ST120Concorde Career College, Portland

Define the term reproduction. Describe the functions of the male and

female reproductive systems. List and identify the internal and external

structures of the male and female reproductive systems and describe the function of each.

List and identify the support structures of the male and female reproductive systems and describe the function of each.

List the primary and secondary male and female sex characteristics.

List the hormones that affect or are produced by the male and female reproductive systems and describe the function of each.

Trace the route that the sperm cell follows from spermatogenesis until it exits the body.

Identify the phases of the menstrual cycle. Define the term pregnancy. Outline development of the embryo/fetus

and the related support structures. List the stages of labor and describe the

process of childbirth.

Describe the mechanism by which the reproductive system helps to maintain homeostasis.

Describe common diseases, disorders, and conditions of the male and female reproductive systems including signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatment options.

Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology related to the male and female reproductive systems verbally and in the written form.

Reproduction (procreation) is the total process by which organisms produce offspring (progeny).

Testes Duct System Semen Formation Urethra and Penis Spermatozoa Hormonal Control

of Male Reproduction

Contained within the scrotum

Separated by a septum

Suspended by the spermatic cord

Tunics

Lobules◦ Seminiferous

tubules Produce sperm

Septa◦ Interstitial cells

Produce testosterone

Two Functions:1. Sperm Development2. Development and maintenance of the

secondary sex characteristics

Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicle, the prostate, and the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands. The purpose of semen is to nourish and transport the sperm, neutralize the acidity of the vagina, and lubricate the reproductive tract during intercourse.

Seminal Vesicles: Pouchlike glands that secrete a thick, yellowish fluid that is high in fructose. Provides energy for the sperm. 60% of volume of secretions

Prostate Gland: Lies just below the bladder and secretes a thin, milk colored fluid that helps activate sperm. 30%

Bulbourethral Gland: Empty their secretions into the penile portion of the urethra and is sometimes called “pre-ejaculate”. Lubricates the terminal portion of the urethra. 5% aka Cowpers’s Gland (located below the prostate gland)

Epididymis Ductus (vas)

deferens

Ejaculatory duct Urethra

1. Seminiferous tubules2. Epididymis3. Vas Deferens4. Ejaculatory Duct5. Urethra

Shaft Foreskin

(prepuce) Glans

Corona Glans

Corpus cavernosum (2)

Corpus spongiosum (1)

Urethra Dorsal vein Dorsal artery Nerve

Spermatogonia are stem cells that divide by mitosis. sperm precursor cell

At puberty, FSH causes the spermatogonium to divide by mitosis and produce two daughter cells.

One remains a spermatogonium, the other becomes a primary spermatocyte.

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis which ultimately results in sperm production.

The daughter cells from meiosis are called spermatids and will develop into spermatozoa.

Spermatozoa only contain half the genetic material.◦ 23 Chromosomes

Pre-Puberty sex cells (spermatogonium) multiply by

mitosis

Puberty Sex cells (spermatocytes) multiply by

meiosis to produce Sperm cells

All of the characteristics that a baby will inherit from its father are contained in the genetic material found in each sperm head.

The nucleus is covered by an acrosome that contains enzymes to penetrate the ovum.

Each sperm has a midpiece and an elongated tail. Mitochondria (powerplants) in the midpiece provides ATP for movement of the tail.

Head◦ Neck◦ Midpiece

Acrosome Flagellum

FSH LH (ICSH)

Ovaries◦ Ova

Oviducts Uterus Vagina Vulva Breasts Hormonal Control

Oval shape Secured by

several ligaments Produce ova

Follicles◦ Primary◦ Secondary ◦ Graafian

Corpus hemorrhagicum

Corpus luteum◦ Early◦ Mature

Mature follicle releases the ovum for potential fertilization

Production of female gametes or sex cells (ova)

Meiosis is responsible for development of the ova

As a result of meiosis, each daughter cell has 23 chromosomes, but the cytoplasm is divided unequally. The result is one ova and three polar bodies that degenerate.

Hormone production begins at puberty with the maturation of the ovum. The granulosa cells around the oocyte in the growing and mature follicle secrete estrogen. The corpus luteum secretes chiefly progesterone.

After a mature follicle releases its egg, the ruptured follicle is then called the Corpus Luteum

The corpus luteum secretes chiefly progesterone

Can produce progesterone for about 11 days post ovulation

Secrete estrogen

Secretes progesterone

Development and maturation of female reproductive organs

Appearance of pubic hair and breast development (secondary sex characteristics)

Development of female contours (2nd sex characteristics)

Initiation of the first menstrual cycle

Stimulates proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle

Also known as uterine or fallopian tubes Muscular structures that transport the ova

toward the uterus Fimbriae Infundibulum

Muscular structure that contains embryo/fetus to maturity

Fundus Body Cervix

From outer to inner: Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

Muscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside

Receives the cervix

Circular recession of the vagina is called the fornix

Collectively called the vulva Consists of:

◦ Mons pubis◦ Clitoris◦ Orifice of urethra◦ Labia minora (small lips)◦ Hymen◦ Orifice of Bartholin’s gland◦ Orifice of vagina◦ Labia majora (large lips)

Mons pubis is a skin-covered pad of fat over the symphysis pubis.

Labia majora are elongated folds composed of fat and numerous glands.

Labia minora are located within the labia majora.

The two labias join anteriorly.

The clitoris is composed of erectile tissue. The vaginal orifice is sometimes partially

closed by a membrane called the hymen. The ducts of the Bartholin gland open on

either side of the vaginal orifice inside the labia minora.

Perineum is the area between the vagina and the anus.

External genitalia Labia

◦ Majora◦ Minora

Clitoris◦ Prepuce

Skene’s glands Bartholin’s glands Perineum

Secretes into the space between the labia minors and vaginal orifice (Vestibule)

Lactation

External structure: Nipple Areola

Internal Structure Lobes - consist of

glandular tissue and fat

Lactiferous ducts - convey milk to the nipple

FSH Estrogen LH Progesterone

The 1st menses or menstrual flow is called menarche.

Typical cycle is 28 days. Length will vary. Each cycle has three phases: menses,

proliferative phase, and secretory phase. Menses is characterized by menstrual

bleeding. Proliferative phase (“rebuilding”) begins

after menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation.

Secretory phase begins at ovulation and lasts until the next menses.

When menstration starts > small pieces of the endometrium pull loose > leaving torn blood vessels underneath > blood and bits of endometrium trickle out of the uterus > vagina > out of the body

Menopause – ceasing to menstrate, usually around 50 years of age

Ovulation occurs 14 days before the next menses begins

An ovum lives only a short time after it is ejected from its follicle

A woman’s fertile period is only a few days each month

Day 1 to about day 7, the anterior pituitary gland secretes increasing amounts of FSH. This stimulates several immature ovarian follicles to start growing and secrete estrogens.

As estrogen increases, LH is secreted. This causes maturation of a follicle, ovulation, and luteinization of the corpus luteum.

Gametes: sex cells. In humans, sperm and ova

Zygote: a cell that results from fertilization and develops into a new individual.

Radical prostatectomy Radical hysterectomy Vasovasectomy Hysterectomy Bilateral oophorectomy