Sph3 grammar book finished
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Transcript of Sph3 grammar book finished
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By: Emilia Peecher
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Table of Contents1. Preterit2. Preterit Trigger Words3. -Car, Gar, Zars4. Spock5. Snake and Snakey6. Cucaracha 7. Imperfect8. Imperfect Trigger Words9. Imperfect Irregulars10. Preterit vs. Imperfect11. Ser12. Estar13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives and Superlatives 15. Comparative and Superlative Irregulars16. Transition Words17. Future18. Future Trigger Words19. Future Irregulars20. Por21. Para22. Conditional23. Present Tenses
24. Present Perfect25. Present Perfect Irregulars26.Past Perfect27. Subjunctive Perfect28. Impersonal Se39. Saber vs. Conocer30. Tan31. Tanto32. Informal Commands33. Informal Irregulars34. Informal Negative Irregulars35. Formal Commands36.Formal Irregulars37. Nosotros Commands38. IOP and DOP39. Subjunctive40. Subjunctive Irregulars41. Impersonal Expressions42. Impersonal Expressions of Emotions43. Conjunctions of Time44. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
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1. Independent Event
2. Start or completion of an event
3. Specific time reference
4. Actions part of a chain of events
5. Actions repeated a specific number of times
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
é amos
aste
ó aron
í imos
iste
ió ieron
í imos
iste
ió ieron
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Preterit Trigger Words
Preterit
AnocheAyer
Ante ayerLa semana
El añoPasado(a)
Hace (tiempo) que
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-Car, Gar, Zars
que camos
caste
có caron
cé zamos
zaste
zó zaron
gue gamos
gaste
gó garon
-Car
-Gar
-Zar
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Spock
fui fuimos
fuiste
fue fueron
í imos
iste
ió ieron
hice hicimos
hiciste
hizo hicieron
Ir- to go Ser- to beDar- to give Ver- to
see( use d or v )
Hacer- to make
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Snake and Snakey
Both change in only 3rd person
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CucarachaAll have the same endings.
Andar – aduvEstar – estuvPoder – pudPoner – pusSaber – supTener – tuvVenir – vinConducer – condujProducir – produjTraducir – tradujDecir - dij }
e
iste
o
imos
ieron
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Imperfect1. Repeated actions
2. “set the stage” for past action
3. Time
4. Age
5. Mental states
6. Physical sensations
7. characteristics
-ar verbs -er/ir verbs
aba abamos
abas
aba aban
ia iamos
ias
ia ian
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Imperfect Trigger Words
ImperfectSiempreA veces
De vez un cuandoMientras
Muchos vecesLos martes
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Imperfect Irregulars
era eramos
eras
era eran
iba ibamos
ibas
iba iban
veía veíamos
veías
veía veían
Ser
Ir Ver
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Preterit vs. Imperfect
1. Beginning or end of an action
2. Narrate a series of past actions
3. Action with a definite ending
4. An interrupted action (snapshot)
1. Habitual past
2. Physical or emotional states
3. Characteristics
4. No definite ending
5. Continuous action (movie)
Preterit Imperfect
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Ser(to be)
Ddoctor
Oorigin
Ccharacteristic
Ttime
Ooccupation
Rrelationship
Ppossession
Eevent
Ddate
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Estar(to be)
Hhealth
Eemotion
Llocation
Ppresent
condition
I
N
G
ING: ando, endo, iendo
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Verbs like Gustar
• Aburrir – to bore• Encantar – to love• Faltar – to fail• Fascinar – to fascinate• Importar – to be important• Interesar – to interest• Molestar – to bother
• Caer bien/mal – to fall• Doler – to hurt• Disgustar – to disgust• Preocupar – to preoccupy• Apetecer – to wish for• Quedar – to be
1. When gustar is followed by one or more infinitives, the singular form is used.
2. Gustar is often used in conditional tense for a request
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(more)
(less)
(than)
(than)
(the most) (of)
(the least) (of)
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Viejo
Mayor
Bueno
Mejor
Malo
Peor
Joven
Menor
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Aunque – even though
Tambien – also
Mientras – while
A pesar de – in spite of
Pero – but
Por lo tanto – therefore
Sin embargo/no obstante – never the less
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*WILL*Endings for –ar, er, and ir verbs are the same
Infinitive + é Infinitive + emos
Infinitive + ás Infinitive + éis
Infinitive + á Infinitive + an
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Future Trigger Words
FutureEl proximo (hora, día, semana,..)
MañanaEn (dos, cuatro,..semanas,
días, horas,..)
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Future IrregularsDecir – dir
Hacer – harPoner – pondrSalir – saldr
Tener – tendrValer – valdrVenir – vendrPoder – podr
Querer – querrCaber – cabrHaber - habr
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Passingthrough
Generallocation
How longsomething
lasts
TransportationAn exchange NumbersIn place of/Instead of
Cause ofsomething
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For whomsomething is
doneDestination
Purpose ofwhich
somethingIs done
Express ideaof deadline
Express anopinion
Compare orcontrast
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Uncertainty, possibility
Infinitive + ía Infinitive + íamos
Infinitive + ías Infinitive + íais
Infinitive + ía Infinitive + ían
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Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Irregulars
Subjunctive Perfect
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• Has or have + past participle• Use haber as auxiliary verb
• -ar verbs: -ado• -ir/er verbs: -ido
he hemos
has habéis
ha han
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abrir cubrirdecir
describirdescubrirdevolver escribirhacermorirponer
romper ver
volver
Present Perfect Irregulars
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• Had + the past participle• Use haber as auxiliary verb• Conjugate haber into the
imperfect tense.
había habíamos
habías habíais
había habían
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Subjunctive Perfect
• Used when a verb requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the past, present, or future perfect
tense.
• The subjunctive perfect is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, but the present
perfect subjunctive is only used when the dependent clause isin the past.
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Used when a subject is unspecified
IMPERSONAL SE
sé3rd
person singular
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• Saber– To know
information– To express
knowledge of how to do something• Saber + infinitive
• Conocer– To know a person,
place, or thing
sé sabemos
sabes sabéis
sabe saben
conozco conocemos
conoces conocéis
conoce conocen
Saber vs. Conocer
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Tan
Tan + Adjective+ como
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Tanto
Tanto + Ajective or noun como
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Affirmative*conjugate into the 3rd person
present*
Negative*yo form, drop the “o”, opposite tú
ending*
Informal Commands
-ar verbs: -a
-ir/er verbs: -e
-ar verbs: -es
-ir/er verbs: -as
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Informal IrregularsDecir - di
Hacer - haz
Ir - ve
Poner - pon
Salir - sal
Tener - ten
Venir - ven
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Informal Negative Irregulars•T
ener – tengue / tenguen
•Ver – vengue / venguen
•Dar - dé / den Decir – diga / digan
•Ir – vaya / vayan
•Ser – sea / sean
•Hacer – haya / hayan
•Estar – esté/ estén
•Saber – sepa / sepan
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Formal Commands
Yo form Drop “o” Opposite ending
-e
-en
-ar verbs
-a
-an
-ir/er verbs
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Formal Irregulars•T
ener – tengue / tenguen
•Ver – vengue / venguen
•Dar - dé / den Decir – diga / digan
•Ir – vaya / vayan
•Ser – sea / sean
•Hacer – haya / hayan
•Estar – esté/ estén
•Saber – sepa / sepan
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Nosotros Commands
Mono verbs
With reflexive, drop the final s, attach the reflexive pronoun
Mosnos monos
Laventemos + nos
-s
Laventémonos
*Pronoun must come after the affirmative, but before the negative*
Yo form drop the “o” opposite nosotros ending
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me te lo/la nos las/los
DOP IOP
*DOP must be placed in front of the negative command form with no
accents*
*DOP must be attached the end of affirmative*
Add accent over stressed syllable if it proceeds two or more syllables
*If both the IOP and DOP are used, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun*
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Subjunctive
Yo form
drop the “O”
opposite ending
Attitudes, feelings
*The uncertain, doubt, hypothetical*
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Subjunctive Irregulars
• Tener - tenga• Venir - venga• Decir – diga / Dar - e• Ir - vaya• Ser - sea• Hacer – haga / Haber - haya• Estar – este• Saber - sepa
• -car– que
• -gar– gue
• -zar– ce
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Subjunctive Trigger Phrases
Es bueno que..
Es malo que..
Es importante que..
Es mejor que..
Es urgente que..
Depues que..
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Subjunctive with Emotion• Expresses how you are feeling (anger, fear, happy, regret)
– es bueno queit's good that– es difícil que it's hard– es extraño queit's strange that– es fácil que it's easy– es increíble que it's incredible that– es interesante it's interesting that– es inútil queit's useless that (there's no point)– es (una) lástima queit's a pity that– es preferible queit's preferable that– es raro queit's strange that– es triste queit's sad that– es útil queit's useful that– estar contento queto be happy that– estar triste queto be sad that– extrañarse queto be amazed that– sentir queto regret, be sorry that– sorprenderse queto be surprised that– temer queto fear that
Main clause: expresses fear, pity, hope, or
surpriseSubordinate clause: use the subjunctive
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•así que - as soon as •cuando - when•despues de que -
after•en cuanto - as soon
as•hasta que - until•luego que - as soon
as•tan pronto como -
as soon as
Used when the main
clause is a command or in the possible
future
Conjunctions of Time
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Adjective
Describes a noun
Pronoun
Takes place of a noun
Has an accent over
the “e”
Ese - that
Este - this
Aquel – that one over there
*four forms of each word
*must apply to number and gender
Ese
Esos
Esa
Esas
Este
Estos
Esta
Estas
Aquel
Aquellos
Aquella
Aquellas
Demonstrative