Species Distributions Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/10 & 9/12 2007.
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Transcript of Species Distributions Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/10 & 9/12 2007.
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Species Distributions
Biogeography (ENVR333)9/10 & 9/12 2007
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As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations.
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Species Distributions• Species Interactions
– Competition– Coexistence
• Mututalism• Commensalism• Amensalism• Parasitism• Mimicry
– Predator-Prey
• Environmental Gradients
• Niches
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Competition
• Interspecific competition• Intraspecific competition• Resource exploitation• Interference competition• Principle of Competitive Exclusion
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Paramecium = single-celled, ciliated protozoan that feeds on bacteria.
Competitive Exclusion
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European starling
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Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003
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Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003
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Spatial niche partitioning
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Morphology: Oystercatchers
stabber
hammerer
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Morphology: Cichlids
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Mutualism: Ants and Aphids
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Mutualism: Lichenized Fungi
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Commensalism: Rhino birds
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Mutualism: Pollinators - Pollinated
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Mutualism: Jays and Oaks
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Commensalism: Epiphytes
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Commensalism: Epiphytes
Forage lichens
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Commensalism: Epiphytes
Cyanolichens (n-fixers)
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Commensalism: Clown Fish/Sea Anemone
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Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds
Sweet Cisely
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Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds
Burdock
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Allelopathy
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Micro Parasites
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Macro Parasites
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Batesian Mimicry
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Batesian Mimicry
red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black won’t hurt jack
Coral SnakeScarlet King Snake
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Batesian Mimicry
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From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.
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Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003
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Predator-Prey Relationships
stenophagous Chalhill Blue Butterfly
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Predator-Prey Relationships
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Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003
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Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003
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Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003
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Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003
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Ecocline or Ecotype?
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Summary
• Interactions: many and varied
• Distributions: physical/biological factor
• Role of gradients and niches
• Not locked into place