Spanish California: 1769-1824 1770: Golden Age of Spanish Empire.
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Transcript of Spanish California: 1769-1824 1770: Golden Age of Spanish Empire.
Spanish California: 1769-1824
1770: Golden Age of Spanish Empire
Colonization of Alta California: 10 year project1769-?
• Why 1769?– Alta California never directly colonized
– Fear of competition—Russians, English
– Fear of independence
– Must Hispanisize the native population
Four Tiered Project:
• Presidios
• Missions
• Pueblos
• Ranchos
Colonial Project’s Goals1. Save souls through conversion to
Christianity
2. Create a ‘Gente de Razon’, Hispanisize native populations
3. Teach farming and agriculture
4. Eventually create private property from mission lands
5. Recruit some Spaniards--Rancheros
• 4 Presidios:– San Diego, Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Francisco
• 3 Pueblos: – Branciforte (Santa Cruz), Los Angeles, San Jose
• 22 Missions:– San Diego 1769 to Solano (Sonoma) 1823
• Ranchos:– Only 20 families until 1824
Drake’s Arrival
• Artist’s conception of Miwok Indians greeting Sir Francis Drake, 1579
Miwok Sunday Service, Mission Dolores (SF), 1816
• Missionization of CA Indians– Control of sex, gender roles– Agriculture– Demographic collapse– Spanish, Catholic Church rationalization
• Mission La Purisma near Lompoc, CA
Mission San Diego
San Gabriel Mission
San Gabriel Mission
Santa Barbara Mission
Santa Barbara Mission
California Mission Postcards: Carmel
Monterey
San Francisco
San Louis Obispo
Santa Cruz
• Pueblos1. Spanish on the ground—beginnings of a civil
society
2. Problematic Missions
3. Los Angeles Pueblo, 1781
4. Racial Diversity in Pueblos (esp LA)
Pueblo LA 1847
L.A. 1857
• Ranchos– Difficult to recruit Spanish
• Only 20 families from 1769-1824 get land grants• Nieto Family: Long Beach to Orange County• Dominguez Family: San Pedro, Palos Verdes (75,000
acres)
– Ideas of property ownership• Very casual• Culture of Honor; Romantic Image
– Rising tensions• Padres vs Rancheros
Dominguez Estate
Mexican Era: 1824-1848
• Independence: 1823-34
• Secularization: 1833-34
• Native Californians
• Golden Age of the Californio
Native Laborer on Rancho
The Romantic Californio
Californio
General Vallejo
Californio Map
Pio Pico and Family, ca 1850