SS 11 Standards of Living Presentation copy.ppt

8/22/2019 SS 11 Standards of Living Presentation copy.ppt

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Standards of Living

Social Studies 11

Mr. Liebert


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World Poverty A Reality

Check!According to the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme

Current World population = 6.7 billion peoplePeople living in severe poverty = 1.3 billion ( 1 in every6 people)People living without adequate food or no food at all =850 million people Illiterate people = 850 million-- of which 540 millionare women!


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What is a standard of

living?

Standard of living is a measure of economicwelfareUsually measured by assessing per capitaincome or per capita consumption of

goods/servicesGross Domestic Product or GDP is commonlyused to measure the standard of living of a givencountryGDP is the value of all goods and servicesproduced by a country in the period of one yearGDP is a measure of a countrys annualproduction


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How are living standards

quantified?Standards of living are usuallyquantified by using the Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) or the Gross NationalProduct (GNP)GDP measures a countrys productionGNP measures the average individualincome in a given country


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Countries with a high standard

of living-- The Haves

1.) Norway 11.) Luxembourg

2.) Australia 12.) Finland

3.) Iceland 13.) United States

4.) Canada 14.) Austria

5.) Ireland 15.) Spain

6.) Netherlands 16.) Denmark

7.) Sweden 17.) Belgium8.) France 18.) Italy

9.) Switzerland 19.) Liechtenstein

10.) Japan 20.) New Zealand

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Countries with low standard

of living-- The Have Nots

1.) Niger 11.) Mozambique

2.) Afghanistan 12.) Ethiopia

3.) Sierra Leone 13.) Guinea

4.) Central African Republic 14.) Liberia

5.) Mali 15.) Gambia

6.) Burkina Faso 16.) Rwanda

7.) Democratic Republic ofthe Congo

17.) Senegal

8.) Chad 18.) Eritrea

9.) Burundi 19.) Zambia

10.) Guinea-Bissau 20.) Cte dIvoire

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Poverty is relativeWhat does this mean?Poverty occurs throughout the world and is relative tothe living standards of a given countryFor example, according to 1985 statistics in Canada, ofall poor families87% had a colour TV98% had a radio52% had a car64% had a washing machineWhat about people in Sudan? Do you think that thepeople of Sudan would possess these same items?


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Poverty is Relative

cont; When we envision poverty, we often thinkof homeless people in large urban centresor starving children in developing

countries Poverty occurs right outside our frontdoors! The poverty line rises with inflation anditems that were once deemed luxury itemssoon are mass produced and becomeaffordable


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Measuring Poverty: Canada$ How do you measure are quantify

poverty?

$ In Canada, you are considered poor if youare spending 56% or more of a persons

or familys income on food, shelter, and

clothing

$ Based upon this criterion, some 5 millionCanadians are considered poor-- these

Canadians are living below the poverty

line


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What is the Poverty Line? In Canada, there isn't a standardmeasure of poverty-- the mostaccepted one, however, is the low-income cut-off (LICO) Statistics Canada measures thenumber of families who are belowthe low-income cut-off (LICO),which means those who spend 56%or more of their gross income onfood, shelter and clothingcompared to the averageCanadian. This figure is often used as theunofficial poverty line

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First NationsStandard of Living-A Reality Check

First Nations living conditions or quality of life ranks63rd, or amongst Third World conditions, according to anIndian and Northern Affairs Canada study that appliedFirst Nations-specific statistics to the HumanDevelopment Index created by the United Nations.

Canada dropped from first to eighth as the best countryin the world to live primarily due to housing and healthconditions in First Nations communities. The First Nations infant mortality rate is 1.5 timeshigher than the Canadian infant mortality rateWhy?


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The Vulnerable: Women andChildren

Most societies throughout the worldare male dominated In some societies, women and childrenhave no legal rights, or are consideredproperty rather than persons:

arranged marriages (dowry) child labour and exploitation (sex trade orchild soldiers) Female circumcision Education wasted on girls! Women havelittle or no access to education

Women become enslaved for childbearing and domestic labour and oftensuffer from abuse and domesticviolence

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A Comparison of Global Female

Literacy and Fertility Rates

(2003)

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Global Female Literacy Rates


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The Poverty Cycle

Baby born to malnourished mother

Babys development

slowed

Baby receives poornutrition and medical care

Childs developmentslowed

Poor performance in

school

Low Literacy

Reduced Success

Marry Young

Family in debt


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Cycle of Poverty

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Factors contributing to

Poverty

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Causes of Global Poverty Armed conflicts and wars disrupt attempts atproviding countries in need with aid Natural disasters destroy communities andusually followed by the spread of disease in their

aftermath. Eg: Indonesian Tidal wave in 2004 Natural disasters limit resources and disrupt theconstruction of adequate housing, infastructure,and mechanisms Lack of education leads to unemployment andsupport of family units Lack of employment leads to income inequalities

and too few jobs for low income groups


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Causes of Global Povertycontinued

High birth rates put pressure on scarce resources andlead to starvation and disease Low levels of literacy mean that people cannot find jobsthat will earn enough to support family High debt burden produces lower living standards withreduced wages and the undercutting of their resources inorder to compete economically Infectious diseases ravage communities and bring deathto significant portions of the population with limitedaccess to decent medical support. Disease puts stress on already overburdened resourcesand services and eventually leads to reliance upon foreignaid


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Malnutrition According to the World HealthOrganization, malnutrition isessentially means bad nourishment. It concerns not enough, as well as, toomuch food, the wrong types of food,

and the body's response to a widerange of infections that result in thein ability to absorption nutrients oruse nutrients properly to maintainhealth. Malnutrition is both a medical and asocial disorder, often rooted inpoverty. Malnutrition in all its forms increasesthe risk of disease and early death.

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Disease

Poverty paves the way for disease People in developing countries have limited

or no access to medical services

Lack of education, and sub standard livingconditions assist in the spread of diseases(most of which are preventable given the

proper resources)

Poverty prevents poor countries fromdevoting sufficient resources to detect andcontain deadly disease

Disease flourishes in regions where poverty

forced over-crowded living conditions withpoor sanitation and no access to education ormedicine

Diseases such as: AIDS,Malaria,Tuberculosis,Bubonic Plague,Smallpox, Avian Flu, and even H1N1

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A.I.D.S.AIDS stands for auto immune deficiency syndromeAIDS originated in Africa from chimpanzeesVirus attacks the immune system and prevents the bodyfrom fighting off disease and infectionNo cure has been found for AIDSGlobal need to educate people to reduce and stop thespread of HIV/AIDSNo unprotected sex and proper use of condomsNo sharing needles for drug use


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HIV/AIDS in Africa Africa is the continent worst affected by AIDS

Most new infections occur during unprotected heterosexualsex

The main goal in HIV prevention is to persuade people tochange their sexual behaviour

This is always a difficult task, and in Africa it is made harderby poverty, lack of resources and weak infrastructure.

Only 1 in 10 Africans has been tested for HIV and knowswhether they are infected

Misconceptions about transmission routes are widespread,and access to condoms is very low.

Cultural barriers and taboos challenge educating the massesto adopt preventative measures


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Poor or Polluted DrinkingWater

Over 1.2 billion people havelittle or no access to safe, cleandrinking water 80% of diseases are caused bycontaminated water Water usually becomescontaminated by humansewage, pollution, industrialwaste, and overuse ofagricultural pesticides andfertilizers

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townships

In developing countries, people often move from rural countrysideto urban centres in search of work and better opportunity.

Cities are over-run with an excess of people who are uneducatedand unskilled and have little chance of finding steady work to

support themselves or their families Slums and shanty towns emerge as these people create their own

housing out whatever they can find.

These townships have no electricity, no running water, and nosewage drainage and disposal

These areas are overpopulated and soon become breedinggrounds for disease

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Shanty Towns

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Education & Literacy Education is basic fundamental and an important

ingredient required for development of any society. Education of a person improves their social status, theirmental status, their knowledge, and their abilities todevelop the necessary skills to face practical situations inlife. Poverty in a major segment of population, prevents theparents from sending their children to schools Gender inequality means females are not given the samepreference as the males In some countries traditional caste/class practices alsoplay a major role in preventing the education If people from developing countries are able to overcomethese barriers the education level will definitely rise inthese developing countries.


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Africa is a Mess


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How did it get that way?


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International Aid International aid is a means of attempting to addresssome of the human rights and poverty issues that occurin under-developed and developing countriesNon-government organizations (NGOs) are groups thatare not directly connected to government and are non-

profit agencies that provide aid and services to under-developed countriesNon-government organizations also lobby governmentsfor human rights violations Some NGOs receive financial support from governmentas well as rely upon public donations to fund theiractivities Some examples of NGOs are organizations such asOxfam, Canadian International Development Agency

(CIDA), Save the Children, and World Vision


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In ternat ional o r Foreign A id International aid comes in several forms Multilateral aid comes from a combined effort of severalcountries to provide relief and aid to a given country An example of this type of aid would be the relief effortsafter the Indonesian Tsunami in 2004 Bilateral aid is development assistance that is providedby a donor country in response to a developing countrysrequest for assistance Bilateral aid usually comes in the form of government

loans or grants The most common form of bilateral aid is tied aid wherethe donor country provides aid on the condition orrequirement that the recipient use the funds to purchasegoods or services from the donor country


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Canadas foreign aid policy gives aid to poor foreigncountries

Foreign assistance is used as a means ofencouraging development and progress

Canadas Official Development Assistance (ODA)

program gives financial aid to under-developedcountries in Africa, the Middle East, the Americas,Asia and some countries in central and easternEurope

Assistance is provided through various channels:directly from government to government (bilateral), bysupporting non-government organizations (NGOs),by supporting private sector initiatives or multilateralorganizations (UN, WHO, UNICEF) efforts

Canadas Foreign Aid


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Canadian International

Development Agency (CIDA) The Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA) supports foreign aid projects in over 100 of thepoorest countries in the world Promotes sustainability in developing countries Focus upon 6 priorities:

basic human needs human rights gender equality democracy/good government, infastructure environmental protection and education


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World Health Organization

(WHO) Created in 1948 to helpcurb the spread ofinfectious diseases The organization includes

192 member countries whowork on vaccinationcampaigns,technicalassistance, surveillanceprograms, research, anddevelopment into methodsof control and vaccines for avariety of diseases such asleprosy, measles,hepatitis,AIDS/HIV, Ebola Virus,and H1N1 flu


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Controlling Population

Birth Control

Family Planning

Education Sterilization

Abortion

One-Child policy Disease


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Chinas One Child Policy

China's one child policy was established byChinese leader Deng Xiaoping in 1979 to limitcommunist China's population growth. Although designated a "temporary measure," itcontinues a quarter-century after itsestablishment. The policy limits couples to one child. Fines,pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forcedsterilization accompanied second or subsequentpregnancies.


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SS 11 Standards of Living Presentation copy.ppt

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