sr...·)(.v1

A..I~.,."tSu"""",,*,, .n<! Tut.. f"ftd"""k lie""",-...... """". ""'~ of .... r"", '" ,..,h """" of ..bowto«l _k ofIt,~".. St...... A-.1 C __ " ...D '" '" """"""'" b)' u.., ",i,~ S<>(f

s..,_ ..

S......'.N_ Q,tuol.') S ,L.;"·.".,,, ""'R~'"""""" ;,:) 01, ~rh?

f11"···L

1."'-M.,. PoRt_........... 2..l~/"G

So the _ """an 10 bo ~Ioso:d- AttOIdin& 10 Sd<'S .,.,.." islinlo douto;...... Iho 1lft&<'Sl of 19119.: UN ._ failed"'('). 104_..11..- 1lI1<'S '"1he~ ical tonleSt of the rw...oeIh call..,. has been.....Ied. flft -t.. aop;...Jiono ha> ..on; _ pa.,...1IlOt of..'hdI __l-..to< ~""'" •~ ... bo.1IIIbtd _1oIl"'(2). ",."..I(rI........ recaIIlly idtnli6ed 1hrft .. , IUI + • _ ..,..-lOnhot ....«W, the sJoOo......- of«_ iJn:a.. dw >hill '­MI<'Imt~IO"~IIIdlawy_.,"""'<!,~

~_owr_.-nIiJ,0(3).

v.. if..~IttC'pI..M_""'IhIl"")_ 19S9.M.ed.~poiIIII"

"'orIeI hGlot)·~(4). .... 1hIl .... "'.......... iIwmId>" .-q oaoly doInFd.... po/iIicIl.~. Itld cuItunIl map of.......orId. • >lil MM P""'ft'l•~"I _~tio<atioollO .... ~........u. Whilsl iI is~ !hell..r_.......... llIln .... imp>nInU ofthcv ......"01........ ClIRll ~ron: bo""''''''''IIIYIed"'(3). it is .........n... Ies. tnJ<i.11O focus "" 1111<:" ~!ho,~i!Ulkct ...1hiSlOf)' since 17S9 prov<'S , it is impouiblolO uriv~ "'"singk i""'l'JlI'eI<'lion "f~ ..... "fs.o:h fl:IIi' .....~(6~ H~ ond writ....,,"v~ "'lJI>Cd IbQuI'''' "",anins of the f"' ....h R~volu'ion tOr the IaslrwolIulld"'d YCl... W,,"t ~"~nlS ,,",~ shaped the pastllld h..,~ helpod 10 der. ....our politic.1 ido<nlil>es "'" <:<>nlim.llllly "'..~ onc! ffikfin<d. Itlvinghi'IOf)' in this sc"'~ to h:lv~ no ab!lolul~ or final melnins. So u I...~ t'urlhcr1101~ "lhe", i. sun:ly a "'ng~ of ",,".ibl~ in1~l"(ln:1I;liOll5of 1969-(1~

In rt!futing lhe banal.y oh """,iSl;' suno~ il is nol my inl""""" 10 .implylIk~ FukuylllUl 10 Iask in his .ingular im~"""'l1ionor the 1969 ",mI..ions ISlifl:lllf)''''I~' fIlndomenlll ~I""'or!< Ibal d;"III<'S. rommon~,·olutiona"'l*1,,", fur oIllaman """itljo,s • in Jhon.~lik~ •UnlwrulH~ ofmri.ind in the direction oflibcnl Oemocraq'"'(lj. I do"'1Sh 10 show Ihal W rnoIuli<ws of 1989 had many -.I.,....... .......... and..........ty qual_ the Iidily oflho'....- ..... has -..d 01\ III.......nod "itIoo'y in ~ of lItOIibcnliun and ~aprlIl-.. To !his CJllml

~ is _ ....py 10 ruftt Iho ohorwMo... lhIl QIl bo ~ily.....lfied copical.... but rIlheI'~ • woobblr Odd ...... .....-r.~

_ill~ 0< _illl del_la'" propa_. thal indeed it "'" p.nly """,finodto *",*",,,, dtt-u.

or.............""-- it fact_ 0£_ 1011.,..,._1'".... do<E_Union. _lhr 21~ """"'Y oabH and_ ...""~_iaIde po",,_"'_,,,," I'tndUonal .. la' [1Ia1 lot~ vUor$. in '"f'OI'I'" 10 lhr mu ofpoloalisalioa'" '" ...... '1' ... .........,. ... _ ••cc..-.IitfOOIDd of.. walC1ft -w.~ as -.-- If> do< E.vpc:M __ tIc.MIC.... is.~nili<aI'ioowofQJlUl_.... « fYWOL RadlcrwYeQ'~o£de._,...~ ite-itIcd ill ' "" ....ialju5ta·.1ho fisht ..... <liau iwoio ........ "". 'faau ofbeaiefits'(9).

1\001 boom ............ 1Io: e--. ofl_rally ...... and ............QlI ouoeeu or Olhcfwise ofapil.a/isan. .. it wordI tIcIiIetalift& 011lht wry _o£................u...,hes. and ia~wKIhcr ....~ in F..MIml Europe dI.rin& 1919 .......1y ed ...................... Whilsl ~e..dorf'" • ......:1 ..[ lhis ·q lIOII "'"l' boo..a&mic. of more inl~ 10 ...;......,ty Sl\ldo:nlI _ 10~ .."""...r·(10)." it imponanllO consider as 1tlis ""'" asp«:! aJon< .... __ed rm.- de~.........,. Kholan and IU<t<>rians alike. 0.. \he ""'" hand SloI<...._llIat-if..... b<lio~fllhata widnp'ead .ha..,.. in 1l""."''''.'ll"USOO'''1. """",loci with[oul ",jffiion of'IIo philosophy oftho pro~ious1)''1'''''. dy...tnic .ffot1. 10U1,.rty .,...,bm .n~ .yIl...... and \he .....ti"" of. "".. sociallwi.Ibr roll: cOrdlilUle a ..~"Iution . "hat.ver lbe level of violence _\hen 19119.." , )'u, "frew>lulionn (ll). The p/In'. "hllir''/N' IhoJ k",,1 of~Iok_ i. of"'"loular ,illJlifl<anc.. InI.walIO GiddellS definition of a .....,1U1ion is theINwJI (1t' .... o!>'ioi.nu. Thi, it amplified "'lH:n he 1\lI,.. H ..~olulions...poI~ical .1Ian3fl brcullJrt aboO: in the rac. of"l'JlOSition from \he pre:-e."'ingauthorities. who._ b< per>uadcd to ..I",,,;oh \heir power "'ithoul\hetlftal."",, ... acI..1of vioIom: .....".n(12).

Sonoo «>mmrntalOn had difficulty ill OC«JIlina ....._ .. f.astanE-. in 1989 ~ partituIatly bouIDo oflheir-.lyptOft'fllllIIIl_. T1>rir _violmI <hal....... spK.ficalty Iod 'l..... III

..r.. ... Ih<m. ·"........... ·(Il). ~.-luobIeand~d!an&""

........ 11....,.. and East 0.....,."" .... fall of19l9. had.'-trde .' ...d ..... .....wbe_ .N h-d"" ..._ ........... and~~ """"'-. • .....,...010 violmI~I~). ()o·l'.....,

,

.. Ihty ............. Romania .xoludod. IQ< arn.aLJftIl>' pt_ful _, is~ ......h-e,un possible: 10 "'ftr"' of 1989 ............~?

Iflht -..-10'" ill poaw;"-e, 1btn!WO -.....dial< 0... d nI.... shouId btbomt ......... F"nUy ""'" iIIlhtY Il<I"'tIIy .....aed • UIlIIItBlIO .imilar......... r..." " .... rrft'OC.R ofl"789? S«ondIyTIW'"''''''...... 1hIt lrad_ fe\ 1Iw) did 0i0l ip_"1UD_ill .". .... ptri:ct socid)" ..,;..-l "'"_ lIdf-;;' 4' dioclii......... ao:tn oflhe_"'(IS).

The ....oooiI) or.... <Mop pooduotd b,r .... 1919 rnoIrIoIicJM .. .,...........,..,..... willl oltltr_"opo<haItwra.lhe F....:h R .,( 1719.80dl CM lit .... 10 how _ fir, _' ... io olftds.Ytl GMon Ash..d.r-no 0_ parallds btl..... lhe or ..........•• 1&-4• .,.....,.....~ ......... )'... 19I9_ Whiho-Iota-kd......... pIIytd b,r bodo ...-oc ..__ &.:ton. panl<1lbr• it.;';' plI«dOlllht .,.....KO" oflht inIt~................ lht.....,.. .....,.., iStnominolor bttw«n 1..8 ..... 1919 Of icIooIocJcal(I6).1>4_""....... '"lht ....... hisl<wy of1lat "',....iOI'Il' .. lbala Otl of~ ",ho$< limt had. 0"""', an(! a Otl of... who$< ti.... had. .....·(11).

Ytllbo", I1 ~ should bt n:mtmbt<t<llhlt ....N1ttVtrlllalyt« ........... 1OIItf.... I "',"O-Iut;"", or in compari"ll ond COntrM1i"ll ~ .,iIh lIlY otIltr.lOCial.ec"""",ic. pulititll ond c"llural olt"",iU otrn- only ,,"rtial in,illtJl•. TIlt.. ...,many "'1)" (>f1oo1r.in. II tilt Rowl",;.", (>f 19l19. Ind lIS Cbiroo. $lIlts·ovtrylhlna ",a. inlm:onnecled. )'tl "" singl. 1""lysis C'" cnli",ly absorb IIIaspeelS "rsuch Clllocly.mic cvcn.."(18).

11 ill also ",,,",,,~8 lhat .iJnifl<1Il1d~ mnain in tilt "'ay lilt......... (>( 1989"""'~ 1(> p""'ioIas ",,,,,,,-"ions. N(> poI~icll party htadcd.... sporolIIlC<><JIlIIQIr"o<IllWIl in 1919. Plving lhe way for a ,,"'" perftcl....,itly( Of thtro ..... in 1911 R...... Rn-<lluIiOII). Thtl-o ..... in 1919 ..0 Ash.....-Itdt<s Iraord.o-y. crnliv.~ fromE.rcJpc_ 1't"\'llMiDns.. 1hcy 1Itt1I1uoooon.0>« 17I9: .... .....,.ltabk

..pia<....... ll'~kIOt'"(19).

Soon< Wsto:rions Iilc Scll<>pllioo __ IhIt Iht t\'ftllS of 1919 CM lit b$ bt..1(>1'..4 b,r "'fcInnulalirc lhe ci<fioil_."..~ Ht ..tm to a'.. . .... ........... .. .... way in .. loidI .................

,

produced a ror~-..r..rofpow.. """ .....finirionofpolllicallrPio-ioa- F", Sdlopftilo " ........... more closdy t<:SCOIhkd a pcacdill....s..of_, a <OlOlOlIlWOMl ptocas ndler Ill.- a ........~ by.... ...,..t ~"(20).

AfJU"bly it is _ ~ alO"hol CGftSIClllCla~ _ is.".....,. la.... AccudinelO T.....-.. io"'" doooilI"isIta< ...Id H-'orical impo<lof.........bUJOlico e ill«! bylho everQ

." 19S9"(21). ROlller ..hM "'-Id "'""" our mm. dIeOI io Ita< ... _ "'"eo<oruofI9S9hadrnol-.,.~.

Vel a, RlIIland """ ~mind<dus -u.. 1919 "" ...IUlm ..tIe curiouo, ont"

aided ~h.nions. The ~lt ""'" '" ,,¥"insllhc SLaIC, bullhc aWc ",fusedto fi&h1 back~(22). Pu>:zlc~nt and ambill\lity nrc also Kon III <loud. overthe eo<onlJ of 1989. ThooIlih ",hatovtr tonn mOS' aplly appliollO Ihc ."'nl$ of1989 it "'''''Id oppc. fUlile to diu.,.,. ",iIh D&hr<ndorl" "'hen he _ .. ~at

the cnd oflho day. they Iod 10 tlIc dckp....1ion ofon C1Ilire ndin& <.... and,he ~pIoccmmtof"""'t ofill koy -...bcn, OS ..ell .. a """"~llIionol

' ....fonnotiool ...ilh ror...........~"(2J).

In bn-w1Oa~. "'II'IUYconI jo•• iauc·1ho faaon 1haI_06eq:.~_ fIw ....... of..-....... ..F_ f.uropc in 1919, ""'"'..... a pIcthoraof~"", bcaI~ A~IO~...... p_odine .... 1919 rnw..- is tho ........"'" 0I1ho__I~ 1'-W .... 'I'JId'"- ._lO t il S at OOIIr_aibr..... _7 .......IOk_.r ·.Iho ..... ." = A...... of Iiocoon thon,,", ... be .......fiod.. The -...frao ouociIled...idItho _ioIisI cconomcs • Easoom Europe .."" bcaI ..... do" I*d......... yars. Durine Ihc 8ruIwlo¥ era , ......... ha~ 10 Ihc(",ob" non ofil..""....k ...... oornoplion(21). whi'" • ra1hcr sinlpliolic..........' offi:<ed by Eln>wn impliol1hal comoro.roism in f.alem f.urope ....<b>med.-od ....k>nnable from Ihc 0llIrt. 110 fmha _ .. "politically.ccooomically. and above III monlly. canm....ism .... il!1p<*d by fuKc andhod to he mainLaincd by foroe"(lS). furthmnon: Oahtmdorf Ippelrscq..lly oon,in<ed Ihot "<:<>Inmu"ism ne"., ..00<d"(26).So whil.t il would be .learly fUlil. 'he"'f"'" 10 di""i.. out of hind the ""erallpoI,tical. e«>nomic. "",iot ond menl .l>orIoominp ofcan""",;'.... ""'''' IreIlO\ICflhelesssomo propilw indioalors thot ouaant i WI. nolo wholesolo

•

dlsasler""M. F... insIancc IlohsboWfll ... olllOdt<110 Iht facllltou -in ....rnllifttta ~a.. afterlht Second World Wor Iht_ia of .... '_ioli<l......,' Few c . h ,ob/) r-cr ..... lhoec 01... Wal. 10""" 10 dw.500·"" leaden like Nikita~.~ bcl..-l Ihr ........ ofcIotir IfO"'"llI IIp'I"a'ds. "'" _ .-. -.a woUdOUl....,.lutc cap.wism a~ r..-: • iBdffil did .... fIririsI,

pmaitr I...... M.....;.."1). W""'- ............... ofdlo Sovin U....tulk-..IO ha,,,, '-lpo....o1. ....~~b_......x .... $o¥J« b<InItro. lk· iI.. " ., ablt .-iMiooolOclot <ltftol ofN--. _ ltIot~ • ..- -' --.. """..... .....,oIlta.... _ .,,",_ .. _ E....,.... _ bold"' ro.--Sovin blot. oftt:Io inlroot.ot<d So:MtI U clotearly ........ penod. ...~.-.lby Blodt-lolO_ ....rMhtr tnoe ..-b~..td by Bnnm ... oohtrt ...... 1 .,;0... _'*""" cloo-t<d~ birdI. It JOtS~MY"~ lhal ......, ofthtstr.cto juobfy in -.y "0)1 clot <p<&ious .....inaliIy II1II ............ b "hidlSuil" _,.,.,..-. !Kt "'" _ ... r....ints b "hitb he_...~tie~ '" _ nthtf It-. 0lmI1lhta .... SoYiet Union(2S).

In .......... ., "'" """'idention 01 ..... ""'.. callSel 1Nl oonrriboft<;llll) "'"(Oliapse of"""""""ism" 1989. """" .... bu been "'"It In Ihio end. F.,.,..~planlilions ha"" been siven by S-anls, ....,.Iy roIl'f'# dll< to «onornitfail""" (011"". d... 10 1bt orms ....., ""11",,,. due '" 'p<resuoiluo' in thes".itl Union ond <VI/up>e d... l<> ,he riK "r,1"'mII,i""" "rcommun;"m(29).In oddi.ion ....""gsl fatl<>nt fttOl\Ilist<l by Sdlornin ore lhe "-s "f supfl<>It

Ii'oon Pn:H"tW""" ;n••IIe"....ls ond lhe inl.mIIli"",,1 dimenlion(3Q~

Lonlcin,,'1OIIIC "fthcst ..-.derlyU>a causa in sli&hlly mort <I.l'd" .he... ;,. ""q....lion for .xample mll""""""'it problems w..., me "hhe..-t .isible..._ behind ..... oollllps<: ofE&s1 European cnmmunism.AI Chirot bu llattd ...... main problem ;,. that .""'""",111 ond prod""ionilK baK<llatFly. thougII not .... ftly political will nthtf thandnmtstic irrltmalioNoI moRell'f"'IS'II""S·UI~ a Allloblnwn .......tivo:.,....... to tapilal..... <Of. .Ie.. clearly fdl Jhoo'l and • IlbdbumxUoaItd$ef "i111ht _-'os and~ capiIa..... dr$pIIe iIJ awnpoutt if. and irojotltitu. pnwtd iIsdfpooduoIMIy, ~ riot 10'" Soviel-typ<t« 1 ·'''"Un M-... ..-"'_.... -=.iudpby1h£i ,'ilil:yln__........ "'_.. wodpn;>dutc ...............M._.-...... "ff.. iurd). r.d •.. • of

•

cItswd p>ds prevaIml"""""" """'h of E....", Ewopt E"", in11.....,. b- n ~ iI p""N poooiIl< 10 tInY __ "'b-nl. in...-.-.~ prodI><boa. IlIt Iio<I _Iht ........__ so c,,-,,"'oed 10" nUI& poliIiclIl mac:~'Ill. ioIcIllstnCll nIltd _ lhtp"'''tilily or.., ..,.1 .......

WbaI ...... N 19105"-Ewopc-. C fiI _ r-s-d "............1 • oM. oa*giu _ rrii<d fInip ""IO~ rot ...............vi ........." .. ' ' ....... diflic: llrof( ...."..,"'1pri<Cll_ ill 1913 -' 1979_"""""" N world «_.obe Bloc "*50llIlW .......... ...u1'")._.......irdebtl. -..l ... ioo~ \od lOa \oo.a vi~............ . ",0t*a4 m- ..... ....,.~ ..........d(ll).

C"'" d ..... a~ elK 10~it"PJ- is .. toIl1psot d""10.. _ """". fitft opio dois .. \>onl~ .. - «-"' .ihtA....n..noniliwy.,..,.....eond or.. - treno:lyI'f'OIMbI""". Undt< Pt '. 'llS e.t<r. R ond IImlI UniIed SlMcstOr«d dle S<Mett '" $p<IId so """'~ noon<)'''' ~1Ift-ttdI ..""""".. dlIllht_ ...isl «"'''''1) .... Nnknopttd.. alltr 100 _y f'OSIIIttfl "'....d~frOIl'l prodII<t".., in__n~ .-.h(J.4).

Vtl if p()SSC"",-. cog:niunce of...,.....,.. ptOblt1nI IS of f\ondamenIalimportance in ll"PPling witlltllt undtrlymg causes d.. ""enl. of 1'&9. il isocco;d;ng 10 C~;roI ......~nthclcso lilt chan&ina """"I and poli,ical climate of[ ..~m r:urope w, ",~11y d<stroytd comm,",;"" ,he","(3S), Or .. Stok••ha. p'" i"'ifanything is cl.a, lboo' the sudden swoon of'he h"lIo EastEUf()p<an "'llime. in N<wemher and Detemhtr 1989 i' is ,ha" colllp.......... \he .....k of_I roI 01 Ica.u os mlOCh .. oreconomic ot poIilicolflil..."'(J6). lie is emp/u.tic ",hen he adds ~iI ...IS "'" «"""",ic deprivalioo1hal broug/IIthe people ",",0 .... <lrtel> in flultm E..-ope and N""....b« ondOtl:<"mb« 1989. The)' 1<ad ..,fJtred econoomic IIordship Ibr -lore lime. nin ............ like Czeclloslonkia ond Bulpria. ............ "'"~n thal hard.It was ""'" luniiatioo. ..... di<plslwid> iht falsity oftheir ..~ their

00ft br i=lomiJ7).

Tlc poItl>t::l of....~ K.",dilCIO a..... AsII ",", 1101 by ....~_worbn. ......... ty - plop Havd, ....

'''''''[lh:ls KiII_ T_ ill ' I It, """ 1lohIey in BtrliII_"tiIc<l as namples 01_ inaelletluool pk _ .. la _ Iucill way Ganon AsII

•

aloo dnw. on <10 T<>eqIo'O"~Ie'. ~:q>OIillon from o"er 0""""" 0(10luahliafUll1ho: '''''ire elite'. loss ofboolief ia .. "",a ri.,. 10 ........ U 0

<flIII"IIl1hmo: in ... EaIenlo E-.ptOII ""......ions(JI).

Ye<,,~ 0 iOoIcJrical irony conceminc .. esoence 1ho: W"J' .....".... of__m.. in trnbIlI. _ edoaItcl_ ......... _ ...__

pop. ·)n. It. ctaI10d Iloe~I' for"""""'" Tloe IeYd ofpolibc:oI •••o paniaIlaIy .............- pan 10 1ho: faollhM

.'0'_"" ..o.idod ...... 1east 0 bM>c~"" and &-lIot earl;"':,.... _ .-...0. -1liCbIY poIilJcooed(19~

So .hiIt.... _ is Iiw- ........... lhol W....... 1lO .......... ..r.'tly........ ""( at • _ .. f.-... Eutcpo:.1Ier 19049·........,.""'-d. C looMioand tIIr GDR 10 _ buI 0 b ••-.or is ....ImKd oociol "'ol ex,,- socilll*-. _ "" -..elhinc .lse. is"l'F ... olI The-.JbaKof.... ._hod.....",...,dot....."hod ,,*.-Mtnte .. lIotir~.and ofdot ytry ideah and...m.s m..had firll ......1ded iIs "';..1·~ juot.,..1Iumon n,tu....-liIy "<fo",dot low and equol CIJIPCI<TIroilies I(x-..my ....mbe. of-le\)" il hod.....brly bonded in ....i..l) ",,-..,.. """"" iIs brdoerl said iI <:<>IoIdbtsllUOl'«'d(40). As for !he ~fJ'ea !his wwId ha•• in """ for !he pl_ lhaIhod &ivcol """""un"", ill birth· llobsbll..m lil_"o cnppl«l &id tonker1I'lO\'" towards !he reefs. 0 rud<Icrln. s.,.'ioe! Uniool thc-n:fOf'C drilled lOWorobdisinlCi'alion"{41 ).

Surely !hen this Ieovn only one «KlClusion... one ..Iiene oulCOme from thtIUtonishillj 0.~"1:l of 1989 • 0 .ir>dico'ion on'ul:~~amo·. inl~'pn:IO'ion

ko.i"ll "1i\>c..1dC1no<'....,~ .. !he only """"mu ""Iiti.ol O$pi..tion Ilia' """"diff'mm rqjons and oulture. around tht Jk>b<"(42). IncIeed the 'end ofide<>IolP" !tIe5is, .....ived by !he colbpoe of .om......."'" in E'"""I'C porI"'~'!he final poinI in lunonil)'" ick"""Pol ovol.-ion. with fre<= nwtelcopilal..... 1he final .ieIoo(43). Ful:uy.....•• short ortitle~ in 0_i... Amtrican joumol, the N""IottaII_, in Ihe ....-.ner of1919 Iitloed "The EnoI of lIi$lory·. which btcr Gc .do"." into 0 bool 'The EndofH...,. and Ihc Lat M •. His IIIosio has 1IllrXI'" wio'''Sl .od and......,..,. criIio< 0 or Iioy and 0 .-is or.....,.. "'hilsl he -.do orbt-io'l "'II w. ' _Iheory•.. Ihc__ he loa ben> a iD< 1 for.1utfrIlY 1ld«1I n:adiocor

'''''' ,

T1lisSp«:i~ I<"-s oolho~~ .... Iho 0('4·' ," ....."" ..... ""-- -..:I _Iloo t_ ...... _;.,,, tnIb(<<~ N R.....poiarJ_ III lIot _.) MHeFl kMw_ .. ,dM' tWp1lclWftOlluun.._ " Clndietotli«'s ..as_ ........icMtd1l-. ...,.S).

S<Jtwid>A.wldln,1htQir~ dill hD btm ............ r..ll)....... Ind ill spn..<>f.r...... disap=n<nts. 1.... 1ti11 ...."""'1edga thal M IIIWlY libenlana!y"" conc... ilIIllbe tnnsitio<Il,. libtnl democracy is tht prilltipll is....

'""~ agendl'OOy'46). In '''"'1)' '''I'M way how"'" be ll1ff1l1W wboleq","ion around Ind "'ll"" lha' we sl"",ld loo/< in whkh ""'~ '" ,.....e.libe..li.... has lri""'p~d. not wht1ht' il has triumphed P'" .e. for ,he liberalin~rpre\lII;o.. ilStlf, he infen is polilitally and .......11y flowN.n..x .......,. ;n whith liberalism can be IftIll,. ho~e Iriolrnf>Ilcd. I!loo.wh _........bi&-Iy....11Ode I ......italln"""'" <>f /ilwrwJ "' ,..., ita,,,.......Ind a libenI .'inditalioll """"8l' ...."'I'ib<truliJ ~-po/i'''''''

........j ..(n~

In lIot firsI ........ iI is cl dIIr nfall of' -I'"'"'d dot...., for /ibnrJ ""_ __ ""pDWtn. pony r,.-Ind ....... 0DIIII"I>lI'" dtctionIIlO be puI ill pIKe. Notoo idoolllodiic Iht........... and e""";'"n~~.. R......•• pony I)'......

andlht ournio<l thol ill inInnor polilita ... M ..... by fII""l'd, -.. iswiclnpread -=et"""" <>fde""",.it I)'MtIII$~ Eastom Il"""",.ronht. ,,>CH, ,he rapid ..... «>nIi__se lhIl Ill.. Iak... plote in l!le".mn" i$l ,,-orld .i_ ,'" 19Bo. '<.,hl_m... '''<r<hadow Ihtmagnih of ,,-hili ho, happc"<d. The polili,allriumph of libo...liJn, in Ihi••,,~ ",-""Id PN'" ditT",,1I to d.nY(.S).

In IIlOlh<I' ..,.,... I..... has a1iuoed !hal ..hilll ,he~ <>f libmoli$m is<;er\IinIy -)'Cl asouml. libenl dttllOtfl<)' as Cburthin~ faonousIy said'proo;da!he: I<a1l bod """ "".............. l"'-""r ino".. I'm iI is, tt....""''-'-'''''10 i1..., de_a....) .. 1 • lib... So Ih<tnu.ph orlibmolisoa in ..<Ihiao~~ is.lI ioI:w:I(.'~

Dor:s Ihio It_ ......foK .. .-qui>u:al Ind ..,.;.m1<d I'or.Nio_... .....at """'" ........ or 1919'1' Nal .... Of lIOII .-conIinc10 MilihMd. Oicld<nA.M~ and Toylot. Il"'" Daloaodoi1who_fII'I'1'O'1<d 10 pouco$ III lVOWedly libnol _ otl<no»l<dt<s IhM ""thetoIlIKri<:s oft;oSl Ca><raIl!wq>e ""'"' IlOl ohN "'"ir ...........1I.~ in

•

...... 10.__ Ih<...p.0ljsl oy_l"hal..-.er .... is); Ihry uve$llrd a

.1<JO,CCl 0}'>U'm ........ 10 aul< ......... soriety"(SO~

c....~ Ih< IIl"Grid ..., llIafU<I by Illrir ---..~,et....ilibMd 101b< "l'P"'Mc powtl)'. _j ic:cill.oncy..... "") andi dj ...... b<d<W wry_-...ia.M_bodo he and SdIOpllin "W distuxl; di1ft' Sori<I_iono and aoocialisl dtIno<tx)'. Tlw:y bodoorpo: ri...-I) ........!WOu~ """'ire in ..., .. widlikmo<.B lr*:IilioMl.,invoMna commi<mmllO M>l:ioJj_B«.~"Y nnp«f10' dwhodividlltJlr.-l). Miliband ..., I""I"*d a Sooioa;,., Aw...iv•. on<t._!llo<t&h wrinon in 1992. a' a I "''"'" it ...... hard" «MId"" ..,. !O ~..., ab<niin 1'<Sf'OIl5C'. ad""".I.. poliei<o whieh in !In ~i..., <n4orumont by anumber of m.illSl~.m""",~Ic:flll"vcmITl<n" ...-ihin Iiw: Ew.op..n Union'oday(S2), C,.,~ I.ft 10v'''''.,n'' now I\In .Ioven oflhe: r,lI... """"lties in,he Io.....",.a. Unioo. and 'l'a,1ot tw poinWd '" how fundatn"",,'loft wing..lues ofsoIidarity.~/qm"",I ~",liilydo "'" j empty rhetoric.but tha, "Europe.......ia1 ,x""",",Ia han trwIOlalcd ir <It"",1 ..lues r.o........fu1 political a<tioft, and dont 110 while avoidi.. "'" _lIilioo ofthtThird W."H). M~ihand',""lis in 1992 '" • aocial~ .al(K'O<'"""-'ire .... maUo ...... or..........ie aan·icy. ,,1w:cIw:r ........ pIIl>Iic. aociaI.Oteoopot,,.;...,OWJw:nIup, "Illo Ih< paleSl posdllc~ oI',x._,....pA<li<ipation and «ldrOI. ......... ttw: wry~ ..'d"I"" JOciaIcol ...~ ..""'-I by...,. Ewosw:-.-a ..., .... by....... ok F ,iiiIOlt. T.,lorhas .......... ""'" '-"-<l Jospioo tIw:F....... prioo< _~~ ""'--..u oIM.m.. ••,",., 01 kdire" Ih< caPlaJiSI~ • 10~~ """""'-' and conlnlli(SoI).

11 """~ thaI ..iIhor capicalisno nor ncoIibetalisno .........._!Ill !IllS 10 Ib< ..... dilemma racing •......u;.. _ tho world IOday ..raiHll by Dal1o.ndorf- ··how ........ aaI< _inlIblo conditionsol«"""",it improvem<11l in JIobaI "",lieu ithout ...rificinl ""' N.ieoolidarit)' .......... ion or .........icti.. or iMtilutioM of"" """'tilUl,on orlib<rtyT(H). Al , 1 ...,on:Iinl to Lloyd"ten y.a.. on......"""Id""••I,aml ,hat a one- ay "",.m "f .nlig/lIcnrnc:nt from ...'SI '0 ,a... i, TI(It thea","'••"(S6).

,

It ••100 _ Oodhorins'o Marquud'I''"'M1C'JlI ,,*.110: .......pI.-lislneoIibt,.. of!ell re-"lIIg<I, "ho IWUID<d "'-' Iho col.... of'-wislll,,'.-Id ..... _iod down we it, Md ~".1UsIoIy"(51). IndeedIUlpIIlI ..,.aI........~ • __ '" aubjcn ....tot lOotu '"__ ........ "iIIo"'" dliefb....&c.. ie. le soc~..... nls.Gil:klrnt. fY<Jn _ ~ wtcm le _ II....b..a1iS111-... "'"...,. .... OUIo¥_i1 ..... lhorouPly· , .' ..:Iodkoo..WicuypIoi......,. '" lcp """"(51).

AIlcr ...... lIe ~ up I inIo..-. illftlly ~iblot '"......~ "" ;". ....... lIernol ........ <JI1,.'• ..:IlOmah.j ...._ wha i1.n-. .. _ o¥ wtrid hi>IIooy?

SIoteI. ill "" "NIIe .........011919 is _lie rwMiodl«nrwy is .-."4.5'). Wllilsl b' F_k.. lIe """""' ofl9l9-~

• _ whKh Md """teen toolIooo;cd lIUI'" '60). Ht bdct_ .......-......... ........... _. ideal; Md iI ~lOdo 10_..... _ IhcK ...., pcopIo who dranI ofrq>iK" "'" ..-.:hy of.olif.. by• ...x...J ..:I jusI: ..-pni:wion "'society 8I.l lilt 1""ftT'll""0Ia1 q>1IOIle •~(61). WhIIllcn hislory,. thaI oYtr? T4cre ...iIl le II'ulIftKa>nlina 10I~ m. Md ofthal ,hcftan le no""""'··1lM: onlycomplc1dy urt.Iiill ,..-.naI................ hif'OtY is IM~ 10 k>na., thm: is Ih....... "",e, ilwill.., 011"(62).

In ck>lina~pcrha~ w<c $hook! I'd..." 10 llc _I ...,.,.,1, "*comnlunifm', "'0'01fiJi/un: ill Etiltm Europe "' h,p.liaJlttd. has been~ll""1ltd I1 piVOIallo gaining a lrue nndtnllndina bcI1in<! 11.. t,."", of 1989,A IlIill womi",~ has ben! issue<! by HUllon 10 !hose ulcbnli",alri"",pl! of .apilllism, ud le :"";$IS th.ol ...1.., ...Qtcom cIf'ilali$m ac:c."u iIste1pon1ibilily '0 lie lIOCial_ poIi1",al ",,",Id wl>tte iI it tmbtddtd. iI isho-.Ji"ll ""' pomjilion(63), MlnQVtr le 1U1.. "Iho mand for. monloconoony io "'" oirnpIy ..... osotI1;"" of. t1iff«erll v S)'SIUIl. It if. call 10......... w«Id in "hidl tine if"""""_"(64).

•

I. S&okes. G. (1991)

ll..rtftnlH

Tbrtt Et!s ofPo!"liloal ChaflS'" '"~f!!!m, N"'" 'I'M. Oxfonl. p 1r.

l. _ KeD..... ~."nn.c boock theC"~... t-I"'" StalCSmM!. 1l Dt«mba1'J'J'J.pD

~ M_ D. (1992) Rm+IIim;' e...(;mra! Ewope, BouIcItrCO. Ill..,....... P 1

s, r_v(lm) Dc'!Y'+'iqppClm.~ROUIJedaoe.

p I (1Ill1'<lduttion)

6.1.-.le. "TkM.....ofl,.,..... r..........anu.V(cd). Dc m:pIvtjont of 1'!I9. I <W!m1I.o"d....... 1999. p 1!6

1. J/IoOJ. p 126

•. F..~F(I992l Dc fed pC";,rn- J!Ic' W MM.lorIdon,1'--' HMliMft, p 4'

9 _ TIO)'Iot. R. -n.e __ do: w"Ib_ ..... boocl~. iat!s:l!:",remr 20 DtocemOcr 1999-l J-r 200Il p 2S-Z1

10. o-.uidclo1: R. (1990)

11 Sd;es. G. (1991)

12. GiIldeM.,,.. (l99l1

~ F ofPolitical CloIIoe< in Eas&<n£unIpe. N vort., Oxford. p 112

!!or"""'Y (2'" cd....). o..lOrd. ,.,..,. Pn::ss..""

Il...... ....-. A. (l99l). ~I.-pretllllI9S9"... Social RnsMC~6O(l).(FolI1991). "'" P 61Nil 5 _ "'lets la No!w', ..-cqlI of.. I...... 'rOt

~_ .. 1919. T"oisoe<:lion also 10"' ... 10 ~ _cd dil5:o....botw......~~_-' .xlfl irrg~w-.wbm... r..rq to Easl....~ .. 1919.

14. ..., lA ....... O. (1992). Rfvolutioo .. f.I<l CS1!ll'a! E.wwc. 1loII1do. CO.WfS!view.1I62

IS. Tlsm.,...,.... 1/. (1999) Ibt rnollBiO!ll of 1919 London. Rl>Ullod'f.pI (i.urod\l.tioo)

16...., Ganon Mh. T."Thr r-Qh......w. in r ....._ ... 1/ (cd). IJxrno'o'W pt Im.London.~ p 111·113

17./bWL p 112

11.e.... 0

19. OanOll Ash. T.

211. S<:hopOin, O. (1993)

21.T.............. V.(I999)

n. g..-, I'

23. D......doorf. k (1990)

~.....1Iat '-P<,...... E-..~ ..19II9'7'"... T..... ' l/(cd).Dlt!U!!ly!jonl of 198'2, London. R....1fdF,1999.p20

~T... ~arI ill Ela"'Jlf~. ill Pr2<Ptt!,

Julyl999.p22

Pglj1i£. in Etslt''' Eurors, Odord.BI.,k.....I. p 25~

..... mo!uIjonl of 1919, London.11...41 Iv> p. (BIOIIu<IioIIJ

-nor M..... ofI9l9~."I.•jd,..6(1). J-> 1999. P 25

Rr!Irc!imI- do< RnduIion ;. Euq!e.London. Chat\lll.t. "'incIIL p s-6

2~..... 11ollsbI" E(I9904~ Au ofE.!rglIG. Lon:;looo. M..:'-I~p (7J~1S - Ihis "' 10 .... btiic: &.ainpoCme _iaJlSt~ ..EaAem Ewopt a USSR. AftoUoet_l'uI ........ CJliro<, D. ~"' ,hlppcnaliII Ea$krn"'" in 19&91", ill T__V (cd~ ill Ill;"'~London. Rew..lJ<. P :!O-~6 . lot -"OS tpttifi,;",r.- 10 S'ontl-IJ".. ..._ ... Illoo;d fJOIticuW diflk\lll} ill "'J"inl!1O.· ·iooluouiaI.' M,g{--"Ia. ,.kuiulaoodt- _ .i<a 10 me pooblio: _1arJ:<. FunIotr"'r.- ......Mfc'O. ·SiIo.· or.ke"......s._~ ..<' :I:c: -bid>cw-_Ihry • ..., SlnIgIed.

u. 8fo,."Il" I. F. (1991)

26. Dabo...... f. R. (1990)

27. 11ollsbIw.... E. (19904)

It,* ill fa:' m fwwc, T..~Adamaaline Press. p 1

Rd'!<stjrm .. !he ' ism 11 Ewlll!flondoII. a.a... a Wind p IS

AuorE-!£S"51. Lordon. Mic'-I J....ph,pJ71

28..... Biackbum, R. (1991~ ·Fin de Sitelt: Soc ..li.." Ill... the C.....•. inNew Id Rnit!!'. 185. p 24

29. sec Sowlro •• S. W. (1996). ~Tht fail..., ofll.lkon Communi.." ond ,heco,,", orth. Il.'VOIUlions of 1989".bllc>lfwww.lib.m<u.«!ulsowardslllalkan!kqZ4hlm.pl

J.O..... ScllopnUl, O. (199}), ponies in F"!ml EI!!'ll3. O.fonl. Biackw.n.p 226-216

-wt.oc hof>petICd in Eosltm Europo in1989'1". in T_....... V (cd). Ikrrn>U""" of 1989.1,oecIon, ROUI......1999. P 21

)2. B"'~bum.R. (19911 "Fio de s.t<:Ie, S«ialism 'l\or Il1o Cruh*.io Nf!! Ld Rryjcw, IU. P 42

33. _Sowards.S. W.(l996). *n..lio.... ofBau.-C__.... 1IIo_of.. R.. • ..... ofI919'"""'.......lih._.edI>'!!!I9!l!<!!k. =1ttt24 ""'- P 1

34. RMI. p I

lS CWoc. D.

36. SlokeI., G (1991)

3?/b;J. p 186

"Whal hip; d io~ E-q>e.1939r.ior_ .. VIed), Theopp!l!iqglof 1919. Loadon, R<JuIkdce.1999. p 26

Drst Em of Pn!jrg! 0-- • f.p<!5J!l

lB. $« Gan"" Mh. T. *1lle Y"."fIMh*. in nsrnaneanu. V (ed), DxrU'plll!ions of 12&9 Lordon. ROIrtledee. 1999. p 115

)2, Ibid, P 118

40, _ Rtow... J. F. (1991), S..... to frm!om; T1K I:"" ,,(Communis Rule:in EMlcro E!.l!'OOC. Twi<\onham. Adltllllllino Pro... P 43

4 J. Ilotleblwrn. E. (1994)

42. r..ll)'aIIII. f. (1992)

...... of E.1m!!n. l.onclool. MidIaolJosq>h. p ....

"3. 1ft 0-1>10, A. --e-:losioa: I'oIi&iQ, wocr, in Dullra>y P.", "(tdo)..Drytlc ,tU Ill!n!.... toIilg 1. Batinptoke. M.-:MiIbII Prat1997. P 361·)601

«. 1ft RIISIift. M (1992).. ~N" EJ,;il ,.,.,.. CapiWitm?"'. in Nsw I.£ft Rujrw,191. r 1(l.t·I06

4S./bid. P 106

46. luac. J. C. "no. Munit'l¥' ,,( 1919".;n T__ V(od).. TIle!Mfl!ljpns of 19". l.<IOId<>n,R........ pln

47.1I1td- P In·us (I.... orpes hcft how iasp«ijk....". JibtnII"_ret;1aMN_,,~.· ;' , 1k ... ..ws.fiInhcr....-._/ittIIilI_cf"dwd u"'" <:JPWtt_"'. id.)..

U./W P UI _ ... u..,-.t, J. -U,c_ ..........,•• pIa(".;"~

~.M9MR 16A~;~.pB

"9. 1ft I..... J.C.""The M...... 0(19S9", .. TISIlWlOaIlll, V (od)..Tb< lD'Olulioos of 1981. London, R.... ledJe." lJ2

so. Dahrend<>rf. k. (1!l9O) Relle<:1ioos on the Reyolulioo ill Eut!!llS'.London, ChlllO It Windus. P J6

SI. 1ft Milit.nd, R. (1992).. -FukuyMII Md !he Soe;.Iiu AkenwM:- inNew Id Rn'irw. '93. p 109. s... also S<hopllia. G. (I99J). I'p!W JIIr....... Ewg:oc, Orlonl Blar.rcu. P W

52..... T.yloo-. R. ~Tho IIOd.I ...."""'roISC~ ","rins back". in!::!s:l!:SlOlnmrn. 20 Decem,,", Im-l l• ......,. 2000 I' 2S &. 26. I~Tayloo- ",r."to the 0«:'-_ ofParis,lipo<!" No'ember 1999 .. the SocialistlnlmlOlionol con~. This documcnI formulol.. a wide ruginsc~~ionof lilndamcnIallcft·winl \Ill1...,. C5jlCCially in "'opi>I"ISC lO thelhn:M orthe cOOIlIWinj lOre'" or pobolisalion. Whilst the doct.oncnI is","",Iy aitica1 of Anocrican 11)'10 ncoIibonl ""I..... T.yloo-JP<'C,fiaolly nola how JllCh CW<IlI'in .. s...<dal and Ocnmarl; fo< """""*ho~ "'"""I"d lO~fuIly modcmosc. ~O"'~ J.F1y dl" .....'.'icoocia&sl~ and .. "'" _ , ~ the ........m.. or!he T1W'rJW..,.. atClpOMC<l by N_~ in 8<.....

H./W.p26

54. lbid. I' 16

S1.~D

SI. Giddcs. It

59. Sd.,.. G. (1997)

"~ ..... doolihcrty?".iDlml:SI ' 6 Sq:Jo< I 1999. I' B

~SInroJod betaftll ra'o ..ortdo~. iD~SII'MlCL60 .. ,l999.I'lO

~Apt'l ;1) .... _ldnoldi<-.io!'Inr SIaICW'" 26 Fcton.y 1999, P 2S

"'('mite 10... _ .....~. ioSew S!a!CMKll. M.,. 1991 SJ><cioIE4it-.pJ1

-

~. fowl<cs. 8. (1995)

6t. Ibid. P 1_2

~ Rio""" Fall ore......... •F..meqp f'Mopc 42'" editi<m~ 8 . iiillok~.

M.M"!"rat. P 197

62. Hob<bIwm. F_ (1~) Age off'lrf!!!9. l.<nlon. MidIa~1 J_pb.

"63. _ HUll"'" W. (1996). The Slal~ w~'l!! In. l.ondoo. Vq~. P 26

64. Ibid. P26

Arato. AftCftw. (1993),"I~ 1989". in Sod.1 Bonrt'" 60(3), (fill

19!13),I'~

BIaokburn, Robin. (1991). "fin <k Sit-clt S!!ciolionl .hr~ Crtib". in New

!.dl BuS". 1IS. I' S.,(,6

B<uom. Jinl f. (1991), Swpr 10 ms'7' The End ofCQlIllIIII!!iM R..... in('..re Ewupc. T..ictsm... AdImIDlins Press

Cbirvo. OMid, "Vo'hIIllIpp,,,,,d" Easteno 1".. in 1919"'"... TI$I_wt....VWirnir(sd),Thcmply!moflm .............R~ 1999,p 19-~

~"""f.RaIl*. "_","pp d 10 Iibeny'!"". io tlew .,............ 6Ss"",,"*, 1999. P U-27

DMi.......f. b/pIl. (1990). Rslltam • ., R.....• ft in Europe. I..ond<J<l.00110 a 'it....

o....bl AIIlby, "'The .-J)'Mbts....., .. Pt' ;~ lOIkf 1999. P S4-S6

r-us, Be.. (1'"). Dc &iKt04 f)IIofC . 5" Fr.... Ewoor(2"" ac-). a....'o" •• '''''",'''Iilbn Prsss

r..vr- r...... (199'2). Dc Epd oCllipn'" dot! NI MM.' ......"'""'"'" Heej_

G....., Aadrt'w. "1:"""......, I'olilit:J 2000" DImIta"Y P. SI M(....).On<-!opmt.q jIo 8nt.... PoIit ,8 MdooI_ ........1997. P )U..]76

G...,., AoIl. T'.....,.. "'The)'al ofwWI". in T'--. \'1odftir(tsI). Ikrnr+-"" oflm.~ Boo.l,d., 1999. P IOJ.12~

GiI;IdrD$, AnIbooIy, "'Crtm 10/1 .. _ SlI3C", in Nnr c..!!:!!ft!!\ MlI)1997 Sprrial Ed.... p}7-39

G~ AnIbooIy, (1993). So<io:>!oIy (2"" edition). O:dlnt, Polity I'rrso

H_ Wil~ (1'.196). The $I Wr'm I viaucr

lsue, JrlmyC, "'Th< Mran ot 19 9"', in T Villdimirird). IlI£rnoIllljom ofI9ll'l. R_IrdJ[, 1999, I' 12S-IM

Krll_, Prler, "Brin& l>odl tlIr [>wO«l", in Nrw S'a1e"'*l. 13 lk«mbrr19'19,1'25-27

Uoyd, John, "'Thr ,«...t policemen', plot", in Nrw SLalUp*', I~ Aug""l19'I9,p8.Q

Uoyd. ....... "Smondrd brtwrrn!Wo W(lrIds", in New S'al(S!!!I/\, 6Orcrmbrr 1999, P 29-30

"'~ David."A plUIoIop/I)'\haI would _die", ioo Nsw Srn... 26Frton.y 1999. P U·27

M_Dand.(I992).1\" ' .... in~<.-aI.......,...BoIMstCo.W....

MiIilNnd.llaIp'.(I992). "F........ """ the 50<__ AIIrmMow", in~I.dlll.nirw 193,plM,IIJ

R........ Mi<....~ (1992). "No Ex.iI: '- c..,'lalismr, .. New IAfll!.rnew,19J, p96-I07

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1'24·28

Schopflil\, Gcorgc. (1993). Politic. in, !\ast.... E...,,,,,, O~ford, ~1>ckw.1I

"'- <-

So--a:ds, su-. .'.{I996),.~""&illft O£_ (;o__•• -:l1hrca-. of"" RnololUoftI of , __•!!9P;I/......w."'.......cduIJo,t,~~.Imo

Sldlrs. Oak. (1997),.lbm: Erp of Po!'rig! Clww D harm Ewppc:. New."yort.O:dord

T.oylot. Robcn. "The _illl «tnoo:<alJ ...,..... roarin& ....t~, Dl:!l!!:~tal"","'" 2() D«:....~ I'J'h-J l-...y 2000. p n·27

'I.~. ' ." _ T,,__,V ~~I

ri,m"",,"ou. Vladimir, (Im),.ITh n'l'!)IU1iom: ill 1289. London. Roulle<lge.(inlrop 1·16)