Standard:7. Identify on a map places related to the historic

events studied and explain their significance10. Analyze how culture has contributed to

cooperation and conflict within and between regions of the world

14. Demonstrate knowledge of the development of Imperialism

24. Explain the different methods countries use to resolve conflicts– Diplomacy– Treaties– Military involvement

37. Identify the relationships the United States has with major countries and how these affect foreign and economic policies

America As A World Power

Imperialism

• Building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations

Reasons for Imperialism

• A source of raw materials and new markets

• Reduced competition

• A duty to spread religion and culture

• Between 1870 and 1914, European nations controlled most of Africa and southern Asia

Two Mindsets in America

Isolationism Expansionism

Isolationism

Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries.

“steer clear of permanent alliances”-- George Washington

Expansionism

America should press westward and extend its national boundaries.

The United States is a “rising empire”-- George Washington

Samoa• The United

States, Germany, and Great Britain wanted control of Samoa

• The United States and Germany split Samoa

William Seward

• 1867– Persuade

d Congress to annex Midway

“Seward’s Folly”• 1867 - Seward

bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million– Twice the

size of Texas, for two cents an acre

• Many felt it foolish to buy such a barren land

•Alaska was rich in timber, copper and gold

• today it is an important source of petroleum and natural gas.

Hawaii

• 1820’s – the first

American missionaries arrived •To convert Hawaiians to Christianity

– They raised sugarcane• 1875 – signed a treaty to allow

Hawaiian sugar to be shipped duty-free to the U.S.

• Later American planters arrived, built plantations, gained power

• Forced the Hawaiian king to write a new Hawaiian constitution

– Known as the Bayonet Constitution•Granted more power to the planters

Queen Liliuokalani (lih lee oo oh kah LAH nee)

• Resented the power of American planters

• Proposed a new constitution– To return power

to the monarchy

• 1893 – The planters revolted – The Ambassador

called for Marine protection

– They toppled the Queen

– Formed a new government

• In 1898 Congress voted to annex the Hawaiian Islands

“Our interference in the Hawaiian Revolution in 1893 was a disgrace… I am ashamed…”

-- Grover Cleveland

•Hawaii became a territory in 1900, then a state in 1959.

America and Foreign Trade

• We traded with Europe, China, and the Philippines.

• For hundreds of years Japan had closed its doors

• The U.S. wanted to open trade with Japan before Europeans arrived

Matthew Perry

• 1853 – Perry was sent to Japan by President Millard Fillmore

• Japanese ordered him to leave

Opening Trade with Japan

• In 1845 Perry returned to Japan with seven warships

• The presence of U.S. power persuaded Japanese officials to open trade with the U.S.

• 1894 to 1895 Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War– Gained territory, trading

privileges

Japan Becomes a World Power

• 1904 - Japan attacked Russian forces in China

• President Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate a peace treaty to end the Russo Japanese war

Spheres of Influence • Areas where

foreign nations controlled resources

• Germany, Great Britain, France, Japan, and Russia all took control of areas within China

•The United States feared it would be barred from trading in China.

Open Door Policy

• Secretary of State John Hay urged an “Open Door Policy” in China– Any nation

could trade in the “spheres of influence” of other nations

The Boxer Rebellion

• 1900 – Some Chinese (called Boxers) were opposed to foreign influence in China

• They attacked foreigners in China

• 200 foreigners were killed

• An international army entered China and crushed the rebellion

A New World Power

• Some nations saw the rebellion as an excuse to seize more land

• Hay urged China independence• Other nations agreed

–The US gains influence in world affairs

•Review–Pg 696 1a-c, 2a-c,3a-c

Competition of Newspapers

Joseph Pulitzer and

William Randolph Hearst

• In fierce competition for readers

Yellow JournalismYellow JournalismWriting sensational stories, often

biased or untrue, printed to sell newspapers

Spanish American War

•http://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war#the-confederacys-last-stand

Spain in the Caribbean

– They burned sugar cane fields and mills, and moved ½ million Cubans into detention camps•100,000 or more Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease

• Spain controlled Cuba and Puerto Rico

• 1868 - the Cubans rebelled

Sinking of the Maine

• Fighting broke out in Havana

• McKinley sent the Maine to protect American Citizens

• Feb. 15, 1898– an explosion

ripped through the ship killing 266 sailors and officers

• The cause of the explosion remains a mystery

• Joseph Pulitzer’s World

• Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal

War Fever

Two American magazines compete to print stories

blaming Spain “Remember the

Maine” became a rallying cry

for angry Americans

President McKinley

• Requested $50 million to prepare for war

• Congress approved

• April 20 – Congress declares Cuba independent– Demanded

Spain to leave

Teller Amendment• Stated that the United States had no

interest in taking control of Cuba

• Spain responded by declaring war on the United States

On April 25, 1898 Congress declared war on Spain

Spanish-American War

• Lasted four months• Stretched to the

Philippine Islands

Philippines

• Attention was focused on Cuba, but

• Filipinos were also rebelling against Spanish rule

• When war was declared Commodore George Dewey sailed to Manila, the Spanish naval base

• At dawn he said, “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.”

• By noon, the Spanish fleet had been destroyed

•U.S. troops with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo took control of Manila, Capital of the Philippines

War in the Caribbean• The U.S. Army

landed 280,000 troops in Cuba– Without

enough rifles or bullets

– With woolen uniforms (in a tropical climate)

– 2,000 died of deadly diseases

– 400 were killed in battle

Theodore Roosevelt’s“Rough Riders”

• A group of volunteer soldiers

(Native Americans, college athletes, cowboys, miners, and ranchers)

• Stories of their heroism reached America

Santiago Bay

• American troops then landed on Spanish held Puerto Rico and claimed the island

• The Spanish Fleet was destroyed and Spain surrendered

Peace Treaty

• Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines are under U.S. control

Anti-Imperialist League

• A group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire– The treaty denied

self government to the people living in the territories

• John Hay: “It’s been a

splendid little war.”

•War veteran: “I was lucky – I survived.”

• U.S. allowed Cuba to write their own constitution, but . .

• Included the Platt Amendment – Limited Cuba’s right to make

treaties– Allowed the U.S. to intervene in

Cuban affairs– Required Cuba to sell land to the

U.S.•Guantanamo Bay

Cuba

Puerto Rico

• The U.S. made the island a territory

• Foraker Act of 1900– Established a

civil government in Puerto Ricans

• 1917 – the Jones Act gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship

• Another 30 years would pass before Puerto Ricans could elect their own governor

Philippines

•Spain surrendered the Philippines for $20 million

•Filipino rebels had expected independence–They helped the U.S. forces to capture Manila

•The U.S. decided to keep the islands

Filipino War for Independence

•Filipinos fought for their freedom, and lost

•Ruled similar to Puerto Rico, but no citizenship

•1946 - U.S. allowed Filipinos to govern themselves

•Review–Pg 702 1a&b, 2a&b

Panama Canal

•http://www.history.com/videos/guts--bolts-panama-canal---locks#guts--bolts-panama-canal---locks

President Theodore Roosevelt

• Determined to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama

Building the Panama Canal

• Between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

• A trip from west to east would be 8,000 shorter

• Would link naval fleets

Revolution in Panama

• The Isthmus of Panama was part of Columbia

• Columbia wouldn’t lease• Panama revolted against Columbia

and won– Became an independent country

•Roosevelt sent Hay to negotiate with Panama and offer –$10 million in cash, plus

–$250,000 a year rent

Challenges in Building the Canal

Challenges• Swamps

– Tropical diseases carried by mosquitoes•Malaria•Yellow fever

• Tropical heat• Heavy rainfall

Solutions– Drain swamps– Spray

insecticide and spread oil to kill mosquitoes

More Challenges

• 4,000 workers– Blasted through

mountains •Widened the river and created the largest artificial lake in the world

– Built up gigantic locks to raise and lower ships

How a Canal Lock Works

• http://gcaptain.com/miraflores-lock-panama-canal-timelapse-video/?2369

• http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/nature/how/canal-lock.asp

Opening the Canal

•The Panama Canal was finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914; it linked the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Benefits and Drawbacks

•Ship goods cheaply to South America and Asia

But . . .•Latin American nations were

bitter about how the U.S. gained control of the canal

Big Stick Diplomacy

“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

-- Theodore Roosevelt

• Meaning U.S. military force – to protect U.S. interests in Latin America

Europe and Latin America

• European banks made loans to Latin American countries

• Some refused to pay the debt

• Roosevelt wanted them to pay their debts, but– Did not want Europeans to

intervene in Latin America– It would violate the Monroe Doctrine

•Threaten U.S. power in the area

Roosevelt Corollary

• An addition to the Monroe Doctrine

• Warned that in cases of “wrongdoing” by Latin American countries, the United States might exercise “international police power.”

Dollar Diplomacy

• President William Howard Taft– “substitute

dollars for bullets.”

– Urged bankers to invest in Latin America

• Influencing governments through economic, not military, intervention

Moral Diplomacy

• Woodrow Wilson

• The U.S. has a moral obligation to promote democracy in Latin America

Mexico

• America had invested $1 billion to develop mines, oil wells, railroads, and ranches

• Most Mexicans were poor, which led to discontent

Mexican Revolution

• 1910 - Mexicans revolted against the harsh rule of dictator Porfirio Dias

• 1914 - Wilson learned of a German ship bringing weapons to Mexico

• Wilson ordered the navy to seize Veracruz

Francisco “Pancho” Villa• Mexican rebel

leader• Took 17

Americans off a train and shot them

• Raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 18 Americans

General John J. Pershing

• 1916 – Sent to Mexico with an army of thousands to capture Pancho Villa

• Pershing failed• Wilson recalled the

troops

America’s New World Role

• Kept troops and ships in Latin America and Asia

• Had business interests around the world

• Could no longer ignore the war in Europe that had raged since 1914

•Review–Pg 709 1a-c, 2a&b,3a&b

•Next up …

•Evaluation–Ch 22 test