Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário1

Prof. Doutora Maria do Rosário Partidário

Stakeholders and perspectives

Participative techniques

Environment and Territory Management

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Stakeholders in planning process

Stakeholders= population?

Stakeholders have different motivations and interests, sometimes convergent others conflictual

Public interest: Public good or private corporative interests?

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Multiple territorial perceptions

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Aarhus Convention and European Directive 2003/4/CE of 28 January

http://www.unece.org/env/pp/

Access to information, Public participation in environmental decision-making and Access to justice in environmental

matters

European Directive 2004/35/CE - environmental responsibility

Principle 10 of Rio Declaration(1992)

Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens….each individual shall have appropriate access to

information concerning the environment ….and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes.

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Art. 7º

Public participation concerning plans, programmes and policies in environmental matters

Each Part will undertake the practical adequate measures or other to ensure that the public will participate, in a transparent and fair way, in the preparation of plans and programme concerning environmental matters, making the necessary information to the public. .. The public that will be able to participate will be identified by the competent public authority, having in consideration the objectives of this convention.

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html

Citizens participation ladderArnstein (1969, Journal of the American Planning Association, 35: 216-224)

Manipulation

Information

Consultation

Participation

Delegation of power

Citizens control

Public weight in decision-making

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Actor analysis is an analysis of all relevant actors.

Relevant actors are:

Actors that have an interest in the decision making;

Actors that can hinder the decision making;

Actors that can enrich the decision making;

Actors that has to be involved on moral arguments.

(De Bruijn, et al., 2002)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the role of actors in the planning process

1. How to select the relevant actors?2. What is the relevant information for each

relevant actor, and how to get it? 3. What are the characteristics of important

social networks, and how can they be identified and analyzed?

4. How to apply the information on actors and actor networks in practical situations?

Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

Approaches

1. Actors analysis for problem formulation – vision of problems depend on actors; problem formulation will therefore depend on actors.

(Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

Identify actors :- actors have a cause influence on problematic factors- actors develop formal papers- actors have controlling mechanisms that are needed to implement certain solutions -actors can be affected, or potentially affected by the problem situation

(Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

Study actors :- what are their interests and objectives- how do they see the problem situation (causes, problems, solutions)

Their probable position on the problem formulation and possible solution (agreement, opposition, opportunity, conciliation, etc.)

(Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

Methods:- Document analysis- interviews- workshops

Process can be repeated once or twice(Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

2. Theory of social share (Coleman, 1990)

It is a social theory of linear action based on the rational approach behaviour driven by individual objectives of actors, that is, actors will try to satisfy their needs and will act rationaly in direction to a common objective

In a social actors network that mutually depend on each other, and knowing their relative control strengths, they will be able to share those strengths to achieve their objectives

Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

2. Theory of social share (Coleman, 1990)

Support algorithm to define the systems balance, assuming all sharing opportunities that will enable improving the actors situation will take place, in the actors perspective

Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the

role of actors in the planning process

2. Theory of social share (Coleman, 1990)

Utility of this theory:

Identify the solving capacity of an actors configurationSupport the negotiation processProcess Monitoring - control of the balance solution –

mediation of process towards balance achievement

Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Communicative-planning approaches – emphasis on the role of actors in the planning process

3. Modelling actors perception and networks

Systemic description of an actor in relation to the relevant causal situations, on the structure of objectives, or on the structure of the network, which implies his relationship with other actors in the network

Visualization with graphs analysis will enable:- Analysis of different perspectives between actors- Clusters of actors- Analysis of dependence structures

Dynamic Actor Network Analysis (DANA)Thissen (2001)

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Formal network

Informal network

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Shift paradigms

From giving information

Stakeholders DecisoresDecision-makers

InformationConsultation

to asking for views

for creative developmentand mutual learning

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLqXu5kVz7M

http://www.calgaryregionfocus.com/2014/04/23/learn-how-the-calgary-region-is-building-its-future/

TED Talk: How to be a change agent?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR1Dn1HdSpA

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

http://www.sas2.net/Social Analysis Systems

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Participative techniques - Hands on planning

"If you want to know how the shoe fits, ask the person who is wearing it, not the one who made it."

Environment and Territory Management @ MRPartidário

Participative techniques - Hands on planning

http://www.communityplanning.net/aboutcp/aboutcp.php