Sql saturday powerpoint dc_san
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SAN Basics for DBAs
Joey D’Antoni
November 5, 2011
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About Me
Senior SQL Server DBA at Comcast Blog: joedantoni.wordpress.com Twitter @jdanton Email [email protected]
11/4/2011 |
Footer Goes Here2 |
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Storage
Understanding Storage Types A little bit about SSDs RAID Levels Components of a SAN SAN Benefits SANs and DR Summary
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Storage
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Different Kind of Storage
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Hard Drive Components
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Caching
Almost all hard drives (SAN, standalone) have some form of caching (RAM in front of storage)
For SQL Servers—make sure you have a battery backed cache—if you don’t and power fails—you will lose data!
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Why is storage the bottleneck?
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Disk Drives
Hard Drives can only spin at 15,000 RPM. Hard Drive Performance has improved
approximately 50x Have grown in capacity During the performance improvement CPU
speed increase 5521x
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Latency
“Disk latency is around 13ms, but it depends on the quality and rotational speed of the hard drive. RAM latency is around 83 nanoseconds. How big is the difference?
If RAM was an F-18 Hornet with a max speed of 1,190 mph (more than 1.5x the speed of sound), disk access speed is a banana slug with a top speed of 0.007 mph.”
--credit Christian Paredes Blue Box Group
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CPU and Disks
As CPUs have gotten faster they have the ability to drive more IOPs.
Modern CPUs are so powerful they can saturate a 10 GB connection with I/O requests—your disks can’t possibly keep up
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SSDs (Solid State Drives)
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SSDs are Fast
Much faster on random reads and writes At least 5x better performance, often much more Up to 350x faster on seeks
Not nearly as much of difference on sequential reads and writes
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SSDs are Expensive
List Prices From Fusion-IO160GB SLC ioDrive - $8495
320GB SLC ioDrive - $15495
320GB MLC ioDrive - $7495
640GB MLC ioDrive - $11495
320GB SLC ioDrive Duo – 16,990
640GB SLC ioDrive Duo - $30,990
640GB MLC ioDrive Duo - $14,990
1.28TB MLC ioDrive Duo - $22,990
These are really great for TempDB
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RAID
RAID—Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Hard Drives Will Fail, RAID is what gives you protection from that
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RAID 0
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RAID 0, Don’t Do This
From a major virtualization vendor benchmark
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RAID 0
No data protection at all
Best performance If you lose one disk,
you lose it all As you add disks
risk increases
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RAID 1--Mirroring
Mirroring No increase in
write performance Read
performance is increased
50% Capacity Loss
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RAID 5—Striping (What you SAN Admin Wants)
Maximum Capacity Big Write Penalty—
gets worse as more disks are added
Not good for highly transaction databases
BAARF
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RAID 1+0 (10) Mirrored Striping
Best performance Requires 4 or more
drives Only 50% of actual
capacity is used
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Summary of RAID Levels
Ask for RAID 10 for Everything (you won’t get it)
Make sure your TempDB and Logs are on RAID 10
NEVER USE RAID 0!!!
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Storage Area Network
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What is a SAN?
Basically a specialized computer for storage Computer, Switches and Hard Drives Not a performance device Can be used for redundancy and DR
purposes Will serve many servers—so critical piece of
your infrastructure
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SAN Components
HBA (Fibre) Card—Connects your server to SAN via Fiber Optic cable
iSCSI Card—Ethernet Card connecting server to SAN
Switch—Either fibre or ethernet switch connecting server to SAN
SAN head unit—Controls processing, RAID levels
Disk Array—The physical array behind your SAN (a bunch of hard drives)
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iSCSI vs Fibre Channel
iSCSI is cheaper, and in smaller shops your network admin can manage the switches
Over 10G Ethernet iSCSI is faster, but that is still uncommon
Fiber is more susceptible to breakage, but currently more common
Fibre is faster, generally Note—all SAN components must be the same
speed, or network traffic reverts to slowest in chain
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Multi-Pathing
How your SAN admin sleeps at night!
Make sure your databases servers are multi-pathed
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SAN Benefits
Expand Capacity easily and on the fly High availability Disaster Recovery
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SANs and DR
WARNING!—Don’t try this unless you have a real budget and a good SAN admin
Most SANs vendors have as an option SAN replication
Allows for multi-site failover Multi-site clustering fully supported in SQL
Server 2012 Expensive—requires fiber connection
between sites and expensive software
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SAN Terms
LUN—Logical Unit Number, but in practical terms, what your SAN admin will call a disk that he presents to your server
Fibre Channel—Fiber Optic connection to SAN
HBA Card—Card that plugs into your server to connect it to the SAN
IOPs—I/O Operations Per Second—the way your SAN admin measures performance
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SANs and SQL Server—What to ask for
TempDB absolutely needs its own disk (and you should have multiple TempDB files)
Logs should be on a separate disk from data files
Ideally separate system and user DBs If shared instance, put split high utilization
DBs onto separate disk devices
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Shared Environment vs Dedicated Environment
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SANs are Multi-Tenant
You don’t want to share disks with the Exchange server
File servers are a decent partner for database servers
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Test Your SAN
Good free tools available like SQLIO Never run this on a production server (and
warn your SAN admin)
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Summary
RAID 0 is bad Hard Drives will always be the bottleneck Be nice to your SAN admin—ask for RAID 10 Split your SQL files across many disks SSDs are fast, but pricey
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Questions?