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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: The Confederation

Section 2: A New Constitution

Section 3: Ratifying the Constitution

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Chapter Intro

How Are Governments Created?After the American Revolution, the new nation struggled to draw up a plan for government. Americans wanted to make sure the government did not have too much power. Eventually, they came up with a way to balance federal and state powers and to divide federal power into three branches.

• Why do you think the United States scrapped its first constitution?

• Why did many Americans want a system of checks and balances?


Chapter Timeline


Chapter Intro 1

The Confederation

What problems were caused by the Articles of Confederation?


Chapter Intro 2

A New Constitution

What new form of government did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention create?


Chapter Intro 3

Ratifying the Constitution

Why did some people oppose ratification of the Constitution?


Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society The Articles of Confederation provided a workable but faulty national government.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• duty

• recession

Academic Vocabulary

• explicitly

• occupy


Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify

• Articles of Confederation

• Northwest Ordinance

• Shays’s Rebellion


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 1-Polling Question

Do you think creating a new government is difficult?

A. Extremely difficult

B. Moderately difficult

C. Not difficult at all

A B C

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Section 1

The Achievements of the Confederation Congress

The Articles of Confederation gave the national government few powers.


Section 1

• In November 1777, the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.

• These Articles established a very weak central government.

The Achievements of the Confederation Congress (cont.)


Section 1

• Congress raised money by selling the land it controlled west of the Appalachian Mountains.

• The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method for surveying the western lands.



Section 1

• Two years later, the Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance, which provided the basis for governing much of the western territory.

• The Confederation Congress successfully promoted trade with nations other than Britain.


The Northwest Ordinance, 1787


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

E. E

Section 1

According the Northwest Ordinance, which of the following rights would be granted to people living in the territory?

A. Freedom of religion

B. Property rights

C. Right to trial by jury

D. No slavery of any kind

E. All of the above A B C D E

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Section 1

The Congress Falters

The first national government could not regulate trade, collect taxes, or enforce treaties, which led to calls for a stronger national government.


Section 1

• Many states restricted British imports, but the states did not all impose the same duties on imported goods.

− This threatened the unity of the United States because the states levied taxes on each other’s goods to raise revenue.

The Congress Falters (cont.)

British Exports to American Colonies


Section 1

• Neither Britain nor the United States carried out the terms of the Treaty of Paris.

− The Congress lacked the power to uphold its side of the treaty.


British Forts in the United States, 1787


Section 1

• The first major dispute between Spain and the United States involved the border between Spanish territory and the state of Georgia.

− The dispute over this border, as well as navigation on the Mississippi, remained unresolved due to the limited power of the Confederation Congress.


How Did the Articles of Confederation Affect Foreign Policy?


Section 1

• The end of the Revolutionary War and the decline of trade with Britain had plunged the U.S. into a severe economic recession.


− Farmers and other people in debt urged the state governments to issue paper money instead of raising taxes.

Revolutionary Debt


Section 1

• Violence erupted in Rhode Island, over the value of paper money teaching two things to many American leaders:


− Unless a government was properly designed, the people could use the power of government to steal from the wealthy.

− A strong central government was needed to take on the country’s debts and stabilize currency.


Section 1

• Shays’s Rebellion erupted in 1786 as a response to a raise in taxes that fell most heavily on farmers.


− This rebellion also proved that a stronger central government was needed.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

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Which of the following was not a violation of the Treaty of Paris?

A. The U.S. did not pay back British lenders.

B. The U.S. refused to return confiscatedproperty to the Loyalists.

C. The British continued to impose the Quartering Act.

D. The British refused to completely evacuate American soil.


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society In the new Constitution, the Framers tried to uphold the rights of the states while providing needed national authority.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• popular sovereignty

• federalism

• separation of powers

• checks and balances

• veto

• amendment


Section 2-Key Terms

Academic Vocabulary

• financier


• James Madison

• Great Compromise

• Three-Fifths Compromise


A. A

B. B


Do you feel that the Framers created a fair system of government?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

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Section 2

The Constitutional Convention

The delegates to the convention tried to create a stronger national government that gave fair representation to big and small states.


Section 2

• People who supported a stronger central government became known as “nationalists.”

• One of the most influential nationalists was James Madison.

• Alexander Hamilton recommended that Congress call for a convention, later known as the Constitutional Convention. Every state except Rhode Island attended.

The Constitutional Convention (cont.)


Section 2

• The 55 delegates who attended the convention in Philadelphia included some of the shrewdest and most distinguished leaders in the United States.

• George Washington was chosen as the presiding officer.



Section 2

• The Virginia Plan, mostly the work of James Madison, proposed the following:

− The legislature be divided into two houses

− Scrapping the Articles of Confederation and creating a new national government


• The plan was accepted.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which state did not attend the Constitutional Convention?

A. Pennsylvania

B. Massachusetts

C. Rhode Island

D. North Carolina


Section 2

A Union Built on Compromise

American leaders created a new constitution based on compromise.


Section 2

• The Great Compromise proposed the following:

− In the House of Representatives, the states would be represented according to the size of their population.

− In the Senate, each state would have equal representation.

A Union Built on Compromise (cont.)


Section 2

• In order to appease both the North and South, the Three-Fifths Compromise was proposed.

− Every five enslaved people would count as three free people for determining both representation and taxes.

A Union Built on Compromise (cont.)

• The delegates also agreed that the new Congress could not tax exports, ban slave trade until 1808, or impose high taxes on the importation of slaves.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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How many of the 13 states had to ratify the Constitution for it to take effect?

A. 5

B. 7

C. 9

D. 11


Section 2

A Framework for Limited Government

The Framers created a federal system that provided for a separation of powers along with checks and balances to keep any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.


Section 2

• The new constitution that the states were considering was based on the idea of popular sovereignty.

− The new constitution established a federal system.

− It also provided for a separation of powers among the three branches of federal government—executive, judicial, and legislative.

A Framework for Limited Government (cont.)


Section 2

• The delegates created a system of checks and balances to prevent any of the three branches from becoming too powerful.

• The president would hold the following powers:


− Propose legislation

− Appoint judges

− Veto acts of Congress

− Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces


Section 2

• The delegates created a clear system for making amendments to the constitution, but they made it a difficult process with two steps—proposal and ratification.


Comparing Constitutions


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

Which branch of the government implements and enforces the laws passed by Congress?

A. Executive

B. Judicial

C. Legislative

A B C

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Section 2-End


Section 3-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society Ratification of the Constitution moved to the states, where Federalists and Anti-Federalists argued their opposing views.


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• bill of rights

Academic Vocabulary

• framework

• specifically


Section 3-Key Terms


• Federalist

• Anti-Federalist

• John Hancock

• Patrick Henry


A. A

B. B


Have you ever tried to persuade someone to change his or her mind about a belief?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

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Section 3

A Great Debate

Federalists supported the Constitution, but Anti-Federalists thought it endangered states’ independence and gave the national government too much power.


Section 3

• Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists.

• Federalists believed that power should be divided between a central government and regional governments.

A Great Debate (cont.)


Section 3

• Supporters of the Constitution:

− Large landowners

− Merchants and artisans living in large coastal cities

− Many farmers who lived near the coast or along rivers

− Farmers who shipped goods across state borders



Section 3

• Opponents of the Constitution were called Anti-Federalists.

• Anti-Federalists accepted the need for a national government but were concerned about whether the national government or the state governments would be supreme.



Section 3

• Anti-Federalists included:


− John Hancock

− Patrick Henry

− Richard Henry Lee of Virginia

− George Clinton

− Edmund Randolph

− George Mason

− Sam Adams

− Western farmers living far from the coast


Section 3

• Factors that worked against the Anti-Federalists:

− Their campaign was a negative one.

− The Federalists were better organized.

− Most of the nation’s newspapers supported the Federalists.



Section 3

• The arguments for ratification of the Constitution were summarized in The Federalist—a collection of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.

• The essays explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed.


The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–1790


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

E. E

Section 3

Farmers, merchants, and artisans who lived near the coast supported the Federalists because a strong central government could take which actions?

A. Regulate trade consistently.

B. Impose taxes on foreign goods.

C. Prohibit the British from stealing goods.

D. A and B

E. B and C A B C D E

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Section 3

Battle for Ratification

The promise of a Bill of Rights paved the way for the ratification of the Constitution.


Section 3

• In Massachusetts opponents of the Constitution held a clear majority when the convention met in January 1788.

• In response to Samuel Adams, the Federalists promised to attach a bill of rights to the Constitution once it was ratified.

• They also promised to reserve for the states all powers not specifically granted to the federal government.

Battle for Ratification (cont.)


Section 3

• Upon hearing the proposal for the bill of rights, Virginia governor Edmund Randolph agreed to support the new Constitution.

• The Virginia convention voted narrowly for the new Constitution, 89 in favor and 79 against.

• The vote in favor of the Constitution was also very close in New York—30 to 27.



Section 3

• In September 1788, the Confederation Congress established a timetable for the election of the new government.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

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The last two states to ratify the Constitution were which of the following?

A. North Carolina and South Carolina

B. Rhode Island and North Carolina

C. South Carolina and Pennsylvania

D. Maryland and New Jersey


Section 3-End


VS 1

The Articles of Confederation

Weaknesses

• No power to regulate commerce

• No power to compel states to obey international treaties signed by the Congress

• No military forces

• No power to tax

• No power to print or coin money


VS 1a

The Articles of Confederation

Effects

• States impose trade restrictions and tariffs on each other’s goods

• States restrict Britain’s ability to collect debts from Americans; Congress cannot reach a financial settlement with Britain; Britain refuses to evacuate forts on American soil

• Spain denies Americans permission to deposit goods at mouth of Mississippi; Congress has no leverage to force Spain to negotiate

• States issue money, inflation makes the currency worthless; debt problems lead to rebellion in Massachusetts and riots in Rhode Island


VS 2

The Federal Constitution

Decisions at the Constitutional Convention

• New Jersey Plan to amend the Articles of Confederation is rejected

• Virginia Plan to create a federal Constitution is approved

• Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) gets both small and large states to support the Constitution: Congress will have a House of Representatives, elected by the people, and a Senate, whose members are chosen by the states

• Three-Fifths Compromise gets Southern and Northern states to support the Constitution: enslaved people will count as three-fifths of a free person for determining representation in Congress and taxes owed


VS 2

The Federal Constitution

Checks and Balances of the Federal Constitution

• Federal government has three branches: executive (headed by a president), legislative (Congress), and judicial

• President can veto laws but Congress can override a veto

• President commands the military; Congress votes all funds and taxes

• President selects his cabinet and nominates judges, but the Senate must approve the nominations

• Congress can impeach the president and judges and remove them from office

• To get the Constitution ratified, supporters also promised to add a bill of rights (Amendments 1–10) to further limit federal power


VS-End


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Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

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Vocab1

duty

a tax on imports

Vocab2

recession

an economic slowdown

Vocab3

explicitly

fully revealed or expressed and leaving no question as to meaning

Vocab4

occupy

to take control or possession of a location

Vocab5

popular sovereignty

government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there

Vocab6

federalism

political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Vocab7

separation of powers

government principle in which power is divided among different branches

Vocab8

checks and balances

the system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any from becoming too powerful

Vocab9

veto

power of the chief executive to reject laws passed by the legislature

Vocab10

amendment

a change to the Constitution

Vocab11

financier

one who deals with finance and investment on a large scale

Vocab12

bill of rights

a summary of fundamental rights and privileges guaranteed to a people against violation by the state

Vocab13

framework

a set of guidelines to be followed

Vocab14

specific

restricted to a particular individual, situation, relation, or effect

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