersen, R. U. (2013). Implementation of relaxed ACID properties for dis-tributed load management in the electrical power industry. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication.

Frank, L. (2010). Architecture for Integrated Mobile Logistics Management and Control. Information Technology Convergence and Services (ITCS), 2010 2nd International Confer-ence on. 1-5. IEEE.

Frank, L. (2008). Architecture for Mobile ERP Systems. 412-415.

Frank, L. (2011). Countermeasures against consistency anomalies in distributed integrated databases with relaxed ACID properties. Innovations in Information Technology (IIT), 2011 International Conference on, 266-270. IEEE.

Gimsohyeong. (2005). Gangwon-education linkages with local industry - Focusing on man-agement- Accounting. Business Education and Research, 10, 193-208. (김소형. 강원도 지역의 산업발전과 교육연계방안-경영· 회계 분야를 중심으로.상업교육연구, 10, 193-208.)

Gu, J. N., & Li, G. J. (2011). Study on the Data Stream Mining and its Application Facing the Mobile Environment. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 43, 695-698.

Gwonsunuk. (2010). FrameWork based mobile smartphones Study on the Construction of an ERP system. Proceedings of the Architectural Institute of Korea structural system, 26(10), 123-130. (권순욱. 스마트폰 기반의 모바일 ERP 시스템 Frame-Work 구축에 관한 연구. 大韓建築學會論文集 構造系, 26(10), 123-130.)

Han, T. (2011). Design of mobile commerce system based on integration of ERP and mo-bile communication platform. Computer Engineering and Design, 32(4), 1178-1181.

Han, T. (2011). Design of mobile commerce system based on integration of ERP and mo-bile communication platform. Computer Engineering and Design, 32(4), 1178-1181.

77

Appendices

He, T., Lu, H. & Xu, X. F. (2007a). Research on the key technology of mobile ERP. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (哈尔滨工业大学学报), 14(4).

He, T., Lu, H. & Xu, X. F. (2007b). Research on the key technology of mobile ERP. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (哈尔滨工业大学学报), 4.

Hegazy, A. E. A., El-Battah, M. & Kadry, M. (2012). Fuzzy-Based Framework for Enter-prise Resource Planning System Selection. Computer Theory and Applications (ICCTA), 22nd International Conference on, 139-147.

Homann, M. (2010). Design Patterns for Enterprise Resource Planning Application User Interfaces on Mobile Devices. 6th Workshop on Information Systems and Services Sci-ences, (p. 139).

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