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Section 1: Minority, Race, and Ethnicity

Section 2:Racial and Ethnic Relations

Section 3: Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination

Section 4:Minority Groups in the United States

Chapter Preview 1

Chapter Preview · Section 1Minority, Race, and Ethnicity (pages 276–279)

Sociologists have specific definitions for minority, race, and ethnicity. Ethnic minorities have often been subjected to prejudice and discrimination.

Chapter Preview 2

Chapter Preview · Section 2Racial and Ethnic Relations (pages 280–283)

Patterns of racial and ethnic relations take two forms: assimilation and conflict. Patterns of assimilation include Anglo-conformity, melting pot, and cultural pluralism. Conflict patterns include genocide, population transfer, and subjugation.

Chapter Preview 3

Chapter Preview · Section 3Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination (pages 284–289)

Prejudice refers to attitudes, while discrimination is about behavior. Prejudice often leads to discrimination, but in some instances discrimination creates prejudiced attitudes due to stereotyping. Each of the three major perspectives looks at different aspects of prejudice.

Chapter Preview 4

Chapter Preview · Section 4Minority Groups in the United States (pages 290–301)

Discrimination has caused some ethnic and racial groups to lag behind the white majority in jobs, income, and education. Progress is being made, but the gains made by all minorities remain fragile. African American, Latino, Asian American, Native American, and white ethnics are the largest minorities in this country.

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-Preview

Sociologists have specific definitions particular to their field of study for minority, race, and ethnicity. Ethnic minorities have historically been subjected to prejudice and discrimination.

Section 1-Key Terms

• minority

• race

• ethnic minority

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1-Polling Question

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you feel that prejudice and discrimination still exist today?

A. Very much

B. Somewhat

C. Not very much

D. Not at all

Section 1

Minorities

• A minority population is defined by something more than size or number.

• A minority has several key features:

– A minority has distinctive physical or cultural characteristics that can be used to separate it from the majority.

Section 1

Minorities (cont.)

– The minority is dominated by the majority.

– Minority traits are often believed by the dominant majority to be inferior.

– Members of the minority have a common sense of identity, with strong group loyalty.

– The majority determines who belongs to the minority through ascribed status.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Which of the following characteristics sets the minority group apart from the majority group?

A. Religion

B. Skin color

C. Language

D. All of the above

Section 1

Defining Race

• Members of a race share certain biologically-inherited physical characteristics that are considered equally important within a society.

• Sociologists focus more on the social attitudes and characteristics that relate to race more than physical differences.

Section 1

Defining Race (cont.)

• There is no scientific evidence that connects any racial characteristic with innate superiority or inferiority.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Does the term “pure” race exist?

A. Always

B. Sometimes

C. Never

D. Not sure

Section 1

Ethnicity

• An ethnic minority is socially identified by unique characteristics related to culture or nationality.

• This type of minority is a subculture defined by its own language, religion, values, beliefs, norms, and customs.

Section 1

Ethnicity (cont.)

• Negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities exist in part because of ethnocentrism (judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards).

• The majority may view a minority as inferior because they differ in beliefs, values, and norms.

Attitudes of Americans Toward Immigrant Minorities

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you believe that there are ways to bridge the gaps between an ethnic minority and a majority group?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not sure

D. Sometimes

Section 1-End

Section 2-Preview

Patterns of racial and ethnic relations take two forms: assimilation and conflict. Patterns of assimilation include Anglo-conformity, melting pot, cultural pluralism, and accommodation. Conflict patterns include genocide, population transfer, and subjugation.

Section 2-Key Terms

• assimilation

• cultural pluralism

• genocide

• subjugation

• de jure segregation

• de facto segregation

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section-Polling Question

A B C D

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Are there positive and negative effects of different races and ethnicities living together?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Sometimes

D. Not at all

Section 2

Patterns of Assimilation

• Assimilation refers to the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society.

Section 2

Patterns of Assimilation (cont.)

• Different forms of assimilation:

– Anglo-conformity—immigrants are accepted as long as they conform; the most common pattern of assimilation in America.

– Melting pot/tossed salad—all ethnic and racial minorities voluntarily blend together.

Section 2

Patterns of Assimilation (cont.)

– Cultural pluralism—immigrants maintain some of their “old” ways, which can result in introducing some of their culture to the United States.

– Accommodation—a minority maintains its own culturally-unique way of life.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which method of assimilation do you think is best and why do you think this?

A. Anglo-conformity

B. Melting pot

C. Cultural pluralism

D. Accommodation

Section 2

Patterns of Conflict

• Different forms of conflict:

– Genocide—the systematic effort to destroy an entire population.

– Population transfer—a minority is forced either to move to a remote location or to leave entirely the territory controlled by the majority.

Impact of the Holocaust

Section 2

Patterns of Conflict (cont.)

– De jure segregation—subjugation based on the law.

– Subjugation—the minority is denied equal access to the culture and lifestyle of the larger society; the most common pattern of conflict.

Section 2

Patterns of Conflict (cont.)

– De facto segregation—a situation of segregation that exists regardless of what the law is.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which of the following is the most common form of conflict?

A. Genocide

B. Subjugation

C. de jure segregation

D. de facto segregation

Section 2-End

Section 3-Preview

Prejudice involves attitudes, while discrimination is about behavior. Prejudice often leads to discrimination. Conversely, in some instances, discrimination creates prejudiced attitudes through stereotyping. Each of the three major perspectives looks at different aspects of prejudice.

Section 3-Key Terms

• prejudice

• racism

• discrimination

• hate crime

• stereotype

• self-fulfilling prophecy

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 3-Polling Question

A B C

0% 0%0%

Has there ever been a time when you’ve felt discriminated against because of someone else’s prejudices?

A. Yes

B. No

C. It depends on thesituation

Section 3

Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination

• To a sociologist, prejudice refers to the widely-held preconceptions of a group (minority or majority) and its individual members.

• Prejudice involves a generalization based on biased or insufficient information.

Section 3

Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination (cont.)

• Racism is an extreme form of prejudice. Racists believe that discrimination or exclusion is morally justified because of their own natural superiority.

• Discrimination involves acting upon those biased opinions by treating people unfairly.

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 3

A B C

0% 0%0%

Does prejudice always results in discrimination?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Sometimes

Section 3

Hate Crimes

• A hate crime is a criminal act that is motivated by extreme prejudice.

• Each of the perspectives—functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionism—can help us understand reasons for hate crimes.

Hate Groups in America

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you agree with the following statement: “Hate crimes occur in relatively small numbers, but the frequency is increasing.”

A. Very much

B. Somewhat

C. Not very much

D. Not at all

Section 3

Stereotypes

• A stereotype is a set of ideas—based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification—that is applied to all members of a group.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Have you ever been guilty of stereotyping a person and later found out that you were wrong?

A. Always

B. Sometimes

C. Never

D. Not sure

Section 3

The Functionalist Perspective

• Negative aspects of prejudice and racism:

– The social, political, educational, and economic costs to society are extremely high.

– The safety and stability of the larger society are at risk due to violence.

Section 3

The Functionalist Perspective (cont.)

• Positive aspect of prejudice and racism:

– The self-concepts within the majority group are strengthened due to a feeling of superiority.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you agree with the functionalist view of the “positive aspect” of discrimination?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

C. Sometimes

D. Not sure

Section 3

The Conflict Perspective

• According to the conflict theory, a majority uses prejudice and discrimination as weapons of power to control a minority.

• They do this in order to increase control over property, goods, and other resources.

• Minorities tend to view one another as competitors instead of allies in the struggle against the majority.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you think the example in the book, demonstrates the conflict perspective?

A. Very much

B. Somewhat

C. Not very much

D. Not at all

Section 3

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

• According to this perspective, members of a society learn to be prejudiced in much the same way that they learn to be patriotic.

– Pregeneralized learning period—children overhear parents making racist statements, but they have not yet learned to separate people by race or ethnic group.

– Total rejection stage—children can use physical clues to sort people into groups.

• Two stages in learning to be prejudiced:

Section 3

The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (cont.)

• Language itself can also reflect prejudices.

• Self-fulfilling prophecy—an expectation that leads to behavior that then causes the expectation to become reality—also plays a large role in this perspective.

• Members of a minority fail because of the low expectations they have for their own success.

Prejudice and Discrimination

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Do you agree that language reflects prejudices?

A. Agree

B. Disagree

C. Not sure

D. Sometimes

Section 3-End

Section 4-Preview

Discrimination in the United States has caused some ethnic and racial groups to lag behind the white majority in jobs, income, and education. Progress is being made, but gains remain fragile. African American, Latino, Asian American, Native American, and white ethnics are the largest minority groups in this country.

Section 4-Key Terms

• institutionalized discrimination

• hidden unemployment

• underclass

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 4-Polling Question

A B C

0% 0%0%

Can you think of some ways that discrimination effects minorities?

A. Very much

B. A little

C. Not at all

Section 4

Institutionalized Discrimination

• Institutionalized discrimination results from unfair practices that are part of the structure of society and that have grown out of traditional, accepted behaviors.

• Examples:

– Seniority systems

– Public school systems

U.S. Resident Minority Populations, 2000 and 2003

A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 4

A B C

0% 0%0%

Do you think that a solution is possible to both of these examples of discrimination?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not sure

Section 4

African Americans

• African Americans are the largest racial minority in the United States.

• Reasons for their minority status:

– Skin color and physical features

– History as slaves

Section 4

African Americans (cont.)

• Hidden unemployment—discouraged workers who have stopped looking or part-time workers who would prefer to have full-time jobs.

Majority and Minority Median Household Incomes

Section 4

African Americans (cont.)

• Inequalities:

– African American income is 62% of what whites earn.

– A lower percentage of African Americans are employed in higher paying professional positions.

– The jobless rate of African Americans was slightly more than double that of whites in 2005.

Section 4

African Americans (cont.)

– Hidden unemployment rates are high.

– Differences in unemployment rates between whites and African American workers exist even for college-educated people.

– African American teenagers have a high unemployment rate.

Section 4

African Americans (cont.)

• Despite these inequalities, gains have been made:

– More than 25% of African Americans work in professional and managerial positions.

– Business ownership has been increasing dramatically.

– African Americans have also increased their political presence.

Section 4

African Americans (cont.)

• Some scholars see an emergence of two black Americas—a growing black middle class and a black underclass.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

How strongly do you feel about the following statement: “In a very real sense, then, African Americans have experienced barely forty years of constitutional equality.”

A. Very strongly

B. Somewhat strongly

C. Not very strongly

D. Not strongly at all

Section 4

Latinos

• Latino is a term that refers to ethnic minorities from Latin America, a region that includes Mexico, Central America, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean.

• Latinos:

– are the largest minority group in America.

– fall behind white Americans in formal education.

Section 4

Latinos (cont.)

– make an average income that is higher than that of African Americans but significantly lower than that of non-Latino whites.

– are becoming a force in shaping American politics.

U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2050

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What are the largest Latino groups in the United States?

A. Mexican descent

B. Puerto Ricans

C. Cubans

D. All of the above

Section 4

Native Americans

• Native Americans, more than any other minority, are suffering today from the effects of hundreds of years of discrimination.

• Native Americans are running casino-type gaming establishments, which is helping the quality of life for many families.

• Many challenges, such as better health care and education, still need to be met.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The following are areas of hardship for the Native Americans EXCEPT

A. Abject poverty

B. Low annual income

C. High school graduationrates

D. Protecting their reservations

Section 4

Asian Americans

• The road for Chinese Americans has not been easy since they began immigrating in the 1850s; however, today they are recognized as successful.

• Japanese Americans also had a rocky beginning, but are now one of the most successful racial minorities in the U.S.

Socioeconomic Characteristics of Minorities

Section 4

Asian Americans (cont.)

• Why are they so successful?

– They have not had to deal with centuries of prejudice and discrimination like the African and Native Americans.

– They have used the educational system for upward mobility.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which Asian American minority group do you think is the most successful today?

A. Chinese

B. Japanese

C. Filipinos

D. Both A & B

Section 4

White Ethnics

• White ethnics are the descendents of immigrants from Eastern and Southern European nations, particularly Italy and Poland.

• White ethnics also include Greek, Irish and Slavic people.

• During the 1960s, white ethnics were labeled as being conservative, racist, pro-war “hardhats,” but this was not true.

Section 4

White Ethnics (cont.)

• White ethnics have not traditionally been victims of discrimination, but still feel the need to display their cultural and national origins.

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

What reasons are the white ethnics wanting to take a seat at the “multicultural table”?

A. White ethnic “roots”movement

B. Establish a publicidentity

C. To show white ethnicity as being beautiful

D. All of the above

Section 4-End

Figure 9.1

Attitudes of Americans Toward Immigrant Minorities

Figure 9.2

Impact of the Holocaust

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

U.S. Resident Minority Populations, 2000 and 2003

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004–2005.

Figure 9.5

Majority and Minority Median Household Incomes

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005.

Figure 9.6

The U.S. Population by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2050

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2004.

Figure 9.7

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005.

Snapshot

Source: Adapted from Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Project, “Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2004.”

Hate Groups in the United States

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Hate Crimes in the United States

Projected Changes in U.S. Racial/Ethnic Composition

Who’s on the Net—By Income Level

Who’s on the Net—Race and Education

Sociology Chapter Transparencies

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Vocab 1

minority

a group of people with physical or cultural traits different from those of the dominant group in the society

Vocab 2

race

people sharing certain inherited physical characteristics that are considered important within a society

Vocab 3

ethnic minority

group identified by cultural, religious, or national characteristics

Vocab 4

assimilation

the blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society

Vocab 5

cultural pluralism

desire of a group to maintain some sense of identity separate from the dominant group

Vocab 6

genocide

the systematic effort to destroy an entire population

Vocab 7

subjugation

process by which a minority group is denied equal access to the benefits of a society

Vocab 8

de jure segregation

denial of equal access based on the law

Vocab 9

de facto segregation

denial of equal access based on everyday practice

Vocab 10

prejudice

widely held negative attitudes toward a group (minority or majority) and its individual members

Vocab 11

racism

an extreme form of prejudice that assumes superiority of one group over others

Vocab 12

discrimination

treating people differently based on ethnicity, race, religion, or culture

Vocab 13

hate crime

a criminal act motivated by prejudice

Vocab 14

stereotype

a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplified image applied to a category of people

Vocab 15

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that leads to behavior that causes the expectation to become reality

Vocab 16

institutionalized discrimination

unfair practices that grow out of common behaviors and attitudes and that are a part of the structure of a society

Vocab 17

hidden unemployment

unemployment that includes people not counted in the traditional unemployment categories

Vocab 18

underclass

people typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations

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