Spanish Grammar PREPOSITIONS ,SPORTS adjectives irregular verbs ,etc

8/13/2019 Spanish Grammar PREPOSITIONS ,SPORTS adjectives irregular verbs ,etc

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Spanish Reflexive Verbsto bathe baarse to get up levantarseto be happy alegrarse to go to bed acostarse

to be surprised sorprenderse to have a good time divertirseto break (arm, leg) quebrarse to hurt oneself lastimarseto brush (hair, teeth) cepillarse to make up one's mind decidirseto burn (oneself, one'sbody)

quemarse to put on (clothes) ponerse

to calm down calmarse to put on makeup maquillarseto cheer up animarse to put on makeup pintarseto comb (hair) peinarse to say goodbye to despedirseto cut (hair, nails) cortarse to shave afeitarseto fall (down) caerse to sit down sentarse

to fall asleep dormirse to stay, remain quedarseto get a job colocarse to take a shower ducharseto get angry enojarse to take off (clothes) quitarseto get bored aburrirse to tear (clothes) to break (arm, leg) romperseto get dressed vestirse to try on probarseto get ready arreglarse to wake up despertarseto get scared asustarse to wash (up) lavarseto get sick enfermarse to worry preocuparseto get tired cansarse

Spanish adjectives

absolutely absolutamente more msactive activo most el msbad malo much muchobadly mal narrow estrechobeautiful hermoso nice simpticobest el mejor polite correctobetter mejor poor pobrebitter amargo pretty lindo, bonitocheerful alegre punctual puntual

clearly claramente rapidly rpidamenteclever listo rich ricocorrectly correctamente sensitive sensibledifficult difcil serious serioeasily fcilmente short cortoeasy fcil shy tmidofat gordo small pequeofriendly amable soft blando


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good bueno sour agriogood bueno strong fuertegreat grande sweet dulcegreater mayor the best el mejorhard duro the greatest el mayor

heavy pesado the least el menorhigh, tall alto the worst el peorlarge grande thin delgadoleast el menos ugly feoless menos weak dbillight ligero well bienlittle poco wide ancholong largo witty graciosoloving carioso worse peorlow, short bajo worst el peor

Making Questions in Spanish

In Spanish there are4 ways of asking a questionto get a yesor no answer, and they are thefollowing:

-Verb+pronoun: Unlike English, the auxiliaries doand doesare not used. Tiene ella tiempolibre? (Does she have free time?)

Note: The interrogativequestions have an opening () question mark, Spanish is unique in

using that symbol and, also a closing one (?).

-Pronoun + verb: Only the intonation makes the sentence interrogative: Ella tiene tiempo libre?(Does she have free time?)

-Verb+...+pronoun. The pronoun goes last Tiene tiempo libre ella? (Does she have free time?)

-Finally you can also make a question by adding a tag question to the end of a statement. Ellatiene tiempo libre no?

Ella tiene tiempo libre, verdad? (She has free time, doesnt she)

Possible answer would be S, Ella tienes tiempo libre. (or) No, Ella no tiene tiempo libre.

Note that when only part of a sentence is a question, the question marks are placed around onlythe portion that's a question starting with (): Y eso, no te gusta?(And this one, you don't likeit?).


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Interrogative pronounsare usually used to form a question. Note that these words are alwaysgraphically accentuated, whether they are used to formulate a direct or indirect question:Quhora es? (What time is it?) Qu es la capital de Marruecos?(What is the capital of Morocco?)(Direct). Dime qu hora es. Tell me what time it is.(Indirect).

Spanish InterrogativeA qu hora...? (What time...?) Dnde? (Where?) De dnde? (From where?) Pordnde? (Which direction?) A dnde? (To where?) Cmo? (How?) Cul/-es? (Whichone/-s?) Cundo? (When?) Cunto/-a? (How much?) Cuntos/-as? (How many?)Qu? (What?) Para qu? (For what reason?) Por qu? (Why?) Quin/-es? (Who?)A quin? (To whom?) Para quin? (For whom) De quin/-es? (Whose?).

As you may have noticed in these examples several of them can be preceded by prepositions: dednde(from where), de qu(of what), a quen(to whom), de quin(of whom), para quin? Etc.Note that Spanish doesn't require auxiliary verbs the way that English does to form questions.The same verb forms as are used in questions as in statements.

Don't confuse between por qu? (why?) and porque (because).

Negation in Spanish:

Negationcan be made simply by placing "No" before the main verb in Spanish. Howeversometimes it's not that easy, because sometimes a double negative is required. "No" is the mostcommon negative, used either as an adverb or adjective. When it's used as an adverb, it should beplaced before the verb.

Noquiero hacerlo (I don' tlike to do it). No tienes nada que hacer (this example is Spanishdouble negative, you don't have anything to do). Nolo quiero (I don't like it)

When used as an adjective or as an adverb modifying an adjective or other adverb it comes

immediately before the word it modifies.

Boletos cancelados o nousados(Canceled or unused tickets). Se trata de la guerra o de la noguerra (It's about war or non-war).

Spanish also has many other negative words that are used along with "No" or without it, likenada(nothing), nadie(nobody, no one), ninguno(none), nunca(never), andjams(never).Ninguno(no one).


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Nadieentiende. (Nobodyunderstands.) Ningunatienda tiene lo que quiero.(Nostore has what Iwant.) Nuncabeb la cerveza.(We neverdrink beer). Jamste olvidar. (I willneverforgetyou.)

The use of the double negative is an aspect unusual to English speakers, but it exists in Spanish.If one of the negative words listed above is used after the verb, a negative (often no) also mustbe used before the verb. Here is a list of double negatives:

Double Negative in Spanishno... nunca/no... jams (never). no... nunca ms (never again).no... tampoco (neither,not either). no... nada (nothing). no... nadie (no one). no... en/por n inguna parte(nowhere). Nos nada.(I don'tknow anything, orI know nothing.) Noconozco a nadie

aqu.(I don'tknow anybody here, orI know nobody here.).

Notehow these pronouns change from the affirmative to the negative form:

Spanish NegationAffirmative Negativealguien (someone)

alguno, -a (someone, some)

algo (something)

siempre (always)

alguna vez (ever)

tambin (also)

algn (some, something)

todava, an (still)

ya (already)

o (or)

nadie (no one)

ninguno, -a (no one)

nada (nothing)

nunca (never)

jams (never)

tampoco (neither)

ningn (no, none)

ya no (no longer)

todava no (not yet)

ni (nor)


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oo (eitheror) nini (neithernor)

DoubleNo:when the answerto a question is negative, the word noappears twice. It appears at

the beginning of the sentence and also in front of the verb. hablas Ingls? No, no hablo Ingls,solo Espaol (Do you speak English. I Dont speak English, only Spanish).

Exclamation in Spanish

Exclamatory words (exclamaciones) as well as interrogative expressions have written accents.The most common one is (!) and Qu...! Used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun:

Caramba! (My goodness!) Claro! (Of course!) Socorro! (Help!) Qu delicioso! (Howdelicious!) Lo siento mucho! (I'm so sorry!) Qu casa! (What a house!) Qu barbaridad! (Howaweful!) Qu lstima! (What a shame!) Qu lo! (What a mess!) Qu fcilmente lo haces t!(How easily you do it!)

In literary usage, Cun...! may replace Qu...!: Cun fcilmente lo haces t!When an adjective follows a noun in this construction, it is preceded by ms (most) or tan (so):Qu casa ms bonita! (What a pretty house!) Qu nios tan alegres! (What happy children!)

Summary:

Making Questions: You can make a question in Spanish in 4 ways:

-Verb+pronoun... Tiene ell a tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?)

-Pronoun + verb... Ellatienetiempo libre? (Does she have free time?)

-Verb+...+pronoun. Tienetiempo libre ella? (Does she have free time?)

-Add a tag question...Ella tiene tiempo libre, no? Ella tiene tiempo libre verdad? (She has freetime, doesnt she)

Possible answer would be S, Ella tienes tiempo libre. (or) No, Ella no tiene tiempo libre.


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Interrogative pronouns are usually used to form a question: Quhora es? (What time is it?)Ques la capital de Marruecos?(What is the capital of Morocco?)

A qu hora...? (What time...?) Dnde? (Where?) De dnde? (From where?) Por dnde?(Which direction?) A dnde? (To where?) Cmo? (How?)

Negation: Negation can be made by placing "No" before the main verb, there are other wordsthat are used along with "No" or without it to form negation in Spanish, like nada(nothing),nadie(nobody, no one), ninguno(none), nunca(never), andjams(never).Ninguno(no one).

Nadieentiende. (Nobodyunderstands). Noconozco a nadie aqu.(I don'tknow anybody here.)

Exclamation: Exclamatory words in Spanish also have written accents. The most common oneis Qu...! Used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun:Qu delicioso! (How delicious!). When an adjective follows a noun in this construction, it ispreceded by ms (most) or tan (so): Qu mujer tan guapa! (What a beautiful woman!) quchico ms amable! (What a nice (kind) guy!).

Spanish adverbs

List of Adverbs:

SPANISH ADVERBSMANNER ADVERBS QUANTITY ADVERBS

(adjective)+mente (adjective)+ly apenas hardly, barelyalto loudly bastante quite, enoughbajo softly casi almostbien well demasiado too muchmal poorly ms moremejor better menos lesspeor worse mucho a lot

muy veryFREQUENCY ADVERBS poco few, little

tanto so/as much/manya veces sometimesfrecuentemente often TIME ADVERBSnunca neverraramente rarely actualmente currently


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siempre always ahora nowanteayer the day before

yesterdayPLACE ADVERBS ayer yesterday

cuando when

abajo below, downstairs despus afterac here, over here entonces next, thenadentro in, inside hoy todayafuera outside luego soonalguna parte somewhere maana tomorrowall over there mientras whileall there por fin finallyaqu here pronto soonarriba above, upstairs tarde latecerca nearby temprano early

delante ahead todava still, yetdetrs behind ya alreadydonde whereencima above, on top POINT OF VIEW ADVERBSenfrente in front offuera outside personalmente personallytodas partes everywhere quizs perhaps

evidentemente obviouslyNEGATION ADVERBS

INTERROGATION ADVERBSjams never

ni neither adnde? To where?no no cmo? How?nunca nunca cundo? When?tampoco neither cunto? How much/many?

dnde? Where?INCLUSION ADVERBS porque? Why?

adems moreoveran still, yettambien also, too

Prepositions

List of Spanish Prepositions


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a (to, at) en vez de (instead of)al (upon) en (in, at)al lado de (beside) encima de (above, on top)ante (before) enfrente de (in front of)antes de (before) entre (between, among)

bajo (under) fuera de (outside)cerca de (near) hacia (towards)como (like) hasta (until)con (with) lejos de (far from)contra (against) menos (except)de (from, of, about) para (for)debajo de (under, beneath) por (for, on account of)delante de (in front of) salvo (except)dentro de (inside) segn (according to)desde (since) sin (without)

despus de (after) sobre (about, above/on)detrs de (behind) tras (after)

SPANISH SPORTS

Below you will find some words that you should try to memorize, to help build your Spanishvocabulary; we have here some countries names, and sports vocabulary.

List of Countries, Places and some SportsArgentina Argentina garden el jardnAustralia Australia Germany Alemania

bakery la panadera grocery store la tienda de ultramarinoball la pelota/ el baln gulf el golfoball (small) una pelota hockey el hockeybank el banco house la casabaseball el bisbol ice cream shop le heladerabasketball el baloncesto India Indiabasketball hoop una canasta island la isla
http://www.learnspanishtoday.com/cmd.php?af=1138853


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bat un bate Italy Italiabay la baha Japan Japnbeach la playa jungle la selvaBolivia Bolivia lake el lagobookstore la librera laundromat la lavandera

boots unas botas library la bibliotecaboxing el boxeo match el partidobread shop la panadera meat shop la carnicerabutcher la carnicera Mexico Mxicoby bicycle en bicicleta mountain la montaaby boat en barco movies el cineby bus en autobs net una red

by car en coche ocean el ocano

by motorcycle en motocicleta office la oficinaby plane en avin on foot a pieby subway en metro outdoor market el mercadoby taxi en taxi paper store la papeleraby train en tren pastry shop la pasteleracafe el caf peninsula la pennsulaCanada Canad pharmacy la farmacacandy store la confitera plain la llanuracandy store la dulcera player el jugadorChile Chile Poland PoloniaChina

Chinapool

la piscinacleats unos zapatos de ftbol pork butcher la chacineraclothing store la ropera Portugal Portugalcoast la costa racket una raquetaColumbia Colombia restaurant el restauranteconcert el concierto river el rocontinent el continente rose la rosaCosta Rica Costa Rica Russia Rusiacountry el campo sea el marCuba Cuba ski poles unos bastonesdairy la lechera skis unos esqus

department store los grandes almacenes soccer el ftboldesert el desierto South Africa Sudfricadrugstore la droguera Spain Espaadry cleaner la tintorera supermarket el supermercadoEcuador Ecuador swimming la natacinEgypt Egipto swimming pool la piscinaEngland Inglaterra team el equipo


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fish market la pescadera tennis el tenisfish shop la pescadera theater el teatroflower la flor tobacco shop el estanco (informal)flower shop la floristera tree el rbolfootball el ftbol americano United States los Estados Unidos

forest el bosque valley el valleFrance Francia volleyball el voleibolfruit shop la frutera wrestling la luchagame el juego

List of Animalsalligator el caimn horse el caballoantler el cuerno lion el lenbear el oso llama la llamabird el pjaro monkey el monobison el bisonte moose el alce

bull el toro mouse el ratncat el gato parrot el lorocow la vaca pig el cerdodeer el venado rabbit el conejodog el perro rhinoceros el rinocerontedonkey el burro sheep la ovejaeagle el guila snake la serpienteelephant el elefante tiger el tigrefish el pez trunk (part of animal) la trompafox el zorro turtle la tortugagiraffe la jirafa tusk (part of animal) el colmillogoat el chivo whale la ballenahippopotamus el hipoptamo wolf el lobohog el cerdo zebra la cebra

School words and Occupationsalgebra el lgebra music la msicaarchitect el arquitecto musician el msicoart el arte newspaper el peridico

backpack la mochila notebook el cuadernobanker el banquero novel la novelabarber el barbero nurse la enfermerabook el libro painter el pintorbotany la botnica painting la pinturacarpenter el carpintero paper el papelchemistry la qumica pen la pluma


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dentist el dentista pencil el lpizdictionary el diccionario pharmacist el farmacuticodoctor el mdico physics la fisicadrawing el dibujo pilot el pilotoelectrician el electricista policeman el agente de polica

engineer el ingeniero postman el carteroeraser la goma professor el profesorgeography la geografa salesman el vendedorgeometry la geometra science la cienciahistory la historia scissors unas tijerasink la tinta secretary la secretariajournalist el periodista soldier el soldadolanguages los idiomas stapler la grapadoralawyer el abogado tape (audio) la cintaletter la carta teacher el maestro

linguistics la lingstica typist la mecangrafomap el mapa writer el escritormath las matemticas zoology la zoologamechanic el mecnico

Spanish PronounsType of

Pronouns

Use Examples in Spanish(English)

Subject Replaces the subject of a sentence Yo(I), t(you), l(he), ella(she),nosotros(we), ellos(they), ellas(they)

Possessive Refers to something owned orpossessed by someone. usuallypreceded by el/la/los/las

Mo(mine), ma(mine), mos(mine),mas(mine), tuyo/a (yours),suyo/a(his,hers, theirs),nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/a(yours)

Reflexive Used when the direct object andindirect object of a verb refer to thesame person. Used more often inSpanish.

Me(myself), te(yourself),se(himself,herself, themselves), nos(ourselves), os(yourselves)

Indefinite Used to refer to nonspecific peopleor things

Algo(something), alguien(anybody),nadie(nobody), todo(all), todas(all),uno(one), unos(some), ninguno(none),mucho(many),poco (little)

Relative Introduces a clause that gives moreinformation about a noun orpronoun

Que (that, which, who, whom), quien(who, whom),el cual (which, thatwhich) cuyo (whose), cuyas (whose),


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donde (where), el que(that, which)Interrogative Used in questions Qu(what), quin(what), cundo

(when),cunto (when)Demonstrative Replaces a noun while also

pointing to itste(this one), sta(this one), sa(thatone), aqullos(those ones), aqul(that

one over there)

Prepositional

Function as the object of a verb orpreposition, used after prepositions,often in order to emphasize thenoun they replace

Mi (me), ti(you), l, nosotros,vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest isthe same as in subject pronouns)

Indirect

Object

Pronoun

Theyre words that replace theindirect object, which is usually aperson.

Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you(formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them)Meda gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Tequiero (I love you)

Subject pronouns:

Subject pronouns replace the subject of the sentence, they're very easy to use, and this is acomplete list of them with their English equivalent:

Subject Pronoun in SpanishSingular

yo - I , t - you (familiar), l - he, ella - she, usted - you (formal),

Plural

nosotros We (masculine or mixed gender), nosotras we (feminine), vosotros you-all(familiar, Spain, masculine or mixed gender)vosotras you-all (familiar, Spain, feminine), ellos they (masculine or mixed gender), ellasthey (feminine)ustedes you-all (formal in Spain, formal and familiar in Latin America)

Spanish Possessive Pronouns:

Possessive pronouns refer to something owned or possessed by someone. Usually preceded byel/la/los/las, used the same way in both languages:

Mine=el mo / la ma /los mos / las mas.


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Yours (familiar) =el tuyo / la tuya /los tuyos / las tuyas.

Yours (formal), his, hers= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas.

Ours= el nuestro / la nuestra/ los nuestros / las nuestras.

Yours (familiar)= el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras.

Yours (formal), theirs= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas

Possessive Pronouns in SpanishPossessive pronouns Masculine FeminineMine el (los) mo(s) la(s) ma(s)Yours (t) el (los) tuyo(s) la(s) tuya(s)

His/hers/itsyours (Ud.)

el (los) suyo(s) la(s) suya(s)

Ours el (los) nuestro(s) la(s) nuestra(s)Yours (vosotros) el (los) vuestro(s) la(s) vuestra(s)Theirsyours (Uds.)

el (los) suyo(s) la(s) suya(s)

Below, are examples of pronoun adjectives, compare them to the possessive pronoun shown onthe table above,

mi(s)=my, mi coche (my car) mis amigas (my friends), tu(s)=your (singular) tu hermano (yourbrother) tus amigos, su(s)= his, her, your (formal), theirsu dinero (his money), sus plumasnuestro(-a, -os, -as)=our, nuestro plato (our plate), nuestras casas, vuestro(-a, -os, -as)= your(fam. pl.), vuestro radio, vuestras plumas .

Note: dont confuse between the three forms of possessive:

Possessive adjective (short/unstressed form): mi, tu, su, nuestro/a, vuesto/a , nuestra casa (ourhouse).

Possessive adjective (long/stressed form): mo, tuyo , es un amigo tuyo ( he is a friend of yours).

Possessive pronoun: el mo, el tuyo, es el mo (its mine)

Prepositional Pronouns in Spanish


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Spanish prepositional pronouns are used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the nounthey replace. There are 11 forms of prepositional pronouns, the only difference betweenprepositional pronouns and subject pronouns is the first and second person in the singular, (m

and ti instead of yo and t), plus we have a neuter form elloin the prepositional pronoun.

Prepositional PronounsSingular PluralMe m Us nosotrosYou ti You vosotrosHim, it l Them ellosHer, it ella Them ellasYou Ud. You Uds.

It ello

Examples:

A mi, no me gusta el carne de cerdo = me (to me), I don't like pork.

Quiero estudiarcon ellos = I want to study with them.

Tengo un regalo para ti = I have a gift for you.

But we also have ello which is for neuter, No tengo tiempo para ello= I don't have time for that.

estoy ocupado, y porell o no puedo ir al cine= I'm busy, that's why I can't go to the movies.

Exceptions: We use subject pronouns after the prepositions como(like), entre(between),excepto(except), incluso(including), menos(except),salvo(except), andsegn(according to).Example: Necesito un amigo como t = I need a friend like you.

And also when paired with another pronoun: - para ly ella- por to yo.

Spanish Reflexive Pronouns:


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Reflexive pronouns in Spanish are closely related to direct and indirect pronouns, by followingthe same rules of word order and using almost the same pronouns.

I wash myself: Mebao. Whats your name? (What do you call yourself?) Cmo te llamas. Soall pronouns ending in -self (-selves) are considered reflexive pronouns, in Spanish there are (me,

te, se, nos, os, se), see table below for more detail.

Spanish Reflexive PronounsPerson Spanish English equivalent ExampleFirst-person singular me myself Me bao, I wash myself.Second-person

singular familiarte yourself Te baas, you wash

yourself.

Second-personsingular formal,

third-person singular

se yourself, himself, herself,itself, oneself

Ella se baa, she washesherself.

First-person plural nos ourselves Nos baamos, we washourselves.

Second-person plural

familiaros yourselves Os baais, you wash

yourselves.Second-person plural

formal,

third-person plural

se yourselves, themselves Se baan, they washthemselves.

Indefinite Pronouns in Spanish

Indefinite pronounsare those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. InSpanish as in English, most of the words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes they function asother parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In Spanish, some of theindefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and pluralforms, so they must agree with the nouns they refer to.

Here is a list of the most common Spanish indefinite pronouns:

Spanish Indefinite PronounsSpanish Examplesalguien (someone, Necesito a alguien que pueda hablar ingls. (I need someone who


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somebody, anyone,anybody)

can speak English.)

alguno, alguna, algunos,algunas

(one, some things or people)

Voy a salir con algunas de las chicas. (I'm going out with one ofthe girls.) Algunos quieren bailar. (Some want to dance.)Quieres alguno ms? (Do you want some more?)

algo (something) Busco algo grande y barato. (Im looking for something big andcheap.) Escuchaste algo esta tarde? (Did you hear somethingthis afternoon?)

cualquiera (anybody,anyone)

Cualquiera puede jugar el ftbol. (Anyone can play soccer.)

mucho, mucha, muchos,muchas (much, many)

El sitio web tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The website has much tooffer.) Hay muchos. (There are many problems.) Nos quedamucho por hacer. (We have much left to do.)

nada (nothing) No tengo nada para ti. (I have nothing for you.) (When nadafollows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb

typically is also put in negative form)nadie (nobody, no one) No conocemos a nadie. (We don't know anybody.) Nadie te

crees. (No one believes you.) Note that when nadie follows averb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is alsoput in negative form.

ninguno, ninguna (none,nobody, no one)

Ninguna de ellas tiene dinero. (None of them have money)(When ninguno follows a verb, the part of the sentence precedingthe verb typically is also put in negative form.

Otro/a, otros/as (another,other one, another one, otherones, others)

Me puedes traer otro? (Can you bring me another one?) Los otrosestan judando con el perro. (The others are playing with the dog).(Un otro and una otra are not used for "another one)

Poco/a, pocos/as (little, littlebit, few, a few)

Tengo un poco de hambre. (Im a little bit hungry.) Pocos van ala playa (A few are going to the beach.)

todo, todos, todas(everything, all, everyone)

T comes todo. (You eat everything.) Todos piensan en su futuro.(All are thinking about their future)

uno, una, unos/as (one,some)

Uno no puede creer sin ver. (One cannot believe without seeing.)Unos libros son aburridos. (Some books are boring.)

Tanto (as much) Quiero ir contigo, pero no tengo tanto tiempo (I want to go withyou but I dont have much time)

Spanish Relative Pronouns

Relative pronounsare used to refer to another expression or concept that preceded it. In Englishwe have (that, which, or who). In Spanish we find (que, quien, quienes, el que, el cual) Notethat these pronouns are not accents like the interrogative ones. So relative pronouns are pronounsthat are used to introduce a clause that provides more information about a noun. Thus in the


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sentence "The lady who is talking is my teacher," the relative pronoun is "who"; the clause "whois talking" provides more information about the sentence's subject, "the lady." In the Spanishequivalent, la mujer que habla es mi profesora, the relative pronoun is que.

Spanish Relative PronounsPronouns ExamplesQue (who) Me gusta la cancin queestas cantando. (I like the song that you're

singing) Que must be used when the relative pronoun comesimmediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between thetwo.

Quien, quienes

(who, whom)Conoces a Juan, quienhabla ocho idiomas.(Do you know John, whospeaks 8 languages.)Es la profesora de quiente dije.(She is the teacherI told you about.) Dont confuse between Quien and Que. Quienis usedafter a preposition. Or separated by commas from the noun it describes,

el que, la que,

lo que, los que, las

que (which, who,

whom)

Mario es el muchacho con el que vas a estudiar. (Mario is the studentwith whom you will study) This pronoun must match the noun it refersto in both number and gender. It is often interchangeable with el cualbutis somewhat more informal in usage.

el cual, la cual,

lo cual, los cuales,

las cuales (which,

who, whom)

Ese era el tema sobre el cualyo estaba hablando (This was the subjectwhich I was talking about) This pronoun must match the noun it refersto in both number and gender. It is used in formal writing more oftenthan in speech

cuyo, cuya,cuyos,

cuyas (whose)

Conozco personalmente a ese autor cuyoslibros me brindan tanto placer

(I know this author personally, whose books are a lot of fun) Thispronoun must match the noun it modifies in both number and gender. Itis used more in writing than in speech. Not used in questions, where dequinis used instead, as in De quin es esta camiseta? (Whose shirt isthis?)

Donde (where) Voy a Espaa dondese habla espaol. (I'm going to Spain whereSpanish is spoken.)

Not only can we omit relative pronouns in English, but also in Spanish: I like the song (that)youre singing, (that) is not necessary in this sentence, but in Spanish it cannot be omitted: Megusta la cancin queestas cantando.

Que = that, which, who.

Quien = who, or whom after a preposition.

El que = that, which, who, whom.


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El cual = that, which, who, whom.

It seems that they all mean the same thing!! So how do we know which one in specific cases? Ageneral rule is the longer the distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun, thelonger is the relative pronoun to be used, knowing that the shortest one is (que) with three

characters and longest is el cual (6 characters).Que: must be used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, whenthere is nothing between the two.

Me gusta la casa quetienes.(I like the house that you have).

Quien:is used when the antecedent is a person and there is some distance between theantecedent and the relative pronoun (a comma or a short (one- or two-syllable) preposition):

Roberto es el hombre con quiensalgo. (Robert is the person who Im going out with).

El queand the other forms (la que, los que, las que):are typically used when there is somedistance between the relative pronoun and the antecedent, for example after a comma or a one-word preposition. This includes one-syllable prepositions often used with que (likeen) andespecially those which que might cause confusion if used with que, for example:

El puebloen elquenac (the village where I was born).

El cualand the accompanying forms la cual, los cuales, and las cuales, are used when there is

greater distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun. The most typical examples isafter compound prepositions such as acerca de(about, concerning), al lado de(beside), antesde(before), cerca de(near), debajo de(underneath), delante de(in front of), dentro de(inside), despus de(after), detrs de(behind), and por encima de(on top of). As with el que,the numerous forms for el cualmake it useful to distinguish between more than one possibleantecedent.

La violencia domstica es un mal sobreel cual es difcil hablar.

SpanishInterrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronounsarequin, qu, cul, and cunto. A pronoun is a word that replaces anoun, and interrogative means questioning, so interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to askthe questions like who, what, which, and how much/many. Note that all of these words haveaccents.


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SpanishInterrogative Pronouns

Quin(who, whom)pluralQuines.

Quin est aqu? Who is here? Quin viene conmigo?Who's coming with me? Quines han ganado? Who won?

Quincan also follow apreposition.

A quin hablis? To whom are you speaking? De quines este libro? Whose book is this?

Qu(what) Qu quiere? What does he want? Qu piensas del libro?What do you think of the book? Qu es eso? What is this?

Cul (what, which)pluralcules

Cul quieres - la pluma o el lpiz? Which do you want -the pen or the pencil? Hay muchas ideas. Culesprefieres? There are a lot of ideas. Which ones do youprefer?

Cunto(how much) pluralcuntos (how many).

Tienes dinero? Cunto? Do you have any money? Howmuch? Cuntos estn en el coche? How many are in thecar?

Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns

Spanish has three demonstrative pronouns where English only has two. In English, we say "this"or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not. In Spanish, we also say "this"and "that," but there is another extra word used to mean "that one over there." This form is usedwhen the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of theroom. Here are the three forms for "this" "that" and "that one over there".

este(this) - ese (that) -aquel (that one over there).

Remember, the demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative adjectives, except thatthe pronouns have a written accent.

Spanish Demonstrative Pronounsthis(este: adjective) (ste: pronoun)that(ese: adjective) (se: pronoun)that one over there(aquel: adjective)(aqul: pronoun)

se(that one - masculine)sos(those ones - masculine)sa(that one - feminine)sas(those ones - feminine)

ste(this one - masculine) aqul(that one over there - masc.)


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stos(these ones - masculine)sta(this one - feminine)stas(these ones - feminine)

aqullos(those ones over there - masc.)aqulla(that one over there - fem.)aqullas(those ones over there - fem.)

Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender,they do not have a written accent, and they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknownobject.

esto(this matter, this thing)eso(that matter, that thing)aquello(that matter/thing over there)

Spanish Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronounsare words that replace the indirect object, which is usually a person.

The Spanish indirect object pronouns are as follows:

1st person me me nos us

2nd person te you os you

3rd person le him, her, you, it les them, you

Like direct object pronouns, Spanish indirect object pronouns are placed in front of the verb.

I'm telling youabout him. - Tehablo de l.She sings to them- Lescanta.We lend you people our car. - Osprestamos nuestro coche.He asked us - l nospregunt.

Pronouns can get attached to the end in the case of infinitives, present participles, and affirmativecommands:

Le voy a preguntar (or) Voy a preguntarle - I'm going to tell him.Les quiero enviar una tarjeta (or) Quiero enviarles una tarjeta - I want to send them a letter.


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Summary:

This is mainly what you need to remember about Pronouns in general:

Spanish PronounsType of

PronounsUse Examples in Spanish(English)

Subject Replaces the subject of a sentence Yo(I), t(you), l(he), ella(she),nosotros(we), ellos(they), ellas(they)

Possessive Refers to something owned orpossessed by someone. usuallypreceded by el/la/los/las

Mo(mine), ma(mine), mos(mine),mas(mine), tuyo/a (yours),suyo/a(his,hers, theirs),nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/a

(yours)Reflexive Used when the direct object and

indirect object of a verb refer to thesame person. Used more often inSpanish.

Me(myself), te(yourself),se(himself,herself, themselves), nos(ourselves), os(yourselves)

Indefinite Used to refer to nonspecific peopleor things

Algo(something), alguien(anybody),nadie(nobody), todo(all), todas(all),uno(one), unos(some), ninguno(none),mucho(many),poco (little)

Relative Introduces a clause that gives moreinformation about a noun or

pronoun

Que (that, which, who, whom), quien(who, whom),el cual (which, that

which) cuyo (whose), cuyas (whose),donde (where), el que(that, which)

Interrogative Used in questions Qu(what), quin(what), cundo(when),cunto (when)

Demonstrative Replaces a noun while alsopointing to it

ste(this one), sta(this one), sa(thatone), aqullos(those ones), aqul(thatone over there)

Prepositional

Function as the object of a verb orpreposition, used after prepositions,often in order to emphasize thenoun they replace

Mi (me), ti(you), l, nosotros,vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest isthe same as in subject pronouns)

Indirect

Object

Pronoun

Theyre words that replace theindirect object, which is usually aperson.

Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you(formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them)Meda gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Tequiero (I love yo

Spanish Grammar PREPOSITIONS ,SPORTS adjectives irregular verbs ,etc

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