Species Interactions. Fitness: the relative contribution to the gene pool in the next generation.
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Transcript of Species Interactions. Fitness: the relative contribution to the gene pool in the next generation.
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Species Interactions
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Species Interactions
Fitness: the relative contribution to the gene pool in the next generation
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Species InteractionsChange in Fitness as a Result of the Interaction
+ net gain of fitness
0 no net change of fitness
- net loss of fitness
Fitness: the relative contribution to the gene pool in the next generation
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Species InteractionsSpecies A Species B
- -
- +
0 0
+ +
Competition
Predation
Neutralism
Mutualism
Change in Fitness as a Result of the Interaction
+ net gain of fitness
0 no net change of fitness
- net loss of fitness
Fitness: the relative contribution to the gene pool in the next generation
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Competition - / -
Experiments by Russian ecologist Gause in 1934 examined two closely related species of protozoans. When cultured on a constant food source separately, both reached carrying capacity. When cultured together, P. aurelia proved to be a better competator and drove P. caudatum to extinction.
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Competition - / -
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Competition - / -
Two possible outcomes to competition:
•Competitive exclusion = extinction
•Niche partitioning = coexistence
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Competition - / -
Two possible outcomes to competition:
1.Competitive exclusion = extinction (one species dominates)
2. Niche partitioning = coexistence (species have slightly different niches)
Therefore, many species may coexist and still use similar resources in a similar way, if they can specialize in their ecosystem.
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Predation + / -
virus
Various types:
Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores, Parasites, Parasitoids
Pepis sp.
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Predation + / -
Ecologically, there seems to be a trade-off between competitive ability
and the ability to escape predators.
STRATEGY FOR SURVIVALCompetitive Ability R
esistance to
Predation
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Predation + / -
What do you see? How do you interpret this graph?
STRATEGY FOR SURVIVALCompetitive Ability R
esistance to
Predation
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Predation + / -
What is Species A good at in its ecosystem? What is this species not as
good at?
STRATEGY FOR SURVIVALCompetitive Ability R
esistance to
Predation
Species A
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Predation + / -
STRATEGY FOR SURVIVALCompetitive Ability R
esistance to
Predation
Species ASpecies B
What is the strategy for Species B?
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Analogy: It is very difficult to be good at everything. But, using different strategies (different
niches) you can still be good at the “game.”
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Neutralism 0 / 0
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Neutralism 0 / 0
It is important to remember that this is not the absence of interaction.
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Neutralism 0 / 0
Where neutralism becomes more important is when examining larger numbers of species interactions in a bounded community.
Example: Tide pool communities. Though their members interact frequently, many neither benefit nor cost one another.
Studies suggest that 5% or less show significant correlations in abundance, for example.
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Mutualism + / +
Atta cephalotes
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Interactions in a tropical ecosystemEciton burchelli
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What types of interactions are present in the army ant situation? Write them in your notebook and explain your
thinking.
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Now it is your turn to form analogies.
In your notebook, come up with analogies for ecological community interactions using
your own neighborhood community or school.
Explain and draw a quick picture illustrating
competition, predation, neutralism and mutualism.