Spanish Golden Age
-
Upload
jorge-luis-borges -
Category
Documents
-
view
235 -
download
0
Transcript of Spanish Golden Age
-
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
1/14
Spanish Golden Age 1
Spanish Golden Age
Las Meninas (1656, English: The Maids of Honour)
The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish:
Siglo de Oro, Golden Century) is a
period of flourishing in arts and
literature in Spain, coinciding with the
political rise and decline of the Spanish
Habsburg dynasty.El Siglo de Oro does
not imply precise dates and is usually
considered to have lasted longer than an
actual century. It begins no earlier than
1492, with the end of the Reconquista
(Reconquest), the sea voyages of
Christopher Columbus to the New
World, and the publication of Antonio
de Nebrija's Gramtica de la lengua
castellana (Grammar of the Castilian
Language). Politically, it ends no later
than 1659, with the Treaty of the
Pyrenees, ratified between France and
Habsburg Spain. The last great writer of
the period, Pedro Calderon de la Barca,
died in 1681, and his death usually is
considered the end ofEl Siglo de Oro in
the arts and literature.
The Habsburgs, both in Spain and
Austria, were great patrons of art in their countries. El Escorial, the great royal monastery built by King Philip II of
Spain, invited the attention of some of Europe's greatest architects and painters. Diego Velzquez, regarded as one of
the most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time, cultivated a
relationship with King Philip IV and his chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares, leaving us several portraits that
demonstrate his style and skill. El Greco, another respected artist from the period, infused Spanish art with the styles
of the Italian renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Grecohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count-Duke_of_Olivareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Escorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburg_Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburg_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburgshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calderon_de_la_Barcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburg_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_the_Pyreneeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_the_Pyreneeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Nebrijahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Nebrijahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reconquistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Habsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Habsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALas_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Meninas -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
2/14
Spanish Golden Age 2
In ictu oculi ("In the blink of an eye") a vanitas by Juan de Valds Leal
Some of Spain's greatest music is
regarded as having been written in the
period. Such composers as Toms Luis
de Victoria, Francisco Guerrero, Luis
de Miln and Alonso Lobo helped to
shape Renaissance music and the stylesof counterpoint and polychoral music,
and their influence lasted far into the
Baroque period which resulted in a
revolution of music. Spanish literature
blossomed as well, most famously
demonstrated in the work of Miguel de
Cervantes, the author ofDon Quixote
de la Mancha. Spain's most prolific
playwright, Lope de Vega, wrote
possibly as many as one thousand playsduring his lifetime, of which over four
hundred survive to the present day.
Painting
Toledo by El Greco
Spain, in the time of the Italian Renaissance, hadseen few great artists come to its shores. The Italian
holdings and relationships made by Queen Isabella's
husband and later Spain's sole monarch, Ferdinand of
Aragon, launched a steady traffic of intellectuals
across the Mediterranean between Valencia, Seville,
and Florence. Luis de Morales, one of the leading
exponents of Spanish mannerist painting, retained a
distinctly Spanish style in his work, reminiscent of
medieval art. Spanish art, particularly that of
Morales, contained a strong mark of mysticism andreligion that was encouraged by the
counter-reformation and the patronage of Spain's
strongly Catholic monarchs and aristocracy. Spanish
rule of Naples was important for making connections
between Italian and Spanish art, with many Spanish
administrators bringing Italian works back to Spain.
El Greco
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counter-reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manneristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Moraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valencia_%28city_in_Spain%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_II_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_II_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEl_Greco_-_A_View_of_Toledo_-_WGA10512.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Grecohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lope_de_Vegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Quixotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Quixotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Cervanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Cervanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroque_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polychoralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterpointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Lobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Mil%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Mil%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Guerrero_%28composer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIn_ictu_oculi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s_Lealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanitashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_ictu_oculi -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
3/14
Spanish Golden Age 3
Universally known for his great impact in bringing the Italian Renaissance to Spain, El Greco (which means "The
Greek") was not Spanish, having been born Domenikos Theotokopoulos in Crete. He studied the great Italian
masters of his time - Titian, Tintoretto, and Michelangelo - when he lived in Italy from 1568 to 1577. According to
legend, he asserted that he would paint a mural that would be as good as one of Michelangelo's, ifone of the Italian
artist's murals was demolished first. El Greco quickly fell out of favor in Italy, but soon found a new home in the city
of Toledo, in central Spain. He was influential in creating a style based on impressions and emotion, featuring
elongated fingers and vibrant color and brushwork. Uniquely, his works featured faces that captured expressions of
sombre attitudes and withdrawal while still having his subjects bear witness to the terrestrial world. [1] His paintings
of the city of Toledo became models for a new European tradition in landscapes, and influenced the work of later
Dutch masters. Spain at this time was an ideal environment for the Venetian-trained painter. Art was flourishing in
the empire and Toledo was a great place to get commissions.
Diego Velzquez
He was born on June 6, 1599, in Seville. Both parents were from the minor nobility. He was the oldest of six
children. Diego Velzquez is widely regarded as one of Spain's most important and influential artists. He was a court
painter for King Philip IV and found increasingly high demand for his portraits from statesmen, aristocrats, andclergymen across Europe. His portraits of the King, his chief minister, the Count-duke of Olivares, and the Pope
himself demonstrated a belief in artistic realism and a style comparable to many of the Dutch masters. In the wake of
the Thirty Years' War, Velzquez met the Marqus de Spinola and painted his famous Surrender of Breda
celebrating Spinola's earlier victory. Spinola was struck[citation needed] by his ability to express emotion through
realism in both his portraits and landscapes; his work in the latter, in which he launched one of European art's first
experiments in outdoor lighting, became another lasting influence on Western painting. Velzquez's friendship with
Bartolom Esteban Murillo, a leading Spanish painter of the next generation, ensured the enduring influence of his
artistic approach.
Velazquez's most famous painting, however, is the celebrated Las Meninas, in which the artist includes himself as
one of the subjects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Meninashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breda_%281624%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breda_%281624%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambrosio_Spinola%2C_marqu%C3%A9s_de_los_Balbaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_mastershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_IV_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tintorettohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Greco -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
4/14
Spanish Golden Age 4
The Birth of the Virgin by Francisco de Zurbarn
Francisco de Zurbarn
The religious element in Spanish art, in many circles,
grew in importance with the counter-reformation.
The austere, ascetic, and severe work of Francisco de
Zurbarn exemplified this thread in Spanish art,along with the work of composer Toms Luis de
Victoria. Philip IV actively patronized artists who
agreed with his views on the counter-reformation and
religion. The mysticism of Zurbarn's work -
influenced by Saint Theresa of Avila - became a
hallmark of Spanish art in later generations.
Influenced by Caravaggio and the Italian masters,
Zurbarn devoted himself to an artistic expression of
religion and faith. His paintings of St. Francis of
Assisi, the immaculate conception, and thecrucifixion of Christ reflected a third facet of Spanish
culture in the seventeenth century, against the
backdrop of religious war across Europe. Zurbarn
broke from Velzquez's sharp realist interpretation of
art and looked, to some extent, to the emotive content
of El Greco and the earlier mannerist painters for
inspiration and technique, though Zurbarn respected
and maintained the lighting and physical nuance of Velzquez.
It is unknown whether Zurbarn had the opportunity to copy the paintings of Michelangelo da Caravaggio; at anyrate, he adopted Caravaggio's realistic use of chiaroscuro. The painter who may have had the greatest influence on
his characteristically severe compositions was Juan Snchez Cotn.[2] Polychrome sculpturewhich by the time of
Zurbarn's apprenticeship had reached a level of sophistication in Seville that surpassed that of the local
paintersprovided another important stylistic model for the young artist; the work of Juan Martnez Montas is
especially close to Zurbarn's in spirit.
He painted directly from nature, and he made great use of the lay-figure in the study of draperies, in which he was
particularly proficient. He had a special gift for white draperies; as a consequence, the houses of the white-robed
Carthusians are abundant in his paintings. To these rigid methods, Zurbarn is said to have adhered throughout his
career, which was prosperous, wholly confined to Spain, and varied by few incidents beyond those of his daily
labour. His subjects were mostly severe and ascetic religious vigils, the spirit chastising the flesh into subjection, the
compositions often reduced to a single figure. The style is more reserved and chastened than Caravaggio's, the tone
of color often quite bluish. Exceptional effects are attained by the precisely finished foregrounds, massed out largely
in light and shade.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carthusianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo_da_Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Grecohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crucifixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immaculate_conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_of_Assisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_of_Assisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Theresa_of_Avilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFrancisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
5/14
Spanish Golden Age 5
Bartolom Esteban Murillo
Immaculate Conception by Murillo
Bartolom Esteban Murillo began his art studies under
Juan del Castillo in Seville. Murillo became familiar
with Flemish painting; the great commercial
importance of Seville at the time ensured that he was
also subject to influences from other regions. His firstworks were influenced by Zurbarn, Jusepe de Ribera
and Alonso Cano, and he shared their strongly realist
approach. As his painting developed, his more
important works evolved towards the polished style
that suited the bourgeois and aristocratic tastes of the
time, demonstrated especially in his Roman Catholic
religious works.
In 1642, at the age of 26 he moved to Madrid, where he
most likely became familiar with the work ofVelzquez, and would have seen the work of Venetian
and Flemish masters in the royal collections; the rich
colors and softly modeled forms of his subsequent
work suggest these influences.[3] He returned to Seville
in 1645. In that year, he painted thirteen canvases for
the monastery of St. Francisco el Grande in Seville
which gave his reputation a well-deserved boost.
Following the completion of a pair of pictures for the
Seville Cathedral, he began to specialise in the themes
that brought him his greatest successes, the Virgin andChild, and the Immaculate Conception.
After another period in Madrid, from 1658 to 1660, he returned to Seville, where he died. Here he was one of the
founders of the Academia de Bellas Artes (Academy of Art), sharing its direction, in 1660, with the architect,
Francisco Herrera the Younger. This was his period of greatest activity, and he received numerous important
commissions, among them the altarpieces for the Augustinian monastery, the paintings for Santa Mara la Blanca
(completed in 1665), and others.
Other significant painters
Luis de Morales Jos de Ribera
Juan Snchez Cotn
Juan van der Hamen
Francisco Ribalta
Juan de Valds Leal
Juan Carreo de Miranda
Claudio Coello
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Coellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carre%C3%B1o_de_Mirandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s_Lealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ribaltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_van_der_Hamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Riberahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Moraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Blancahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Herrera_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_%28Seville%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immaculate_Conceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seville_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francisco_el_Grandehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Canohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jusepe_de_Riberahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Zurbar%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flemish_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_del_Castillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMurillo_immaculate_conception.jpg -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
6/14
Spanish Golden Age 6
Sculpture
Entombmentby Juan de Juni
Sculptors of the Renaissance
Alonso Berruguete
Felipe Bigarny
Dami Forment
Juan de Juni
Bartolom Ordez
Diego de Silo
Sculptors of the Early Baroque period
Alonso Cano
Gregorio Fernndez
Juan Martnez Montas
Pedro de Mena
Juan de Mesa
Architecture
Palace of Charles V
Panoramic view of the lower level
The Palace of Charles V is a Renacentist construction,located on the top of the hill of the Assabica, inside the
Nasrid fortification of the Alhambra. It was
commanded by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who
wished to establish his residence close to the Alhambra
palaces. Although the Catholic Monarchs had already
altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest
of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a
permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to Pedro Machuca, an architect whose biography
and influences are poorly understood. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the Plateresque style, still
with traces of Gothic origin. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to Mannerism, a mode still in itsinfancy in Italy. Even if accounts that place Machuca in the atelier of Michelangelo are accepted, at the time of the
construction of the palace in 1527 the latter had yet to design the majority of his architectural works.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plateresquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Machucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alhambrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Charles_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACharles_V_Palace_Pano_2009.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Mesahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Menahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Canohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Silo%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Junihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dami%C3%A0_Formenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Bigarnyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Berruguetehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AJuan_de_Juni-Santo_Entierro.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Juni -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
7/14
Spanish Golden Age 7
El Escorial
Faade of the Monastery of El Escorial
El Escorial is a historical residence of the king of
Spain. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions
as a monastery, royal palace, museum, and school. It is
located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the
Spanish capital, Madrid, in the town of San Lorenzo deEl Escorial. El Escorial comprises two architectural
complexes of great historical and cultural significance:
El Real Monasterio de El Escorial itself and La
Granjilla de La Fresneda, a royal hunting lodge and
monastic retreat about five kilometres away. These
sites have a dual nature; that is to say, during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were places in
which the temporal power of the Spanish monarchy
and the ecclesiastical predominance of the Roman
Catholic religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was, at once, a monastery and aSpanish royal palace. Originally a property of the Hieronymite monks, it is now a monastery of the Order of Saint
Augustine.
The library of El Escorial
Philip II of Spain, reacting to the Protestant Reformation sweeping
through Europe during the sixteenth century, devoted much of his
lengthy reign (15561598) and much of his seemingly
inexhaustible supply of New World silver to stemming the
Protestant tide sweeping through Europe, while simultaneously
fighting the Islamic Ottoman Empire. His protracted efforts were,
in the long run, partly successful. However, the samecounter-reformational impulse had a much more benign
expression, thirty years earlier, in Philip's decision to build the
complex at El Escorial.
Philip engaged the Spanish architect, Juan Bautista de Toledo, to
be his collaborator in the design of El Escorial. Juan Bautista had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where
he had worked on the basilica of St. Peter's, and in Naples, where he had served the king's viceroy, whose
recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and together they
designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Peter%27s_Basilicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_de_Toledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counter_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEscorialBiblioteca.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Augustinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hieronymitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Granjilla_de_La_Fresneda_de_El_Escorial%2C_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Granjilla_de_La_Fresneda_de_El_Escorial%2C_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_royal_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Escorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEl_Escorial-Madrid.jpg -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
8/14
Spanish Golden Age 8
Plaza Mayor in Madrid
Plaza Mayor with the Casa de la Panadera to the
left
The Plaza Mayor in Madrid was built during the Habsburg period is a
central plaza in the city of Madrid, Spain. It is located only a few
blocks away from another famous plaza, the Puerta del Sol. The Plaza
Mayor is rectangular in shape, measuring 129 by 94 meters, and is
surrounded by three-story residential buildings having 237 balconiesfacing the Plaza. It has a total of nine entranceways. The Casa de la
Panadera, serving municipal and cultural functions, dominates the
Plaza Mayor.
The origins of the Plaza go back to 1589 when Philip II of Spain asked
Juan de Herrera, a renowned Renaissance architect, to discuss a plan to
remodel the busy and chaotic area of the old Plaza del Arrabal. Juan de
Herrera was the architect who designed the first project in 1581 to remodel the old Plaza del Arrabal but construction
didn't start until 1617, during Philip III's reign. The king asked Juan Gmez de Mora to continue with the project,
and he finished the porticoes in 1619. Nevertheless, the Plaza Mayor as we know it today is the work of the architect
Juan de Villanueva who was entrusted with its reconstruction in 1790 after a spate of big fires. Giambologna's
equestrian statue of Philip III dates to 1616, but it was not placed in the center of the square until 1848.
Granada Cathedral
Inner view of the cathedral
Granada Cathedral Unlike most cathedrals in Spain, construction
of this cathedral had to await the acquisition of the Nasrid
kingdom of Granada from its Muslim rulers in 1492; while its very
early plans had Gothic designs, such as are evident in the Royal
Chapel of Granada by Enrique Egas, the construction of the church
in the main occurred at a time when Renaissance designs were
supplanting the Gothic regnant in Spanish architecture of prior
centuries. Foundations for the church were laid by the architect
Egas starting from 1518 to 1523 atop the site of the city's main
mosque; by 1529, Egas was replaced by Diego de Silo who
labored for nearly four decades on the structure from ground to
cornice, planning the triforium and five naves instead of the usual
three. Most unusually, he created a circular capilla mayor rather
than a semicircular apse, perhaps inspired by Italian ideas for
circular 'perfect buildings' (e.g. in Alberti's works). Within its
structure the cathedral combines other orders of architecture. It
took 181 years for the cathedral to be built.
Subsequent architects included Juan de Maena (15631571),
followed by Juan de Orea (15711590), and Ambrosio de Vico (1590-?). In 1667 Alonso Cano, working with
Gaspar de la Pea, altered the initial plan for the main faade, introducing Baroque elements. The magnificence of
the building would be even greater, if the two large 81 meter towers foreseen in the plans had been built; however
the project remained incomplete for various reasons, among them, financial.
The Cathedral had been intended to become the royal mausoleum by Charles I of Spain of Spain, but Philip II of
Spain moved the site for his father and subsequent kings to El Escorial outside of Madrid.
The main chapel contains two kneeling effigies of the Catholic King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabel by Pedro de
Mena y Medrano. The busts of Adam and Eve were made by Alonso Cano. The Chapel of the Trinity has a
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabel_I_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_II_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Escorialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Canohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triforiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Siloehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Chapel_of_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Chapel_of_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granada_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAndalusia_hl_20060811_006.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giambolognahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Villanuevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_G%C3%B3mez_de_Morahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_III_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza_del_Arrabalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Herrerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casa_de_la_Panader%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casa_de_la_Panader%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerta_del_Solhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaza_Mayor%2C_Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APlazaMayorMadrid.JPG -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
9/14
Spanish Golden Age 9
marvelous retablo with paintings by El Greco, Jos Ribera, Alonso Cano, and the Spanoleto.
Cathedral of Valladolid
Cathedral of Valladolid's faade
The Cathedral of Valladolid, like all the buildings of the late
Spanish Renaissance built by Herrera and his followers, is known
for its purist and sober decoration, its style being the typicalSpanish clasicismo, also called "Herrerian". Using classical and
renaissance decorative motives, Herrerian buildings are
characterized by their extremely sober decorations, its formal
austerity, and its like for monumentality.
The Cathedral has its origins in a late gothic Collegiate which was
started during the late 15th century, for before becoming capital of
Spain Valladolid was not a bishopry see, and thus it lacked the
right of building a cathedral. However, soon enough the Collegiate became obsolete due to the changes of taste of
the day, and thanks to the newly established episcopal see in the city, the Town Council decided to build a cathedral
that would shade similar constructions in neighbouring capitals.
Had the building been finished, it would have been one of the biggest cathedrals in Spain. When the building was
started, Valladolid was the de facto capital of Spain, housing king Philip II and his court. However, due to strategical
and geopolitical reasons, by the 1560s the capital was moved to Madrid, thus Valladolid losing its political and
economical relevance. By the late sixteenth century, Valladolid's importance had been severely resented, and many
of the monumental projects such as the Cathedreal, started during its former and glorious days, had to be modified
due to the lack of proper financiation. Thus, the building that nowadays stands could not be finished in all its
splendour, and because of several additions built during thh 17th and 18th centuries, it lacks the purported stylistical
uniformity sought by Herrera. Indeed, although mainly faithful to the project of Juan de Herrera, the building would
undergo many modifications, such as the addition to the top of the main faade, a work by Churriguera.
Significant architects
Renaissance and Plateresque period
Alonso de Covarrubias
Juan de Herrera
Rodrigo Gil de Hontan
Pedro Machuca
Francisco de Mora
Diego de Riao Hernn Ruiz the Younger
Diego de Silo
Juan Bautista de Toledo
Andrs de Vandelvira
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_de_Vandelvirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_de_Toledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Silo%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hern%C3%A1n_Ruiz_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Ria%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Morahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Machucahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Gil_de_Honta%C3%B1%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Herrerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Covarrubiashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plateresquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churriguerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herrerianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_Valladolidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AValladolid_-_Catedral.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valladolidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanoletohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Riberahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Greco -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
10/14
Spanish Golden Age 10
Early Baroque period
Domingo Antonio de Andrade
Eufrasio Lpez de Rojas
Juan Gmez de Mora
Music
Toms Luis de Victoria
Contemporary printing of the sheet music for
Toms Luis de Victoria's Officium
Defunctorum.
Toms Luis de Victoria, a Spanish composer of the sixteenth century,
mainly of choral music, is widely regarded as one of the greatest
Spanish classical composers. He joined the cause of Ignatius of Loyola
in the fight against the Reformation and in 1575 became a priest. He
lived for a short time in Italy, where he became acquainted with the
polyphonic work of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Like Zurbarn,
Victoria mixed the technical qualities of Italian art with the religion and
culture of his native Spain. He invigorated his work with emotional
appeal and experimental, mystical rhythm and choruses. He broke from
the dominant tendency among his contemporaries by avoiding complex
counterpoint, preferring longer, simpler, less technical and more
mysterious melodies, employing dissonance in ways that the Italian
members of the Roman School shunned. He demonstrated considerable
invention in musical thought by connecting the tone and emotion of his
music to those of his lyrics, particularly in his motets. Like Velzquez,
Victoria was employed by the monarch - in Victoria's case, in the
service of the queen. The requiem he wrote upon her death in 1603 is
regarded as one of his most enduring and mature works.
Francisco Guerrero
Francisco Guerrero, a Spanish composer of the 16th century. He was second only to Victoria as a major Spanish
composer of church music in the second half of the 16th century. Of all the Spanish Renaissance composers, he was
the one who lived and worked the most in Spain. Others for example Morales and Victoriaspent large portions
of their careers in Italy. Guerrero's music was both sacred and secular, unlike that of Victoria and Morales, the two
other Spanish 16th-century composers of the first rank. He wrote numerous secular songs and instrumental pieces, in
addition to masses, motets, and Passions. He was able to capture an astonishing variety of moods in his music, from
ecstasy to despair, longing, joy, and devotional stillness; his music remained popular for hundreds of years,
especially in cathedrals in Latin America. Stylistically he preferred homophonic textures, rather like his Spanish
contemporaries, and he wrote memorable, singable lines. One interesting feature of his style is how he anticipated
functional harmonic usage: there is a case of a Magnificat discovered in Lima, Peru, once thought to be an
anonymous 18th century work, which turned out to be a work of his.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Guerrero_%28composer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requiem_%28Victoria%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consonance_and_dissonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protestant_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_of_Loyolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AVictoria_officium.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officium_Defunctorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officium_Defunctorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_G%C3%B3mez_de_Morahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eufrasio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Rojashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_de_Andrade -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
11/14
Spanish Golden Age 11
Alonso Lobo
Victoria's work was complemented by Alonso Lobo - a man Victoria respected as his equal. Lobo's work - also
choral and religious in its content - stressed the austere, minimalist nature of religious music. Lobo sought out a
medium between the emotional intensity of Victoria and the technical ability of Palestrina; the solution he found
became the foundation of the baroque musical style in Spain.
Other significant musicians
Cristbal de Morales
Antonio de Cabezn
Francisco Correa de Arauxo
Juan Cabanilles
Juan del Encina
Luis Miln
Luis de Narvez
Enrquez de Valderrbano
Diego Pisador Alonso Mudarra
Pablo Bruna
Literature
The Spanish Golden Age was a time of great flourishing in poetry, prose and drama.
Cervantes andDon Quixote
Cervantes'Don Quixote (1605), original title page
Regarded by many as one of the finest works in any language, El
ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha by Miguel de
Cervantes was one of the first novels published in Europe; it gave
Cervantes a stature in the Spanish-speaking world comparable to
his contemporary William Shakespeare in English. The novel, like
Spain itself, was caught between the Middle Ages and the modern
world. A veteran of the Battle of Lepanto (1571), Cervantes had
fallen on hard times in the late 1590s and was imprisoned for debt
in 1597, and some believe that during these years he began work
on his best-remembered novel. The first part of the novel was
published in 1605; the second in 1615, a year before the author's
death. Don Quixote resembled both the medieval, chivalric
romances of an earlier time and the novels of the early modern
world. It parodied classical morality and chivalry, found comedy
in knighthood, and criticized social structures and the perceived
madness of Spain's rigid society. The work has endured to the
present day as a landmark in world literary history, and it was an
immediate international hit in its own time, interpreted variously
as a satirical comedy, social commentary and forbearer of
self-referential literature.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lepanto_%281571%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Cervanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Cervanteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Manchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_ingenioso_hidalgo_Don_Quixote_de_la_Manchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEl_ingenioso_hidalgo_don_Quijote_de_la_Mancha.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Brunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Mudarrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Pisadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Valderr%C3%A1banohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Narv%C3%A1ezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Mil%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_del_Encinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Cabanilleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Correa_de_Arauxohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Moraleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_Lobo -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
12/14
Spanish Golden Age 12
Lope de Vega and Spanish drama
Title page of a comedy by Spanish playwright Lope de
Vega
A contemporary of Cervantes, Lope de Vega consolidated the
essential genres and structures which would characterize the
Spanish commercial drama, also known as the "Comedia",
throughout the 17th century. While Lope de Vega wrote prose and
poetry as well, he is best remembered for his plays, particularlythose grounded in Spanish history. Like Cervantes, Lope de Vega
served with the Spanish army and was fascinated with the Spanish
nobility. In the hundreds of plays he wrote, with settings ranging
from the Biblical times to legendary Spanish history to classical
mythology to his own time, Lope de Vega frequently took a
comical approach just as Cervantes did, taking a conventional
moral play and dressing it up in good humor and cynicism. His
stated goal was to entertain the public, much as Cervantes's was. In
bringing morality, comedy, drama, and popular wit together, Lope
de Vega is often compared to his English contemporaryShakespeare. Some have argued that as a social critic, Lope de
Vega attacked, like Cervantes, many of the ancient institutions of
his country - aristocracy, chivalry, and rigid morality, among
others. Lope de Vega and Cervantes represented an alternative
artistic perspective to the religious asceticism of Francisco
Zurbarn. Lope de Vega's "cloak-and-sword" plays, which mingled intrigue, romance, and comedy together were
carried on by his literary successor, Pedro Caldern de la Barca, in the later seventeenth century. Other well-known
playwrights of the period include: Tirso de Molina; Agustn Moreto; Juan Prez de Montalbn; Juan Ruiz de
Alarcn; Guilln de Castro and Antonio Mira de Amescua.
Poetry
This period also produced some of the most important Spanish works of poetry. The introduction and influence of
Italian Renaissance verse is apparent perhaps most vividly in the works of Garcilaso de la Vega and illustrate a
profound influence on later poets. Mystical literature in Spanish reached its summit with the works of San Juan de la
Cruz and Teresa of vila. Baroque poetry was dominated by the contrasting styles of Francisco de Quevedo and
Luis de Gngora; both had a lasting influence on subsequent writers, and even on the Spanish language itself. [4]
Lope de Vega was a gifted poet of his own, and there were a vast quantity of remarkable poets at that time, though
less known: Francisco de Rioja, Bartolom Leonardo de Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola, Bernardino de
Rebolledo, Rodrigo Caro, Andrs Rey de Artieda, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Rey_de_Artiedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Carohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardino_de_Rebolledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardino_de_Rebolledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupercio_Leonardo_de_Argensolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartolom%C3%A9_Leonardo_de_Argensolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Riojahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lope_de_Vegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Quevedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Teresa_de_%C3%81vilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_de_la_Cruzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_de_la_Cruzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_%28poet%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Mira_de_Amescuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guill%C3%A9n_de_Castrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_P%C3%A9rez_de_Montalb%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Moretohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirso_de_Molinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lope_de_Vegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALope_de_vega_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lope_de_Vegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lope_de_Vega -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
13/14
Spanish Golden Age 13
Other significant authors
The picaresque genre flourished in this era, describing the life ofpcaros, living by their wits in a decadent society.
Distinguished examples are El buscn, by Francisco de Quevedo, Guzmn de Alfarache by Mateo Alemn,
Estebanillo Gonzlez andLazarillo de Tormes (1554), which created the genre.
Alonso de Ercilla wrote the epic poem,La Araucana, about the Spanish conquest of Chile.
Gil Vicente was Portuguese but his influence on Spanish playwriting was so wide that he is often considered partof the Spanish Golden Era.
Further reading
Domnguez Ortiz, A., Gllego, J., & Prez Snchez, A.E. (1989). Velzquez[5]. New York: The Metropolitan
Museum of Art. ISBN 9780810939066.* Edward H. Friedman and Catherine Larson, eds. Brave New Words:
Studies in Spanish Golden Age Literature (1999)
Hugh Thomas. The Golden Age: The Spanish Empire of Charles V(2010)
Victor Stoichi, ed. Visionary Experience in the Golden Age of Spanish Art(1997)
Weller, Thomas: The "Spanish Century"
[6]
, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History,2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
References
Writers of the Spanish Golden Age, Literature, EDSITEment Lesson Plan of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, Sor Juana,
The Poet: The Sonnets [7]
[1] J.H. Elliot. "Imperial Spain: 14691716". Penguin Books, 1963. p.385
[2][2] Gllego and Gudiol 1987, p. 15.
[3] Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Britannica online Encyclopedia, retrieved 30 Sept. 2007. (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054349/
Bartolome-Esteban-Murillo)
[4][4] Dmaso Alonso, La lengua potica de Gngora (Madrid: Revista de Filologa Espaola, 1950), 112.
[5] http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/63259/rec/2
[6] http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025111
[7] http://edsitement.neh. gov/lesson-plan/lesson-1-sonnets-sor-juana-poet
Dmaso Alonso, La lengua potica de Gngora (Madrid: Revista de Filologa Espaola, 1950), 112.
http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/lesson-1-sonnets-sor-juana-poethttp://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025111http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/63259/rec/2http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054349/Bartolome-Esteban-Murillohttp://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054349/Bartolome-Esteban-Murillohttp://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/lesson-1-sonnets-sor-juana-poethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_European_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_History_Onlinehttp://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025111http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/9780810939066http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/63259/rec/2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gil_Vicentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Araucanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Ercillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazarillo_de_Tormeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estebanillo_Gonz%C3%A1lezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mateo_Alem%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guzm%C3%A1n_de_Alfarachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Quevedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_busc%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picaresque -
7/29/2019 Spanish Golden Age
14/14
Article Sources and Contributors 14
Article Sources and ContributorsSpanish Golden Age Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572474317 Contributors: 2deseptiembre, 3Flix, 777sms, A412, AlbertSM, Alexanderj, Alonso de Mendoza,AngChenrui, Anna Lincoln, Annamariarubio, Antandrus, Appleseed, Attilios, Auntof6, Austriacus, Belovedfreak, Boleslaw, Bolivian Unicyclist, Brunnock, Calliopejen1, CarlosPatio, Cgh75,Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Damifb, DanielNuyu, DanyMountbatten, Daven200520, Davius, Dbachmann, DionysosProteus, Dtremenak, Ecelan, Error, Fedallah, Fernando S. Aldado,Fieldday-sunday, Flauto Dolce, Fq2696, Furrykef, F, Ganymead, Geher, Ghirlandajo, Gimferrer, Glane23, Glasperlenspiel, HGB, Herr Lennartz, I dream of horses, Infrogmation, Inkbug,J.delanoy, JASpencer, Jagged 85, Jeff3000, Jmabel, John of Reading, Johnbod, KarlFrei, Khazar2, L 0 0 P, L Kensington, Little Savage, MacGyverMagic, Mandarax, Marcelin0, MarkBuckles,Markus Bchele, Markvigil1, Mathglot, Mauronicolini, Meachly, Mexicomida, Modernist, Mozzy66, Msalt, Muhandes, Neddyseagoon, Ollebha, Outriggr, Paul Barlow, Pjoef, Polylerus,
Prabash.A, Provocateur, RafaelMinuesa, Rataube, Redvers, Rjensen, Rune.welsh, Shunpiker, Simetrical, Slazenger, Sligocki, Spartemis, Speedyear123, StanZegel, Surtsicna, Tabletop, Tamfang,Technopat, The Singing Badger, TheLeopard, TheParanoidOne, TheRanger, Thomas Guibal, Truelight234, TyA, Vrenator, WikHead, WilliamDigiCol, 191 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Las Meninas, by Diego Velzquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Las_Meninas,_by_Diego_Velzquez,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, CommonsDelinker,Dcoetzee, Jean-Frdric, Shakko, Yann
File:In ictu oculi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:In_ictu_oculi.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anual, Escarlati, JMCC1, Mattes, Panarria, Shakko, 5anonymous edits
File:El Greco - A View of Toledo - WGA10512.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:El_Greco_-_A_View_of_Toledo_-_WGA10512.jpg License: Public DomainContributors: HBook
Image:Francisco de Zurbarn 018.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Francisco_de_Zurbarn_018.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Auntof6,Emijrp, Mattes, Sailko, Shakko
File:Murillo immaculate conception.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Murillo_immaculate_conception.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Calliopejen1,CommonsDelinker, Deerstop, Enrique Cordero, FischX, Gons, Wmpearl, Xenophon, Yann
File:Juan de Juni-Santo Entierro.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Juan_de_Juni-Santo_Entierro.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:Jos-Manuel Benito lvarez (Espaa) > Locutus Borg
Image:Charles V Palace Pano 2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_V_Palace_Pano_2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: Hismattness (talk)
Image:El Escorial-Madrid.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:El_Escorial-Madrid.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors:Balbo, Jl FilpoC, Stegop, Wst, Xenophon, Zaqarbal
File:EscorialBiblioteca.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EscorialBiblioteca.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Xauxa HkanSvensson
Image:PlazaMayorMadrid.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PlazaMayorMadrid.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:Gryffindor, OsvaldoGago
File:Andalusia hl 20060811 006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andalusia_hl_20060811_006.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: Balbo, Don Quixote is awesome, Finoskov, Hlohning, Jbribeiro1, Pe-Jo, Zarateman, 2 anonymous edits
Image:Valladolid - Catedral.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Valladolid_-_Catedral.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Rastrojo (DES)
Image:Victoria officium.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Victoria_officium.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Magog the Ogre
Image:El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:El_ingenioso_hidalgo_don_Quijote_de_la_Mancha.jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: Juan de la Cuesta (impresor); Miguel de Cervantes (autor)Image:Lope de vega 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lope_de_vega_02.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Balbo, JuTa, Larry Yuma, 1 anonymous edits
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/