Whatstandardarewefocusingontoday?StandardH.B.6Thestudentwilldemonstratean

understandingthatecosystemsarecomplex,interactivesystemsthatincludebothbiologicalcommunitiesand

physicalcomponentsoftheenvironment.

SPECIFICALLY,ABIOTICandBIOTICfactors.

PrinciplesofEcology

•Ecology – studyofrelationshipsbetweenlivingandnonliving partsoftheworld

•ErnstHaeckel(1866)– firsttousethewordtonamethestudyofhoworganismsfitintotheirenvironment

PartsoftheEnvironment

•Bioticfactors– allthelivingorganismsthatinhabittheenvironment

•Abioticfactors– non-living partsofanorganism’senvironment•Aircurrents,temperature,moisture,light,soil

EcosystemRequirements

•#1- ContinuoussupplyofEnergy•#2– Aflow ofenergyfromonepopulationtoanother

LevelsofOrganization

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Biome

Nichevs.Habitatvs.Ecosystem

Ecosystem – alltheorganisms inagivenareaandtheabiotic factorsthataffectthem(ecosystem=interactionoflivingandnonlivingthings).Habitat – place anorganismlivesoutitslifeNiche– role andposition aspecieshasinitsenvironment

• Includesallbiotic andabiotic interactionsasanorganismmeetsitsneedsforsurvival

• Iftwospeciesarecompetingforthesameniche,onewillmostlikelydrive theotheroutandtakecontrol oftheniche.

Whatisyourniche?

Niches Further ExplainedThe range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species what it needs to survive and reproduce.

Analogy 1:A habitat is like the species’ “address”and the niche is like the species’ecological “occupation”—where and how it “makes a living.”

Analogy 2:A sports team is the species “habitat.” The niche is like the position an athlete plays in a team sport. (i.e. the role a player in a given position fulfills for the team, the physical space the player occupies, and how the player interacts with teammates and competitors)

ToleranceTolerance: the range of external conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce

Nosurvival

Nosurvival

OrganismInteractions

1. Immigration/emigration2. Competition3. Mutualism– bothspeciesbenefit4. Commensalism– onebenefits,theotheris

notaffected5. Parasitism– onebenefits,oneisharmed6. Predator-preyrelationships7. Interdependence

Immigration/Emigration

Competition

When organisms attempt to use the same limited ecological resources in the same place at the same time.

Intraspecific: between members of the same species

Interspecific: between members of different species

Competitive Exclusion PrincipleNo two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.

Dividing Resources

Sprucetree

Cape May Warbler

Bay-breasted Warbler

Yellow-rumped Warbler

Competition creates pressure for each species to specialize the way that it uses resources to survive and reproduce.

Keystone Species A keystone species is a single species that is vital to ecosystem stability.

In the kelp forests on the Pacific Coast, sea otters prey on sea urchins. Urchins eat the kelp.

A century ago, otters were nearly eliminated by hunting. Unexpectedly, the kelp forest nearly vanished.

WHY?: Without otters as predators, sea urchin populations skyrocketed. Armies of urchins devoured kelp down to bare rock. Without kelp to provide habitat, many other animals, including seabirds, disappeared.

WHAT HAPPENED? Otters became an endangered species & their population recovered. Kelp forests began to thrive again.

Symbiosis: MutualismA relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Clownfish and sea anemones help each other survive.

When a clownfish is threatened by a predator, it seeks shelter in the tentacles that would kill or paralyze most other fish.

If an anemone-eating species tries to attack their living home, the clownfish dart out and fiercely chase away fish many times their size.

Symbiosis: Commensalism

A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Example: Barnacles often attach themselves to a whale’s skin. The barnacles benefit from the constant movement of water (food particles) along the whale. The barnacles do not harm or benefit the whale.

Symbiosis: ParasitismA relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it

Leech with human host

Predator-Prey Relationships

Onepredator-preycycle

Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community i.e. birds of prey can play an important role in regulating the population sizes of mice, voles, and other small mammals.

Interdependence

Vocabulary Review

Keystone species

Parasitism

Competitive exclusion principle

Tolerance

Interspecific competition

Herbivory

No two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time

The ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental conditions

One species benefits while harming another

Between members of different species

A single species vital to ecosystem stability

An interaction in which one animal feeds on producers

Biomes• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIy0ZlyPPDg• TheDesertBiomes:TheyaretheHotandDryDeserts,SemiAridDeserts,CoastalDesertsandColdDeserts.

• TheAquaticBiomes:Aquaticbiomesaregroupedintotwo,FreshwaterBiomes(lakesandponds,riversandstreams,wetlands)andMarineBiomes(oceans,coralreefsandestuaries).

• TheForestBiomes:TherearethreemainbiomesthatmakeupForestBiomes.ThesearetheTropicalRainforest,TemperateandBorealForests(alsocalledtheTaiga)

• TheGrasslandBiomes:Therearetwomaintypesofgrasslandbiomes:theSavannaGrasslandsandtheTemperateGrasslands.

• TheTundraBiomes: Therearetwomajortundrabiomes—TheArticTundraandtheAlpineTundra.