STAFF 2005 Department of Plant Agriculture MUCK CROPS ... · STAFF - 2005 UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH...

STAFF - 2005

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH

Office of Research &

Department of Plant Agriculture

MUCK CROPS RESEARCH STATION

Shawn Janse

Mary Ruth McDonald, Ph. D. Ag.

Kevin Vander Kooi

Marilyn Hovius, Ph. D.

Sean Westerveld, Ph. D.

Derk Hovius

Seasonal Contracts

Laura Riches

Tyler Jeske Katja Rochacewich Pat Shannon Christina Delaney Colin Hoving Geoffery Rhebergen Bridget Visser

Graduate Students:

Adam Foster Mona Moineddin Cheryl Trueman Sean Westerveld

IPM Scouts:

Hester Kni bbe

Research Station Manager

Research Scientist

Agricultural Technician

Research Associate

Post Doctoral Fellow

Agricultural Worker

Research Assistant

Summer Assistant Summer Assistant Summer Assistant Summer Experience Summer Experience Summer Experience Summer Experience

Department of Plant Agriculture Department of Environmental Biology Department of Plant Agriculture Department of Plant Agriculture

Mike Rachi

CO-OPERATING COMPANIES

Special thanks for supplying seed used in many of the Research projects at the Muck Crops Research Station.

Stokes Seed Ltd Jim Robinson BejoISeedway Matt Valk

CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - EDUCATION/RESEARCWGOVERNMENT

Alan Taylor Dept. Horticultural Science, Cornell University, New York, USA Cynthia Scott-Dupree Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Irwin Goldman University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Clarence Swanton Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Kevin Chandler Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Phil Simon University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Alan McKeown Dept. of Plant Agr, University of Guelph, Simcoe, Ontario, Canada

CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - INDUSTRYIPRIVATE SECTOR

Martin Bloomberg Mark McMillan Jeff Huether Brady Code Scott Hendricks John Zink Kevin Brink Mike Neale Paul Keller

NutriAg Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada NutriAg Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Cerexagri Inc, New York, U.S.A. Syngenta, Pattsville, Ontario, Canada Seminis, Deforest, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Seminis, Ontario, Canada Ocean Mist Farm, Casterville, California, U.S.A. Hydrologic Systems Inc, Barrie, Ontario, Canada Keller Brothers, Ruthven, Ontario, Canada

SEED SOURCES - 2005 - CULTIVAR TRIALS

BEJO Bejo Seeds Inc., 1088 Healey Road, Geneva, New York 14456 U.S.A. Tel: (308) 789-4155

Cro Crookham Company, 301 Warehouse, Caldwell, Idaho, 83605, U.S.A. Tel: (208) 459-745 1

HM Harris Moran Seed Company, P 0 Box 3091, Modesto, California, 95353, U.S.A. Tel: (209) 544-0330

Nor Norseco Inc., 2914 Labelle Blvd., Chomedey, Laval, Quebec H7P 5R9 Canada Tel: (514) 332-2275

NUN Nunhems, 8850 59th Avenue N.E., Brooks, Oregon 97305 U.S.A. Tel: (503) 393-3243

RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V., P.O. Box 40,2678,2G Delier, Holland Tel: 0174-532300

Sern Seminis Vegetable Seeds., 2700 Camino Del Sol, Oxnard, California 93030 U.S.A. Tel: (866) 334- 1056

Sol Solar Seeds Inc., Box 1158, Bradford, Ontario, Canada, L3Z 2B5 Tel: (800) 227-7687

Sto Stokes Seed Ltd., 296 Collier Rd, Box 10, Thorold, Ontario L2V 5E9 Canada Tel: (800) 396-9238

Tak American Takii Inc., 301 Natjvjdad Rd., Salinas, California 93906 U.S.A. Tel: (408) 443-4901

We would like to thank our seed suppliers for the various cultivar trial submissions in 2005.

LEGEND OF SEED SOURCES

A&C Abbott & Cobb Inc. Pol Polonica International

Aris Aristogenes Inc. Rio Rio Colorado Seeds Inc.

Asg Asgrow Seed Co. Rog Rogers Seed

BBI Bakker Brothers of Idaho, Inc. RS Royal Sluis Inc.

BElO BETO ZADEN RZ Rijk Zw aan Export B .V.

BO

Car

Chr

Cro

- CS

CU

- DF

E.J. -

Brinker-Orsetti Seed Co.

Cardinal Seed Co. Inc.

Chriseed

Crookham Company

Campbell Soup Co.

Cornell University

Daehnfeldt

Erie James Ltd.

" FAIR Fairbanks Selected Seed Co.

FM Ferry-Morse Seed Co.

FFS Fred Fuller Seeds

HM Harris Moran Seeds

Nor Norseco Inc.

NUN Nunhem USA Inc

NZ Nickerson-Zwaan B.V.

Pal D. Palmer Seed Co. Inc.

PET0 Petoseed Co.

Sak Sakata Seed America Inc.

SC Seed Science Inc.

Sham Shamrock Seed Co.

Sem Seminis Vegetable Seeds

Sieg Siegers Seed Co.

Sol Solar Seed Co.

Sto Stokes Seeds Ltd.

Sun Sun Seeds

SW Seedworks

Swy Seedway Inc.

Tak American Takii Inc.

Toz A. L. Tozer Ltd.

Wis University of Wisconsin

VDH Vanderhave,

Vil Vilmorin Inc.

ZW Zwaan Seeds, Inc

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Muck Crops Research Station, as part of the Department of Plant Agriculture and the Office of Research, University of Guelph is responsible for conducting and co-ordinating research projects to solve problems in the production of vegetables grown in organic soils. The Ontario Root, Bulb & Leafy Vegetable Research and Services Subcommittee representing researchers, industry, growers and crop advisors. make recommendations for research on an annual basis.

In 2005, Muck Crops Research Station staff conducted, and/or co-operated on research projects with researcher's from the Departments of Environmental Biology and Plant Agriculture at the University of Guelph; researchers from University of Wisconsin and Cornell University; research departments of the Crop Production Chemical Industry, numerous seed companies and growers.

This report consists of two sections, the first contains highlights of research projects which were conducted in 2005 under the supervision of the Research Scientist, Dr. Mary Ruth McDonald. The second section contains highlights of various muck crops cultivar evaluations in 2005 in field and storage trials, under the supervision of the Research Station Manager, Shawn Janse. The results published in this report should be treated as a progress report. Some of the chemicals used in the trials are not registered for use on the crops they were applied to. Additional trials may be necessary before firm conclusions and recommendations can be made.

The Muck Crops Research Station is an active participant in the training of new researchers on muck vegetables through the Graduate student Program of the University of Guelph. Presently the Muck Crops Research Station has three Master's Graduate Students working on various research projects involving muck vegetables.

The Muck Crops Research Station received certification in 2001 in the Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) program which will allow us to continue in the participation of future registration of chemicals for muck vegetables.

Past participation has helped in the registration of such products as Dithane DG in furrow treatment for the control of onion smut; Select for annual bluegrass control in onions, Admire for aphid control on lettuce, and Apron XL for Pythium control in onion seedlings. The Muck Crops Research Station has also worked closely with the private industry on various trials to aid in the registration process of such products such as the fungicides Cabrio and Lance from BASF for both onion and carrot crops and Assail for aphid control on leafy vegetables.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to the staff for their efforts in conducting these research projects; cultivar evaluation trials and producing this report. Many thanks also to all the co-operating researchers, technicians, industry personal, and growers for their continued support and interest in muck crops.

Mary-Ruth McDonald, Ph.D Associate Professor Department of Plant Agriculture

Shawn Janse Research Station Manager Office of Research

GROWING DEGREE DAYS (S°C Base)

Month 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 LTA

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 2167 1972 1845 2348 1859 * 1999 1993 2139 2025 1969 2284 2048

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON 1 125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 3 1 Years (1975-2005)

PRECIPITATION

Month 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm

January

February

March

Apri 1

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 872 84 669 92 546 119 539 80 657 97 789 121 Total Precip. 956 761 665 619 754 910

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown,ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1JO. 3 1 Years (1975-2005)

PRECIPITATION

Month 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 LTA Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain ~ n b w mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm

January 20 23 10 17 0 22 4 5 3 20 20 19 30

February 3 6 30 27 12 0 3 6 5 9 17 34 19 22

March 1 8.5 43 0 0 37 65 6 13 0 30 15

April 33 0 77 0 20 7 56 0 74 0 54 5

June 63 0 106 0 7 5 0 50 0 63 0 77 0

July 60 0 76 0 29 0 102 0 33 0 8 2 0

August 3 2 0 18 0 8 1 0 104 0 56 0 8 3 0

September 5 3 0 40 0 11 1 0 25 0 53 0 8 2 0

October 11 1 0 49 0 78 0 26 0 4 1 0 67 1

November 78 0 43 30 9 1 15 54 4 87 14 56 10

December 27 15 12 22 36 11 43 36 38 34 24 26

Annual 599 76 614 8 1 626 128 642 108 509 102 667 108 Total Precip. 675 695 754 750 61 1 775

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG IJO. 31 Years (1975-2005)

MEAN TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 1995 Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January -0.7 -6.7 -4.0 -1 1.6 -3.0 -1 1.3 -0.5 -5.9 -4.5 * -12.8 * - 1.8 -12.6

February -4.1 - 12.5 -2.4 -9.6 -0.4 -8.2 1.9 -4.7 0.6 * -8.1 * 0.9 -10.0

March 6.4 -4.3 1.2 -7.3 1 .O -6.1 4.6 -2.2 2.5 * -6.9 * 8.8 -1.4

April 7.3 -0.3 7.7 0.5 9.5 0.2 13.0 2.0 12.2 * 0.8 * 10.4 0.6

June 24.5 12.4 22.5 13.9 25.2 12.8 23.3 12.6 25.4 12.7 23.2 11.4

July 26.2 15.5 23.9 13.5 25.0 13.7 25.5 14.2 28.4 15.7 24.2 12.6

August 26.9 15.6 25.4 13.4 22.4 11.6 25.7 14.2 24.1 12.2 24.8 11.8

September 19.2 7.4 20.4 10.6 19.4 9.7 22.6 10.6 22.8 9.1 20.4 8.0

October 14.3 6.8 12.7 5.1 13.5 3.5 14.8 5 .O 13.6 2.6 15.8 3.3 0.0

November 3.0 -2.6 3.3 -2.1 4.4 -0.6 6.8 1.1 9.0 0.4 6.5 -1.9

December -2.8 -9.1 1.3 -2.8 0.9 -3.8 2.8 -5.5 2.3 -6.2 -3.9 - 14.0

Mean 11.5 2.4 10.7 2.4 11.0 2.1 13.6 4.3 10.5 * 3.9 * 12.4 1.3

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1JO. 31 Years (1975-2005)

MEAN TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 LTA Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January

February

March

Aprjl

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Mean 13.6 2.6 13.1 2.5 12.1 0.7 12.9 1.1 13.4 2.0 12.0 2.0

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 3 1 Years (1975-2005)

EXTREME TEMPERATURE ("C)

Month 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 H L H L H L H L H L H L

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 29.5 -28.5 32.0 -26.0 33.5 -21.5 34.0 * -28.0 * 31.7 -28.1 36.3 -27.3 High & Low

Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON 1 125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 3 1 Years (1975-2005)

EXTREME TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 2002 2003 2004 2005 EXTREME TEMPERATURES H L H L H L H L H Year L Year

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 34.4 -20.7 34.6 -29.3 32.4 -31.7 35.0 -30.2 36.3 -36.0 High & Low

Extreme Temperatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG IJO. 3 1 Years (1975-2005)

, e

Y

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch Carrot Rust Fly, Psila rosae Carrot Weevil, Listronotus oregonensis

MCDONALD MR & VANDER KO01 K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

CONTROL OF CARROT RUST FLY AND CARROT WEEVIL USING VARIOUS INSECTICIDES, 2005

MATERIALS: BAYTHROID (cyfluthrin 25%), AZA-DIRECT (azadirachtin 1.2%), SUCCESS (spinosad), BAYER (experimental), RIPCORD 400 EC (cypermethrin 40%)

METHODS: The trial was conducted near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH -I 7.2, organic matter - 38.6%). Carrots were direct seeded (75 seedslm) on raised beds using a Stan Hay Precision seeder on 31 May. Carrots had been grown only once in the last 5 years at the site; therefore, approximately 100 adult weevils were released into the plot in early June. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four rows, 86 cm apart and 5 m in length. Treatments were: applied on 6, 21 July and 23 August using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Uha of water. Treatments were: AZA-DIRECT at 3.5 Llha, BAYTHROID at 200 rnL/ha, BAYER at 250mL/ha, SUCCESS at 370 rnL/ha and RIPCORD at 175 mL/ha. An untreated check was also included. At harvest on 19 October a 2.32 m yield sample was taken from each replicate. All treatments were washed in a small drum washer before assessing. Washing each treatment assisted in revealing damage caused by both carrot rust fly and carrot weevil. Assessments were made by inspecting each carrot for damage. Healthy carrots were then graded according to size, weighted and counted. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.g°C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.S°C), September (16.7"C) and October (lO.O°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 1 8.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19. 1°C, September 15.7"C and October 8.9"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 rnrn), June (63 mm), July (33 mm), September (53 mrn) and October (41 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 rnrn, June 87 mrn, July 64 mm, August 59 mm, September 76 mm and October 53 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Table 1

CONCLUSIONS: Damage caused by Carrot rust fly and Carrot weevil was low in the trial. No significant differences were found among the treatments in percentage of damage caused by Carrot rust fly or Carrot weevil. No significant differences in yield were found. No phytotoxicity was found among the treatments.

Table 1. Evaluation of new insecticides for the control of carrot rust fly and carrot weevil on carrots grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005

Treatment Rust Fly Weevil Percent Rate (mllha) Marketable Damage (%) Damage (%) Marketable Yield (t/ha)

Check 4.3 ns' 3.8 ns 84.0 ns 72.4 ns

BAYTHRIOD 200 4.7 0.1 87.0 73.8

AZA-DIRECT

SUCCESS

BAYER

RIPCORD 280 1.8 2.8 8 1.4 71.0 .---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

''w = no significant differences were found among the treatments

+.

i , l

ng for this project was made available by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario and the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Carrot (Daucus carota), cv. Enterprise Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot, Sclerotium sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary

FOSTER A J', MCDONALD M R', BOLAND G J~ I Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph %ept. of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph

EFFICACY OF- SPRAY REGIMES FOLLOWING A DISEASE FORECAST MODEL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT

MATERIALS: LANCE WDG (Boscalid 70%)

METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots (cv. Enterprise) were seeded May 17 at 82 seedslm in organic muck soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) that is naturally infested with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungicides used in the trial were LANCE WDG at 0.630 kglha. A randomized complete block design was used with 6 blocks and 4 treatments. Each experimental unit consisted of 2 carrot rows 10 meters in length separated by a 0.86 m furrow. Treatments were: I) an unsprayed check, 11) spray based on a 2 week mean soil matric potential threshold of < -0.3 bars incorporated into the forecast model 111) spray based on the forecast model when inoculum levels reached a threshold of 5 colony forming units per plate, IV) and spray based on set calendar dates. Level of airborne inoculum was scouted for using petri dish plates filled with sclerotinia semi-selectable media (Steadman et al. 1994). On a weekly basis throughout the growing season, dishes were placed in the furrows between carrot rows, with 1 plate per experimental unit per week. Apothecia were scouted for weekly between carrot rows. Soil moisture, soil temperature, degree of canopy closure and degree of foliar senescence were recorded for determining the disease severity level for the forecast model. Assessment of disease initiated on July 1. Data was analyzed using the Proc GLM (General Linear Models) procedure in SAS v8.2. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Apothecia were first observed August 5. Airborne inoculum was detected the following week (August 11). Environmental conditions were not favorable for the carpogenic germination of sclerotia in 2005, despite rigorous irrigation, therefore observed levels of apothecia were relatively low. Sclerotinia rot was first observed on July 29, prior to risk being assessed by the forecast model and the first appearance of inoculum. This suggests that an extrinsic inoculum source may have contributed to disease. The application of fungicides resulted in a significant decrease in both area under the disease progress curve and the incidence of disease at harvest regardless. No significant difference was observed between the spray regimes in the control of disease. Spray regime 111 allowed for a reduction of 3 fungicide applications compared with regimes I1 and IV. Yield was significantly lower in the unsprayed check compared to treatments that received fungicide. This decrease in yield is most likely due to leaf blights that reduced the overall size of the carrot canopy. This data suggests that reducing fungicide applications by optimizing spray timing does not affect overall disease control.

Table 1. Evaluation of the effect of fungicide timing on control of sclerotinia rot of carrot at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Forecast 2 5 0.17 b 38.00 b 7.47 a

Calendar 5 0.19 b 41.22 b 8.61 a

Check 0 2.39 a 76.43 a 7.25 a

o ore cast 1 = spray based on soil matric potential threshold; Forecast 2 = spray based on airborne inoculum reaching threshold; Calendar = spray based on set calendar dates; Check = no application of

' fungicides. LANCE was applied at 0.630 kglha ' % Infection = percent of carrots showing symptoms of sclerotinia rot at harvest

AUDPC = area under the disease progress curve $4 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

1. References

Steadman, J. R., J. Marcinkowska and S. Rutledge. 1994. A semi-selective medium for isolation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J . Plant Pathology 16:68-70.

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Carrot (Daucus carota) Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot, Sclerotium sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary

FOSTER A J', MCDONALD M R', BOLAND G J2 I Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph 2 ~ e p t . of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph

ACCURACY OF A RISK ALGORITHM IN THE PREDICTION OF INOCULUM OF SCLEROTZNZA SCLEROTZORUM FOR MANAGEMENTOF SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT

METHODS: The trial was conducted at 5 commercial carrot- fields in both 2004 and 2005 at Holland Marsh, Ontario. Each plot consisted of 50 x 40 m sections within carrot field that were a minimum of 25 m from the edge of the field along all borders. A total of 10 plots were established with 5 in each of 2004 and 2005. All plots were established on organic soil with approximately 60% organic matter and a pH 5.5 - 6.5. kll fields were naturally infested with S. sclerotiorum and crops previously grown there had a history of SRC. Carrot cvs. Cellobunch, Fontana, and Envy were used at the different commercial sites. These cultivars are commonly used by growers for packaging and processing and stored for long periods of time. Commercial plots were direct seeded with a precision seeders on raised trapezoid beds 72 cm apart center-to-center. Carrots were planted between May, 14 and May 28 in both 2004 and 2005. Scouting for apothecia, crop factors, and disease incidence was conducted along a pre-determined sampling pattern. The was an equilateral tetragon with sides of 24 m. Five sample areas were conducted at random intervals along the pattern. Each sample area consisted of a 5m long x 0.72 m wide section of carrot bed that extended from the middle of one furrow to the middle of the next furrow. A furrow was defined as the area extending between the middles of two adjacent carrot beds. Each sample area was scouted in the counter-clockwise direction exiting the field at same point as that of entry. Level of airborne inoculum was scouted for using petri dish plates filled with sclerotinia semi-selectable media (Steadman et al. 1994). On a weekly basis throughout the growing season, 5 plates were placed in the furrows between carrot rows at each plot. Soil temperature, was recorded hourly at each site using Red Flag Temperature Data Loggers (Datatherm Inc.) buried at 5cm. Soil moisture was recorded at one central site using an ECHO probe model EC-20 (Decagon Devices Inc. Pullman, USA). Assessment of disease initiated on August 5, 2004 and July 1, 2005. The degree of canopy closure, soil moisture at a 5cm depth, and soil temperature at a 5cm depth were used according to a risk algorithm (Kora, 2003) to calculate a seven-day severity index (SDSI) for the prediction of inoculum. Level of daily inoculum risk per day was assigned using the SDSI values. Risk levels assigned were zero, low, medium, and high. Data was analyzed using the Proc GLM and Proc Corr procedures in SAS v8.2. Means separation was obtained using Fisher=s Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Recorded levels of airborne inoculum correlated with the SDSI values at commercial sites in 2004 and 2005. The risk level model was found to be significant in both 2004 and 2005. The amount of airborne inoculum observed at the 'high' risk level was significantly greater than at the other risk levels. In 2004 the 'zero' risk level was always associated with no colony forming units. In 2005 small numbers of spores were observed at the 'zero' level, possibly due to the presence of extrinsic inoculum sources for neighboring fields.

Table 1. Mean values for airborne inoculum recorded in commercial field plots separated by daily risk level.

Low 1.64 a 1.93 a

Medium 4.61 a 1.27 a

High 59.8 b 8.69 b

1 Predicted risk level for the presence of S. sclerotiorum inoculum based on the forecast model CFU/Plate = colony forming units of S. sclerotiorum observed on plates of semi-selective media.

. Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

References

Kora, C. 2003. Etiology, Epidemiology and management of Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. PkD. Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Steadman, J. R., J. Marcinkowska and S. Rutledge. 1994. A semi-selective medium for isolation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J . Plant Pathology 16:68-70.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) cv. Cellobunch PEST: Altemaria leaf blight (Altemaria dauci (Kiihn) Groves & Skolko)

Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora cnrotae (Pass.) Solheim)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR & VANDER KO01 K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: CONTROL OF CARROT LEAF BLIGHT USING VARIOUS FUNGICIDES, 2005

MATERIALS: LANCE (boscalid 70%), PRISTINE (pyraclostrobin 12.8%, boscalid 25.2%), ALEXIN (potash 8%, calcium 2.4%), BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil50%), CUPROFIX (copper 40%)

METHODS: The trial was conducted in naturally infested soil at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH = 6.6, organic matter = 75%). Carrots were direct seeded (75 seedslm) on raised beds using a Stan Hay Precision seeder on 19 May. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four rows, 86 cm apart and 5 m in length. Treatments were: applied on August 2, 16, 25, September 6, 14 and 25 using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Llha of water. Treatments were: CUPROFIX at 4.0 kgtha, ALEXIN at 4.0 Llha, PRISTINE at 740 glha. A standard treatment was included alternating between LANCE, BRAVO and DITHANE DG. ALEXIN at 4.0 LJha plus standard was also included. An untreated check was also included.. A sample of the foliage of ten carrots was removed from each treatment block on 3 October and assessed for disease incidence and severity. The tops were assessed for disease severity based upon a six class scale: 0 = no disease; 1= < 10% petioles diseased; 2 = 10-25% petioles diseased; 3 = 26-50% petioles diseased; 4 = 51-75% petioles diseased; 5 = >75% petioles deadldiseased. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:

DSI = C [(class no.)(no. of carrots in each class)] x 100 (total no. carrots per sample)(no. classes -1)

Leaf blight symptoms were not separated based on causal organism and therefore percentage of leaves diseased could have been a result of either or both of the fungal pathogens. At harvest on 26 October a 2.32 m yield sample was taken from each replicate. Carrots were weighed for total yield and graded for size. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C), September (16.7"C) and October (lO.O°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C, September 15.7"C and October 8.9"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (63 mm), September (53 mrn) and October (41 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mrn, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm, September 76 mm and October 53 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2

CONCLUSIONS: All treatments had a significantly lower Disease Severity Index (DSI) compared to the untreated control. PRISTINE had a significantly lower DSI than all other treatments except CUPROFIX. The treatments using CUPROFIX, ALEXIN + standard and the standard treatment had significantly lower DSI than ALEXIN alone and the check. All conventional fungicides and fungicides combined with ALEXIN had higher percentages of live petioles than the untreated check and ALEXIN alone. Significant differences were found among treatments in total marketable yield. All treatments had

significantly higher tonneslhectare than the check. The check had a significantly higher percentage of carrots 2 - 4.5 cm in diameter than PRISTINE and the ALEXIN + standard treatment.

Table 1. Disease severity index (DSI), disease incidence and percent live petioles of carrot foliage treated with fungicides, and grown at the Muck C r o ~ s Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005. ----------- -------------- ...........................

Treatment Rate (ha) DSI' % Petiole % Live PetiolesIlO Disease Plants

Check ---- 45.3 d' 46.2 ns3 49.1 c

PRISTINE 740 g 12.0 a 40.7 81.0 a

CUPROFIX 4.0 kg 18.8 ab 47.6 67.3 b

ALEXIN 4.0 L 35.2 c 42.1 52.0 c

ALEXIN+ standard4 4.0 L 19.9 b 45.7 68.3 b

Standard 23.7 b 47.9 69.3 b I Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = C [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x 100 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes - 1)

2 numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 'ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments 4 Lance 315 glha - Aug 2, Sep 6 Bravo 3.0 Llha - Aug 16, Sep 25, Dithane DG 2.5 kglha- Aug 25, Sep 14

PRISTINE 740 g 84.1 a 14.1 61.8 a 24.1 a

CUPROFIX 4.0 kg 75.7 ab 11.5 71.5 ab 16.9 ab

ALEXIN 4.0 L 73.5 ab 14.0 71.0 ab 15.0 bc

Standard 74.3 ab 14.9 70.2 ab 14.9 bc . ----- ------------- -- ---------- ---- - ----- ------------ ---------- --- ------ ----- -- ----- -------- -- ---- ------ ----- -- -- --- -

I . Numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. 2ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments ' Lance 315 glha - Aug 2, Sep 6 Bravo 3.0 Uha - Aug 16, Sep 25, Dithane DG 2.5 kglha- Aug 25, Sep 14

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota L.), cv. Cellobunch PEST: Weeds

AUTHORS: SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EVALUATION OF SENCOR IN CARROTS, 2005

MATERIALS: LOROX (linuron 50%), SENCOR (metribuzin 75%).

OBJECTIVE: To generate crop safety, efficacy, and recropping safety data required for minor use registration of SENCOR in carrots. The proposed use pattern is for SENCOR to be applied at 140 glha at the 3 to 4 and 6 to 7 leaf stages of carrot development.

METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 73%, pH 6.5) on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots consisted of 2 hills, 86 cm apart and 4m long arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Carrots were seeded (77 seed /m) on 7 June. The trial consisted of 9 treatments: SENCOR at 140 and 280 g/ha applied on 11 and 25 July when carrots were at the 3 to 4 and 6 to 7 leaf stages of development, respectively. SENCOR was applied as single and sequential treatments at these doses and carrot growth stages. A standard treatment of LOROX was applied at 1000 g/ha when carrots were at the 3 to 4 leaf stage of development. LOROX at 1000 glha was applied preemergence on 10 June as a separate treatment and on all other treatments except for the untreated control. All treatments were applied in 200 Wha of water. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and weed control were conducted periodically over the growing season. Carrots were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher's Protected LSD test (P=0.05).

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: Carrots had excellent tolerance to SENCOR, no crop injury was observed. A single application of LOROX applied preemergence gave goodlexcellent mid-season control of redroot pigweed and common purslane but poor control of common groundsel. SENCOR applied at 140 or 280 gailha when carrots were at the 3-4 or 6-7 leaf stage of development gave similar improved mid-season control of common groundsel. Carrot yields with all SENCOR treatments were similar to the standard postemergence LOROX treatment. Onions grown in plots that received SENCOR treatments in 2004 showed no crop injury and produced yields similar to plots that were the untreated in the previous year. These results indicate that onions can safely be grown the year following the use of the proposed rates of SENCOR in carrots.

Tabk 1. Evaluation of SENCOR for broadleaf weed control in carrots. 2005

LOROX 1000 PRE 0 0 88 98 47 42

Table 2. Tolerance of onions to SENCOR applied in the previous year, 2005

Treatment Dose Timing ' Onion injury Onion yield2

LOROX 1000 PRE 0 0 52.3

LOROX 1000 3-4 If 0 0 53.7

SENCOR 140 3-4 If 0 0 49.9

SENCOR 140 6-7 If 0 0 53.4

SENCOR 140 3-4 + 6-7 If 0 0 49.7

SENCOR 280 3-4 If 0 0 52.7

SENCOR 280 6-7 If 1 0 52.7

SENCOR 280 3-4 + 6-7 If 3 0 54.5

CROP: Carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.) cvs. Fontana and Idaho

AUTHORS: WESTERVELD S, MCKEOWN A, MCDONALD MR U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station.

TITLE: EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION RATE ON STORABILITY OF CARROTS GROWN ON MUCK AND MINERAL SOIL OVER THREE YEARS

MATERIALS: AMMONIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 34%)

METHODS: Carrots were seeded into muck soil (pH 6.0, organic matter 75%) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, and into mineral soil (pH 8.1, organic matter 2.6%) at an off- station site on the Holland Marsh from 2002 to 2004. Cultivars Fontana and Idaho were seeded on 24 May (2002), 2 Jun (2003), and 21 May (2004) into muck soil and 3 Jun (2002), 2 Jun (2003), and 20 May (2004) into mineral soil. Each experimental unit in the muck soil plot in 2002 consisted of 8 hills (4 hillslcultivar), 5 m in length, 20 cm high, spaced 86 cm apart, and with a seeding rate of 80 seedslm. Each experimental unit in the mineral soil plot in 2002 consisted of 16 hills (8 hillslcultivar), 10 m in length, 20 cm high, spaced 86 cm apart, and with a seeding rate of 100 seedstm. Each experimental unit in the 2002 trial was split in half for the 2003 and 2004 trials. Nitrogen was applied to one half of each experimental unit in 2003 and 2004 at the same N application rate as the 2002 trial. Mineral soil plots were re-hilled twice during the season in all three years. Nitrogen was applied at 0%, 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200% of the rates recommended by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, and Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) using AMMONIUM NITRATE for all applications. The experiments were arranged as a split-plot design (N rate x cultivar) with four replications. Carrots were harvested from one (muck - 2003 and 2004) and two (muck 2002 and mineral all years) 2.32 m sections of the middle rows of each cultivar and treatment on 18 Oct (2002), 27 and 28 Oct (2003), and 21 Oct (2004) on muck soil, and 24 Oct (2002), 23 and 24 Oct (2003), and 26 Oct (2004) on mineral soil. Marketable carrots from each harvest sample were weighed and placed into cold storage for six months. After the storage period, carrots were assessed for percent weight loss, percent of weight lost due to culls, and percent total loss by weight. Weather conditions in the plots are summarized in Table 1. Data were analyzed using the GLM and Univariate procedures of SAS version 8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary NC) and the linear models sections of Statistix V.4.1.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 2, 3, and 4

CONCLUSIONS: A minor decrease in the percent loss due to culls with increasing N rate was found for carrots grown on mineral soil in 2003 (Table 3). This was mainly due to a higher percentage of small carrots in the low N treatments, increased moisture loss, and higher susceptibility to bacterial soft rots. In all other cases there were no effects of N application rate on weight loss, losses due to culls, or total losses in cold storage (Tables 2-4). Nitrogen application rate has no major effect on carrot storability, and the choice of N application rate should be solely based on the potential effects of N on yield and leaf blight severity.

Funding for this project was provided by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the support of the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association, the OMAFRAAJniversity of Guelph Plant Program, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Table 2. Effect of nitrogen (N) application rate on percent weight loss during six months of cold storage for carrots grown on mineral and muck soil.

N rate (% of Mineral Soil Muck Soil recommended) 2002 2003 2004 2002 2003 2004 0 6.8 ns' 8.8 ns 9.6 ns 4.4 ns 7.0 ns 5.7 ns

' ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.

Table 3. Effect of nitrogen (N) application rate on percent loss due to culls during six months of cold storage for carrots grown on mineral and muck soil.

Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

Table 4. Effect of nitrogen (N) application rate on percent total losses by weight during six months of cold storage for carrots grown on mineral and muck soil.

N rate (% of Mineral Soil Muck Soil recommended) 2002 2003 2004 2002 2003 2004 0 6.8 ns' 11.4 ns 10.8 ns 6.3 ns 13.9 ns 6.8 ns

CROP: Carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.) cvs. Fontana and Idaho

AUTHORS: WESTERVELD S, MCKEOWN A, MCDONALD MR U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, ~ u c k Crops Research Station.

TITLE: ROOTING DEPTH OF CARROTS GROWN IN SILICA SAND IN THE GREENHOUSE AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN APPLICATION RATE AND CULTIVAR

MATERIALS: AMMONIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 34%), HOAGLAND NUTRIENT SOLUTION (with or without nitrogen)

METHODS: Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse in winterlspring of 2003 and faluwinter of 200312004 to test rooting depth and distribution. Carrot, cvs. 'Idaho' and 'Fontana', were seeded into 98% pure silica sand in 150 cm deep and 10 cm diameter PVC pipes, which were split in half longitudinally and re-attached using hose clamps and silicone calking. There were four one-pot replications of each cultivar/treatment combination. Ten seeds were planted 2-cm deep in each pipe, and these were thinned to one plant per pot upon emergence. The pipes were irrigated daily with well water using drip irrigation. All pipes received 1 L of 50% HOAGLAND NUTRIENT SOLUTION lacking nitrogen, weekly. Three rates of nitrogen (N) were applied in the nutrient solution by adding AMMONIUM NITRATE at a rate equivalent to 50%, 10096, and 200% of the nitrogen required for a 50% Hoagland solution. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design. One replication of the winterhpring 2003 experiment was not assessed due to accidental disruption of the rooting system in the pots during transport. After six months of growth, the pipes were split in half longitudinally to assess the depth of fibrous roots. In addition, the column of sand was split into five sections of 30 cm and each section was submerged into water in an 18-mesh sieve, shaken, and rinsed to separate the sand from the fibrous roots. The fibrous roots from each of the 30 cm sections were collected, dried at 70°C for 48 h, and dry weights determined. A third experiment was conducted in falllwinter 2004/2005 to test the ability of deep roots to take up nitrogen. Carrots were grown in the same pipes filled with Sunshine 2 potting mix, which lacks added nutrients, using the same cultivars. The pipes were drip irrigated at the surface of the growing mix with 25% Hoagland nutrient solution with nitrogen included every two days. When the roots were 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter, a single hole was drilled at 30, 80, or 130 cm depth. A solution of 500 mg/L N was prepared by dissolving 10% ' 5 ~ enriched potassium nitrate in distilled water, and 50 mL of this solution was injected into the pipes through the drilled holes. The 1 5 ~

enriched fertilizer allowed for a determination of the amount of the nitrogen in the plant that is taken up from enriched fertilizer and not from the soilless mix or from the Hoagland solution. Samples of old leaves, new leaves, and the storage root were collected, dried, weighed, ground into a fine powder using a shaker ball mill, placed into tin capsules, and sent to the UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility for total N and 15 N analysis.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2

CONCLUSIONS: Carrot roots reached 150 cm depth in approximately half of the pots examined in the sand experiments. Between 40 and 60% of the fibrous roots were below 30 cm depth, and 6-12% were below 90 cm depth, which indicates that a significant portion of the carrot root system is deep in the soil profile. Nitrogen application rate and cultivar had no effects on rooting depth or distribution (Table 1). The 1 5 ~ experiment showed that deep roots recovered as much N per root as shallow roots (Table 2). Since 40-60% of roots are below 30 cm depth over the last half of the growing season and deep roots take up as much N as shallow roots, it appears that 40-60% of the carrots N supply over the last half of the season can come from below 30 cm depth, as long as N is available from these depths. Therefore, the

amount of N available from below 30 cm depth should be considered in fertilization practices. Deep soil sampling at seeding may be necessary to determine the need for additional N fertilization.

Funding for this project was provided by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the support of the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable rowers Association, the OMAFRAIUniversity of Guelph Plant Program, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Table 1. Depth of fibrous roots and fibrous root distribution for carrots grown in the greenhouse in silica sand in 150-cm deep, 10-cm diameter PVC pipes. Results from two trials were combined

Nitrogen Root Fibrous Root System at Each Depth (%) Cultivar ate' Depth 0-30 cm 30-60 cm 60-90 cm 90- 120 120- 150

(cm) Depth Depth Depth cm Depth cm Depth . ....................... ....................... ........................... --------

Idaho 50 102.1 ns 49.8 ns 32.2 ns 10.9 ns 3.9 ns 3.3 ns

200 117.9 40.7 31.2 16.1 8.8 3.4 Fontana 50 11 1.3 ns 52.5 ns 27.2 ns 13.8 ns 5.4 ns 2.2 ns

I Numbers indicate percent of nitrogen required for a 50% Hoagland nutrient solution. * ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments.

Table 2. Recovery of nitrogen at 30 cm or 80-130 cm depth per root crossing the injection site after injection of 10% 1 5 ~ enriched fertilizer at those depths for carrots grown in soilless media in 150 cm deep, 10-cm diameter PVC pipes in the greenhouse. Results from two cultivars were combined.

Ty----"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of N Recovered per Root Crossing the Injection Site

Site of ' 5 ~ Injection Roots Crossing (ug) .......................................................... Injection Site New Leaves Old Leaves Storage Root -----------------------------------7----------------------------------------------------------------

30 cm Depth 23.6 bT- 3.89 ns 2.41 ns 7.15 ns 80 or 130 cm Depth 5.6 a 4.42 2.97 7.49 ....................................

' Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) PEST: Cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman and Pythium

sulcatum Pratt and Mitchell)


TITLE: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COLOURED CARROTS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CAVITY SPOT, 2005

MATERIALS: Carrot breeding lines from the University of Wisconsin, Commercial carrot cultivars from Bejo Seeds Inc., Bountiful Gardens, Garden City Seeds, Johnny's Selected Seeds and Seminis Vegetable Seed s

METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH = 7.2, organic matter = 38.6%) naturally infested with Pythium spp. near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, - Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Carrots were direct seeded (70-80 seedslm) on raised beds using a push V-belt seeder on 31 May. Each replicate consisted of two rows (86 cm apart), 5 m in length. On 4 August, a random sample of 25 carrots was removed from each treatment and assessed for cavity spot. At harvest on 27 October, a 50 carrot sample was put into cold storage and assessed for cavity spot on 23 November. Carrots were washed in a rotating carrot washer, examined for cavity spot lesions and sorted into classes based on the size of the largest lesion (measured as horizontal length). The six classes were as follows: no disease; very light < Imm; light 1-2 mm; medium 3-5 mm; heavy 6-10 mm; very heavy > 10 mm. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:


The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C), September (16.7"C) and October (IO.O°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C, September 15.7"C and October 8.9"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm), September (53 rnrn) and October (41 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm, September 76 mm and October 53 mm.. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix 7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: On the 4 August assessment, no significant differences were found among the carrot cultivars in either percent disease or disease severity and very little cavity spot was present early in the season (Table 1). When carrots were assessed on 23 November, significant differences were found in both disease incidence and disease severity. Purple Haze had the lowest disease incidence and DSI but was not different Amarillo Yellow, purple breeding line, Belgian white, Yellowstone, Rainbow, Cellobunch and YaYa. Atomic red had significantly less disease than all other cultivars and breeding lines except breeding lines white and yellow. Atomic red had the most disease and had significantly more disease than all other cultivars except the dark orange and red breeding lines. When the breeding lines and cultivars

wereagroups by colour, orange, purple, yellow and white had significantly lower DSI than the dark orange and red (Table 2).

Table 1. Disease incidence and disease severity index (DSI) of cavity spot in different coloured carrots, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Cultivar

Atomic Red

Dark Orange

Red

Mellow Yello

Dragon

Cosmic Purple

White

Yellow

YaYa

Cellobunch

Rainbow

Yellowstone

Belgian White

Purple

Amarillo Yellow

Purple Haze

source'

- - - - - - - - - - .

JSS

UW

U W

Bejo

GCS

JSS

UW

UW

Bejo

Sem

Bejo

GCS

BG

UW

BG

Bejo

Disease Incidence (9%) DSI~

4 Aug 23 Nov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60.7 a5

52.9 ab

49.2 abc

44.3 bc

43.9 bcd

42.3 cde

38.3 C-f

33.5 d-g

26.5 e-h

20.6 fgh

19.1 gh

16.9 gh

15.4 gh

14.3 gh

10.1 h

8.9 h

4 Aug 23 Nov

43.6 a

32.2 abc

38.1 ab

21.7 C-f

31.0 bc

26.9 bcd

22.3 cde

18.2 d-g

14.2 e-h

9.6 gh

10.6 fgh

7.6 gh

8.5 gh

7.6 gh

5.4 h

4.4 h

' Sources UW = University of Wisconsin , Bejo = Bejo Seeds Inc, BG = Bountiful Gardens, CGS = Garden City Seeds, JSS = Johnny's Selected Seeds Sem= Seminis Vegetable Seed ' Colour = 0 = Orange, DO = Dark Orange, M = Mixed colours, P = Purple, R = Red, W = White, Y = Yelllow 9

3~isease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = 1 [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x lo0 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes -1)

ns = no significant differences were found among the treatments Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test

Table 2. Disease severity (DSI) of cavity spot of different coloured carrots grouped by colour, grown at Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

~ o l o u r ' November 23 DSI' --------------.-------.----..----.. . .-----.---.-------.------------------.

Orange 11.5 a'

Purple 13.0 a

Yellow 13.2 a

White 15.4 a

Dark Orange 32.2 b

' Cultivars and breeding lines of similar colour were grouped for analysis Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = C [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x 100 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes - I )

"umbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test

Funding for this project was made available by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the support of the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario and the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Associa tion.

CROP: Celery (Apium graveolens), cv. Sabroso and cv. Florida 683 PEST: Septoria late blight (Septoria apiicola)

AUTHORS: TRUEMAN, C.L., GOSSEN, B.D., McKEOWN, A.W., & McDONALD, M.R. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT OF CELERY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON NITROGEN AND CALCIUM FOR CONTROL OF SEPTORIA LATE BLIGHT, 2005

MATERIALS: BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil 50%), CALCIUM CHLORIDE (calcium 36%), AMMONIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 34%)

METHODS: The trial was conducted on organic soil (pH - 6.8, organic matter -40%) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Celery cultivars Sabroso and Florida 683 were seeded into 288 cell Plastomer plug trays on 14 Apr. Celery was hand transplanted into the field on 22 Jun (three rows1 cultivarl treatment) with in row plant spacing of 22 cm (Florida 683) and 15 cm (Sabroso). A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of six rows, 55 cm apart and 5 m in length. All treatments were based on the recommended rates as set out by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food (nitrogen = 80 kglha preplant + 40 kglha sidedress; calcium = 1.9 kgha). Treatments were: no nitrogen + 100% calcium, 100% nitrogen + no calcium, 100 % nitrogen + 100% calcium, 50% nitrogen + 100% calcium, 150% nitrogen + 100% calcium, 200% nitrogen + 100% calcium, 100% nitrogen + 100% calcium + BRAVO 500 at 3.0 Llha. An untreated check (no nitrogen + no calcium) was also included. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied preplant on 10 Jun and applied as a sidedress on 29 Jul. Calcium and fungicide treatments were applied on 10, 17, 24, 30 Aug and 7, 14, 21 Sept using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Llha of water. On 11 August the trial was inoculated with diseased foliage from celery plants with actively growing S. apiicola lesions. The diseased tissue was hand chopped and mixed with water. The tissue and water suspension was then poured as evenly as possible over row numbers three and four, the middle two rows of each treatment.

A sample of 12 plants was harvested from each replicate on 26 and 28 Sept. For Sabroso, weight and average height were recorded. Celery was trimmed to 55 cm and the trimmed weight was recorded. For Florida 683, the weight and average height were recorded and the celery was trimmed to 40 cm. The celery was graded into 24's, 30's, and 48's, and weighed. 120 outer stalks from the 12 harvested plants were removed and the petioles were rated for Septoria late blight from 0-5: 0 = no disease; 1 = c 10% petiole area diseased; 2 = 10-25% diseased; 3 = 25-50% diseased; 4 = 50-75% diseased; 5 = >75% diseased. The leaves were also assessed for Septoria leaf blight (after trimming) and rated on a scale from 0-3: 0 = no lesions on leaves; 1 = c 10% of leaves diseased; 2 = 10-5 1% diseased; 3 = > 5 1% diseased. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

O [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] DS1 = (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes -1) x 100

The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C), September (16.7"C) and October (lO.O°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C, September 15.7"C and October 8.9"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 rnrn), June (63 mm), July (33 mrn), September (53 mm) and October (41 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm, September 76 mm and October 53 rnm.

All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test with P=0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 through 4.

CONCLUSIONS: Petiole DSI, foliar disease rating, and AUDPC were significantly lower for BRAVO 500 treatments compared to all calcium and nitrogen treatment. Petiole DSI in the no nitrogen + 100% calcium treatment was significantly higher than all other treatments, with the exception of the no nitrogen + no calcium treatment. Harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height were significantly different between cultivars and treatments. Harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height were significantly lower in the no nitrogen + no calcium and 100% nitrogen + no calcium treatments. For both cultivars, the 100% nitrogen + 100% calcium + BRAVO 500 treatment had significantly higher harvest weight, with the exception of the Florida 683 100% nitrogen + 100% calcium treatment.

In order to better compare the rates of nitrogen and calcium fertilizer on disease, the BRAVO 500 treatment was removed from the analysis. Petiole DSI was significantly higher in the no nitrogen + 100% calcium treatment compared to all other treatments except the no nitrogen + no calcium. There were no significant differences between treatments for AUDPC or the foliar disease rating (Sabroso). There were significant differences in harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height (Sabroso). In general, the no nitrogen + no calcium and no nitrogen + 100% calcium treatments were significantly lower in weight and height. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in any treatments.

Funding for this project was made possible by the New Directions Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, the OMAFRA-University of Guelph Plant Program, the Agricultural Adaptation Council with the support of the OF&VGA, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and the Bradford and District Co-op.

Table 1: Petiole disease severity index (DSI), foliar leaf blight rating, and AUDPC in two celery cultivars (Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated with different rates of nitrogen, calcium, and Bravo fungicide for the control of Septoria late blight, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment (% Rec.) Petiole Foliar Disease Rating AUDPC ' .--------------------------------------- -------- Sabroso Florida 683 ............................................................................

3.0 b 2.9 d 63.8 bc 3.0 b 2.7 bcd 61.4 b 3.0 b 2.9 cd 64.6 c 2.9 b 2.5 bc 62.9 bc 3.0 b 2.5 bc 62.3 bc 2.9 b 2.7 bcd 64.4 bc 2.9 b 2.5 b 63.4 bc 0.0 a 0.3 a 15.5 a

"ecommended nitrogen = 80 kglha ~replant + 40 kglha sidedress Recommended calcium = 1.9 kglha ' Area under the disease progress curve

Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table 2: Harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height of two celery cultivars Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated with different rates of nitrogen, calcium, and Bravo fungicide for the control of Septoria late blight, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment (% Rec.) Harvest Weight (kg) Trimmed Weight (kg) Harvest Height (cm) ' - - - ' - - ' - - ~ - - ~ - - - - - g - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------- ........................................ --------- ................................. N" Ca Bravo Sabroso Florida 683 Sabroso Florida 683 Sabroso Florida 683 0 0 9.1 c c 10.8 d 8.5 c 9.6 d 58.4 c 50.9 d 100 0 6.7 d 12.7 d 6.3 d 11.3 cd 50.9 c 57.0 bcd 0 100 13.2 b 14.9 c 11.9b 13.0 abc 65.0 b 55.0 cd 50 100 12.9 b 15.4 bc 11.7 b 13.5 ab 67.4 b 57.4 bcd 100 100 14.0 b 17.2 ab 12.6 b 14.4 ab 66.0 b 62.0 ab 150 100 14.6 b 16.2 bc 12.7 b 12.9 bc 67.4 b 58.6 abc 200 100 14.7 b 16.0 bc 13.1 ab 13.3 ab 69.8 ab 59.0 abc 100 100 3.0Llha 17.4 a 19.1 a 15.2 a 14.9 a 75.7 a 65.0 a

" Recommended nitrogen = 80 kglha preplant + 40 kglha sidedress b Recommended calcium = 1.9 kglha ' Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

Table 3: Petiole disease severity index (DSI), foliar leaf blight rating, and AUDPC in two celery cultivars (Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated with different rates of nitrogen and calcium for the control of Septoria late blight, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

100 0 27.8 a 3.0 2.7 abc 64.0 64.0 0 100 42.4 c 3 .O 2.9 bc 58.9 65.1 50 100 29.7 a 2.9 2.5 ab 62.9 63.0 100 100 33.1 ab 3.0 2.5 ab 61.8 62.9 150 100 29.3 a 2.9 2.7 abc 62.9 66.0 200 100 32.6 ab 2.9 2.5 a 62.9 64.0

"ecommended nitrogen = 80 kglha preplant + 40 kglha sidedress b Recommended calcium = 1.9 kglha

Area under the disease progress curve d Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test. ' ns = no significant difference between treatments

Table 4: Harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height of two celery cultivars Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated with different rates of nitrogen and calcium fungicide for the control of Septoria late blight, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment (% Rec.) Harvest Weight (kg) Trimmed Weight (kg) Harvest Height (cm) ----------------------b--------------------------------- -------- Na Ca Sabroso Florida 683 Sabroso Florida 683 Sabroso Florida 683

I----------

" Recommended nitrogen = 80 kg/ha ~replant + 40 kgha sidedress Recommended calcium = 1.9 kg/ha Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's

Protected LSD test d ns = no significant difference between treatments

CROP: Celery (Apium graveolens), cv. Sabroso and cv. Florida 683 PEST: Septoria late blight (Septoria apiicola)

AUTHORS: TRUEMAN, C.L., GOSSEN, B.D., McKEOWN, A.W., & McDONALD, M.R. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EVALUATION OF DISEASE FORECASTING SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF SEPTORIA LATE BLIGHT ON CELERY IN ONTARIO, 2005

MATERIALS: BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil 50%), BAS 516 (pyraclostrobin 12.8%, boscalid 25.2%), CHAMP 2 (copper hydroxide 37.5%)

METHODS: Two trials were conducted on organic soil (pH 2: 6.8, organic matter -40%) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Celery cultivars Sabroso and Florida 683 were seeded into 288-cell Plastomer plug trays on 15 Mar for Trial 1, and 14 Apr for Trial 2. For Trial 1, celery was hand transplanted into the field on 25 May (three rows1 cultivarl treatment) with in row plant spacing of 15 cm and 18 cm for Florida 683 and Sabroso respectively. For Trial 2, celery was hand transplanted into the field on 23 Jun (three rows1 cultivarl treatment) with in row plant spacing of 22 cm for Florida 683 and 15 cm for Sabroso. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of six rows, 55 cm apart and 5 m in length. The disease forecasting systems were based on leaf wetness and temperature data collected from within the trial site. For the Septoria Predictor, sprays were initiated after a leaf wetness period L 12 hours, if the treatment had not been sprayed within the past 7 days. For the Tomcast treatments, disease severity values (DSVs) were accumulated based on leaf wetness and temperature. Sprays were initiated when treatments reached the designated threshold (10, 15, or 20 DSVs).

Trials were inoculated with diseased foliage from celery plants with actively growing Septoria apiicola lesions. The diseased tissue was hand chopped, mixed with water and soaked for 2 hours. The tissue and water suspension was then poured as evenly as possible over the middle two rows of each treatment. Trial 1 and Trial 2 were inoculated on 28 Jul and 11 Aug respectively. All treatments were applied according to the criteria for the tested disease forecasting systems using a pull-type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Uha of water. Disease progress was assessed every 3 to 7 days. Twelve plants from each replicate were harvested and assessed on 16 and 19 Sept for Trial 1, and 3 and 5 Oct for Trial 2. For Sabroso, weight and average height were recorded. The harvested celery was trimmed to 55 cm and the trimmed weight was recorded. For Florida 683, the weight and average height were recorded, and the celery was trimmed to 40 cm. The celery was graded into 24's, 30's, and 48's, counted and weighed. For both cultivars, 120 outer stalks from the 12 harvested plants were removed and the petioles were rated for Septoria late blight from 0-5: 0 = no disease; 1 = < 10% petiole area diseased; 2 = 10-25% diseased; 3 = 25-50% diseased; 4 = 50-75% diseased; 5 = >75% diseased. The leaves were also assessed for Septoria leaf blight (after trimming for Sabroso) and rated on a scale from 0-3: 0 = no lesions on leaves; 1 = < 10% of leaves diseased; 2 = 10-51% diseased; 3 = > 5 1% diseased. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

O [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] DS1 = (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes -1) x 100

The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C), September (16.7"C) and October (lO.O°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C, September 157°C and October 8.9"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mrn), June (63 mm), July (33 mm), September (53 mm) and October (41 mm), and average for August (56 mrn). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 rnm, August 59 rnm, September 76 mm and October 53 mm.

All data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test with P=0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 through 4.

CONCLUSIONS: For Trial 1 and Trial 2, the disease severity index (DSI) on petioles, AUDPC, and foliar disease severity were significantly lower in all treatments compared to the unsprayed control. For petiole DSI in Trial 2, the Septoria Predictor, Tomcast DSV 10, and Tomcast DSV 15 using BAS 516 alternating with Champ 2 provided control as good as calendar sprays, and the forecasting systems reduced the number of sprays by 1,3, and 4, respectively. In Trial 1, the Septoria Predictor, Tomcast DSV 10, and Tomcast DSV 15 reduced the number of sprays by 1, 1, and 2, respectively. For Trial 2, Florida 683 harvest weight and height were lower in the unsprayed control compared to all sprayed treatments. There were no significant differences in harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height in Trial 1 and Sabroso in Trial 2.

In both trials, treatments of BAS 516 alternating with CHAMP 2 generally resulted in significantly better disease control than treatments of BRAVO 500 alternating with CHAMP 2. BAS 516 is a reduced-risk fungicide with good potential to be used for control of Septoria late blight within an integrated pest management program. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in any treatments.

Funding for this project was made possible by the New Directions Program of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, the OMAFRA-University of Guelph Plant Program, the Agricultural Adaptation Council with the support of the OF&VGA, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and the Bradford and District Co-op.

Table 1: Disease incidence, petiole disease severity index (DSI), and leaf blight rating of Septoria late blight in two celery cultivars (Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated under different disease forecasting systems, Trial 1, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment & ratelha Application Petiole DSI Foliar AUDPC~ daysa disease Sabroso Florida 683

rating Unsprayed control Not 44.77 bc 2.5 d 58.0 d 66.8 e

Calendar Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 5 16 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Septoria Predictor Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 5 16 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 10 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 15 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg ah. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 20 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 5 16 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0

applicable

0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 34,41

0,9, 19,28, 34,42

0,7, 14,21, 28,38

0,9, 19,34, 3 8

0,9, 21,41

3.8 abc 4.5 abc 0.6 a 0.0 a

4.6 abc 1 1.1 cd 0.6 a 4.4 abc

8.1 c 10.5 bcd 0.0 a 0.0 a

7.0 bc 15.6 d 3.1 abc 5.3 abc

" First fungicide application was 27 Jul (27 Jul is day 0). Area under the disease progress curve.

'Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table 2: Petiole disease severity index (DSI), AUDPC, and leaf blight rating of Septoria late blight in two celery cultivars (Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated under different disease forecasting systems, Trial 2, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

5------------------------------------ Treatment & ratelha Application Petiole DSI Foliar AUDPC

days" disease Sabroso Florida 683 rating

Unsprayed control Not 60.4 dC 3.00 d 86.5 f 103.5 f applicable

Calendar Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Septoria Predictor Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 5 16 1 .O kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 10 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 15 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 20 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0

26.3 de 3.1 a

28.1 de 7.9 ab

32.3 e 18.1 bcd

20.4 cd 14.0 bc

36.3 e 22.8 cd

"First fungicide application was 10 Aug (10 Aug is day 0). b Area under the disease progress curve. 'Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table 3: Harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height of two celery cultivars (Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated under different disease forecasting systems for the control of Septoria late blight, Trial 1, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------p----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Treatment & ratelha Harvest Weight -------- (kg) Trimmed Weight --------- (kg) .............................. Harvest Height ------------------ (cm)

" Sabroso Florida Sabroso Florida 683 Sabroso Florida - - -

Unsprayed control 12.8 ns 9.3 ns 11.711s 8.1ns 62.1 ns 54.1 ns 8

Calendar Bravo 3.0 L ah. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Septoria Predictor Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 10 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 15 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 kg Tomcast DSV 20 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0

" ns = not significant difference between treatments

Table 4: Harvest weight, trimmed weight, and harvest height of two celery cultivars (Florida 683 and Sabroso) treated under different disease forecasting systems to the control of Septoria late blight, Trial. 2, Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment & ratelha . ......................... Harvest Weight _________ (kg) Trimmed Weight _________ (kg) ___________________------------ Harvest Height .................... (cm)

Sabroso Florida Sabroso Florida 683 Sabroso Florida 683 683 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unsprayed control 11.4nsa 11.6b 10.7 ns 10.7 ns 61.811s 5 0 . 1 ~ Calendar Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg 17.3 17.6 a 15.4 14.2 72.8 64.8 ab BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 15.4 19.1 a 13.4 15.1 67.6 65.0 ab kg Septoria Predictor Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg 15.5 19.4 a 14.6 15.6 70.3 62.5 ab BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 17.3 17.4 a 15.0 13.8 67. 65.0 ab kg Tomcast DSV 10 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg 15.9 17.4 a 14.2 14.2 69.8 62.6 ab BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 17.0 19.1 a 15.2 15.3 70.6 65.8 ab kg Tomcast DSV 15 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg 16.3 17.9 a 14.4 14.3 69.5 63.2 ab BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 15.8 18.3 a 13.9 15.1 69.7 66.4 a kg Tomcast DSV 20 Bravo 3.0 L alt. Champ 4.0 kg 14.8 17.2 a 13.1 13.6 67.8 62.7 ab BAS 516 1.0 kg alt. Champ 4.0 15.9 18.0 a 14.0 14.4 69.7 59.5 b

-kg

h s = not significant difference between treatments Numbers in a column followed by the same number are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's

Protected LSD test

CROP: Celery Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Pers. cv. Sabroso PEST: Septoria late blight (Septoricz apiicola Speg.)


TITLE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF SEPTORIA LATE BLIGHT ON CELERY, 2005

MATERIALS: ALEXIN (potash 8%, calcium 2.4%), BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil SO%), CUPROFIX (copper 40%)

METHODS: The trial was conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, in organic soil (pH = 7.2, organic matter =. 38.6%). Celery cultivar Sabroso was seeded into 288 cell plug trays on 25 April. Celery was hand transplanted into the field on 24 June (six rowsltreatment) with in-row plant spacing of 18 cm. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of six rows, 55 cm apart and 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 16, 25 August, 6, 19 and 28 September using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Llha of water. Treatments were: CUPROFIX at 6.5 kglha, ALEXIN at 4.0 Llha + BRAVO 500 at 3.0 Llha and ALEXIN at 4.0 Llha. An untreated check was also included. On 16 August the trial was inoculated with diseased leaves from celery plants with active S. apiicola lesions that were chopped, combined with water, allowed to stand for 48 hours and spread evenly by hand over rows three and four (the middle two rows of each treatment). On 11 October, a sample of 12 plants from each replicate was harvested, weighed, measured and assessed for disease. The average harvest weight, and stalk height was recorded. Stalks were trimmed to 55 cm and the trimmed weight was recorded. After trimming, the remaining leaves were assessed for Septoria leaf blight and rated on a scale from 0-3: 0 = no lesions on leaves; 1 = 4 0 % leaves diseased; 2 = 11-50% diseased; 3 = >50% diseased. Ten petioles were removed from the 12 harvested plants and rated for Septoria late blight on a scale from 0-5: 0 = no disease; 1 = <lo% petiole area diseased; 2 = 10-25% diseased; 3 = 26-50% diseased; 4 = 51-75% diseased; 5 = >75% diseased. The disease severity index (DSI) was determined by the following equation:

DSI = C [(class no.)(no. of celery in each class)] x 100 (total no. celery per sample)(no. classes -1)

The air temperatures in 2005 were above the long term (10 year) average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C), September (16.7"C) and October (lO.O°C) and average for August (19.9"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C, September 157°C and October 8.9"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for June (63 mm), July (33 mm), September (53 rnrn) and October (41 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm, September 76 mm and October 53 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among treatments in the disease severity index (DSI) (Table 1). All treatments had lower DSI than the check. The CUPROFIX and ALEXIN + BRAVO treatments had significantly lower DSI than ALEXIN alone and the check. There were no significant differences in percent petiole disease, leaf blight rating, harvest weights and plant height (Table 1 &2).

Table 1. Petiole DSI , % petioles'diseased and leaf blight ratings of celery treated with various fungicides for the control of Septoria leaf blight , grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment Rate (ha) % Petiole Leaf Blight Disease ati in^^

Check ---- 64.9 c3 100.0 ns4 2.9 ns

CUPROFIX 6.5 kg 27.1 a 95.6 2.7

4.0 L ALEXIN 46.4 b 99.0 2.7

ALEXIN + BRAVO 4.0L+ 3.0 L 28.0 a 78.8 2.3 1 Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = 1 [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x lo0 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes - 1)

*septoria leaf blight rating: 0 = no lesions on leaves; 1 = <lo% leaves diseased; 2 = 11-50% diseased; 3 = >50% diseased

numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test 4 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments

Table 2. Harvest weight and harvest height of celery treated with various fungicides for the control of Septoria leaf blight, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment Rate (ha) Harvest Weight (kg) Harvest Height (cm)

Check ---- 13.3 ns'

CUPROFIX 6.5 kg 15.9

4.0 L ALEXIN 15.1

ALEXIN + BRAVO 4.0L+ 3.0 L 15.8 1 ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments

Funding for this project was made available by Nutri Ag Ltd and Cerexagri Inc.

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Iceberg head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Ithaca Sclerotinia drop, (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary); Sclerotinia minor Jagger)


EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES ON LETTUCE INOCULATED WITH SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM FOR SCLEROTINIA DROP DIESEASE CONTROL, 2005

MATERIALS: PRISTINE (pyraclostrobin 12.8%, boscalid 25.2%), ROVRAL (iprodione 50%)

METHODS: Lettuce was direct seeded (14 seedslm) into organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter = 60%) on 11 July using a Stan Hay Precision seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight 5 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: PRISTINE at 1.7 kglha and ROVRAL at 1.5 kglha. An untreated, non-inoculated check and an untreated inoculated check were also included. Treatments were applied on 4, 1 I , 20 and 26 August, and 6 September using a pull-type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Llha of water. Plants were inoculated on 9 August with strips containing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelium. The trial was monitored weekly for disease occurrence and infected plants were counted and removed. On 15 September, all heads were harvested and examined for disease in the field. A sample of 15 heads from each replicate was weighed for yield. The air temperatures in 2005 were above the long term (10 year) average for July (21.g°C) and September (16.7"C) and average for August (19.9"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for July (33 rnm) and September (53 rnm) and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Table I

CONCLUSIONS: Sclerotinia minor was the most prevalent Sclerotinia disease in the plot. Inoculation with mycelium from S. sclerotiorium did not increase S. sclerotiorium inoculum levels in the field. Significant differences were found among treatments in percent plants with S. minor and total percent of plants with both types of Sclerotinia (Table 1). PRISTINE and ROVRAL had significantly lower percentage of plants with S. minor and with both types of Sclerotinia rot combined, than the inoculated check but were not significantly different from the non-inoculated check. No significant differences in yield were found. No phytotoxicity was found among the treatments.

Table 1. Percentage of Sclerotinia rot in lettuce inoculated with S. sclerotiorum strips containing mycelium and then treated with various fungicides, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005

Treatment Rate % plants with Sclerotinia ~ i e l d l ~ e a d ' (kglha) Minor Major Total (8)

.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Non Inoculated Check ---- 24.0 ab' 1.7 ns2 25.7 ab 976 ns

Inoculated Check ---- 36.7 b 3.7 40.3 b 997

PRISTINE 1.7 14.3 a 3.3 17.7 a 1028

ROVRAL 1.5 16.7 a 2.3 19.0 a 1021

I Yield was based upon a sample of 15 heads Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments

CROP: Iceberg head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Skyline PEST: Downy Mildew (Bremia Luctucae Regel)


TITLE: COMPARISON OF RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP AND RIDIMOL GOLD MZ 68WG FOR THE CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN LETTUCE, 2005

MATERIALS: RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP (metalaxyl-m 4%, mancozeb 64%), RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG (metalaxyl-m 4%, mancozeb 64%)

METHODS: Lettuce was direct seeded (14 seeds/m) into organic soil (pH - 6.4, organic matter - 60%) on 11 July using a Stan Hay Precision seeder at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight 5 m long rows, 42 cm apart. Treatments were: RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP at 2.5 kg/ha and RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG at 2.5 kgfha. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 8, 25 August and 3 September using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Llha of water. The lettuce was thinned to an in-row plant spacing of 30 cm on 27 July. At harvest, on 15 September, 15 heads were harvested and examined for disease and graded for downy mildew incidence and severity. Downy mildew disease severity was assessed using a scale from 0-5: 0 = no lesions; 1 = 1 lesion; 2 = 2-5 lesions; 3 = 6-10 lesions; 4 = 11-15 lesions; 5 = > 16 lesions. The same 15 heads were used to obtain a yield sample. The air temperatures in 2005 were above the long term (10 year) average for July (213°C) and September (16.7"C) and average for August (19.g°C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for July (33 mm) and September (53 mm) and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure in the trial was very high. Significant differences were found among the treatments in percent downy mildew, disease severity and percentage of marketable heads (Tables 1 & 2). The RIDOMIL treatments had significantly lower percentage of leaves with downy mildew, lower disease severity and higher percentage marketable heads than the untreated check. No phytotoxicity was observed on the RIDOMIL treatments after each application.

Funding for this project was made available by Syngenta Crop Protection Canada Ltd.

Table 1. Comparison of RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP and RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG for the control of Downy mildew on lettuce grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment Rate % of Leaves with (kg/ha) Downy Mildew

Downy Mildew DSI' ................................................................................................................................

Check --- 93.9 b2 81.0 b

RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP 2.5 11.1 a 3.0 a

I Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = C [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x lo0 (total no. petioles per sarnple)(no. ctasses - 1 )

2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

Table 2. Yield data for lettuce treated with different formulations of RIDOMIL GOLD MZ, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005

Treatment Rate Yield (kg)' (%) of Marketable Weightmead ( k g w Heads (g) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

Check --- 14.1 ns2 25.0 b3 936 ns

RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP 2.5 16.7 100.0 a 11 15

I Yield was based upon a sample of 15 heads * ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments

Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) PEST: Onion maggot, (Delia antiqua Meigen)


TITLE: EFFECT OF STAND DENSITY ON RESISTANCE TO ONION MAGGOT DELIA ANTZQUA (MEIGEN) IN SEEDED COMMERCIAL YELLOW COOKING ONION CULTIVARS, 2005

MATERIALS: Four commercial cultivars: Hoopla, Millennium, Fortress and Cortland

METHODS: Four plant spacings were used to evaluate seeded yellow cooking onions resistance to onion maggot in a field trial on organic soil (pHr7.0, organic matter-71.1%) naturally infested with Delia antiqua pupae at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Four onion cultivars were hand seeded on 16 May at 25, 34, 40 and 51 seedsfmeter. Each cultivar was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of two rows (40 cm apart), 3 m in length. Recommended control procedures were followed to manage other insects, pathogens and weeds. To determine initial stand count, plant emergence was recorded. Plants were counted and visually examined weekly throughout June and July for bulbs containing onion maggot damage or damage caused by other pests. The damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. Onion damage was recorded two weeks after the end of the first (7 July) and second (16 August) generation peaks and at harvest (21 September) (onion bulb maturity). Total damage was calculated as the cumulative damage caused by the first and second generation of maggots and the damage recorded at harvest. Only first and total damage are presented. On 13 October, for yield assessment, onion bulb weight and numbers were recorded. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C.Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 rnrn), July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 rnrn). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mrn, July 64 mm, August 59 rnrn and September 76 rnm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistics 7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P=0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in onion maggot (OM) damage at first generation assessment and after the total season were observed among the four cultivars (Table 1). Cortland had significantly lower OM damage than Millennium, Fortress and Hoopla at the first generation assessment and over the total season. As well, Cortland, Millennium and Fortress had significantly less OM damage than Hoopla after the first generation and over the total season. Significant differences in the yields were also recorded. Cortland and Fortress had significantly higher yields than Millennium and Hoopla. As well, Millennium had significantly higher yield than Hoopla. Significant differences in onion maggot damage and yield were found among the different stand densities (Table 2). At first generation assessment, the onions at 25 plantjmeter spacings had significantly less OM damage than all higher densities. Onions planted at 25 and 34 plantsfmeter planting densities had significantly less damage than onions seeded at 51 plantsfmeter. Over the total season, the 25 and 34 plantslmeter spacings had significantly less OM damage than those seeded at 51 plantsfmeter. Significant differences in yield resulted from differences in stand density. Onions seeded at 5 1 plantsfmeter had significantly higher yields than onions planted at 25 plantsfmeter.

Table 1. Percent onion maggot (OM) damage and yield of four onion cultivars seeded at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

% OM Damage2

.---------------------------------------------- Yield

~ultivarl lSt Generation Total (Uhd

Cortland 24.8 a' 31.0 a 39.3 a

Millennium 36.6 b 46.1 b 29.7 b

Fortress 37.8 b 47.7 b 34.9 a

Hoopla 80.2 c 82.4 c 1 1 . 2 ~

' Within each cultivar, the data from four different plant densities were combined for analysis lS' Generation - OM damage 16 May to 7 July; Total - Cumulative OM damage for season ' umbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table 2. Percent onion maggot (OM) damage and yield of onions from four different plant densities seeded at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

% OM Damage2

............................................. Yield

Plant ~ensit~lmeterl 1 Generation Total (Vha)

25 33.8 a' 41.7 a 26.4 b

' Within each plant density, the data from four different cultivars were combined for analysis 2 st I Generation - OM damage 16 May to 7 July; Total - Cumulative OM Damage from season umbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.



TITLE: EFFECT OF STAND DENSITY ON RESISTANCE TO ONION MAGGOT DELlA ANTIQUA (MEIGEN) IN TRANSPLANTED COMMERCIAL YELLOW COOKING ONION CULTIVARS, 2005

MATERIALS: Three commercial cultivars: Millennium, Fortress and Cortland

METHODS: Four plant spacings were used to evaluate resistance of transplanted yellow cooking onions to onion maggot in a field trial on organic soil (pH-7.0, organic matter=71.1%) naturally infested with Delia antiqua pupae at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005. Three onion cultivars were seeded into 288 plug trays on 21 April. Onions of each cultivar were hand-transplanted at 17, 25, 34 and 51 plantslmeter on 8 June. Each cultivar was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of two rows (40 cm apart), 3 m in length. Recommended control procedures were followed to manage other insects, pathogens and weeds. Transplants were counted and visually examined weekly throughout June and July for bulbs containing onion maggot damage or damage caused by other pests. These damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. Onion damage was recorded two weeks after the end of the first (7 July) and second (16 August) generation peaks and at harvest (29 August) (onion bulb maturity). Total damage was calculated as the cumulative damage caused by the first and second generation of maggots and the damage recorded at harvest. Only first and total damage are presented. On 13 September, for yield assessment, bulb weights and numbers were recorded. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm) and September (53 mrn) and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 rnrn, June 87 mm, July 64 mrn, August 59 mrn and September 76 mrn. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistics 7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P=0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among cultivars in the percent onion maggot damage at first generation assessment and over the total season (Table 1). Millennium and Cortland had significantly less damage than Fortress at first generation assessment and over the total season. As well, Millennium had significantly less damage than Cortland over the total season. Millennium and Fortress had significantly higher yield than Cortland. Onions planted at 25 plantslrneter had significantly lower OM damage than spacings 34 and 17 plantslmeter at first generation assessment (Table 2). Over the total season, the 25 and 51 plantslmeter spacings had significantly less. damage than onions planted at 17 plantlmeter. Yield was directly related to plant density. Onions planted at 51 plantslmeter had a significantly higher yield than all lower planting densities. The 34 and 25 plantslrneter densities had significantly higher yields than onions planted at 17 plantslrneter.

Table 1. Percent onion maggot (OM) damage and yield of three onion cultivars transplanted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Millennium

Cortland

Fortress

' Within each cultivar, the data from four different plant densities were combined for analysis ' I" Generation - OM damage 8 June to 7 July, Total - Cumulative OM damage from season umbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table 2. Percent onion maggot (OM) damage and yield of onions from four different plant densities transplanted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

' Within each plant density, the data from three different cultivars were combined for analysis ' IS' Generation - OM damage 8 June to 7 July, Total - Cumulative OM damage for season

Numbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.



TITLE: FIELD EVALUATION OF SEEDED COMMERCIAL YELLOW COOKING ONION CULTIVARS AND BREEDING LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO THE ONION MAGGOT, DELIA ANTIQUA (MEIGEN), 2005

MATERIALS: Onion breeding lines obtained from Seminis Vegetable Seeds and the University of Wisconsin and 5 commercial cultivars from various seed companies

METHODS: Yellow cooking onions were evaluated for their resistance to the onion maggot in a field trial on organic soil (pH-7.0, organic matter 71.1%), in a region where Delia antiqua occurs naturally at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Five onion cultivars and 3 breeding lines obtained from Seminis Vegetable Seeds and the University of Wisconsin were hand-seeded at 40 seeddm on 16 May. Each cultivar and breeding line was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of two rows (40 cm apart), 3 m in length. Recommended control procedures to manage other insects, pathogens and weeds were followed. To determine initial stand count, plant emergence was determined. Plants were counted and visually examined weekly throughout June and July for onion maggot or damage caused by other pests. Damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. Onion damage was recorded two weeks after the end of the first (7 July) and second (16 August) generation peaks and at harvest (21 September) (onion bulb maturity). Total damage was calculated as the cumulative damage caused by the first and second generation of maggots and the damage recorded at harvest. Only first and total damage are presented. On 30 September, for yield assessment, onion total weight and number of healthy bulbs was recorded after harvest. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19. 1°Cand September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm) and September (53 rnm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mrn, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistics V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P=0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences among the onion cultivars and breeding lines were found in first generation onion maggot (OM) damage, total OM damage and yield (Table 1). At first generation assessment and in total OM damage, Ricochet and Fortress had significantly less damage than the breeding line 1247B, Cortland and Hoopla. Ricochet had significantly less OM damage at first generation and in total damage than all other cultivars except Fortress and University of Wisconsin breeding line 1598B. Fortress had the highest yield at 53.1 t/ha while Hoopla and breeding line 1416C had the lowest yield at 9.8 and 11.9 t/ha respectively.

Table 1. Percent onion maggot (OM) damage and yield of onions seeded at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

% OM ~ a r n a ~ e ' ............................................ Yield

Source 1'' Generation Total Wha)

Ricochet

Forttress

1598B (W461B)

1416C

Millennium

1247B

Cortland

Hoopla

Seminis

Serninis

uw3 Seminis

Numhems

Seminis

Bejo

Seedworks

5.0 a'

14.8 ab

16.9 abc

17.4 abc

24.3 bcd

30.8 cd

39.1 d

83.4 e

11.6 a

21.3 ab

26.1 abc

3 1.4 bcd

36.9 bcd

40.2 cd

44.5 d

90.5 e

I St 1 Generation - OM damage from 16 May to 7 July, Total - Cumulative OM Damage for season 2 Numbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

UW = University of Wisconsin - Madison.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Alliuni cepa L.) PEST: Onion maggot, (Delia antiqua Meigen)


TITLE: FIELD EVALUATION OF TRANSPLANTED COMMERCIAL YELLOW COOKING ONION CULTIVARS AND BREEDING LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO ONION MAGGOT, DELIA ANTIQUA (MEIGEN), 2005

MATERIALS: Onion breeding lines obtained from Seminis Vegetable Seeds and the University of Wisconsin, and 5 commercial cultivars from various seed companies

METHODS: Yellow cooking onions were evaluated for resistance to onion maggot in a field trial on organic soil (pHe7.0, organic matter=71.1%) naturally infested with Delia antiqua pupae at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. Five onion cultivars and 3 breeding lines obtained from Seminis Vegetable Seeds and the University of Wisconsin were seeded into 288 plug trays on 21 April. Onions were hand-transplanted at 25 plantslmeter on 8 June. Each cultivar was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of two rows (40 cm apart), 3 m in length. Recommended control procedures were followed to manage other insects, pathogens and weeds. Transplants were counted and visually examined weekly throughout June and July for onion maggot damage or damage caused by other pests and damaged plants were rogued out and the cause recorded. Onion damage was recorded two weeks after the end of the first (7 July) and second (I6 August) generation peaks and at harvest (29 August) (onion bulb maturity). Total damage was calculated as the cumulative damage caused by the first and second generation of maggots and the damage recorded at harvest. Only first and total damage are presented. On 14 September, for yield assessment, onion weights and the numbers of healthy bulbs were recorded The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C). average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.g°C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (I0 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistics V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P=0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the incidence of onion maggot damage among the cultivars and breeding lines were found at first generation and at harvest assessments (Table 1). Fortress had significantly less onion maggot damage than all other cultivars and breeding lines at first generation assessment. Fortress and breeding line 1416C had significantly less onion maggot damage than Millennium, Cortland, Ricochet and 1247B in total onion maggot damage. Significant differences were observed in yield among cultivars and breeding lines. Hoopla had significantly higher yields than all other cultivars. Since Hoopla is phenotypically a larger onion than the other cultivars, yields at similar planting densities tend to be higher. Breeding lines 1416C and 1247B had the lowest yields at 17.7 and 15.0 Vha, respectively.

Table '1. Percent onion maggot (0 IM) damage and yield of onions transplanted at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

% OM ~ a m a ~ e ' Yield

CultivarLine Source ISt Generation Total (Vha)

Fortress Seminis 9.3 a' 15.7 a 40.2 b

1416C Seminis 5.4 b 13.2 ab 17.7 de

Hoopla Seed works 5.2 b 9.6 bc 56.8 a

1247B Seminis 4.8 b 14.3 d 15.0 e

Millennium Numhems 3.4 b 7.8 cd 36.5 b

Cortland Bejo 2.7 b 5.6 cd 36.5 b

Ricochet Seminis 2.2 b 4.4 d 24.8 cd - - - - - - - -

' IS' Generation - OM damage from 21 April to 7 July, Total - Cumulative OM Damage for season Numbers in a column followed by a different letter were significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD

test. UW = University of Wisconsin - Madison.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Alliurn cepa L.) cv. Millennium PEST: Onion smut, Urocystis cepulae (Frost) & Onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen)

AUTHORS MOINEDDIN Z MI, MCDONALD M R ~ , SCOTT-DUPREE c', HARRIS C R' & TAYLOR A G ~ . Dept. of Environmental ~ i o l o ~ ~ ' and Plant ~ ~ r i c u l t u r e ~ , University of Guelph, New York State Agricultural experiment Station, Geneva, New york3.

TITLE: INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF ONION SMUT AND ONION MAGGOT WITH REDUCED RISK SEED TREATMENTS, 2005

MATERIALS: RAXIL 2.6F (tebuconazole 28.4%), APRON XL LS (mefenoxam 28.4%), MAXIM 4FS (fludioxinil40.3%), PRO GRO SOD (carbathiin 30%, thiram 50%), GOVERNOR 75WP (cyromazine 75%), SUCCESS 4SC (spinosad 44.2%), REGENT 6.2FS (fipronil56%).

METHODS: Filed trials were conducted at the Muck Crop Research Station (MCRS), Holland Marsh, Ontario in summer 2005 to evaluate several new reduced risk seed treatments, fungicides and insecticides alone and in combination for the control of onion smut and onion maggot. Yellow cooking onions (cv. Millennium) were seeded (40 seedslm) in muck soil (pH =: 6.4, organic matter =. 60%) on 9 May. Naturally infested much soil with onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) (0s ) and natural onion maggot (Delia antiqua) (OM) population in this area were used. Treatments applied are: Fungicides: PRO GRO at 2000 mg ail100 of seeds; RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds and at 125 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON XL at 15 mg ail 100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ai /I00 of seeds; insecticides: GOVERNOR at 5000 mg ail100 Of seeds; REGENT at 2500 mg ail100 of seeds and at 500 mg ail100 of seeds ; SUCCESS at 2500 mg ail100 of seeds and 5000 mg ail100 of seeds ; and insecticide/ fungicide combinations: SUCCESS at 5000 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; SUCCESS at 5000 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 125 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; SUCCESS at 2500 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; SUCCESS at 2500 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 125 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; SUCCESS at 1000 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; SUCCESS at 1000 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 150 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; REGENT at 2500 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; REGENT at 2500 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 150 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; REGENT at 500 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; REGENT at 500 mg ail100 of seeds +RAXIL at 125 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON at 15 mg ail100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ail100 of seeds; GOVERNOR at 5000 mg ail100 of seeds + PRO GRO at 2000 mg ail100 of seeds. An untreated check was also included into the research trials. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used for the experiment. The field blocks for each treatment replicate consisted of four rows (42 cm apart) of onions 6 m in length. A push cone seeder was used for planting the seed treatments. Six two meter long sections for each of three OS assessments, three OM assessments and one 2.32 meter section for yield assessment were randomly selected within each treatment block. To determine the initial stands, germination counts were recorded weekly in each two meter length of a row before the first assessment. Dying onions, other than those in the sections selected for yield assessment, were rogued out and cause of death (OM, OS, OM+OS or other) was recorded. Data were collected twice weekly to account for loss of onions from the original stand. Assessments for onion

smut were done at the 1" (14 June), 3rd- 5" (4 July) true leaf stages, and at the harvest (2 September), by harvesting one of the 2m sections each time and evaluating leaves and bulbs for smut symptoms. Onion maggot damage was examined by evaluating bulbs for the maggot symptoms at the end of the 1" (1 1 July) and 2"* (22 August) generations and at the harvest (22 September). Weight and bulb size were evaluated at the harvest for the yield sections in each blocks. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May ( 1 0 . 8 ~ ~ ) , average for August (19.9'~), and above average for June (21.2'~), July (21.8'~), September (16.7'~) and October ( 1 0 . 0 ~ ~ ) . The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2'~, June 18.3'~, July 20.o0c, August 19.1°C, September 15.7 '~ and October 8.9'~. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mrn), June (63 mm), July (33 rnrn), September (53 mm), and average for August (56 rnrn). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 nun, and September 76 mm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Protected LSD test (Pc0.05) using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of SAS V.8.2 were used.

RESULTS: As summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: In summer 2005 onion smut and onion maggot damage were considerably high. Significant differences among all treatments on three assessment dates were observed for both OS and OM. Both fungicides alone, RAXIL + APRON +MAXIM and PRO GRO, significantly reduced OS incidence at different application rates. However, results showed that several insecticidelfungicide combinations gave substantially better OS control, such as SUCCESS + RAXIL + APRON + MAXIM and REGENT+ RAXIL + APRON + MAXIM. Compared to the standard fungicide seed treatment, PRO GRO, either alone or in combination with GOVERNOR and the untreated check, new fungicide seed treatments particularly in combination with new reduced risk insecticides had stronger effect on OS control. To control OM damage, insecticide treatments alone such as REGENT, SUCCESS and GOVERNOR showed an intermediate level of control and no significant difference was observed between the different rates of these insecticides application. Nevertheless, insecticidelfungicide combinations were the most effective for OM control. Most efficacious combinations were: REGENT + RAXIL + APRON + MAXIM and SUCCESS + RAXIL + APRON + MAXIM. Although there were no significant differences between different rates of REGENT, significant differences were observed between different rates of SUCCESS in combination with new fungicides in the first and second OM generation assessment. As a result, SUCCESS in its higher rate was more effective than the lower rate. However, in the third OM generation assessment there were no significant differences between different insecticide application rates. Moreover, results showed that new insecticidelfungicide combinations are as effective at controlling OM as the industry standard insecticide, Governor, either alone or in combination with the fungicide seed treatment PRO GRO.

Table 1. Evaluation of reduced risk seed treatment fungicides for the control of onion smut at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Application Rate Total incidence of smut % Treatment mg ail 100 g seeds ................................................................................................

14 June 04 July 02 Sept Yield 2005 2005 2005 T/h

Check

Governor +Pro Gro

Success

Regent

Success

Regent

Pro-Gro

Raxil+Apron+Maxim

Governor

Success+Raxil+Apron+Maxim

Regent+Raxil+Apron+Maxim

Raxil+Apron+Maxim





Success+Raxil+ Apron+Maxim




61.0 F

51.5 ef

48.1 d-f

43.6 d-e

43.2 d-e

38.5 d-e

31.2 cd

31.1 cd

30.5 b-d

14.8 a-c

14.0 a-c

14.0 a-c

10.6 a-c

10.1 ab

10.0 ab

9.3 a

5.6 a

4.3 a

4.3 a

3.4 a

74.5 h

38.8 b-f

51.6 fg

44.0 d-g

54.1 fg

45.9 e-g

52.4 fg

24.7 a-e

39.8 C-f

27.8 a-e

22.8 a-d

59.3 gh

20.0 a-c

15.0 ab

14.9 ab

28.6 a-e

12.2 a

17.3 a-c

6.3 a

24.6 a-e

68.84 g

56.42 e-g

45.00 b-g

24.45 a-d

42.47 a-g

52.00 d-g

54.32 gf

21.98 a d

37.72 a-f

28.37 a d

26.29 a-d

65.25 g

45.97 c-g

10.08 ab

8.42 a

24.06 a-d

18.27 a-c

15.22 a-c

9.70 ab

17.40 a-c

11.77 fg

38.30 b-e

24.77 ef

3 1.82 c-e

29.35 de

43.87 a-c

6.67 g

9.25 g

27.60 de

37.90 b-e

49.60 ab

8.12 g

27.40 de

4 1.23 a-d

46.90 ab

47.40 ab

54.60 a

44.70 a-c

38.60 b-e

44.45 a-c

'Values in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table' 2. Evaluation of reduced risk seed treatment insecticides for the control of onion maggot at the Muck Crop Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Application Rate Total incidence of maggot % Treatment mg ail 100 g seeds

11 July 22 Aug 22 Sept Yield 2005 2005 2005 T/h

Check

Raxil+Apron+Maxim

Pro-Gro

Raxil+Apron+Maxim



Success

Success


Regent

Governor


Regent


Governor +Pro Gro






81.6 F

73.9 ef

69.5 ef

59.7 de

40.6 cd

39.4 bc

25.8 a-c

24.5 a-c

19.0 a-c

16.4 ab

16.0 ab

15.6 ab

9.8 a

9.4 a

8.9 a

7.5 a

5.6 a

4.8 a

4.2 a

2.8 a

87.7 ij

74.6 hi

88.5 j

69.5 gh

29.3 a-d

52.9 e-g

57.2 fg

44.3 d-f

32.5 b-e

35.7 c-e

34.3 b-e

18.7 a-c

35.4 c-e

23.9 a-d

26.3 a-d

26.1 a-d

16.8 a-c

12.8 ab

16.0 a-c

7.7 a

11.77 fg

9.25 g

6.67 g

8.12 g

44.45 a-c

37.90 b-e

24.77 ef

29.35 de

27.40 de

31.82 c-e

27.60 de

54.60 a

43.87 a-c

49.60 ab

38.30 b-e

44.70 a-c

38.60 b-e

41.23 a-d

47.40 ab

46.90 ab

'Values in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Millennium Onion smut, Urocystis cepulae (Frost) & Damping off, Pythium, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia spp.

MOINEDDIN Z M I , MCDONALD M R ~ , SCOTT-DUPREE c', HARRIS C R' & TAYLOR A G'. Dept. of Environmental ~ i o l o ~ ~ ' and Plant ~ ~ r i c u l t u r e ~ , University of Guelph, New York State Agricultural experiment Station, Geneva, New york3.

EVALUATION OF REDUCED-RISK FUNGICIDE SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF ONION SMUT AND DAMPING OFF

MATERIALS: RAXIL 2.6F (tebuconazole 28.4%), APRON XL LS (mefenoxam 28.4%), MAXIM 4FS (fludioxinil40.3%), PRO GRO SOD (carbathiin 3096, thiram 50%), THIRAM 42s (thiram 42%), DYNASTY (azoxystrobin 3.2%), TRILEX (trifloxystrobin 22%).

METHODS: In fall 2004 and winter 2005, greenhouse trials were conducted at the Muck Crops Research Station to compare OS incidence between fungicide seed treatments. Onion seeds (cv. Millennium) were commercially film coated with the appropriate treatments at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. Four fungicide treatments: PRO GRO at 2000 mg ail100 of seeds; APRON XL at 15 mg ail 100 of seeds; MAXIM at 5 mg ai 1100 of seeds; TIRAM at 188 mg ail100 of seeds; and six fungicide combinations: TIRAM at 188 mg ail100 of seeds+ APRON XL at 15 mg ail 100 of seeds; TIRAM at 188 mg ail100 of seeds+ APRON XL at 15 mg ail 100 of seeds + MAXIM at 5 mg ai I100 of seeds; TIRAM at 188 mg ai/100 of seeds + DYNASTY at 150 mg ail100 of seeds; PRO GRO at 2000 mg ail100 of seeds + APRON XL at 15 mg ail 100 of seeds; TIRAM at 188 mg ail100 of seeds + TRILEX at 150 mg ail100 of seeds; TIRAM at 188 mg ail100 of seeds + RAXIL at 250 mg ail100 of seeds were used with four replications. Onion seeds were hand-sown 1 cm deep in 200- plug trays filled with organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter =: 60%) naturally infested with OS collected from MCRS. Trays were moved to the cool and dark germination room (Avg. temp. 13" C) and kept for 14 days to increase the OS incidence. When most of the seedlings had reached the loop stage, trays were moved to the greenhouse for approximately 8 weeks. Each tray was divided in half, 100 plants in each half. Onion trays were checked for damping-off after they were moved to the greenhouse at the early seedling stage. Onion smut assessments were made twice, first when the flag leaves were fully developed in the first half and again when the flag leaves had died in the other half of each tray. Assessment was done by pulling out the onion plants and visually examining them. This experiment was repeated one more time to confirm our results. Statistical significance of differences was determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Protected LSD test (a=0.05).

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 & 2.

CONCLUSIONS: In general, considerable OS damage was observed in the check, APRON and THIRAM treatments and in the combinations of these fungicides either alone or with MAXIM. These combinations are mostly applied to control damping off. Combinations of PRO-GRO+ APRON, THIRAM+ TRILEX and MAXIM alone gave an intermediate level of smut control. Fungicide trials were also evaluated for damping off damage. Damage caused by damping off was significant in the check plot. However, MAXIM alone had the highest incidence of damping off. No significant difference was observed between other fungicide treatments. Consequently they were all effective against damping off incidence. In conclusion, the combination of THIRAM + RAXIL was the most effective treatment for the control of onion smut and damping off.

Table 1. Evaluation of reduced risk seed treatment fungicides for onion smut (0s) incidence in greenhouse trials, 2004 and 2005.

Average percent (5%) OS

Treatments 1" true leaf 25 3-5 true leaf 1" true leaf 3-5 true leaf Jan. 2004 15 Feb. 2004 08 Mar. 2005 24 Mar. 2005

Check

Apron

Thiram

Thiram+Apron

Pro Gro

Thiram + Apron + Maxim

Thiram+ Dynasty

Pro Gro + Apron

Thiram+ Trilex

Maxim

Thiram + Raxil

8.6 c-e

8.2 c-e

6.3 b e

9.6 e

4.0 d b

9.4 de

6.0 b-d

4.6 b

3.5 ab

4.7 b d

5.8 b-d

6.7 cd

8.3 d

2.0 ab

6.5 cd

3.4 a-c

3.2 a-c

2.4 ab

' Values in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=O.OS Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Table2. Evaluation of reduced risk seed treatment fungicides for damping off incidence in greenhouse trials, 2004 and 2005

TREATMENTS 1" true leaf 25 3-5 true leaf 1" true leaf 3-5 true leaf Jan. 2005 15 Feb.2005 08 March, 2005 24 March, 2005

---------------------------------------------..-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.-.------------------------------------------------------

Check 23.0 c1 23.1 c 0.0 a 0.5 a

Apron 2.6 a 4.3 a 1.4 a 3.2 a

Thiram 1.6 a 1.6 a 1.6 a 1.6 a

Pro Gro 0.3 a 1.5 a 0.0 a 0.0 a

Thirarn + Apron + Maxim 0.8 a 1.9 a 0.8 a 1.0 a

Thiram+ Dynasty 0.8 a 0.8 a 0.3 a 0.3 a

Pro Gro + Apron 0.0 a 0.8 a 0.3 a 0.0 a

Thirarn+ Trilex 1.6 a 0.0 a 0.8 a 0.8 a

Maxim 12.9 b 10.3 b 22.5 b 26.1 b

Thiram + Raxil 0.5 a 0.0 a 0.8 a 0.3 a

1 Values in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squarnosa J.C. Walker)

Purple blotch (Alternaria porri Ellis Cif.) Downy Mildew (Peronspora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)


TITLE: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ONION VARIETIES FOR RESISTANCE TO BOTRYTIS LEAF BLIGHT AND PURPLE BLOTCH IN ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: 6 commercial cultivars from various seed companies

METHODS: Onions of cultivars Calisto and Braddock (Bejo Seeds Inc.), Millennium (Nurnhems), Flagship and Hamlet (Seminis Vegetable Seeds), and Stanley (Solar Seeds Inc) were direct seeded (34 seedstm) on 10 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (organic matter = 45.7%, pH =

6.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block *

arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. Twenty five plants per replicate were harvested on 18 August when the plants were near maturity. The three outer leaves per plant were evaluated for Botrytis leaf blight. The percentage of green tissue area that was infected was rated using The Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant diseases by Clive James, Key No. 1.6.1. The total number of green and dead leaves was also recorded. All green and dead leaves were assessed for purple blotch. The total numbers of purple blotch lesions on the plants was recorded. On 6 September, a 4.66 m yield sample was taken from each replicate and the onions were weighed and graded for size on 21 October. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9OC), and above average for June (21.2OC), July (21.8"C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 rnrn, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 rnrn. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure in the trial was low and no downy mildew was observed due to hot dry weather during the growing season. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in disease severity, 1-2% Botrytis, yield and size distribution (Tables 1 & 2). Flagship had lowest Botrytis DSI and 1-2% Botrytis and was significantly lower than Braddock, Hamlet and Stanley for DSI and Hamlet and Stanley for 1-2% Botrytis. Significant differences were found among cultivars in the number of green leaves. Calisto and Braddock had significantly more green leaves than all other cultivars except Flagship. No differences in percentage of leaves with Purple Blotch were found. Calisto and Braddock had the highest yields but there were no differences among the onions in percent marketable. Calisto had the highest percent of bulbs in the largest size range (>7.0 cm), and in the other two size ranges it had the least percentage of bulbs. Flagship had the highest percentage of bulbs in the smallest size range (4.5-5.7 cm).

Table 1. The incidence of Botrytis leaf blight and Purple blotch on various onion varieties grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

- - - - - -

Variety

Botrytis Leaf Blight Total # Green

# % Leaves with

DSI' 1-2 % Leaves

Dead Purple Blotch Botrvtis Leaves ~ ~ . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Flagship 7.8 a2 21.3 a 157 ab 64 ns3 14.9 ns

Millennium 12.1 ab 33.6 ab 150 b 7 3 23.2

BGS 174 13.4 abc 37.7 ab 171 a 60 15.9

Braddock 15.7bcd 41.0 abc 171 a 62 17.2

Hamlet 20.0cd 49.7 bc 154 b 63 23.4

Stanley 22.4d 62.6 c 144 b 68 34.0

Disease severity index (DSI) was determined using the following equation:

DSI = [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x 100 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes -1)


ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments.

Table 2. Yield, percent marketable and size distribution of various onion varieties grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Size Distribution (%)

% 4.5 - 5.7 5.7 - 7.0 Variety (tlha) Marketable < 4.5 cm > 7.0 cm cm cm

BGS 174 81.4 a' 99.2 ns' 0.8 ns 4.3 a 32.9 a 61.9 a

Braddoc k 71.4 ab 98.4 1.6 13.8 b 55.2 b 29.4 b

Hamlet 64.9 bc 99.1 0.9 20.7 b 66.7 c 11.6 cd

Stanley 63.8 bc 98.2 1.8 19.1 b 57.7 bc 21.4 bc

Flagship 62.3 bc 98.7 1.3 29.4 c 65.4 bc 3.9 d

Millennium 56.3 c 98.7 1.6 16.7 b 56.9 bc 24.7 b

' Numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

ns = no significant differences found among the treatments.

Funding for this project was made available by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the support of the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario and the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association.

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet Botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa J.C. Walker) Purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.) Downy Mildew (Peronspora destructor (Berk.) Casp. In Berk


EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS LEAF BLIGHT ON ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: ALEXIN (potash 8% calcium 2.4% ), BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil 50%), CUPROFIX (copper 40%), CUPROFIX (40% DF), ALEXIN (40% calcium), LANCE (boscalid 70%), DITHANE (80% mancozeb), CABRIO EG (20%pyraclostrobin)

METHODS: Onions were direct seeded (34 seedslm) on 9 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (organic matter = 72.6%, pH = 6.5) at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 21, 28 July and 11, 18 August using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Wha of water. Treatments were: CUPROFIX at 6.5 kglha, ALEXIN at 4.0 Llha, and ALEXIN at 4.0 Llha combined with either BRAVO 500 at 2.5 Uha, LANCE at 475 g/ha, DITHANE at 2.5 kg/ha or CABRIO at 840 glha. An untreated check was also included. All treatments received one application of RIDOMIL GOLD MZ at 2.5 kglha and ALLIETE at 2.8 kglha on 14 July and 23 July, respectively. Twenty five plants per replicate were harvested on 22 August when the plants were near maturity. The three oldest green leaves per plant with 80% or more of non-necrotic tissue were evaluated for Botrytis leaf blight. The percentage of green tissue area infected was rated using The Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant Diseases by Clive James, Key No. 1.6.1. The total number of green and dead leaves was also recorded. Purple Blotch and Downy Mildew was assessed by looking at all leaves, dead and green, and recording the number of leaves with lesions. A 4.66 m of row sample was taken from each replicate on 7 September for yield assessments. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 18 October. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (lO.S°C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (213°C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 rnrn), June (63 mm), July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 rnm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found among the treatments in DSI, the number of green and dead leaves and yield. Disease pressure was low and no downy mildew was present due to the hot, dry weather during the growing season. No phytotoxicity was observed after any treatments.

Table 1. Comparison of various fungicides for the control of Botrytis leaf blight and yield on onions grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Treatment Rate (ha) DSI' 0 % ~ o t ~ r t i s " Yield (t/ha)

Check --- 8.7 ns3 73.8 ns 42.5 ns

CUPROFIX 6.5 kg 5.5 83.6 52.9

ALEXIN + standard4 4.0 L 5.3 84.8 53.4

ALEXIN 4.0 L 9.8 70.6 62.3

DSI ( ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ severity index)= [(rating class)(no. of plants in each rating class)] 100 (total no. plants per sample)(no. rating classes-1)

Seventy five leaves per replicate were graded for % Botrytis leaf blight ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments

4 Lance 475 g/ha - July 28; Dithane 2.5 kg - Aug 3; Bravo 2.5 Wha - August 11; Cabrio 840 g/ha - July 21, August 18.

Funding for this project was made available by Nutri Ag Ltd and Cerexagri Inc.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cv. Hamlet PEST: Downy Mildew (Peronspora destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)


TITLE: COMPARISON OF RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP AND RIDIMOL GOLD MZ 68WG FOR THE CONTROL OF DOWNY MILDEW IN ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP (metalaxyl-m 4%, mancozeb 64%), RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG (metalaxyl-m 4%, mancozeb 64%),

METHODS: Onions were direct seeded (34 seedslm) on 10 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (organic matter - 45.7%, pH = 6.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 18 July, 2 and 15 August using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 690 kPa (boom) in 500 Llha of water. Treatments were: RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP at 2.5 kglha and RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG at 2.5 kglha. An untreated check was also included. No other fungicides were applied to the trial. Weeds and insects were controlled using recommended control measures. Twenty five plants per replicate were harvested on 23 August when the plants were near maturity. Both dead and green leaves were assessed for downy mildew. The total numbers of lesions on the plants was recorded. The number of green and dead leaves were also recorded. A 4.66 m yield sample was taken from each replicate on 6 September. The onions were weighed and graded for size on 20 October. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (21.8"C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 rnrn), July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found among the treatments in the percentage of downy mildew lesions or the number of green or dead leaves per plant (Table 1). No downy mildew was observed in the trial due to hot, dry growing conditions. No differences were found in yield or size distribution (Table 2). No phytotoxicity was observed in the RIDOMIL treatments after any application.

Funding for this project was made available by Syngenta Crop Protection Canada Ltd.

Table I. Comparison of RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP and RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG for the control of Downy Mildew on onions grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Check --- 0 3.5 ns 5.6 ns

RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP 2.5 0 3.6 5.9

RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WG 2.5 0 3.6 6.2

I ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments

Table 2. Yield, and size distribution of onions treated with different formulations of RIDOMIL GOLD MZ, grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Rate Size distribution (%) Treatment Yield .-----------------------------------------------------------------

(kg1ha) ('ha) < 4.5 cm 4.5 -5.7 cm 5.7-7.0 cm > 7.0 cm ...................................................................................................................................... Check --- 66.9 ns' 1.2 ns 12.5 ns 64.7 ns 22.8ns

RIDOMIL GOLD MZ 68WP 2.5 7 1.5 1.3 8.2 59.1 32.6

I ns indicates that there were no significant differences found among the treatments

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Green bunching onions (Alliunt~stulosunt L.) Downy Mildew (Peronsportl destructor Berk. Casp. In Berk)


COMPARISON OF VARIOUS BUNCHING ONION VARIETIES FOR RESISTANCE TO DOWNY MILDEW IN ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: 8 commercial cultivars from various seed companies

METHODS: Onions of cultivars Parade and Performer (Bejo Seeds Inc.), Green Banner ( Seminis Vegetable Seed), Emerald Isle, Tokyo Long White, Red Bunching, White Sweet Spanish and Southport White Globe (Stokes Seeds Inc.) were direct seeded (60 seedslm) on 15 July using a V-belt seeder into organic soil (organic matter - 45.7%, pH = 6.4) near the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of four rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Recommended control procedures for weeds and insects were followed. Thirty plants per replicate were harvested on 30 September by pulling plants from the ground. The plants were measured and weighed and the average height and total weight was recorded. The air temperatures in 2005 were above the long term (10 year) average for July (21.8"C) and September (16.7"C) and average for August (19.9"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed .using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained by using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Disease pressure was extremely low in the trial due to hot dry weather during the growing season, therefore no Downy mildew symptoms were observed. Significant differences in total weight were found among the cultivars (Table 1). Green Banner and White Sweet Spanish were significantly plants than Emerald Isle. There were no differences in average height among the cultivars.

Funding for this project was made available by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the support of the Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario and the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association.

Table, 1. Weight, average height and percent downy mildew of various green onion varieties grown at the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Variety Weight of 30 Plants (g) Average Height (cm) Downy Mildew %

Green Banner 877 a' 53.7 ns2 0

White Sweet Spanish 647 ab 44.3 0

Tokyo Long White 463 bc 43.3 0

Red Bunching 443 bc 42.3 0

Southport White Globe 323 bc 40.3 0

Performer 313 bc 43.7 0

Parade 307 bc 45.3 0

Emerald Isle 298 c 45.0 0

1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test 2 ns indicates no significant differences found among the treatments. 3 No downy mildew was observed due to hot, dry weather during July -September

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) cvs. Fortress, Hoopla, Ricochet and Corona PEST: Onion white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum Berk

AUTHORS: HOVIUS MHY, MCDONALD MR and VANDER KO01 K .

University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EPIDEMIOLGY OF ONION INFECTION BY SCLEROTIUM CEPIVORUM, THE FUNGUS THAT CAUSES ALLIUM WHITE ROT, 2005

MATERIALS: Seed from onion cultivars (Fortress, Hoopla, Ricochet and Corona) obtained from Serninis and Bejo seed companies

METHODS: Different onion cultivars were evaluated in a commercial field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum sclerotia in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (2005). Yellow cooking onions (cultivars Fortress, Hoopla, Ricochet and Corona) were direct seeded (34 seedslm) on 20 May using a Stan Hay Precision seeder into organic soil (pH - 6.4, organic matter - 60%). Cultivars were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one row, 25 m in length and all rows were 42 cm apart. Recommended control procedures for fungal and bacterial pathogens, weeds and insects were followed. The plot was irrigated using overhead sprinkle irrigation biweekly, adding approximately 1.5 cm of water to offset the dry weather conditions from June to August. Assessments for symptoms of infection caused by S. cepivorum began on 28 June. The plants in 2 m of row were destructively assessed 28 June, 12 and 26 July, 9 and 23 August and 6 and 20 September. Rate of disease development per day (RDD) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were calculated from 28 June to 20 September. Before RDD and AUDPC were calculated, the equation for the best linear fit was determined (y = mx + b) and the linear equation was used to calculate RDD and AUDPC. Data were tested for normality and log transformations improved normality for disease incidence on 6 and 20 September and for RDD and AUDPC. Therefore transformed data was used for statistical analysis and back-transformed for presentation. Raw data was used for the statistical analysis of disease incidence for 28 June, 12 and 26 July and 9 and 23 August since transformations did not improve normality. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (213°C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 rnrn), July (33 mm) and September (53 rnrn), and average for August (56 mm). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 rnrn, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Satistix V.7. Mean separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LDD test with P=0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As outlined in Tables I and 2

CONCLUSIONS: The 2005 growing season was hot and dry. S. cepivorum favours cool wet growing seasons and the supplemental weekly irrigation was not enough to maintain moisture and cool the soil temperatures for optimum S. cepivorum disease development conditions. The overall disease levels in the trial were low. Regardless disease symptoms were first seen on 9 August, 6 weeks later than the past two growing seasons. The 2003 growing season was hot and 'dry and the 2004 growing season was cool and wet and disease symptoms were first seen on 19 June and 21 June, respectively. The 2005 growing season was more extreme in heat and dryness than the 2003 growing season which could account for the delay in disease onset. Regardless, disease increased over the growing season with significant increases near the end of August, 3 weeks later than in 2003 and 2004. No significant differences in disease incidence at each assessment date among the cultivars were found. The disease pattern across the field plot was sporadic and was not block related. Therefore, at each assessment date, among the blocks for each

cultivar'there were extreme high and low data points. Significant differences among the cultivars for the total seasonal disease incidence, RDD and AUDPC were found. Hoopla had significantly higher total disease incidence than Corona and Fortress. Hoopla had significantly higher RDD and AUDPC than Corona but was not different from Ricochet or Fortress. Corona appeared to be the least susceptible to infection by S. cepivorum.

Table 1. White rot disease incidence on onions grown in a commercial field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - White Rot Disease Incidence (9%) on Each Assessment Date

Cultivar ............................................................................................................... 9 August 23 August 6 September 20 September Total

. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. ----

Hoopla 0.76 ns' 2.18 ns 17.29 ns 26.92 ns 6.74 a'

Ricochet 0.0 9.90 8.40 13.44 4.53 ab

Corona 0.0 1.14 2.98 2.50 1.54 b

Ins = no significant differences found among the treatments * numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD

Table 2. The rate of onion white rot disease incidence development (RDD) per day and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) on four onion cultivars calculated using the best linear fit equation for the data which was obtained by assessments over time of onions growing in a commercial field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Ricochet

Fortress 0.56 ab 1 10 ab

Corona

'numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) PEST: Onion white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum Berk

AUTHORS: HOVIUS MHY, MCDONALD MR and VANDER KO01 K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: FIELD EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL YELLOW COOKING ONION CULTIVARS AND BREEDING LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO THE WHITE ROT PATHOGEN, SCLEROTZUM CEPZVORUM, 2005

MATERIALS: Eleven onion breeding lines obtained from Seminis and 19 commercial cultivars obtained from various seed companies (American Takii Inc., Bejo Seeds Inc, Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Solar Seeds Ltd., Numhems)

METHODS: Different onion accessions (commercial cultivars and breeding lines) were evaluated in a commercial field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum sclerotia in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (2005). Thirty onion accessions (1 1 onion breeding lines and 19 commercial cultivars) were seeded into 288 plug trays on 19 April. Onions were hand-transplanted at two different plant spacings. The conventional (grower) spacing was hand-transplanted at 33 plantslm in two sub-rows spaced 0.05m apart with an in-row plant spacing of 0.06m on 10 June in 3m long rows. The wide plant spacing was hand- transplanted at 5 plantslm in 10m long rows on 11 June. Each onion accession was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one row (0.4m apart). The wide plant spacing treatment was only replicated three times as there were not enough plants for four replications. Recommended control procedures for fungal and bacterial pathogens, weeds and insects were followed. The plot was irrigated using overhead sprinkle irrigation biweekly, adding approximately 1.5 cm of water to offset the dry weather conditions from June to August. The onion bulbs were harvested and assessed for symptoms of infection caused by S. cepivorum when all the plants had lodged over on 20 September. Data were tested for normality and log transformations improved normality for disease incidence. Therefore transformed data was used for statistical analysis and back-transformed for presentation. The air temperatures in 2005 were below the long term (10 year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C), and above average for June (21.2"C), July (213°C) and September (16.7"C). The long term (10 year) average temperatures were: May 12.2"C, June 18.3"C, July 20.0°C, August 19.1°C and September 15.7"C. Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm) and September (53 mm), and average for August (56 rnrn). The long term (10 year) rainfall averages were: May 83 mm, June 87 mm, July 64 mm, August 59 mm and September 76 mm. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Satistix V.7. Mean separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LDD test with P=0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As outlined in Tables 1 to 2

CONCLUSIONS: The 2005 growing season was hot and dry. S. cepivorum favours cool wet growing seasons and the supplemental weekly irrigation was not enough to maintain moisture and cool the soil temperatures for optimum S. cepivorum disease development conditions. When the means for the interaction were compared using Fisher's Protected LSD test, significant differences among the spacing treatment by onion accessions were found (Table 1). The importance of this comparison was to determine if there were differences among plant spacings for each onion accession. The wide plant spacing was used to look at individual plant disease resistance or the ability of an individual plant to stimulate S. cepivorum sclerotia to germinate and then infect the plant. The conventional plant spacing would therefore be used to assess the ability of the plants to stimulate sclerotia germination but also tissue resistance. The more plants that became infected the lower the tissue resistance. The following four onion accessions (all

commercial cultivars) had significantly higher disease in the conventional spacing than the wide spacing: Hoopla, Mars, Livingston and Cortland. These results indicate that Hoopla, Mars, Livingston and Cortland may have less tissue resistance than the other 25 onion accessions evaluated. Fortress had significantly higher disease incidence in the wide compared to conventional plant spacing treatment. For the rest of the onion accessions, disease incidence was not different among the plant spacing treatments.

Since the spacing treatment by onion accession interaction was significant the disease incidence means for the onion accessions were also compared within each spacing treatment. When the onion accessions were analyzed within each spacing treatment, significant differences among the onion accessions were found for the conventional but not the wide spacing (Table 2). In the conventional plant spacing Hoopla had the highest disease incidence and was significantly different from all the onion accessions except Mars, Livingston, Festival and Cortland. Twelve of the 30 onion accessions had no disease and were significantly different from Hoopla, Mars and Livingston. The conventional plant spacing treatment is most representative of field production systems and therefore would be more relevant to onion growers than the wide plant spacing when choosing cultivars with the most resistance to S. cepivorum. In seasons when overall disease incidence is low, results from resistance field trials do not necessarily represent results seen when environmental conditions are conducive to disease development resulting in higher disease incidences.

Table 1. Comparison of white rot disease incidence on onions for the interaction of the two plant spacing treatments (conventional and wide, three blocks only) and onion accession, onions were grown in a commercial field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .

Plant Spacing ~reatment' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . Conventional Conventional Conventional Wide Conventional Conventional Wide Conventional Wide Wide Wide Conventional Conventional Wide Conventional Conventional Conventional Wide Wide Wide Wide Conventional Wide Wide

Onion Accession . - - - - - - - - - - - - - .

Hoopla Mars

Livingston Fortress Cortland Festival

Millennium Ailsa Craig

Bastille Benchmark

Ricochet Bastille 676XP 666EX Prince

Millennium Benchmark

l62XP Hoopla 1416C 682EX Hamlet

Flagship Hamlet

Onion ~~~e~ --------------- .

CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC BL BL CC CC CC BL CC BL BL CC CC CC

White Rot Disease Incidence (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5.0 a 3.9 ab 3.8 ab 3.1 ac 2.8 ad 2.5 ae 2.3 be 1.8 be 1.8 be 1.5 be 1.5 be 1.4 be 1.4 be 1.2 ce 1.2 ce 1.1 ce 1.1 ce 0.9 ce 0.9 ce 0.8 ce 0.8 ce 0.8 ce 0.7 ce 0.7 ce

Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional Wide Wide Wide Conventional Conventional Wide Conventional Wide Conventional Wide Wide Conventional Conventional Wide Wide Wide Conventional Conventional Wide Conventional Wide Conventional Wide Wide Conventional Wide Wide Wide Conventional Wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Flagship 666EX

535SVR l247B Norstar W46 1 1220B l247B 1415C 1220B

Fortress 535SVR Corona 676XP

Highlander 776XP

Ailsa Craig 682EX 776XP Corona

Cortland Festival 1415C 1416C

Frontier l62XP

Highlander Frontier

Livingston Mars

Mountaineer Mountaineer

Norstar Prince

Ricochet W46 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Conventional spacing was 33 plantslm and the Wide spacing was 5 plantslm 2~~ = commercial cultivar, BL = breeding line 3numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD

Table 2: White rot disease incidence on onions grown at two different plant spacings (conventional and wider, four and three blocks, respectively) in a commercial field naturally infested with Sclerotium cepivorum in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.

Mars CC 3.8 a 0

Livingston CC 2.9 ab

Festival CC 2.1 ac

Cortland CC 2.1 ac 0

Ailsa Craig CC 1.4 bc 0

Bastille CC 1.1 bc 2.0

Millennium CC 1.1 bc 2.3

Prince CC 0.9 bc 0

Benchmark CC 0.8 bc

Hamlet CC 0.6 c

Flagship CC 0.5 c 0.7

Norstar CC 0.3 c 0

Frontier

l62XP

Highlander CC

1416C BL

1415C

Corona

682EX

Mountaineer CC 0 c 0

Fortress CC 0 c 3.1

776XP

Ricochet

W46 1 BL 0 c 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I CC = commercial cultivar, BL = breeding line 2~onventional spacing was 33 plantslm and the Wide spacing was 5 plantdm 3numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD 4ns = no significant differences found among the treatments

CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet PEST: Weeds


TITLE: PENDIMETHALIN FOR WEED CONTROL IN ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: BAS 45548 (pendimethalin 45.5%), PROWL 400 (pendimethalin 40%),).

METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 79%, pH 6.1) on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Onions were seeded (33 seed Im) in 43 cm rows on 5 May. The trial consisted of 5 treatments: PROWL 400 and BAS 45548 at 3000 (1X the registered rate) and 6000 (2X) gailha as sequential applications when onions were at the loop and 2 to 3 leaf stages of development ( 24 May and 16 June, respectively) and an untreated check. All treatments were applied in 200 Llha of water. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and weed control were conducted periodically over the growing season. Onions were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher's Protected LSD test (P=0.05).

RESULTS: As presented in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: Crop tolerance with PROWL 400 and BAS 45548 was similar, no crop injury resulted with 3 kgailha (1X) applied at the loop and 2 leaf stage of onion development. Slight injury was evident on 11 July with 2X rates of PROWL 400 and BAS 45548 but did not reduce marketable onion yields. Control of redroot pigweed was similar with 3 kgailha of PROWL 400 and BAS 45548.

Table 1. PENDIMETHALIN for crop tolerance and weed control in onions, 2005

Dose Crop injury Redroot ield2

pigweed

Treatment kgdha Timing ' 616 1616 1117 1616 1117 (tlha)

-------- q, -------- % control

Control 0 0 0 0 0 0.6

PROWL + PROWL 3 +3 Loop +2 leaf 0 0 0 75 80 24.2

PROWL + PROWL 6 + 6 LOOP +2 leaf 0 O 5 83 90 34.4

BAS 45548 + BAS 45548 3+3 Loop +2 leaf 0 0 1 74 66 25.9

BAS 45548 + BAS 45548 6+6 Loop +2 leaf 0 0 4 8 1 84 26.6

LSD (P=0.05) 0 0 3 7 13 9.3

I Onion growth stage ' Marketable yield

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet, cv. Bastille Weeds

SWANTON C J, JANSE S & CHANDLER K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

EVALUATION OF FLUMIOXAZIN FOR WEED CONTROL IN ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: VALOR (US) (flurnioxazin 51%), GOAL 2XL (oxyfluorfen 20%), PROWL 400 (pendimethalin 40%),).

OBJECTIVE: To provide crop tolerance and efficacy data for the registration of FLUMIOXAZIN for weed control in dry bulb onions. FLUMIOXAZIN was evaluated at the proposed use rate (1X) and at rates above (2X) and below (0.5 and 0.75X) the proposed label rate for crop tolerance and efficacy.

METHODS: Two trials were conducted on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh and a third trial was conducted at a nearby (-lkm) off-station site. All sites had an organic soil (organic matter 39- 79%, pH 6.1-7.3). Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In one trial onions (cv. Bastille) were seeded on 6 May and in the other two trials onions (cv. Hamlet) were seeded on 5 and 9 May. In all trials, onions were seeded (33 seed Im) in 43 cm rows. Each trial consisted of 9 treatments: FLUMIOXAZIN at 142.8 (2X), 71.4 (lX), 53.55 (0.75X), and 35.7 (0.5X) gai/ha was applied when onions had 3 to 4 leaves (23 to 30 June), these plots were kept weed-free until the time herbicide treatments were applied; A standard treatment of GOAL 2XL was applied at 124 gaiha when onions were at the 2 to 4 leaf stage (12 to 30 June). All of these treatments received 1000 gailha of PROWL 400 when onions were at the loop stage. Additional treatments were: weedy and weed-free controls; PROWL 400 alone applied at 1000 gaiha at the loop stage; and FLUMIOXAZIN applied alone at 71.4 gailha. All treatments were applied in 200 L/ha except GOAL 2XL which was applied in 500 Llha of water. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and weed control were conducted periodically over the growing season. Onions were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher's Protected LSD test (P=0.05).

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: Crop tolerance was excellent with all doses of FLUMIOXAZIN. No injury was observed at any time with 142.8 gailha (2X) or lower doses (Table 1). Control of redroot pigweed, oak-leaved goosefoot and common groundsel with 71.4 gaifha (1X) of FLUMIOXAZIN in combination with PROWL 400 was generally greater than with PROWL 400 alone and was similar to the control obtained with GOAL 2XL plus PROWL 400. Weed control was generally similar at all doses of FLUMIOXAZIN in trial #1 and #3 in which weed populations were moderately severe and PROWL 400 alone provided yields of 41 and 38 Uha, respectively. Control of redroot pigweed and groundsel, however, declined with dose of FLUMIOXAZIN dose in trial #2, where populations were severe and PROWL 400 alone provided yields of only 12 Uha.

Weedy Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0

FLUMIOXAZIN~ 142.8 Loop 0 0 0 0 0 0 91 90 8 8

FLUMIOXAZIN~ 71.4 3-4 lf 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 94 68

GOAL ~ X L ~ 124 2-41f O O O O O 86 83 47

FLUMIOXAZIN 71.4 3-4 ~f 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 8 1 52

PROWL 400 1000 Loop 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 77 29

Weed-free Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100

LSD (P=0.05) 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 22 20 ................................................................................................................................. I Onion growth stage Marketable yield (% of the weed-free control)

3 + 1000 gailha Prowl loop stage

Table 2. Weed control with FLUMIOXAZIN, 2005 ........................... Control' .......................... Redroot pigweed Goose foot Groundsel

Treatment Dose ~ i r n i n ~ ' --- Trial # --- --- Trial # --- ----- Trial # ---- gailha 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

FLUMIOXAZIN 71.4 3-4 lf 71 55 90 48 - 78 - 23 96

PROWL 400 1000 LOOP 65 23 70 69 - 63 - 0 70

Weed-free Control 100 100 100 100 - 100 - 100 100

LSD (P=0.05) 24 10 14 19 - 20 - 22 10 ................................................................................................................................... I Onion growth stage Weed control (%) 3 to 4 weeks after treatment

3 + 1000 gailha Prowl loop stage

CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet PEST: Weeds


TITLE: EVALUATION OF PARDNER FOR POSTEMERGENCE WEED CONTROL IN ONIONS, 2005

MATERIALS: GOAL 2XL (oxyfluorfen 20%), PARDNER (bromoxynil 28%), PROWL 400 (pendimethalin 40%),).

OBJECTIVE: To generate the crop safety and efficacy data required for minor use registration of PARDNER in onions. The proposed use pattern is for PARDNER to be applied at 140 gailha at the 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 leaf stages of onion development.

METHODS: The trial was conducted at a site with organic soil (organic matter 79%, pH 6.1) on the Muck Crops Research Station, Holland Marsh. Plots were 4m long and 1.5m wide and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Onions were seeded (33 seed /m) in 43 cm rows on 5 May. The trial consisted of 9 treatments: PARDNER at 140 and 280 gailha applied on 23 June and 4 July when onions were at the 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 leaf stages of development, respectively. PARDNER was applied as single and sequential treatments at these doses and onion growth stages. A standard treatment of GOAL 2XL was applied at 120 gailha when onions were at the 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 leaf stages of development. PROWL 400 at 3000 gailha was applied on 24 May when onions were at the loop stage as a separate treatment and on all PARDNER and GOAL 2XL treatments. All treatments were applied in 200 Llha of water. An untreated control treatment was also included. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Visual assessments for crop injury and weed control were conducted periodically over the growing season. Onions were harvested at maturity. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and means separated using Fisher's Protected LSD test (P=0.05).

RESULTS: As presented in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: Crop tolerance with 140 and 280 gailha of PARDNER was similar or greater than with GOAL 2XL. PARDNER applied at 140 or 280 gailha when onions where at the 2-3 leaf stage of development gave good initial control but did not control later emerging populations of redroot pigweed. Control of established redroot pigweed was reduced when PARDNER was applied when onions where at the 4-5 leaf stage of development. Sequential applications of 140 gailha of PARDNER or 120 gailha of GOAL 2XL when onions were at the 2-3 and 4-5 leaf stage of onion development gave similar mid- season control of redroot pigweed. Mid-season control of common groundsel was similar with all PARDNER and GOAL 2XL treatments. Marketable onion yields with sequential applications of 140 or 280 gailha of PARDNER were similar to yields obtained with sequential applications of 120 gailha of GOAL 2XL.

Table 1. Evaluation of PARDNER for broadleaf weed control in onions, 2005

Dose Redroot

Crop injury pigweed Common ieldz groundsel

Treatment gailha Timing' 07/04 07/11 07/04 08/09 07/04 08/09 (t/ha)

Control

PROW L4OO

GOAL ~ X L ~

PARDNER3

PARDNER" PARDNER3

PARDNER"

PARDNER3

PARDNER~

LSD (P=0.05)

0

Loop 0

2-3 + 4-5 If 5

2-3 If 5

4-5 If 3

2-3 + 4-5 If 3

2-3 If 6

4-5 If 3

2-3 + 4-5 If 7

3

' Onion growth stage ' Marketable yield + 3000 galha Prowl loop stage of onions

CROP: Cruciferous crops: Shanghai Pak Choi, Cabbage, Canola 5030, Canola 5070, Radish PEST: Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin

AUTHORS: HOVIUS MHY, MCDONALD MR and VANDER KO01 K University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EVALUATION OF A TECHNIQUE FOR THE SCREENING OF VARIOUS CRUCIFEROUS TYPE CROPS FOR THEIR REACTION TO THE SOILBORNE CLUBROOT PEST, PLASMODZOPHORA BRASSZCAE, 2005

MATERIALS: Seed from various cruciferous crops (Shanghai Pak Choi, Cabbage, Canola 5030, Canola 5070, Radish)

METHODS: Different cruciferous type crops were evaluated in plug trays for their reaction to the soilborne clubroot pathogen, P. brassicae. Two sources of naturally infested soil from the Holland Marsh, Ontario, one muck (pH - 6.4, organic matter =. 60%) and one a muckkand mixture (from the Muck Crops Research Station and a commercial field in the vicinity, respectively) was used in the evaluation. The muck and muckhand soils were naturally infested with P. brassicae. An uninfested soilless mix (Pro Mix) was used as an untreated check. The crucifer crops (Shanghai Pak Choi, cabbage, Canola 5030, Canola 5070 and radish) were hand seeded into 50 cell Plastomer plug trays with one tray per crucifer type on 29 July and repeated on 12 October. Canola 5030 was not used in the first run time of 29 July. A randomized complete block arrangement with four replicates per crucifer type and soil type was used. The first run of the trial was grown outside on benches and the repeat run was grown in the greenhouse at the Muck Crops Research Station. The plug trays kept outside were drenched with water using an overhead handheld sprinkler to maintain high moisture throughout the duration of the trial and the repeat run was watered using gravity flow benches. The seedlings were destructively harvested and assessed 63 and 71 days after seeding in the first and repeat run, respectively. The disease assessment was done using a scale from 0-3: 0 = no clubbing, 1 = <25% of root system clubber, 2 = 26-50% of root system clubbed and 3 = >50% of root system clubbed. The disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using the following equation:


All data were checked for normality and transformations did not improve normality. The data were analyzed using proc MIXED of SAS (version 6.12, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina). Mean separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LDD test with P=0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As outlined in Tables 1-2

CONCLUSIONS: The naturally infested muck soil from the Muck Crops Research Station had significantly higher disease incidence and severity compared to the other soil types and there was no disease in the muckhand and Pro Mix soil types (Table 1). We suspect that the muckhand soil type was either not infested with P. brassicae as we originally had suspected or the inoculum levels too low to detect in our screening method. Since the soil type by crucifer crop interaction was significant and disease was only observed from the muck soil, the effect of crucifer crop on disease was analyzed within the muck soil type.

Shanghai Pak Choi had the highest disease incidence and severity at run time one but disease severity was not different from cabbage (Table 2). At run time two cabbage had the highest disease incidence but was not different from Shanghai Pak Choi. Shanghai Pak Choi had the highest disease

severity. Canola 5070 and radish had the lowest disease incidence and severity at both times and were not different from each other. At run time two, Canola 5030 was used and the results were not different from Canola 5070 and radish.The results from this trial showed that crucifer crops could be assessed for their reaction to the club root pathogen, P. brassicae in plug trays using naturally infested muck soil. By keeping the soil moist and allowing them to grow for at least 60 days, almost 50% disease was obtained in the most susceptible crop, Shanghai Pak Choi. This technique needs to be compared to field screening assessments and after confirmation of similar results, could be used for initial screening to reduce the number of accessions for field screening.

Table 1. Effect of soil type on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) disease incidence and severity on several crucifer crops grown in naturally infested and uninfested soil in plug trays at the Muck Crops Research Station in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2005.


DSI = C [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x 100 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes -1)


Table 2. Effect of crucifer type on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin) disease incidence and severity on several crucifer crops grown in plug trays in naturally infested muck soil from the research field at the Muck Crops Research Station in the Holland Marsh, Ontario in the summer and repeated in the fall of 2005.

Cabbage 45.8 a 21.9 b 31.4 a 7.6 b

Canola 5070 1.3 b 0 c 0.4 b 0 c


DSI = [(class no.)(no. of petioles in each class)] x 100 (total no. petioles per sample)(no. classes -1)

I numbers in a column followed by the same letter were not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Pea (Pisum sativum) cv.Genie Ascochyta blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes, anamorph Ascochyta pinodes)

MCDONALD M R', CELETTI M', BOLAND G ~ , GOSSEN B ~ , VANDER KO01 K' & RODDY E~ I University of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station '~ntario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph 3~niversity of Guelph, Dept. Of Environmental Biology, 4 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon 50ntario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ridgetown

EVALUATION OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT IN PROCESSING PEAS, 2005

MATERIALS: SCALA (pyrimethanil37%), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin 23%), HEADLINE EC (pyraclostrobin 25%), LANCE WDG (boscalid 70%), MICROTHIOL DISPERSS (sulfur 80%).

METHODS: A field trial was established on May 6, 2005 at a site near Bradford, Ontario in sandy loam soil with processing pea variety Genie. The trial was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate plot consisted of eight 6-metre rows, spaced 20 cm apart with 1.5 meters between each variety plot. Treatments were: LANCE WDG at 420 glha, QUADRIS at 500 mL/ha, SCALA at 2.0 Llha, HEADLINE at 600 mL/ha, MICROTHIOL DISPERSS at 1.5 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included. Fungicides were applied during early bloom on June 22 or early and late bloom on June 22 and June 29. Fungicides were applied with a C02 backpack sprayer equipped with four TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 40 cm apart and calibrated to deliver 250 L h a at 240 kPa. Disease was assessed on July 6 and July 13, 7 and 14 days after the last fungicide application. Ten plants from each replicated variety plot were assessed for disease severity including Ascochyta blight based on the rating scale developed by Xue et al. 1996 (Table 1). Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculated to compare relative susceptibility to disease and efficacy of the fungicides. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Very little disease was observed in the trial. Slight discoloration was observed at the first assessment. The fungicides did not significantly affect the slight discoloration observed at the first assessment, or the overall Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). In the second assessment none of the fungicide treatments reduced disease in comparison to the untreated check. There was no advantage to applying two fungicide treatments, as compared to a single, early application.

REFERENCES: Xue, A.G.,T.D. Warkentin, M.T. Greeniaus, and R.C. Zimmer. 1996. Genotype variability in seedborne infection of field pea by Mycosphaerella pinodes and its relation to foliar disease severity. Can. J. Plant Pathol. l8:370-374.

Funding for this project was made available by Ontario Processing Vegetable Growers.

Table 1. The 0-9 scale used to assess foliar disease severity.

F = free of disease, 0% of leaflstem area with symptoms: L = light infection, 1-20% leaflstem area with symptoms: M = moderate infection, 21-50% leaflstem area with symptoms; S = severe infection, 50-100% leaflstem area with symptoms (Xue et.al. 1996)

Table 2. Effect of applying fungicides at early bloom or at early and late bloom on the severity of discoloured lower leaves and stems of processing pea cv. Genie.2005.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment Application Timing Ascochyta Disease Severity (0-9) (10

Scala Early Bloom 0.80 a 0.98 abc 6.2 a

Scala Early and Late Bloom 0.78 a 0.63 cd 4.9 a

Quadris Early Bloom 0.58 a 1.25 a 6.4 a

Quadris Early and Late Bloom 0.63 a 1.15 ab 6.2 a

Headline Early Bloom 0.35 a 0.50 d 3.0 a

Headline Early and Late Bloom 0.65 a 0.95 abc 5.6 a

Lance Early Bloom 1.10 a 0.70 cd 6.3 a

Lance Early and Late Bloom 0.78 a ..I. 18 a 6.8 a

Microthiol Disperse Early Bloom 0.85a 1.00 a 6.5 a

' AUDPC = Area Under the Disease Progress Curve Figures followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different using a Protected LSD (P<0.05)

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2005

Early spring was slightly cooler (lS°C) and had significantly less rainfall (69 mm) than the long term (10 year) average. The summer months were hot, humid and dry. Fall temperatures and moisture conditions were higher and drier, respectively, than the long- term (10 year) average. The air temperatures were below the long term (10 Year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9OC) and above average for June (21.2OC), July (21.8"C), September (16.7OC) and October (lO.O°C). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm), September (53 mm), and October (41 mm) and average for August (56 mm).

The carrot trial was seeded on May 18 & 19, a few days earlier than the last two previous years. Soil moisture levels at seeding

were fair but soil temperatures were cool (5.8 to 6.6"C). Germination was uneven due to the cooler soil temperatures and continued dry

conditions. Approximately one inch of irrigation water was applied on May 28. The warmer June air temperatures did not appear to

have any detrimental effect on carrot establishment. However, for the month of July, carrot growth slowed down significantly due to

day time temperatures "C in the low 30's and limited rainfall. A second application of one inch of irrigation water was applied on July

17. Seasonal weather conditions for August seemed to stimulate the carrots back into normal growth patterns. The canopy was smaller

in size than the previous few years.

Herbicide applications were very difficult to apply. The unevenness of the germination within and between the carrot cultivars

made application timing difficult. Some were in full true leaf while others were just emerging or had a mix of emerging and fully

develop true leaf. Weed control with the pre-emergence application of Gesegard 480 was poor due to dry soil conditions following the

application. There were several weed flushes through the month of June at higher levels than the previous few years. Groundsel

continued to be the largest weed problem but red root pigweed was also a problem. Split applications of Lorox and Assist Oil were

applied in an attempt to control the weeds with limited success. Hand weeding was necessary to clean up the trial.

Population levels of our two major insect pests were at average to slightly higher than last year. An application of Imidan was

applied to control the weevil population and damage at harvest was high. Carrot Rust Fly levels were high for the first

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2005 - continued

generation flush. The second generation had lower numbers but was extended for a longer than average period of time. The Rust Fly

damage was found to be slightly high at harvest.

The hot and dry weather conditions decreased the threat of fungal diseases in the carrot trials. Alternaria Leaf Blight was

present but was kept below economic thresholds. To promote disease development for cultivar tolerance ratings the regular fungicide

sprays were discontinued in early September. Different levels of disease were found and most cultivars had low disease incidences. At Open House, in early September, the majority of the cultivars had a low number of culls: most were forked and/or splits. No major

disease or pest problems were noted. Most of the carrot cultivars were slightly immature and the small size was a concern.

Harvest conditions in October were dry and slightly warm. The above seasonal weather during the summer months was not

optimal for the development of Alternaria and Sclerotinia and these diseases were less of a problem than normal. The number of culls

(forked and splits) was a little low in most cultivar samples. There were a very high number of seeders throughout the trial. The carrots

were placed in the Filacell Storage right after harvest.

At evaluation in November, the majority of the cultivars were of average quality and had slightly low yields. A lot of the Cello

cultivars had bends and curves. This made for some poor appearances in shape. The majority of the cultivars had light exterior colours

than expected. Several of the Jumbo cultivars showed signs of marbling. White or red colouring was present in the core or surrounding

the core for many cultivars. The interior colour for most cultivars was light and generally was not uniform with the core. The

percentage of carrots infected with cavity spot was similar to last year. Cavity spot severity was higher than last year since the lesion

size was in the moderate to plus range (5 mm or < in diameter). Carrot Weevil & Rust Fly damage was slightly higher compared to last

year. Several of the Jumbo cultivars were short in length. Greening of shoulders was also noted to be high this season. The number of Aster Yellows infected carrots was much lower as compared to the last few previous years. In conclusion, the 2005 trial was of

average quality and produced low yields.

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2005

MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

Fertilizer: 60 kglha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 30 kglha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) + 200 kglha Potassium (Potash 0-0-60) and Solubor at 5 kg/ha was worked into the soil.

Seeded: All trials were seeded 18 & 19 May using a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Germination of 95 to loo%, a target of 26 . - -

seeds per foot was desired for packaging type carrots and 15 seeds per foot for processing type carrots. All trials were seeded on beds 86 cm apart. The seeding rate was according to germination. RIDOMIL 2G was applied at 25 kglha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was replicated three times. Adaptation Trial was not replicated.

Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 1 application: GROMOXONE at 2.25 Llha on 20 May.

1 application: GESAGARD 480at 3.75 Llha on 26 May. Post-emergence: 2 applications: LOROX DF at 0.75 kglha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 Llha on 16 & 18 June.

1 application: LOROX DF at 1.25 kglha + ASSIST OIL at 1.0 Lfha on 23 June

Minor Elements: Three foliar sprays: Awaken on 18 July & 24 Aug (1 .O M a ) , 18 Aug ( 3.0Uha) Four foliar sprays: Hydro Mag on 18 & 23 July, 13 & 24 Aug (2.0 Llha) One foliar spray: Calcirnax on 6 Aug (2.0 Uha) One foliar spray: Mancozin on 23 July (1.75 Llha) One foliar spray: NitroNine on 6 Aug (2.0 Llha) One foliar spray: Epsom Salts on 6 Aug (1.0 kglha) One foliar spray: Suprafeed on 13 Aug (2.0 kglha)

Insect and Disease Control: According to IPM recommendations.

IMIDAN 50 WP was applied at 2.25 kglha on 6 July. BRAVO at 2.5 LJha + DIAZINON at 1.0 Llha and Minor Elements on 18 July LANCE at 3 15 glha + SEVIN at 2.0 Llha and Minor Elements on 26 July DITHANE DG at 2.25 kglha + DIAZINON at 1.0 Llha and Minor Elements on 6 Aug BRAVO at 3.0 Llha + RIPCORD at 175 mllha and Minor Elements on 13 Aug CABRIO at 1.1 kglha + DIAZINON at 1.0 Llha and Minor Elements on 18 A ; ~ DITHANE DG at 2.25 kglha + RIPCORD at 175 rnllha and Minor Elements on 24 Aug . . . / continued

_ -- -

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2005 - continued

Harvest: The Main Trial and Adaptation Trial were harvested 17, 18 & 19 October . All trials were immediately placed in a temperature and humidity controlled storage (O°C, 95 % RH) respectively.

Irrigation: Irrigation water was applied twice on 28 May & 17 July, with approximately 1 inch per application.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated on 15, 16, 18 & 21 November after 4 weeks in storage.

# Carrots Harvested: Total number of carrots harvested from 2.32 m of row.

Harvest Wei~ht: Weights from the harvested 2.32 m of row.

Marketable Yield t/ha + BIA: Marketable yield includes the packaging size, 2.0 cm to 4.4 cm (%" to 1%") as well as the oversize > 4.4 cm (> 1%").

% Oversize: The percentage of carrots > 4.4 cm (> 1% ") and greater.

Ma-ioritv of Culls: SP = Splits F = Forked SM = Small c 2.0 cm R = Rot A = Aster Yellows

Shape: GP = Gold Pak N = Nante Imp = Imperator Cyl = Cylindrical D = Danver SP = Spartan Bonus

Resistance to Greeninq: The higher the number the less green tissue on the crown of the carrot 5.0 = no green tissue, 3.7 = moderated green tissue, 1.0 = total green tissue.

/ ... I continued


External Colour: DO = Dark Orange 0 = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange

Internal Colour: DO = Dark Orange 0 = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange

Blight Rating: Regular fungicide applications were discontinued on 24 Aug to allow the cultivars to be evaluated for tolerance to leaf blights. Evaluation took place at harvest. 5.0 = Most Desirable, no lesions. 4.0 = Good, mild lesions on leaves, nothing on petioles. 3.7 = Moderate, lesions on leaves, some lesions on petioles. 2 = Poor, numerous lesions on leaves, numerous lesions on petioles. 1 = Severe, tops completely rotted, crop can not be harvested.

Score: - The average of the 8 marks from Uniformity of Shape to Blight Rating. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average.

% Cavitv Spot & Depree: The number indicates the percentage of roots with cavity spots. The letters indicate the degree to which the roots were infected. VL = Very Light, cavity spots are few and barely visible. Lesion size c Imm. L = Light, few small spots. Lesion size 1 - 2 mm. M = Medium, roots borderline marketable. Lesion size 2 - 5 mm. H = Heavy, large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size 5 -10 mrn. VH = Very Heavy, many large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. Lesion size > 10 mm.

Example: 50 H = 50% of the roots were heavily infected with cavity spots, roots unmarketable.

Top Length: The average length of 20 random carrot tops from all three replicates from the crown of the carrot to the tips as taken on 27 July.

Root Length (cml: Twenty centimeters is approximately eight inches.

. . . I continued


Root Width (cml: One inch is approximately two and half cementers.

Stand per Foot: Stand per Foot times 3.28 equals Stand per Metre.

Aster Yellows: Percent of carrot roots infected Aster Yellows that were found in the 2.32 m harvest sample.

% Weevil & Rust Flv Damage: Percent of carrot roots damaged by Carrot Weevil & Carrot Rust Fly that were found in the 2.32 m harvest sample.

Average Number of Seeders: Average number of seeders found in each cultivar of 15 m of row.

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2005 - CELLO'S

ENVY INFINITY BERLANDA ENTERPRISE NIAGAR A SIX SHOOTER CELLOBUNCH

INDEPENDENT SVR 71 2239 DYNA BITES SVR 7 1 2236 NEVADA INDIANA INVERNESS

Sem BEJO Nor S to BEJO HM S to

BEJO Sem HM Sem BEJO BEJO BEJO

43 a* 11 efg 30 b 13 efg 23 bc 15 def 16 cde

6 gh 23 bcd

6 gh 22 cd 13 efg 8 fgh l h

77 def 117 ab 54 f

117 ab 130 a 111 abc 117 ab

79 c-f 99 a-e

106 a-d 70 ef 91 b-e 88 b-e 87 b-e

25.36 bc 23.02 cde 21.72 de 22.05 de 31.61 a 21.18 ef 25.48 bc

17.44 g 26.72 b 21.51 de 24.43 bcd 22.72 cde 18.48 fg 16.10 g

13.24 a 3.22 def

10.49 b 4.17 C-f 8.31 b 4.63 cd 5.70 c

1.93 fg 8.78 b 2.37 d-g 9.34 b 4.46 cde 2.34 efg 0.40 g

10.18ef 117.1 1885b 17.51 ab 103.7 1669 bcd 8.95 f 97.2 1565 cde

15.48 bc 98.3 1582 cde 19.80 a 140.6 2263 a 13.74 cd 91.9 1479 de 16.01 bc 108.5 1747 bc

12.55 cde 72.4 1165 fg 13.46cde 111.2 1790bc 15.37 bc 88.7 1428 de 10.83 def 100.9 1624 cde 12.72 cde 85.9 1383 ef 1 1.1 1 def 67.3 1083 gh 10.64 def 55.2 888 i

Listed in order of % Marketable.

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... 1 continued

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2005 - JUMBO'S

BRADFORD BEJO BOOMER Sol CUPAR Nor BERLANDA Nor B ASTIA BEJO MAGNUM HM

FONTANA BEJO HY 8499 RZ HY 8520 RZ GIANT 1 14 Sol CELLOBUNCH Sto SVR 7 1 9202 Sem

TRIAL AVERAGES

14 e 24 de 9 e

53 abc 46 a-d 73 a

28 cde 48 a-d 56 ab 24 de 60 a 31 b-e

96

2.34 ef 3.99 def 0.94 f 9.03 a-d 6.48 b-e

13.05 a

4.96 C-f 8.48 a-d

10.28 ab 5.16 c-f 9.82 abc 5.70 b-f

13.45

2021 a 1896 ab 1836 abc 1688 bcd 1929 ab 1522 cd

1812 abc 1565 cd 1648 bcd 1399 d 1647 bcd 1622 bcd

1540


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... 1 continued


M

ENVY INFINITY BERLANDA ENTERPRISE NIAGARA SIX SHOOTER CELLOBUNCH

INDEPENDENT SVR 71 2239 DYNA BITES SVR 71 2236 NEVADA LNDIANA INVERNESS

Sem BEJO Nor S to BEJO HM S to


92.5 a* 89.8 a 89.5 a 89.2 a 89.0 a 86.7 a 85.5 ab

83.5 ab 83.1 abc 82.4 abc 82.4 abc 75.7 bcd 73.2 cd 68.8 d

52.4 a 13.8 fg 48.3 ab 18.9 efg 26.1 de 21.8 efg 22.3 def

1 1.9 fgh 32.8 cd 11.1 gh 38.6 bc 19.8 efg 13.2 fg 2.4 h

Imp 4.0 3.9 3.7

Imp 4.3 4.0 4.1 GP 3.5 4.1 3.9

Imp 4.2 3.8 3.9 N 3.9 4.2 4.1

Imp 4.0 3.6 4.0 ImpCyl 3.9 3.8 3.8

ImpCyl 4.1 3.8 4.1

Imp 4.0 3.7 3.7

Imp 4.2 3.8 4.1

Imp 4.2 3.8 3.6

Imp 3.6 3.6 3.6

Imp 4.1 3.8 3.4

Imp 4.1 3.9 4.0

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test... /continued


BRADFORD BOOMER CUPAR BERLANDA B ASTIA MAGNUM

FONTANA HY 8499 HY 8520 GIANT 1 14 CELLOBUNCH SVR 71 9202

BEJO Sol Nor Nor BEJO HM

BEJO RZ RZ Sol St0 Sem

94.2 a* 93.4 a 92.4 a 92.1 a 91.7 a 90.8 ab

89.9 abc 87.1 a-d 82.2 bcd 82.0 bcd 81.5 cd 79.0 d

84.6

85.4 a 77.7 ab 88.7 a 52.4 ef 66.8 bcd 28.1 h

70.1 bc 49.3 efg 39.9 gh 58.1 cde 42.8 fg 57.7 de

47.2

GPN 3.9 4.0 3.6 GP 3.9 4.1 3.4 D 4.3 3.8 3.8

Cyl 3.3 4.0 3.7 GP 4.1 4.4 4.1 N 4.1 4.7 4.3

GP 3.7 4.3 4.1 Cyl 4.2 4.3 4.1

GPN 4.0 4.5 4.2 Cyl 4.3 4.3 3.9

ImpCyl 4.1 4.4 4.3 GPN 3.8 4.4 4.3

4.3 abc 3.4 d 4.1 abc 3.9 bcd 4.6 a 3.9 bcd

4.3 abc 4.0 bc 3.9 bcd 3.8 cd 4.0 bc 4.4 ab

TRIAL AVERAGES 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.3


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test-.. / continued



INDEPENDENT SVR 71 2239 DYNA BITES SVR 71 2236 NEVADA INDIANA INVERNESS

Sem BEJO Nor S to BEJO HM St0


4.1 fg 4.8 ab 3.7 h 4.1 fg 4.6 bcd 4.3 def 4.4 cde

4.0 gh 4.7 abc 4.2 efg 4.3 def 4.9 a 4.2 efg 4.0 gh

53.0 a 41.4 fgh 45.8 ef 52.8 ab 42.8 fgh 47.8 cde 50.0 bcd

40.4 h 50.6 abc 45.1 ef 50.4 a-d 47.5 de 44.3 fg 45.0 ef


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.. . 1 continued


BRADFORD BOOMER CUPAR BERLANDA BASTIA MAGNUM

FONTANA HY 8499 HY 8520 GIANT 1 14 CELLOBUNCH SVR 71 9202

BEJO Sol Nor Nor BEJO HM

BEJO RZ RZ Sol S to Sem

55.1 de* 61.8 f 51.9 cde 59.6 f 47.1 ab 45.5 ab

51.4 cd 49.0 bc 44.4 a 55.4 e 52.6 cde 46.3 ab

TRIAL AVERAGES 0 4.0 LO 3.7 48.4 4.1 3.97 52LM


49.8 ab 50.8 a 48.7 ab 45.0 cd 49.3 ab 37.1 f

50.0 ab 42.1 de 39.5 ef 42.1 de 47.0 bc 48.1 abc

46.0

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test,.. 1 continued



INDEPENDENT SVR 71 2239 DYNA BITES SVR 71 2236 NEVADA INDIANA INVERNESS

Sem BEJO Nor S to BEJO HM St0


24.2 ghi* 3.6 bc 27.7 cd 4.0 a 21.9 i 3.9 a 26.4 de 3.4 c-f 23.2 hi 3.8 ab 26.7 cde 3.4 def 25.4 fgh 3.5 cde

31.4 ab 3.3 def 25.9 fg 3.5 cd 29.2 bc 3.2 f 25.9 de 3.5 cd 25.7 fgh 3.6 bc 27.8 cd 3.3 ef 32.5 a 2.9 g

18 bc 0.2 a 19 abc 0.0 a 13 e 1.7 a 20 ab 0.0 a 23 a 0.2 a 19 abc 0.2 a 20 ab 0.0 a

13 de 0.0 a 20 ab 0.2 a 18 bc 0.0 a 15 cde 0.0 a 17 bcd 0.5 a 19 ab 0.0 a 18 bc 0.2 a

5.3 bc 0.7 a 1.7 a 2.0 a 2.3 a 2.0 a 7.7 bc

0.0 a 8.0 bcd 1.3 a

10.7 d 2.3 a

10.3 cd 2.0 a


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.. 1 continued


BRADFORD BEJO 23.9 d* 5.3 bcd 10 a 0.4 a 11.0 a 0.0 a 0.7 a BOOMER Sol 24.1 d 5.4 b 10 a 0.0 a 20.2 a 4.9 a 7.3 e CUPAR Nor 19.4 e 6.2 a 11 a ' 0.4 a 3.7 a 2.2 a 5.3 cde BERLANDA Nor 25.3 cd 5.1 b-e 12 a 0.4 a 4.6 a 0.7 a 1.0 ab BASTIA BEJO 23.8 d 5.3 bc 15 a 0.0 a 10.2 a 0.3 a 4.7 b-e MAGNUM HM 24.5 d 4.8 e 13 a 1.0 a 5.5 a 1.0 a 0.3 a

FONTANA BEJO 26.6 bc 5.2 bcd 11 a 0.8 a 7.8 a 1.6 a 6.7 de HY 8499 RZ 24.6 d 4.9 de 12 a 0.0 a 4.4 a 2.7 a 7.3 e HY 8520 RZ 24.2 d 5.1 b-e 13 a 0.0 a 6.0 a 3.1 a 2.0 abc GIANT 1 14 Sol 27.7 ab 5.2 b-e 9 a 0.5 a 2.8 a 1.6 a 8.3 e CELLOBUNCH S to 29.3 a 5.0 cde 14 a 0.0 a 6.8 a 1.3 a 3.0 a-d SVR 7 1 9202 Sem 24.9 cd 5.3 bcd 11 a 0.4 a 2.1 a 2.0 a 0.3 a

TRIAL AVERAGES 25.7 4.7 13 0.3 7.1 2.6 4.5


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - CELLO'S

Indiana: Cut and Peel type, A little ringy, A little thin, Slightly rough, Red ring around the cores (50-80%), A little long, Larger carrots make an okay cello, Noticeable Cavity Spot, Overall "Okay".

Independent: Very long, Filled out tip, Some bends and curves, Red ring around cores (50% +), Cut and Peel type, Overall "Okay".

Infinity: A bit of a shoulder, Average to good pack carrot, A little bumpy, Interior colour blends well, Fuller tip, Cut & Peel blood, A little long, A touch of yellow in cores (20%).

Nevada: A little ringy, Some noticeable Cavity Spot, Red ring around the cores (30-40%).

Inverness: Very long, Cut and Peel type, Rougher appearance, Red ring around cores (70% +).

Niagara: A little short, Fairly smooth, Core a little dark, Moderate sized cores, Overall "Average to Good"

Dyna Bites: A little ringy, Slicer potential, Small cores, Filled out tips, A little long, Overall "Average", Red ring around cores (30%).

Six Shooter: Cut & Peel blood, Low in Cavity Spot, Red ring around cores (20-30%), A little yellow around cores (35%), A few carrots a bit ringy, Larger carrots make a nice packer.

Berlanda: A little short, Very good weight, Larger cores, A bit ringy, Yellow in cores (20%), More of a Jumbo type.

Envy: Jumbo's Nice, A little ringy, Yellow around cores (30%), Overall "Average to Good".

SVR 712236: Length uneven, Fairly smooth, Thicker shoulder, Good weight, Red ring around cores (30-50%), Jumbo potential, Nice Cello.

SVR 712239: Fairly smooth, Cut & Peel blood, Good packer, Yellow in cores (30% +), Jumbo Potential, Over all "Good".

Cellobunch: Larger carrots filled out nice, Larger carrots smooth, Smaller carrots ringy, Some short, Average packer, Yellow in cores (20%).

Enterprise: A little ringy, Bit bumpy, Smaller cores, A little thin, Average packer, Red ring around cores (30%). ... /continued

MAIN CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - JUMBO'S

Bastia:

Bradford:

Fontana:

Magnum:

Berlanda:

Cupar:

HY 8499:

HY 8520:

Lenticels whitish and noticeable, Shape a little uneven, Some carrots a bit short, A little rough, Yellow to white colour in cores (30-40%), Moderate sized cores, Good Jumbo, Overall "Good".

Length a little uneven, Good yielder (weight), Shape a little uneven, A fair amount of yellow in the cores, Lenticels fairly noticeable, Larger cores, A little ringy, Good Jumbo.

Good length, A few carrots with red crowns, A little uneven in exterior colour, Fairly smooth, Larger cores, Yellow in the cores (50%), Nice Jumbo.

Low numbers in the Jumbo category, Smooth carrot, Some carrots with yellow in cores, Nice Cellos, Overall "Good".

Uneven in shape, Small run for a Jumbo, Fairly smooth, A few ringy, Larger cores, Yellow in the cores (20-30%), Fair Cello.

Processor type - Dicer, Fairly smooth, Odd rough one, Some noticeable Cavity Spot, White in cores (20-40%), Short, Moderate sized cores.

Slightly ringy appearance, Moderate sized cores, Darker cores, Yellow in cores (20%), "Nice" Jumbo.

Smooth, Good weight, Moderate sized cores, Yellow in cores (50-70%), "Good" Jumbo, Nanty like Cello.

SVR 71-9202: Good weight, Some a little short, Fairly smooth, Moderate sized cores, Some vertical cracks from harvest, Yellow in cores (50% +), "Good" Jumbo.

Boomer: Very Ringy, Larger cores, Some yellow in cores.

Giant 114: Exterior colour uneven, Good weight, Some ringy, Larger cores, White in the cores (40%), Rougher appearance.

Cellobunch: A little long for a Jumbo, Good weight, Yellow in cores (20-30%), Moderate sized cores, Some a little rough, Overall "Average to Good", Good Cello.

CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2005 - continued

TC- 1 Tak 20.9 5.7 48.8 4.0 4.50 70M 0.0 6.0 6.0

Comments:

5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

A few noticable Cavity Spot, On the short side, 50% Jumbos and 50% more of a Processor, Very smooth, 50% have a red ring around core, 30% have yellow colour in core,

Seeder issues - 25 seeders found in 6 meters of row.

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS

MARKETABLE # YEARS LENGTH YIELD %

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches tlha B/ A MARKETABLE SCORE * STYLUS Sem 2 26.7 10.5 83.2 1341 84 4.10 HM 02 HM 3 25.4 10.0 83.3 1341 86 4.12 INDIANA BEJO 7 25.3 10.0 73.2 1193 8 1 SIX SHOOTER HM 3 25.3 10.0 90.7 1460 86 ENTERPRISE Sto 6 25.0 9.8 90.4 1478 8 8

INFINITY BEJO 4 24.3 9.6 93.7 1509 87 ORANGE PAK Nor 7 23.7 9.3 85.1 1369 87

CARO-CHIEF Sem 4 23.7 9.3 76.1 1359 82 ORANGETTE Sto 5 23.4 9.2 96.2 1368 87 CANADA SUPER X Sol 14 23.3 9.2 80.8 1376 83

GROWERS CHOICE Pol 4 23.3 9.2 70.5 1145 80

SIX PAK I-IM 20 23.0 9.1 79.0 1273 86

SUNRISE Cro 15 23.0 9.1 86.0 1438 86

CELLOBUNCH Sem 16 22.7 8.9 97.0 161 1 86

ORLANDO GOLD Sto 7 22.6 8.9 69.2 1235 86

ORANGE EXPRESS Sol 2 22.5 8.9 77.8 1253 85 4.01

LEGEND Sem 4 22.5 8.8 62.7 11 19 75 3.90

FONTANA BEJO 4 22.2 8.7 126.1 203 1 92 3.9 1

SIX PAK I1 HM 15 22.1 8.7 78.0 1328 84 3.90

PRONTO Sem 5 21.9 8.6 90.4 1482 85 4.13

Listed in order of length. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... 1 continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS

MARKETABLE # YEARS LENGTH YIELD %

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha BIA MARKETABLE SCORE * IMPERATOR 58 Cro 9 21.7 8.5 50.3 899 7 8 3.64 FIRST CLASS AVENGER DAWN DEE ITHACA

ORANGE SHERBET CAROPAK CHANCELLOR FLAME GOLD PAK 28

BRADFORD PAK MOR PARAMOUNT PROSPECTOR DISCOVERY

DOMINATOR FLORIDA KLONDIKE NANTES SIX PENCE DELPHI

Sern Sern Sol BEJO

St0 Sern Sern

Rag FM

BEJO HM Sern Sern Sieg

NUN BEJO St0 I-IM RZ

Listed in order of length. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2004 - 2005

ENTERPRISE SVR 712236

CELLOBUNCH INFINITY

SVR 7 12222 FONTANA

SIX PAK SUNRISE

BRADFORD TORNADO

St0 Sem

St0 BEJO

Sem BEJO

FFS St0

BEJO Daf

1 1.4 C-f 10.7 a-e

11.7 a-f 11.8 a-f

10.2 a-d 9.7 abc

12.7 C-f 9.9 a-d

8.9 ab 12.2 b-f

5.0 ab 7.3 ab

30.0 C-f 33.3 def

20.0 a-e 5.0 ab

13.3 a-d 26.7 b-f

5.0 ab 4.0 a

70.0 abc 68.3 abc

83.3 cde 96.7 e

83.3 cde 70.0 abc

80.0 cde 83.3 cde

73.3 bcd 83.3 cde



** 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) . . . / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2004 - 2005 - continued

INTERCEPTOR BEJO 82.5 a* 14.6 fg 2.4 a 4.7 a 8.3 abc 73.3 bcd INVERNESS BEJO 82.2 ab 1 1.4 a-f 5.9 a 4.1 a 8.3 abc 51.7 a

NIAGARA BEJO 81.7 ab 8.6 a 9.6 a 4.1 a 33.3 def 86.7 cde INDIANA BEJO 81.5 ab 13.4 d-g 4.8 a 3.8 a 36.7 ef 90.0 de

ENVY Sem 78.9 ab 9.7 abc 11.4 a 4.3 a 36.7 ef 81.7 cde INDEPENDENT BEJO 78.8 ab 16.5 g 4.4 a 4.4 a 10.0 abc 73.3 bcd

BREMEN BEJO 75.5 ab 12.9 c-f 11.5 a 4.1 a 13.3 a-d 86.7 cde SOL 220 Sol : 74.8 abc 10.1 a-d 14.5 a 4.0 a 33.3 def 86.7 cde

SVR 712113 Sem 70.2 bc 14.1 efg 15.6 a 4.2 a 43.3 f 93.3 e FLORIDA BEJO 62.4 c 12.7 c-f 24.9 a 3.7 a 10.0 abc 56.7 ab

TRIAL AVERAGE 76.8 12.4 10.5 4.1 23.3 78.0 Listed in order of % Marketable.


** 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

MAIN CARROT STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Bradford: Fair amount of tip rot, A few canker rot, Some light top sprouts, A few root sprouts, Stored "good". Bremen: Canker rot, Uneven top sprout lengths (1-km), A few carrots a touch dried out, Stored "pretty good".

Florida: Uneven results between replicates stored well - poor, Tip rot mostly. Fontana: Very light on top sprouts, Mostly tip rot, Stored "very well", A few carrots a touch dried out.

Indiana: Carrots slightly dried out, Canker rot problems, Top sprouts (3-5cm), Some heavy root sprouting, Stored "okay". Independent: Carrots fairly dried out, A little tip rot, Top sprouts (1-3cm), Stored "okay".

Infinity: Tip rot, Some dried out carrots, Fair amount of top sprouts (1-3cm), Stored "okay". Interceptor: Carrots very dried out, Tip rot, A few light top sprouts, Stored "poor".

Inverness: Some carrots a little dried out, Very light tip rot, Not much sprouting, Stored "okay-good" Niagara: Some tip rot, Some Canker rot, Top sprouts (1-3cm), Stored "well".

Tornado: Very light tip rot, Top sprouts a little uneven ( 1-4cm), Stored "good'. Six Pak: Uneven lengths of top sprouts, A few carrots a little dried out, Rot found mostly on tips, Store "okay".

Envy: Mostly tip rot, A few top sprouts (1-3cm), Stored "pretty good". SVR 712113: Some carrots dried out, Top sprouts uneven (1-km), Some canker and tip rot, Stored "okay".

SVR 712222: Canker rot, A few top sprouts (1-3cm), Stored "pretty good". SVR 712236: Mostly tip rot, Top sprouts just starting, Some carrot tips a little dried out, Stored "okay".

Sol 220: A lot of tip rot, Some top sprouts (1-3cm), A fair amount of root sprouts (1-3cm), Stored "good" Cellobunch: A touch of dried out carrots, Top sprouts light (1-2cm), Stored "really well".

Enterprise: Top sprouts uneven in length, Stored "fair". Sunrise: A little tip rot, Some unevenness in top sprouts (1-5cm), Stored "good"

LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS

# YEARS % % WEIGHT DEGREE*

LOSS % OF CULTIV AR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY SPARTAN CLASSIC 80 Sto 4 97.6 6.8 2.4 3.5 DELPHI BLAZE LEGEND HM 03

RZ 3

Rag 4 Sem 3 HM 3

HM 02 HM 3 EXCELLENCE Sem 3 KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 4 PAK MOR HM 6 ORANGETTE Sto 5

ORANGE SHERBET AVENGER CANADA SUPER X CARO-CHIEF SIX SHOOTER

Sto 6 Sem 7 Sol 14 Sem 5 FFS 2

ORLANDO GOLD Sto 6 SIX PAK I1 HM 15 INFINITY BEJO 4 ENTERPRISE Sem 4

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months. * 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) ... / continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES - CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS

% WEIGHT DEGREE * # YEARS % LOSS % OF

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY CHANCELLOR Sem 7 86.7 11.3 13.3 2.2 PROSPECTOR Sem 4 86.7 6.3 13.3 2.7 TEMPTATION Sem 2 86.2 16.3 13.8 4.4 BRADFORD BEJO 4 85.4 7.9 6.7 4.3 GROWERS CHOICE Pol 3 83.2 11.2 5.4 3.9

FLAME Rag 4 SIX PENCE HM 4 TRIGGER Sem 4 CELLOBUNCH Sem 13 FONTANA BEJO 4

ITHACA STYLUS SIX PAK ORANGE PAK SUNRISE

BEJO 3 Sem 2 HM 20 Nor 8 Cro 15

INDIANA BEJO 6 78.3 14.0 7.3 4.1 CAROPAK Sem 4 77.7 10.7 22.3 2.2 BREMEN BEJO 3 77.3 9.9 12.6 3.7 DAWN DEE Sol 4 76.5 19.7 23.6 3.7 FLORIDA BEJO 3 76.1 8.7 14.9 3.7

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months. * 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY - 2005

Early spring was slightly cooler (lS°C) and had significantly less rainfall (69 mm) than the long term (10 year) average. The summer months were hot, humid and dry. Fall temperatures and moisture conditions were higher and drier, respectively, than the long- term (10 year) average. The air temperatures were below the long term (10 Year) average for May (10.8"C), average for August (19.9"C) and above average for June (21.2OC), July (2 1 3°C) and September (16.7OC). Monthly rainfall was below the long term (10 year) average for May (14 mm), June (63 mm), July (33 mm), September (53 mm) and average for August (56 mm).

Onion seeding occurred on May 7 & 8, a day or two later than last year. Seeding of the Main Oniot) Trial was a little behind due to cooler temperatures. Spring soil moisture levels were very good due to good snow coverage in the winter and some heavy rain in the last two weeks of April. Ground temperatures for a second year in a row at seeding were low (6-7OC) and remained (+/-lo C) at that level for two weeks after seeding. For the entire month of May ground temperatures at the 5 cm depth never rose above 9.5" C. The cool soil temperature and below average air temperatures for the month of May had a slight effect on the germination of some cultivars, resulting in uneven emergence. All cultivars however, were a little slow in germination and plant vigour was "poor". The cotyledon leaf (loop) in 2005 was smaller than normal similar to the previous two years. The development of the first true leaf was a little delayed and was smaller than average.

By the end of June, most of the onion cultivars were showing tip bum. The third and forth true leaves exhibited 1 to 2 inches of tip bum. A significant rain fall in mid-June followed by high temperatures appeared to create micronutrient(s) deficiency. All the cultivars recovered by mid-July. Irrigation water was applied three times this season (July 4 & 27 and Aug 9) with approximately 1 to I Y2 inches per application.

Cool temperatures in May followed by hot temperatures for the rest of the summer, made timing of herbicides applications, to avoid damage to the crop, somewhat difficult. There were one to two flushes of weeds. Several weeds escaped control due to the timing of herbicide applications. The trial was hand weeded several times throughout the summer months. At the Muck Crops Research Station, there was some light onion maggot damage noticed in the trial. Onion Maggot populations at the Muck Station were slightly below normal levels for the first generation. The second generation population numbers were above average. From the end of May until early July, the onion maggot population did no go below the spray threshold of 5 flies per trap per day. For the rest of the season the fly counts remained below normal except for a late season spike in mid September. Thrips were the number one insect pest for the season. Thrip populations were above spray thresholds for most of the summer months. Damage on the onion plants was higher than the previous two years. A combination of pesticides and application timings were used this season for Thrips control but were limited in success. Weather conditions in the months of June, July and August were very hot and dry creating unfavourable conditions for leaf

... /continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASON SUMMARY - 2005 - continued

disease development. There were few mornings with visible dew. The Downy Mildew forecasting system signalled the possibility of disease development. At the Muck Station, Ridomil, Aliette and Cabrio applications were applied for control and Downy Mildew never became a problem. Botrytis Leaf Blight was noticed in June but remained at manageable levels for the entire season.

Early onion cultivars began to bulb in early July, with most other cultivars beginning in late July. Early cultivars suffered a little from the lack of moisture. Most of the onion cultivars showed signs of Pink Root infection through the month of August. The earlier the cultivar the more the number of roots infected with the disease. Cultivars Apline, Highlander and Norstar were the first to lodge, beginning on 27th ~ u l ~ . It took approximately 4 weeks for the majority of the cultivars to reach 85% lodged. The warm and drier summer weather conditions seemed to shorten the period from seeding to onion maturity by a few days for some cultivars. The later maturing onion cultivars benefited from the growing conditions with slightly higher yields than the early or mid maturing cultivars. A sample of each cultivar was pulled for Open House on September 1. The onion tops dried quickly after lodging. The onion trial was windrowed on September 9. When the onions were windrowed, most cultivars had smaller bulbs as compared to the previous few years.

Harvesting of the samples occurred on September 16 & 19 and all cultivars topped well. When the onions were topped it was noted that there was a definite decrease in yield due to visible smaller bulb size. The onions were placed in storage on October 13 and artificially curing for approximately 24 hours was sufficient to remove field moisture.

At evaluation in November, yields were below the long-term average. The high air temperatures and lower than normal rainfall had an effect on yields. The majority of the onion bulbs were in the 2 - 2 '/z " range for all cultivars. Several cultivars had onions greater then 3" in diameter, but were few in number. The number of culls remained low and most of the culls were Doubles and Rot. Though there was very little rot most of the rot found was skin rot with a few having neck rot. The trial had a high level of percent marketable onions. Uniformity of size was good, but some cultivars did have a few to many smalls in the mix. The uniformity of shape was uneven with a lot of the cultivars having a variety of shapes. Most of the onion cultivars had darker coloured skms than expected. Skin attachments were good but, some cultivars had some bulbs with cracking of the outer slun. Skin thickness was decent on the outer most leaves that fell off. The skin left after the outer skin was removed was generally thick. A number of cultivars had greening of the outer scales, along with a few cultivars having a yellow or white speckling on the outer skin. The neck finish was fantastic on some early cultivars and generally very good, a few cultivars were a touch on the rough side. The majority of the onions maintained good firmness from harvest to evaluation. Onion Maggot damage ranged from 3.6 % to 13.1% on the evaluation sample bulbs. The trial average for Onion Maggot damage was 8.6% which was identical to last year. Most of the Onion Maggot damage appeared as very small pinholes which most likely occurred from the third generation. No seeders were found. The quality of all the onion cultivars was quite good.

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2005

MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

Fertilizer: 90 kglha Nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate 34-0-0) + 30 kglha Phosphorous (MAP 11-52-0) +200 kglha Potassium (Potash 0-0-60) + 5 kglha Copper (99% Cu) was worked into the soil.

A side dressing of 10 kglha of Nitrogen + 10 kglha of MAP + 20 kglha of Potash + 15 kglha of K-MAG was applied on 4 July. A second side dressing of 10 kglha of Nitrogen + 5 kglha of MAP + 30 kglha of K-MAG was applied on 27 July.

Seeded: - All trials were seeded 7 & 9 May. Pelletized onion seed was seeded with a Stan-Hay precision seeder. Raw onion seed was seeded with a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Row spacing was 43 cm. The raw seed was coated with PRO GRO at 60 gl2.3 kg seed plus methyl cellulose at 100 m112.3 kg seed. LORSBAN 15G was applied at 18.5 kglha plus DITHANE DG at 8.8 kglha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was replicated three times.

Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 1 application: GRAMOXONE at 2.5 Uha on 17 May Post-emergence: 2 applications: PROWL 400 at 5.0 Wha on 26 May and 5 July. .

2 applications: GOAL at 140 mlha and Manganese at 2.0 kglha on 2 & 7 June. 2 applications: GOAL at 175 mllha and Manganese at 2.0 kglha on 11 & 23 June.

Minor Elements: Four foliar sprays: Mancozin on 29 June, 1 & 11 Aug (2.0 Llha), 22 July (3.0 Llha) Seven foliar sprays: Suprafeed on 7 July & 17 Aug (1.5 kglha), 14 July (2.0 kglha), 22 July & 5 Aug (2.5 kglha), 29 July & 11 Aug (3.0 kglha) One foliar spray: HydroMag on 29 June (1.5 Uha), Two foliar sprays: Calcimax on 29 July & 17 Aug (3.0 Llha) Two foliar sprays: Magmax on 1 Aug (2.0 Wha) & 5 Aug (1.0 Llha), One foliar spray: Alexin on 17 Aug (3.0 Lha) One foliar spray: ZincMax on 14 July (1.0 Uha) One foliar spray: Manganese on 14 July (2.0 kglha)

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2005 - continued

Insect and Disease Control: According to IPM recommendations.

DIBROM at 550 mllha and Minor Elements on 29 June MATADOR at 188 mllha + BRAVO at 1.5 Llha and Minor Elements on 7 July RIDOMIL GOLD 68 WP at 2.25 kglha + DECIS at 200 mllha and Minor Elements on 14 July BRAVO at 3.0 Uha + Insecticide and Minor Elements on 22 July ALIETTE at 2.8 kglha + MATADOR at 188 mllha on 23 July LANCE at 475 glha + CYMBUSH at 280 mllha and Minor Elements on 29 July BRAVO at 2.5 Wha + MATADOR at 188 mllha and Minor Elements on I Aug DITHANE DG at 2.25 kglha + RIDOMIL 480 at 500 &/ha + SEVIN at 2.0 Wha + RIPCORD at 175 mllha and Minor Elements on 5 Aug DITHANE DG at 2.5 kglha + ROVRAL at 750 glha + THIODAN at 1.5Llha + RIPCORD at 175 mllha and Minor Elements on 1 1 Aug BRAVO at 3.0 Uha + MATADOR at 188 mllha and Minor Elements on 17 Aug

Harvest: The Main Trial was uulled on 9 September and topped 16 & 19 September. The trial was placed in a forced air and temperature controlled storage 13 October. The trial was cured for 24 hours (25%, minimum 65% RH). After curing the temperature was lowered 5% per week until O°C was attained.

Smout Inhibition: Royal MH 60SG at 3.75 kglha in 550 L h a water on 13 & 22 August.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated 7 to 14, November after 4 weeks in storage.

# Bulbs Harvested: Total number of onions harvested from 4.66 m of row.

Harvest Wei~ht: Weights from the harvested 4.66 m of row.

Marketable Yield tha and B/A: Number of onions > 76 rnm (> 3"),76 mm to 63 mm (3" to 2 %"), 63 mm to 44 mrn (2 Yi" to 1%") and 44 mrn to 32 rnrn (1%" to 11/4").

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2005 - continued

Ma-ioritv of Culls: D = Double PW = Pee Wee R = Rot RED = Red

Shape: HG = High Globe FG = Flatten Globe G = Globe SP = Spindle TD = Tear Drop

Colour: LG = Light Golden G = Golden DG = Dark Golden LC = Light Copper C = Copper DC = Dark Copper.

Skin Thickness: 5.0 = Most Desirable 4.0 = Good 3.7 = Average

Skinning: 5.0 = Most Desirable, skins well attached 4.0 = Good, skins have a few small cracks 3.7 = Average, skins have cracks but still attached

Overall Score: Based on quality and general appearance.

Score: - The average of nine marks at evaluation from Uniformity of Size to Firmness.

Average Weight/Bulb (g): The total weight in grams of all bulbs divided by the total number of bulbs. A bulb 5 1 mm (2") in diameter weighs approximately 70 g. A bulb 57 rnrn (2%") in diameter weighs approximately 100 g. A bulb 64 mm (2%") in diameter weighs approximately 135 g.

Davs to Harvest: Number of days from seeding until 85% of the tops were down.

Percent Onion Maggot Damage: Ranges from pin hole damage to completely unmarketable.

TOP Height (em): The average length of 20 random onion tops from the all three replicates from the ground to the tips as taken on 27 50 cm is equal to 20 inches

Note : Lrrigation water was applied three times (4 & 27 July and 9 Aug) at approximately 1 % inches. No seeders were found in any cultivar of 20 m of row.

July.

ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2005

TALON FRONTIER

ARSENAL STANLEY

NORSTAR CAMRY (175)

MILESTONE INFINITY

HAMLET PRINCE

BEJO Tak

S to Sol

S to BEJO

Tak NUN

S to BEJO

1027 b-e* 99.7 a PW 890 d-i 99.7 ab D

986 b-h 99.7 ab PW 995 b-h 99.4 ab DIPW

829 e-i 99.1 abc D 1308 a 99.1 abc R/PW

931 c-i 99.1 a-d R 1000 b-g 99.0 a-d R

905 c-i 99.0 a-d PWIRED 1014 b-e 98.9 a-d R

-

Listed in order of % Marketable. ... 1 continued


ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2005 - continued

LIVINGSTON SHERMAN

CLARK SVR 15776

NEBULA MOUNTAINEER

CALISTO ( 174) TAHOE

NOBILITY MILLENNIUM

Sol BEJO

Sol Sem

NUN Tak

BEJO BEJO

Cro NUN

5.53 6.77 0.14 977 b-i * 98.8 a-e 6.30 5.07 0.50 943 c-i 98.6 a-e

4.92 7.18 0.16 942 c-i 98.5 a-e 4.25 6.76 0.29 862 e-i 98.5 a-e

8.63 4.49 0.10 1081 bcd 98.5 a-e 3.23 6.96 0.46 803 f-i 98.3 a-e

9.09 1.52 0.18 1156ab 98.1 a-e 7.31 4.64 0.21 974 b-i 98.1 a-e

4.44 7.71 0.20 931 c-i 97.9 a-e 6.04 5.53 0.25 1002 b-f 97.8 a-e

Listed in order of % Marketable. ... 1 continued



SVR 15682 RICOCHET

BGS 183 SAFFRANE (2 12)

FORTRESS ALPINE

HIGHLANDER GENESIS

CORONA SOL 95

Sem S to

BEJO BEJO

S to S to

Tak Cro

BEJO Sol

Trial Average 109 12.63 0.81 5.87

Listed in order of % Marketable. ...I continued

3.12 0.35 872 e-i* 97.8 a-e 4.65 0.32 795 hi 97.7 a-e

6.09 0.24 796 hi 97.3 a-e 3.69 0.1 1 1137 bc 97.3 b-f

7.98 0.36 829 e-i 96.7 c-f 5.88 0.17 864 e-i 96.6 c-f

6.40 0.12 903 c-i 96.6 def 4.58 0.23 898 c-i 96.4 efg

3.10 0.42 780 i 94.8 fg 6.67 0.73 801 ghi 94.0 g

5.56 0.25 941 98.0

PW R

D D

WHT D

R D

DIP W R/D



TALON FRONTIER

ARSENAL STANLEY

NORSTAR CAMRY (175)

MILESTONE INFINITY

HAMLET PRINCE

BEJO Tak

St0 Sol

S to BEJO

Tak NUN

S to BEJO

3.9 4.2 G 4.3 4.1 5.0 ab* 4.3 cd 4.3 4.35 ab 4.1 4.2 G 4.6 4.4 4.6 cde 4.6 bc 4.3 4.43 a

3.9 4.2 G 3.9 4.0 4.9 abc 4.4 bcd 4.1 4.23 b-h 4.0 4.1 G 4.1' 4.2 5.0 ab 4.2 cd 4.1 4.30 a-f

3.9 3.9 LG 4.3 3.6 3.9 g 4.7 ab 3.5 3.94 j-m 4.1 4.3 LG 4.3 3.7 4.8 a-d 4.3 cd 3.9 4.20 b-i

4.1 4.3 G 4.2 4.2 4.8 a-d 4.3 cd 4.0 4.24 a-f 3.9 4.2 G 4.1 3.9 4.9 abc 4.6 bc 4.3 4.30 a-f

4.2 4.0 DG 4.1 3.9 5.0 ab 4.1 de 4.0 4.25 a-g 3.9 4.2 G 4.2 4.6 4.9 abc 3.8 e 3.9 4.29 a-f

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average .. J continued



LIVINGSTON Sol HG 4.0 3.9 G 4.3 4.2 4.9 abc* 4.2 cd 4.3 4.31 a-e SHERMAN BEJO FG 3.6 4.1 LG 4.0 3.8 4.5 de 4.4 bcd 3.7 4.05 h-k

CLARK Sol G 4.0 4.2 G 4.6 4.2 5.0 ab 4.1 de 4.1 4.36 ab SVR 15776 Sem FG 3.6 3.9 G 3.7 4.2 4.3 ef 4.6 bc 3.6 4.05 h-k

NEBULA NUN G 3.8 4.1 G 4.0 4.1 4.6 cde 4.3 bcd 4.0 4.21 b-h MOUNTAINEER Tak G 4.1 4.2 G 4.2 4.1 4.7 b-e 4.5 bcd 4.3 4.32 a-e

CALISTO (1 74) BEJO HG 3.8 4.1 LG 4.8 3.1 4.8 a-d 4.2 cd 4.1 4.08 g-j TAHOE BEJO HG 4.0 4.0 DG 4.3 4.0 5.0 ab 4.4 bcd 4.3 4.34 abc

NOBILITY Cro HG 3.6 4.1 DG 3.9 4.0 4.9 abc 4.3 bcd 3.9 4.18 b-i MILLENNIUM NUN HG 3.8 3.9 G 3.7 4.1 5.0 ab 4.1 de 3.7 4.13e-j

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... I continued



SVR 15682 Sem G 3.3 4.0 G 3.9 4.4 4.9 abc* 4.2 cd 3.7 4.15d-i RICOCHET Sto G 3.9 3.8 G 4.1 4.0 4.8 a-d 4.4 bcd 3.9 4.15 d-i

BGS 183 BEJO FG 3.6 3.9 LG 4.0 3.7 4.0 fg 4.6 bc 3.4 3.85 lm SAFFRANE (2 12) BEJO G 3.9 4.2 G 4.3 4.2 5.0 a 4.2 de 4.3 4.33 a-d

FORTRESS Sto HG 4.1 4.4 G 4.3 4.3 5.0 ab 4.6 bc 4.1 4.43 a ALPINE Sto T.F.G 4.0 4.1 LG 4.6 3.7 2.8 h 5.0 a 3.1 3.86 klm

HIGHLANDER Tak G 4.0 4.0 LG 4.6 3.3 2.9 h 5.0 a 3.1 3.80 m GENESIS Cro HG 3.4 3.9 G 3.9 3.9 4.7 b-e 4.6 bc 3.9 4.12f-j

CORONA BEJO FG 4.0 4.0 LG 4.0 4.1 4.1 fg 4.1 de 3.6 4.01 i-l SOL 95 Sol HGSP 3.9 4.2 G 4.0 4.0 4.8 a-d 4.2 cd 3.9 4 . 1 6 ~ - i

Trial Average 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.20

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0=Good, 3.7=Average ... / continued



TALON BEJO 5 .O 4.7 a* 113 d-k 8 104 3.3 ab 0.9 54 ab FRONTIER Tak 4.9 4.6 ab 98 ijk 8 96 4.5 ab 0.3 49 f-1

ARSENAL S to 4.9 4.4 bc 123 d-h 7 99 2.2 a 1.3 52 a-h STANLEY Sol 5 .O 4.7 a 119 d-j 7 105 4.2 ab 1.5 51 b-i

NORSTAR S to 4.7 3.7 e 99 g-k 7 93 2.4 a 0.6 50 d-k CAMRY (175) BEJO 4.4 4.1 d 156 ab 7 101 2.4 a 11.8 54 a-e

MILESTONE Tak 4.9 4.4 bc 113 d-k 7 104 6.1 ab 0.9 48 g-1 INFINITY NUN 5 .O 4.4 bc 126 def 7 106 9.1 b 3.2 48 g-1

HAMLET S to 5 .O 4.7 a 122 d-i 6 105 6.7 ab 1 .O 53 a-f PRINCE BEJO 5.0 4.8 a 152 abc 6 115 4.1 ab 9.1 52 a-g

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... 1 continued



LIVINGSTON SHERMAN

CLARK SVR 15776

NEBULA MOUNTAINEER

CALISTO (174) TAHOE

NOBILITY MILLENNIUM

Sol BEJO

Sol Sem

NUN Tak

BEJO BEJO

Cro NUN

118 d-j 106 f-k

109 e-k 98 ijk

133 b-e 91 k

172 a 127 def

109 f-k 123 d-g

53 a-f 48 h-1

52 a-h 48 h-1

49 f-l 48 g-1

51 b-i 55 a

55 ab 49 f-1

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... 1 continued



SVR 15682 Sem 5 .O 4.7 a* 128 c-f 6 109 2.3 a 8.8 51 c-j RICOCHET S to 4.9 4.3 cd 108 f-k 6 96 9.1 b 5.1 55 a

BGS 183 BEJO 4.6 3.7 e 92 k 8 92 3.9 ab 1.2 46 kl SAFFRANE (2 12) BEJO 5.0 4.7 a 141 bcd 7 108 6.8 ab 4.6 53 d-k

FORTRESS S to 5 .O 4.6 ab 95 jk 8 105 2.1 a 0.0 51 b-i ALPINE S to 4.3 3.7 e 99 h-k 8 90 4.8 ab 0.9 47 jkl

HIGHLANDER Tak 4.3 3.6 e 107 f-k 8 86 4.3 ab 1.8 45 1 GENESIS Cro 4.8 4.7 a 128 c-f 6 97 6.3 ab 7.1 54 a-d

CORONA BEJO 4.8 4.2 cd 114 d-k 6 101 8.9 b 5.9 48 i-l SOL 95 Sol 5.0 4.3 cd 91 k 8 105 6.1 ab 0.3 50 e-k

Trial Average 4.8 4.4 117 7 102 4.7 3.5 51



MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Frontier: A little disappointing in yield, Shape a little uneven some FG in mix, Good dun, A few onions with white specking, Majority of onions in the 2 lflsize range, Neck finish pretty good, "Good onion, Mid to late storage onion.

Highlander: Shape a little uneven some FG in mix, Onions large & uniform in size, A lot of greening of scales, Very thin skins left, Fantastic neck finish, Nice yield, Some quality issues, Soft onion, A few root sprouts, Early onion.

Milestone: Shape a little uneven some HG in mix, Colour a little uneven some DG in mix, Medium run, Good skin, A few with vertical skin cracks, A few with white specking, "Good to Nice" onion, Mid storage onion.

Mountaineer: Good quality, A little small in yield, Some greening of scales, Good skin, "Good onion, Mid storage onion.

Calisto (174): Larger run for 2005, Thinner skin left, Neck finish a little rough, A touch of greening of scales, Good quality, Nice yield, "Good to Nice" onion, Early onion.

Camry : Shape a little uneven some G in mix, A touch of greening of scales, Thinner but good skin left, Neck finish a little loose and open, Really good yield for 2005, "Average to Good" onion, Early onion.

Corona: Larger run, A few of the basal plates popping, Some greening of scales, The smaller the onion the nicer the neck finish, Some skin cracking, "Average" onion, Early season onion.

Prince: Larger run for 2005, A touch of yellowing of outer skins, A little white specking of skins, Necks not fully finished and so a little rough, Solid onion, Good & thick skin, "Good onion, Late storage onion.

Saffrane: Shape a bit uneven, Larger run, Good thick skin left, Firm onion, "Good onion, Longer storage onion.

Sherman: A touch uneven in shape, Some greening of scales, Some skins cracking at basal plate, Odd onion is popping at basal plate, Thinner skin left, Neck finish a little uneven, Good yield, "Average to Good, Early to mid onion.

... I continued

MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Tahoe: Nice colour and thicker skins, A few necks a little rough, Solid, A little uneven size, "Good to Nice" onion, Pretty good yield, Longer term storage onion.

Talon: Neck a little rough, Solid onion, Medium run, Good skin left, "Good to Nice7' onion, Storage onion.

BGS 183: A lot of greening of scales, Fair amount of skin cracking, Shape a little uneven, A little soft, Smaller run, A few basal plates popping, Skin issues (thin), Good smaller neck finish, "Okay" onion, Early onion.

Genesis: A touch of greening of scales, Neck good but a touch rough, Firm onion, Shape a little uneven, "Average to Good" onion, Longer term storage.

Nobility: A little bit of white speclung on skins, A little greening of scales on smaller onions, Solid & firm onion, Smaller to medium run, " Average to good"onion, Long term storage.

Infinity: Nice appearance, Fairly firm onion, Neck small and tight, Nice packer, "Nice" onion, Mid storage type.

Millennium: Good heavy skin left, A bit of greening of scales, Solid onion, A little rough in appearance, "Average" onion, longer storage type of onion.

Nebula: Larger run for 2005, Good thicker skins, Odd onion with vertical skin cracking, Solid onion, A few with white specking, A few necks a little large and rough, "Good onion, Longer term storage onion.

SVR 15682: Very uneven in shape, A bit of white specking, Okay appearance, Necks kind of rough, Firm onion, Good thick skin left, "Average" onion, Long term storage.

SVR 15776: Colour some what uneven, Uneven in shape, Smaller to medium run, A few onions with vertical skin cracking, Some greening of scales, Necks smaller, "Average" onion.

... 1 continued

MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Clark:

Livingston:

Stanley:

Sol 95:

Apline:

Arsenal:

Fortress:

Hamlet:

Norstar:

Ricochet:

Very even colour, Solid onion, A touch of white specking, Good skin, Good packer, A tiny amount of yellowing on skins, Neck a little big & rough, "Good onion, Storage type.

Firm onion, A few with white specking Necks dry but have a large base, Good skin left, "Nice" onion, Mid to late season onion.

Nice appearance, Good skins, Larger run, Firm onion, A touch of white specking, A touch of yellowing on skins, "Nice" onion, Mid to late term storage.

Neck finish good but a touch large, Variable in size, Good packer, "Good onion, Mid storage type.

Fantastic neck finish, Most skins are cracking at basal plate, A lot of greening of scales, A few bald ones, Some basal plates popping, Soft onion, Poor skin attachment, Poor to okay quality, Early season onion.

Good sized run for 2005, A lot in the 2 W range, Some greening of scales, Firm to solid onion, Good skin, "Good onion, Nice packer, Mid to Late storage onion.

Good firmness, Neck finish small and compact, A slight touch of greening of scales, Good skins, "Good" onion, Long storage type.

Shape a little off "blocky", Good medium run, "Good onion, A bit of white specking, Good heavy skin left, Solid onion, Good packer, "Good onion, Long term storage onion.

Odd shape to the onion, Medium run, A lot of greening of scales, Soft onion, Thinner slun left, Some cracking of skins, "Average" onion, Early season onion.

Neck finish good, A touch of greening of scales, "Average to Good onion, Mid storage onion.

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS

# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS* CULTIV AR SOURCE TESTED t/ha B/A MATURITY A B HUSTLER HM I I 46.7 832 96 4.37 TIMBERLAND WOLF ADVANCER NORSTAR

RICOCHET FRONTIER TRAPP-7 ARSENAL CORONA

MOUNTAINEER MILESTONE TARMAGON ROCKET SPECTRUM

CALISTO FLAGSHIP GUNNISON STANLEY

Tak Tak HM Tak

Sem Tak Cro Sem BEJO

Tak Tak St0 Sem NUN

BEJO St0 BEJO Sol

TAURUS Sem 12 54.0 96 1 111 NA ... / continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued

# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS * CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED tlha B/A MATURITY A B PARAGON NUN 8 62.5 11 10 112 4.62 4.14

TORQUE CAVALIER CAPABLE FORTRESS

TRAPP #8 TOPNOTCH CORTLAND BARRAGE HAMLET

LIVINGSTON SALEM PRINCE UNIGLOBE 100 TAMARA

MILLENNIUM BENCHMARK FESTIVAL CANADA MAPLE

Cro St0 NUN Sem

E.J. Cro BEJO Sem Sem

Sol BEJO BEJO Sem BEJO

NUN Sem BEJO St0

INFINITY NUN 5 63.8 1070 116 4.96 4.24

Listed in order of Days to Maturity. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average * Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2004 - 2005

m m V) m > 0

0) m

. - 2 0 & - 1 0

V) 2 L

2 CALISTO 93.0 a* 1.7 a 5.0 a 0.0 a 1.4 ab 0.0 a LIVINGSTON GUNNINSON HAMLET

BIGHORN TAHOE MILLENNIUM SVR 15682

BENCHMARK FESTIVAL SR 7403 MOUNTAINEER

PRINCE FRONTIER FLAGSHIP STANLEY

Sol BEJO St0

BEJO BEJO NUN Sem

St0 BEJO NUN Tak

BEJO Tak St0

92.0 a 91.9 a 91.5 ab

91.4 ab 90.1 abc 89.9 abc 89.6 abc

89.6 abc 88.7 a-d 88.2 a-d 87.9 a d

87.0 a-e 86.4 a-e 85.2 a-e

5.9 ab 6.1 abc 6.1 abc

6.4 a-d 6.5 a-d 5.6 ab 6.5 a-d

5.8 ab 7.6 C-g 6.1 abc 5.9 ab

7.9 d-g 6.6 a-d 6.1 abc

0.8 ab 1.4 abc 0.5 ab

1.2 abc 1.4 abc 0.7 ab 2.5 a d

0.6 ab 1.7 a-d 2.3 a-d 3.1 a-d

1.0 abc 5.9 cde 5.9 cde

0.5 a 0.0 a 0.6 a

0.0 a 0.0 a 2.9 abc 0.4 a

2.3 abc 0.9 ab 2.7 abc 3.6 abc

2.2 ab 0.4 a 2.0 abc

Sol 85.1 a-e 2.5 a 7.0 b-e 5.3 bcd 1.5 ab 0.3 ab

Listed in Order of Percent Marketable. * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ** 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... /continued

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2004 - 2005 - continued

b D m E B $ cl

CI * n s *

e, * - . Bn - * 2 m

$ 3" C Y m

Y CI

0 cl m 6

L a m vl cd 0 % Y

> '-3 E 4-8 G 0 - 5 . - Y - E F - rl 2 0

3 V]

's 0 V]

0 z . -

# 's '-3 '-3 L E . - c.

INFINITY NUN 85.0 a-e* 2.6 a 7.1 b-e 1.9 a-d 5.2 a-d 0.0 a CORONA BEJO SVR 15776 Sem MILESTONE Tak

CLARK Sol SVR 15775 Sem BRADDOCK BEJO FORTRESS Sto

ARSENAL Sto NORSTAR Tak RICOCHET Sto SR 7401 NUN

TALON BEJO APLINE Tak

TRIAL AVERAGES

84.8 a-e 82.8 b-f 82.1 C-f

82.0 C-f 80.5 d-g 78.5 e-h 74.6 f-i

72.9 ghi 72.8 ghi 70.7 hi 69.0 i

68.4 i 53.4 j

82.8

6.2 abc 6.6 a-d 6.9 bcd

6.3 abc 6.1 abc 6.9 bcd 8.9 fg

8.6 efg 7.2 b-f 6.3 abc 7.6 C-g

6.9 bcd 9.2 g

6.7

2.2 a-d 5.7 cd 3.7 a-d

4.3 a-d 10.6 ef 11.1 f 1.1 ab

6.6 def 6.1 cde

17.5 gh 21.4 gh

4.8 a-d 24.7 h

5.2

4.5 abc 2.9 abc 1.9 abc

3.3 abc 1.4 ab 1.0 ab

14.9 e

11.2 de 6.6 bcd 4.5 abc 1.5 ab

7.8 cd 2.8 abc

3.0

Listed in Order of Percent Marketable. * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ** 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

MAIN ONION STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Apline:

Frontier:

Milestone:

Mountaineer:

Norstar:

Bighorn:

Braddock:

Corona:

Festival:

Gunnison:

Prince:

Tahoe:

BGS 174:

BGS 194:

Very soft, Early onion, Not a storage onion, Uneven firmness, Stored "poor".

A few top sprouts (1/2 - I"), Fairly film, A little unevenness in firmness, Stored "pretty good .

A bit of a soft onion, Some basal plates pushing out, Early onion, Stored "okay".

Firmness slightly uneven, Skin rot issues, Mid storage type, Stored "very well".

A lot of onions have the basal plate pushing out, Shn rot issues, Some top sprouts (1 - 2"), Soft, Stored "poor".

A little bit of basal plate pushing out, Firm, Later storage onion, Nice, Stored "quite well".

Odd onion has the basal plate pushing out, Pretty firm, Mid storage onion, Top sprouts (1/2 - I"), Stored "well"

Fairly soft, A little bit of basal plates pushing out, Skin rot issues, Early onion, Stored "poor".

Basal plate pushing out on majority, Firmness a little uneven, Stored "okay".

A fair amount of basal plates pushing out, Fairly firm onion, Mid to later storage onion, Stored "pretty good .

Fairly firm, Mid to late storage onion, Stored "well".

Odd basal plate pushing out, Fairly firm, Mid storage type, Overall - good, Stored "pretty good .

Soft onion, Skin rot issues, Early onion, Stored "poor", Not a keeper.

Basal plate just starting to pop, Firmness good, Stored "well".

SVR 15682: Moderate firm, Some basal plates pushing out, A little uneven in firmness, Mid storage onion, stored "pretty good.

... 1 continued

MAIN ONION STORAGE TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued

SVR 15775: Slight uneven in firmness, Top sprouts (% - 2'7, Mid storage type, Stored "okay".

SVR 15776: Some basal plates pushing out, A little mixture of firmness, Top sprouts (1 +"), Stored "okay".

Clark: A bit on the soft side, Quite a few basal plates pushing out, Slightly uneven firmness, Stored "okay".

Livingston: Firm onion, Mid to late storage onion, Overall - nice, Stored "quite good.

Stanley:

Arsenal:

Benchmark:

Fortress:

Hamlet:

Ricochet:

Infinity:

Millennium:

SR 7401:

SR 7403:

Some basal plates pushing out, Good firmness, Mid storage type, Stored "pretty good".

Odd basal plate pushing out, Firmness a little uneven, Mid storage type, Stored "fair".

Okay firmness, A few onions have the basal plate popping, Mid storage onion, Stored "well".

Some rot issues, Good firmness, Stored "well".

Some basal plates pushing out, Mid storage onion, Stored "well".

A 50150 split on top and root sprouts, Some basal plates popping, Stored "okay".

Skin rot issues, Odd basal plate popping, Stored "fairly good.

Odd basal plate pushing out, Fairly firm, Mid to late storage onion, Stored "good

Fair amount of top sprouts (I") , Firmness a little uneven, Stored "fair".

Firm onion, Firmness a little uneven, Later storage onion, Stored "well".

Flagship: Fairly firm, Mid storage onion, Overall good, Stored "well"

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS

% WT LOSS % ROT, # YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS *

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT LN OUT INFINITY NUN 4 89.0 5.7 4.3 4.93 3.88 MUSTANG CAVALIER MILLENNIUM COPRA

FLAGSHIP CANADA MAPLE TAURUS STANLEY TRAPP #8

CORTLAND SALEM LIVINGSTON BASTILLE FORTRESS

FESTIVAL HAMLET TRAPP'S # 7 MOUNTAINEER

BEJO Sern NUN BEJO

Sern St0 Sern Sol E.J.

BEJO BEJO Sol Sern Sern

BEJO Sern Cro Tak

PARAGON NUN 10 73.5 11.2 17.1 4.70 3.95

* 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... /continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS - continued

% WT LOSS % ROT, # YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS *

CULTIV AR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT SPECTRUM NUN 6 73.5 11.2 18.9 4.63 3.50 ARSENAL ,PRINCE TAMARA TARMAGON

BENCHMARK CAPABLE GUARDIAN HEADLINER TIMBERLAND

FRONTIER SWEET SANDWICH ADVANCER HUSTLER TURBO

MILESTONE AUTUMN KEEPER CORONA NORSTAR

Sem BEJO BEJO St0

Sem NUN HM Sem Tak

Tak Sol HM HM Cro

Tak Cro BEJO Tak

NEW YORK EARLY NUN 3 46.7 13.7 39.6 3.86 2.70

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period approximately 1 1 months. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

STAFF 2005 Department of Plant Agriculture MUCK CROPS ... · STAFF - 2005 UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH...

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Transcript of STAFF 2005 Department of Plant Agriculture MUCK CROPS ... · STAFF - 2005 UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH...